CA1138093A - X-ray examining device - Google Patents
X-ray examining deviceInfo
- Publication number
- CA1138093A CA1138093A CA000321219A CA321219A CA1138093A CA 1138093 A CA1138093 A CA 1138093A CA 000321219 A CA000321219 A CA 000321219A CA 321219 A CA321219 A CA 321219A CA 1138093 A CA1138093 A CA 1138093A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- ray
- examining device
- optical
- image intensifier
- tube
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B42/00—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means
- G03B42/02—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means using X-rays
- G03B42/021—Apparatus for direct X-ray cinematography
- G03B42/023—Apparatus for indirect X-ray cinematography, i.e. by taking pictures on ordinary film from the images on the fluorescent screen
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
An X-ray examining device, comprising an X-ray image intensifier and a television pick-up tube and monitor involves film recording where film material can be arranged directly against the exit window of an X-ray image intensifier tube. As a result the customary, pivotable light distributor need not be included in the basic optical system between the X-ray image intensifier tube and the television pick-up tube, to that the basic optical system can be optimized to form a compact system offering optimum image transfer. Because the film recordings are made directly behind the exit window, a substantially lower radiation dose and less film mater-ial are required.
An X-ray examining device, comprising an X-ray image intensifier and a television pick-up tube and monitor involves film recording where film material can be arranged directly against the exit window of an X-ray image intensifier tube. As a result the customary, pivotable light distributor need not be included in the basic optical system between the X-ray image intensifier tube and the television pick-up tube, to that the basic optical system can be optimized to form a compact system offering optimum image transfer. Because the film recordings are made directly behind the exit window, a substantially lower radiation dose and less film mater-ial are required.
Description
~38 [)~3 The invention relates to an X-ray examin-ing device, comprising an X-ray image intensifier, pro-vided with a fibre-optical exit window, an optical image transfer system, and a television pick-up tube and moni-tor.
An examining device of this kind is known from United States Patent Specification 3,912,936. A
device described therein is suitable for medical X-ray examination during which direct visual observation (fluoroscopy) as well as image recording (exposure) are ; possible. It is customary to project a part of the image-carrying light beam emerging from a lens system, situated between an X-ray image intensifier tube and a television pick-up -tube, onto a filml and the other part onto a target of the television pick-up tube. For this purpose, use is made of, for example, a semi-reflective semi-transparent mirror or a prism. Particularly for making a ~ilm recording, a system of this kind requires a comparatively high radiation energy, be it for only a brief period of time. During the direct visual observ-ation, a much lower radiation energy suffices, be it that the duration of this observation is much longer.
In principle image information is lost in both methods, either by loss in the distribution optical system or by ;~ 25 non-optimum operation of the lens system due to the ~ space to be held open for the distribution optical sys-; tem.
' .
1~L38~3 12~ 1g78 2 PHN 9038 The in~en-tion has for its object to provide an X ray examining device in which a substantially lower radiation dose suffices, notably for filln racordings, while substantially all image information emerging from the X-ray image intensifier is effectively used for both methodsof observation. To this end, an X-ray examining devise of the described kind is characterized in that a film record-ing material can be arranged between the X-ray image inten-sifier and the optical system and can be pressed against the exit window of the X-ray image intensifier.
In an X-ray examining device in accordance with the invention, notably when a fibre-optical window is used as the exit window of an X-ray image intensîfier, sub-stan-tially all image information emerging from the X-ray image intensifier tube is recorded as a result of the direct contact with the X-ray image intensifier tube during film recording. As a result, an image can already be formed by means ~f a comparatively small radiation dose, the quan-tum noise in the image-carrying beam then usually deciding the dose limit.
~ In a preferred embGdiment in accordance with - the invention, the optical image transfer system is opti-mally adapted to the fact that a beam distribution system need no longer be included therein. Therefore, a more com~
pact construction can be realized, in which less Yigne-t-ting occurs so that improved image transfer to the tele-vision pick-up tube is ensured. ~or the control of the light beam on the target of the -television pick-up tube to be used, a preferably automatically adjustable aperture is included betwsen two parts of the optical system in a - preferred embodiment.
