CA1134620A - Air deployable incendiary composition - Google Patents
Air deployable incendiary compositionInfo
- Publication number
- CA1134620A CA1134620A CA000393183A CA393183A CA1134620A CA 1134620 A CA1134620 A CA 1134620A CA 000393183 A CA000393183 A CA 000393183A CA 393183 A CA393183 A CA 393183A CA 1134620 A CA1134620 A CA 1134620A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- incendiary
- incendiary composition
- magnesium
- binder
- hydroxy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
- C06B45/04—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive
- C06B45/06—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive the solid solution or matrix containing an organic component
- C06B45/10—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive the solid solution or matrix containing an organic component the organic component containing a resin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B29/00—Compositions containing an inorganic oxygen-halogen salt, e.g. chlorate, perchlorate
- C06B29/22—Compositions containing an inorganic oxygen-halogen salt, e.g. chlorate, perchlorate the salt being ammonium perchlorate
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Fireproofing Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure The invention disclosed is a novel incendiary pour-castable compo-sition, particularly for use with an incendiary device adapted to be dropped from an aircraft onto a combustible material on a body of water to produce ignition and self-sustaining combustion of the combustible material. The incendiary composition consists of:
a) ammonium perchlorate 40 - 70%/w;
b) a fuel selected from aluminum and magnesium 10 - 30%/w; and c) an hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder. 14 - 22%/w.
a) ammonium perchlorate 40 - 70%/w;
b) a fuel selected from aluminum and magnesium 10 - 30%/w; and c) an hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder. 14 - 22%/w.
Description
~lL3 ~'k~
Tl~i; apl)liccltion i'3 a divi~c3iona1 oF applicant~s co-pending Canadian applicatior Serial No~ 353,323, Filed June 3, 198().
This ;nlvention relates to an incendiarv cornposition, particular]y Eor use with a {loating incend;ary device for igniting combustible material on the surface of a body of water.
Ilydrocarbon s]icks floating on water, resulting Erom such occur-rences as subsea oil well blowouts and shipping accidents, are catastrophic Eor the aEfected marine environment. With increasing numbers of subsea exploratory and production oil wells, and an increasing volume of shipping traffic relying on progressively larger tankers, disastrous contamination of the environment is not only possible but probable. The situation is further aggravated by exploratory wells and shipping steadily moving northward into perilous, ice-infested waters.
To date no efficient method for the cleanup of these slicks exists.
While containment andlor recovery techniques have a limited application under certain ideal conditions, a large-scale spill on the open seas generally precludes their use. In the north the remoteness and hazardous ice conditions further discourage operators from attempting clean-up.
What is undoubtedly the most practical solution, if not the only solution, to the disposal of many of these spills is their in situ combustion. -While often looked on as a "last resort option" in that the smoke and residual sludge resulting from a burn themselves contribute to the pollution of the environment, the overall polluting effect can be reduced by as much as 90%.
In the North, the remoteness of the location and the dangers brought about by the presence of ice further support the employment of in situ combus-tion. In the typical oilspill scenario it is conceivable that a blowout could occur near the end of the drilling season, and the forthcoming freeze-up would force the operator to abandon the site before capping the well. In this case, the blowout would run wild until capped the next drilling season. It is popularly hypothesized that in this interim the crude oil would accumulate under the ice cover, spreading out as dictated by surface ocean currents, until the spring thaw at which time it would percolate up through brine 1134~2V
channels in an cssentially unwcathered state. This crucle would then form slicks on literal]y thousands of melt pools extending over a narrow corridor but strung out over possibly 1000 km. Owing to the vastness of the affected area, the precarious nature o-E the ice cover, and the remoteness of thc spill site~ it woulcl be technically impossible to move men and equipment onto tlle ice surEace to effect a cleanup. Quite understandably the only viable solu-tion to its disposal is in si-tu combustion, where each slick would have to be separately ignitecl by incendiary devices dropped from low flying aircraft.
The major problem associated with in situ combusion is, however, that to date there just is no reliable and practical method of igniting these slicks, be they in the North or in more southern shipping lanes. Although the slicks consist of volatile hydrocarbons, and they burn vigorously when lit, their actual ignition is deceptively difficult. The problem is created by the slick thinning out to the point where the heat energy input to initiate combustion is lost to the underlying water (which serves as an infinite heat sink) rather than conserved within the slick to raise its local temperature to the fire point. The problem is further aggravated by the chemical degradation (weathering) of the slick which tends to remove or isolate the more volatile components, raising its fire point and hence making its ignition substantially more difficult. ~inally the problem can be taken one step further if one is to adopt the Arctic melt pool scenario as described previously. In this situation there may conceivably be thousands of small slicks in melt pools that must be individually lit over a short time period, in a very treacherous and remote environment.
One incendiary composition that has been used is napalm, a gaso-line gel with a white phosphorus igniter set off by a burster fuse. The burster fuse, when fired, spreads the gel and burning phosphorus over a large area. Of similar operation are firebomb igniter devices consisting of a com-bustible metal and a fluoroalkylene polymer e.g. magnesium metal and polytetra-) fluoroethylene (teflo ~) as described in ~.S~ Patent No. 3,669,020 which issued 13 June 1972 to H. Waite et al. In this particular magnesium-teflon~
Tl~i; apl)liccltion i'3 a divi~c3iona1 oF applicant~s co-pending Canadian applicatior Serial No~ 353,323, Filed June 3, 198().