In a further preferred embodiment, use is made of a second fibre-optical window which can be readily exchanged so that, should damaging occur due to the pres~
sing of the film material, it is merely necessary to re-place this window, whilst the Y--ray image inlensifier tube itse]f is not damaged.
-~ In a further preferred e~bodiment yet, a ~3~
12~12-1978 3 PMN 9038 ~omparatively small optical element is included between two lens parts of the lens system iI; order to project in-formation or a code around an image to be recorded.
Contrary to known devices, the film material ~ is arranged in the image-carrying light beam without an intermediate adjustable aperture. A preferred embodiment in accordance with the invention comprises means for con-trolling the output intensity of the X-ray image intensi-fier. ~or this purpose use can be made of, for example, 1~ high voltage control of the X-ray image intensifier tube or a channel intensifier plate. Use can alternatively be ; made of filters, such as grey filters or polarization fil~
ters, whereby the light beam emergin.g from the X-ray image intensifier can be controlled.
Some preferred embodiments of the device in accordance with the inven-tion will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying diagramnla-tic drawing.
The drawing shows an X-ray examining d.evlce comprisin.g an X-ray source 1 for generating a beam of X-rays 2 which irradiates an object 3 to be examined, and an ~-ray image intensi-fier tube 4 for intercepting the image-carrying X~ray beam 2. The X-ray image intensifier tube shown compri.ses a concave entrance window 5 which is 25 pxeferabl~r made of a metal such as titanium or aluminium, and a fibre optical exit window 6. The tube accommodates a luminescent screen 7 which is preferably made of Th acti-vated or Na activated CsI which is deposited on a substrate 8. The CsI screen is preferably provided with a structure 30 as described in United States Patent Specification 3,825, 763. As a resul-t of the use of the screen structure des-cribed therein, optin1um resolution is obtained by the buil.t-in columnar structure in that transverse sca-ttering of luminescerlt light does not occur in the layer, whilst at the same time a high X-ray absorption is achicved in that -the layer thiclcness may be chosen to be comparatively : large9 for example, of from 200 to 300 /um. A photo cathode 9 is provided on the lu~inescent screen, with or without ~L~38~9~3 12-12-1~7~ 4 PH~T S038 an intermedlate separating layer. By means of a screen electrode 10, provided be-tween electrodes 11 and 12 and an output electrode 13, an electron beam which is formed by the luminescent light in the photo cathode is imaged on a luminescel1t screen 14 which is preferably provided direct-ly on the exit window. Brightness control of the X~ray image intensifier tube can be realized, for example, in known manner by varia-tion of the high voltage between the photo cathode 9 and the exit screen 14. It has been found that use is advan$ageously made of an X-ray image intensi-fier tube comprising a thick metal layer on the inner side of the exit luminescent screen, as described in United States Patent Specification 3,774,o38, or of the addition of a channel plate multiplier between the photo cathode ; ~5 and the exit luminescent screen. The use oP a channel multiplier plate offers the advantage that it is no-t necessary to vary the high voltage, a comparatively small variation of a voltage to be applied across the channel plate suffices.
Using an optical system 20, comprising two sections 21 and 22 and being known as a basic op-tical sys-tem or tandem optical system, an image transmitted by the exit window is imaged on a target 23 of a television pick-up tube 2~. The optical system 20 is preferably construct ed so that the beam is parallel between the two sections 21 and 22; as a result, local stopping is possible without giving rise -to a significant disturbance of the image.
For the purpose of stopping, an adjustable aperture 25 is locally provided, said aper-ture preferab]y being constructed so as to be automatically adjustable. A video signal de-rived frorn the television pick-up tube càn be displayed on a monitor 26 for observation.
In accordance with the invention, photo-sensitive material 27, for example, filrn material, can be 35 introduced between the exit window of the X-ray image intensifier tube and the first lens 21 of the basic opt-ical system. In the present embodiment, a film holder comprising a first chamber 28 for unexposed film ma-terial and a ~L3~3~93 12~12-1975 5 PHN 9038 second chamber 29 for exposed fllm material is lncl-lded.
These film holders may contain a roll of film rnaterial as well as a stack of cards provided with film windows. The film material is displaceable -therebetween, for example, in the form of` a long strip. Use can alternatively be made of loose film plates which are accommodated, for example, as a window in cards of a card system~ so that after de-velopment and any fur-ther treatment~ direct filing and projection at a later stage are possible. The fllm carrier is arranged to be slidable or pivotable into the space be-tween -the exit window and the lens system and can be pres-sed against the exit window by means of a ring 3O. When a pressing mechanism of this kind is combined with an - evacuation device for the air between the exit window and the film carrier, a reliable direct con-tact can be realized.
~or each film recording, a film carrier is inserted, pres-sed, exposed and advanced again. ~inematrographic record ing is also possible in a completely identical manner~ For optimum exposu-re of the film, a preferred embodiment u-ti-izes the fact -that the ~ilm carrier is always -to some extent transparen-t for the light to be recorded. The trans-mitted light is intercepted, for example, on Ihe television camera or on a photo cell, and the signal derived there-from is used in known manner for determining the expvsure time for tlle film recording. The quantity of light to be projected onto the television pick-up tube can be control-led by means of the aperture 25 which is preferabl-y con-structed as an automatically adjustable iris aperture.
In a prefarred embodiment, an additional optical element 31, for example, a prism, is included for projecting, .. . ~ . . .
for example, patient data on an edge portion of a film image to be rec^rded. When the opt:ical element 31 is con-structed ~s a l;ght distribution system, this information can be projected onto the film material as well as onto tlle te:levision pick-up tube. lhe element 31 may be compa-ratively small and can be arranged so tha-t the image--carrying beam is no-t disturbed thereby, so that no rele-vant fluoroscopy data are los-t.
~L3~3~9~
Because the recording takes place directly from the exit window of the X-ray image intensifier tube, having a diameter of, for example, 25mm, in an X-ray examining device in accordance with tl~e invention, not only -tha advantage of high sensi$ivity is obtained, but also the advantage of a substantial saving as regards the film material. As a result of the absence of an image dis--tribution system, which m-ust be clisplaced each time be-tween fluoroscopy and recording in known devices, a device having a high degree of reliability is realized.
.
An examining device of this kind is known from United States Patent Specification 3,912,936. A
device described therein is suitable for medical X-ray examination during which direct visual observation (fluoroscopy) as well as image recording (exposure) are ; possible. It is customary to project a part of the image-carrying light beam emerging from a lens system, situated between an X-ray image intensifier tube and a television pick-up -tube, onto a filml and the other part onto a target of the television pick-up tube. For this purpose, use is made of, for example, a semi-reflective semi-transparent mirror or a prism. Particularly for making a ~ilm recording, a system of this kind requires a comparatively high radiation energy, be it for only a brief period of time. During the direct visual observ-ation, a much lower radiation energy suffices, be it that the duration of this observation is much longer.
In principle image information is lost in both methods, either by loss in the distribution optical system or by ;~ 25 non-optimum operation of the lens system due to the ~ space to be held open for the distribution optical sys-; tem.
' .
1~L38~3 12~ 1g78 2 PHN 9038 The in~en-tion has for its object to provide an X ray examining device in which a substantially lower radiation dose suffices, notably for filln racordings, while substantially all image information emerging from the X-ray image intensifier is effectively used for both methodsof observation. To this end, an X-ray examining devise of the described kind is characterized in that a film record-ing material can be arranged between the X-ray image inten-sifier and the optical system and can be pressed against the exit window of the X-ray image intensifier.
In an X-ray examining device in accordance with the invention, notably when a fibre-optical window is used as the exit window of an X-ray image intensîfier, sub-stan-tially all image information emerging from the X-ray image intensifier tube is recorded as a result of the direct contact with the X-ray image intensifier tube during film recording. As a result, an image can already be formed by means ~f a comparatively small radiation dose, the quan-tum noise in the image-carrying beam then usually deciding the dose limit.
~ In a preferred embGdiment in accordance with - the invention, the optical image transfer system is opti-mally adapted to the fact that a beam distribution system need no longer be included therein. Therefore, a more com~
pact construction can be realized, in which less Yigne-t-ting occurs so that improved image transfer to the tele-vision pick-up tube is ensured. ~or the control of the light beam on the target of the -television pick-up tube to be used, a preferably automatically adjustable aperture is included betwsen two parts of the optical system in a - preferred embodiment.
In a further preferred embodiment, use is made of a second fibre-optical window which can be readily exchanged so that, should damaging occur due to the pres~
sing of the film material, it is merely necessary to re-place this window, whilst the Y--ray image inlensifier tube itse]f is not damaged.
-~ In a further preferred e~bodiment yet, a ~3~
12~12-1978 3 PMN 9038 ~omparatively small optical element is included between two lens parts of the lens system iI; order to project in-formation or a code around an image to be recorded.
Contrary to known devices, the film material ~ is arranged in the image-carrying light beam without an intermediate adjustable aperture. A preferred embodiment in accordance with the invention comprises means for con-trolling the output intensity of the X-ray image intensi-fier. ~or this purpose use can be made of, for example, 1~ high voltage control of the X-ray image intensifier tube or a channel intensifier plate. Use can alternatively be ; made of filters, such as grey filters or polarization fil~
ters, whereby the light beam emergin.g from the X-ray image intensifier can be controlled.
Some preferred embodiments of the device in accordance with the inven-tion will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying diagramnla-tic drawing.
The drawing shows an X-ray examining d.evlce comprisin.g an X-ray source 1 for generating a beam of X-rays 2 which irradiates an object 3 to be examined, and an ~-ray image intensi-fier tube 4 for intercepting the image-carrying X~ray beam 2. The X-ray image intensifier tube shown compri.ses a concave entrance window 5 which is 25 pxeferabl~r made of a metal such as titanium or aluminium, and a fibre optical exit window 6. The tube accommodates a luminescent screen 7 which is preferably made of Th acti-vated or Na activated CsI which is deposited on a substrate 8. The CsI screen is preferably provided with a structure 30 as described in United States Patent Specification 3,825, 763. As a resul-t of the use of the screen structure des-cribed therein, optin1um resolution is obtained by the buil.t-in columnar structure in that transverse sca-ttering of luminescerlt light does not occur in the layer, whilst at the same time a high X-ray absorption is achicved in that -the layer thiclcness may be chosen to be comparatively : large9 for example, of from 200 to 300 /um. A photo cathode 9 is provided on the lu~inescent screen, with or without ~L~38~9~3 12-12-1~7~ 4 PH~T S038 an intermedlate separating layer. By means of a screen electrode 10, provided be-tween electrodes 11 and 12 and an output electrode 13, an electron beam which is formed by the luminescent light in the photo cathode is imaged on a luminescel1t screen 14 which is preferably provided direct-ly on the exit window. Brightness control of the X~ray image intensifier tube can be realized, for example, in known manner by varia-tion of the high voltage between the photo cathode 9 and the exit screen 14. It has been found that use is advan$ageously made of an X-ray image intensi-fier tube comprising a thick metal layer on the inner side of the exit luminescent screen, as described in United States Patent Specification 3,774,o38, or of the addition of a channel plate multiplier between the photo cathode ; ~5 and the exit luminescent screen. The use oP a channel multiplier plate offers the advantage that it is no-t necessary to vary the high voltage, a comparatively small variation of a voltage to be applied across the channel plate suffices.
Using an optical system 20, comprising two sections 21 and 22 and being known as a basic op-tical sys-tem or tandem optical system, an image transmitted by the exit window is imaged on a target 23 of a television pick-up tube 2~. The optical system 20 is preferably construct ed so that the beam is parallel between the two sections 21 and 22; as a result, local stopping is possible without giving rise -to a significant disturbance of the image.
For the purpose of stopping, an adjustable aperture 25 is locally provided, said aper-ture preferab]y being constructed so as to be automatically adjustable. A video signal de-rived frorn the television pick-up tube càn be displayed on a monitor 26 for observation.
In accordance with the invention, photo-sensitive material 27, for example, filrn material, can be 35 introduced between the exit window of the X-ray image intensifier tube and the first lens 21 of the basic opt-ical system. In the present embodiment, a film holder comprising a first chamber 28 for unexposed film ma-terial and a ~L3~3~93 12~12-1975 5 PHN 9038 second chamber 29 for exposed fllm material is lncl-lded.
These film holders may contain a roll of film rnaterial as well as a stack of cards provided with film windows. The film material is displaceable -therebetween, for example, in the form of` a long strip. Use can alternatively be made of loose film plates which are accommodated, for example, as a window in cards of a card system~ so that after de-velopment and any fur-ther treatment~ direct filing and projection at a later stage are possible. The fllm carrier is arranged to be slidable or pivotable into the space be-tween -the exit window and the lens system and can be pres-sed against the exit window by means of a ring 3O. When a pressing mechanism of this kind is combined with an - evacuation device for the air between the exit window and the film carrier, a reliable direct con-tact can be realized.
~or each film recording, a film carrier is inserted, pres-sed, exposed and advanced again. ~inematrographic record ing is also possible in a completely identical manner~ For optimum exposu-re of the film, a preferred embodiment u-ti-izes the fact -that the ~ilm carrier is always -to some extent transparen-t for the light to be recorded. The trans-mitted light is intercepted, for example, on Ihe television camera or on a photo cell, and the signal derived there-from is used in known manner for determining the expvsure time for tlle film recording. The quantity of light to be projected onto the television pick-up tube can be control-led by means of the aperture 25 which is preferabl-y con-structed as an automatically adjustable iris aperture.
In a prefarred embodiment, an additional optical element 31, for example, a prism, is included for projecting, .. . ~ . . .
for example, patient data on an edge portion of a film image to be rec^rded. When the opt:ical element 31 is con-structed ~s a l;ght distribution system, this information can be projected onto the film material as well as onto tlle te:levision pick-up tube. lhe element 31 may be compa-ratively small and can be arranged so tha-t the image--carrying beam is no-t disturbed thereby, so that no rele-vant fluoroscopy data are los-t.
~L3~3~9~
Because the recording takes place directly from the exit window of the X-ray image intensifier tube, having a diameter of, for example, 25mm, in an X-ray examining device in accordance with tl~e invention, not only -tha advantage of high sensi$ivity is obtained, but also the advantage of a substantial saving as regards the film material. As a result of the absence of an image dis--tribution system, which m-ust be clisplaced each time be-tween fluoroscopy and recording in known devices, a device having a high degree of reliability is realized.
.
Claims (10)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1 An X-ray examining device, comprising an X-ray image intensifier, provided with a fibre-optical exit window, an optical image transfer system, and a television pick-up tube and monitor, characterized in that a film recording material can be arranged between the optical system and the X-ray image intensifier and can be pressed against the exit window of the X-ray image intensifier.
2. An X-ray examining device as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the optical image trans-fer system combines a compact construction and optimum image transfer.
3. An X-ray examining device as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that for the exposure control for an image to be recorded, use is made of a part of the light beam transmitted by the recording material.
4. An X-ray examining device as claimed in any of the Claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the optical image transfer system comprises an optical ele-ment for projecting codes on the film recording material and/or the target of the television pick-up tube.
5. An X-ray examining device as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that a second fibre-optical window which is arranged to be exchangeable is added to the fibre-optical exit window.
6. An X-ray examining device as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the gain of the X-ray image intensifier is adjustable.
7. An X-ray examining device as claimed in Claim 6, characterized in that a channel plate multi-plier is included between a photo cathode of the X-ray image intensifier and an exit luminescent screen.
8. An X-ray examining device as claimed in Claim 6, characterized in that the exit screen of the X-ray image intensifier is provided on its inner side with a metal layer having an electron transmission which decreases by at least approximately a factor 10 when the operating voltage is reduced to half a nominal value.
9. An X-ray examining device as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the recording material for image recording is formed by film material in the form of windows in cards which are suitable for use in card system.
10. An X-ray examining device as claimed in Claim 9, characterized in that the cards form part of a card system comprising cards which can be projected directly in reaction to coded addressing.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL7801637A NL7801637A (en) | 1978-02-14 | 1978-02-14 | ROENTGEN RESEARCH INSTALLATION. |
| NL7801637 | 1978-02-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1138093A true CA1138093A (en) | 1982-12-21 |
Family
ID=19830325
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000321219A Expired CA1138093A (en) | 1978-02-14 | 1979-02-08 | X-ray examining device |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS54114990A (en) |
| AR (1) | AR217352A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU4416079A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE874110A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7900856A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1138093A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2904862C2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES477631A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2417127A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2014420B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1111902B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7801637A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7901177L (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS59101134A (en) * | 1982-11-29 | 1984-06-11 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Radiation image enlarging apparatus |
| DE3447051A1 (en) * | 1984-12-22 | 1986-07-10 | Sauerwein, Kurt, Dr., 5657 Haan | Device for nondestructive transmissive testing using X-rays or gamma rays |
| EP0265130A3 (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1989-11-29 | Picker International, Inc. | Imaging systems |
| DE10130616C2 (en) | 2001-06-26 | 2003-08-14 | Siemens Ag | Combined radiography and fluoroscopy device |
| DE10330645A1 (en) * | 2003-07-07 | 2005-02-10 | Siemens Ag | Method and device for generating an X-ray image |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL168991C (en) * | 1971-04-16 | 1982-05-17 | Philips Nv | IMAGE AMPLIFIER TUBE WITH A REDUCED TRANSMISSION COVER OF THE ELECTRON COLLECTION SCREEN. |
| BE786084A (en) * | 1971-07-10 | 1973-01-10 | Philips Nv | LUMINESCENT SCREEN WITH MOSAIC STRUCTURE |
| US3912936A (en) * | 1972-09-15 | 1975-10-14 | Machlett Lab Inc | X-ray image intensifier system |
| JPS5327117B2 (en) * | 1973-09-21 | 1978-08-05 |
-
1978
- 1978-02-14 NL NL7801637A patent/NL7801637A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1979
- 1979-02-07 AR AR275433A patent/AR217352A1/en active
- 1979-02-08 CA CA000321219A patent/CA1138093A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-02-09 DE DE2904862A patent/DE2904862C2/en not_active Expired
- 1979-02-09 IT IT20103/79A patent/IT1111902B/en active
- 1979-02-12 BR BR7900856A patent/BR7900856A/en unknown
- 1979-02-12 FR FR7903493A patent/FR2417127A1/en active Granted
- 1979-02-12 SE SE7901177A patent/SE7901177L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-02-12 AU AU44160/79A patent/AU4416079A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1979-02-12 ES ES477631A patent/ES477631A1/en not_active Expired
- 1979-02-12 BE BE0/193416A patent/BE874110A/en unknown
- 1979-02-13 JP JP1444079A patent/JPS54114990A/en active Pending
- 1979-02-13 GB GB7905054A patent/GB2014420B/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE874110A (en) | 1979-08-13 |
| JPS54114990A (en) | 1979-09-07 |
| BR7900856A (en) | 1979-09-04 |
| IT1111902B (en) | 1986-01-13 |
| IT7920103A0 (en) | 1979-02-09 |
| DE2904862C2 (en) | 1984-04-26 |
| GB2014420A (en) | 1979-08-22 |
| NL7801637A (en) | 1979-08-16 |
| GB2014420B (en) | 1982-06-03 |
| AU4416079A (en) | 1979-08-23 |
| SE7901177L (en) | 1979-08-15 |
| ES477631A1 (en) | 1979-07-16 |
| AR217352A1 (en) | 1980-03-14 |
| FR2417127B3 (en) | 1981-11-27 |
| FR2417127A1 (en) | 1979-09-07 |
| DE2904862A1 (en) | 1979-08-16 |
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