This ;nlvention relates to an incendiarv cornposition, particular]y Eor use with a {loating incend;ary device for igniting combustible material on the surface of a body of water.
Ilydrocarbon s]icks floating on water, resulting Erom such occur-rences as subsea oil well blowouts and shipping accidents, are catastrophic Eor the aEfected marine environment. With increasing numbers of subsea exploratory and production oil wells, and an increasing volume of shipping traffic relying on progressively larger tankers, disastrous contamination of the environment is not only possible but probable. The situation is further aggravated by exploratory wells and shipping steadily moving northward into perilous, ice-infested waters.
To date no efficient method for the cleanup of these slicks exists.
While containment andlor recovery techniques have a limited application under certain ideal conditions, a large-scale spill on the open seas generally precludes their use. In the north the remoteness and hazardous ice conditions further discourage operators from attempting clean-up.
What is undoubtedly the most practical solution, if not the only solution, to the disposal of many of these spills is their in situ combustion. -While often looked on as a "last resort option" in that the smoke and residual sludge resulting from a burn themselves contribute to the pollution of the environment, the overall polluting effect can be reduced by as much as 90%.
In the North, the remoteness of the location and the dangers brought about by the presence of ice further support the employment of in situ combus-tion. In the typical oilspill scenario it is conceivable that a blowout could occur near the end of the drilling season, and the forthcoming freeze-up would force the operator to abandon the site before capping the well. In this case, the blowout would run wild until capped the next drilling season. It is popularly hypothesized that in this interim the crude oil would accumulate under the ice cover, spreading out as dictated by surface ocean currents, until the spring thaw at which time it would percolate up through brine 1134~2V
channels in an cssentially unwcathered state. This crucle would then form slicks on literal]y thousands of melt pools extending over a narrow corridor but strung out over possibly 1000 km. Owing to the vastness of the affected area, the precarious nature o-E the ice cover, and the remoteness of thc spill site~ it woulcl be technically impossible to move men and equipment onto tlle ice surEace to effect a cleanup. Quite understandably the only viable solu-tion to its disposal is in si-tu combustion, where each slick would have to be separately ignitecl by incendiary devices dropped from low flying aircraft.
The major problem associated with in situ combusion is, however, that to date there just is no reliable and practical method of igniting these slicks, be they in the North or in more southern shipping lanes. Although the slicks consist of volatile hydrocarbons, and they burn vigorously when lit, their actual ignition is deceptively difficult. The problem is created by the slick thinning out to the point where the heat energy input to initiate combustion is lost to the underlying water (which serves as an infinite heat sink) rather than conserved within the slick to raise its local temperature to the fire point. The problem is further aggravated by the chemical degradation (weathering) of the slick which tends to remove or isolate the more volatile components, raising its fire point and hence making its ignition substantially more difficult. ~inally the problem can be taken one step further if one is to adopt the Arctic melt pool scenario as described previously. In this situation there may conceivably be thousands of small slicks in melt pools that must be individually lit over a short time period, in a very treacherous and remote environment.
One incendiary composition that has been used is napalm, a gaso-line gel with a white phosphorus igniter set off by a burster fuse. The burster fuse, when fired, spreads the gel and burning phosphorus over a large area. Of similar operation are firebomb igniter devices consisting of a com-bustible metal and a fluoroalkylene polymer e.g. magnesium metal and polytetra-) fluoroethylene (teflo ~) as described in ~.S~ Patent No. 3,669,020 which issued 13 June 1972 to H. Waite et al. In this particular magnesium-teflon~
- 2 -ipni~ r ;L~ rose (~iss~millIt~; ;malI burning particles that continne to burn for sev( ral 9''COlldS and prc)vide ignition points l~or areas oE fuel concen-tration. The fai]ure of tllese devices is that the hot spots produced are too small an(l of too short a duratioll to enable self--pror)agatioll of a flarne and sustained combustion in all but thc most volatiLe and concentrated slicks.
The main problem with thc avai~able comlnercial igniters is ti~at none of them have been tailor-macle exclusively for the ignition of low-volatile hydrocarbon slicks and in ~rctic conclitions. Both the magnesium-teflon(~) igniter Or the above mentioned U.S. Patent No. 3,669,U20 and napalm suffer from the drawback that they produce heat for only several seconds, whereas the preheat time for a thin slick would have to be in the order of minutes with an igniter having this radiant heat flux. Similar is the case with thermite (a mixture of ferric oxide and powdered aluminum, usually enclosed in a metal cylinder and used as an incendiary bomb) which, although burning very hot, is consumed very rapidly with the result that there is little overa]l heat trans-fer to the slick.
Priming a slick with large quantities of a more volatile fuel and adding rags, straw, and commercial wicking agents in copious amounts may even-tually help to get the slick burning, but clearly this is not the most practi-cal approach either.
According to the invention, an incendiary composition is provided, particularly for use in an incendiary device as described in the parent Canadian application Serial No. 353,323, the composition consisting of a) ammonium perchlorate 40 - 70%/w b) a fuel selected from aluminum and magnesium 10 - 30%/w c) an hydroxy-terminated 14 - 22%/w polybutadiene binder The incendiary composition bears some resemblance to a solid rocket motor propellant, the proportions of ingredients having been altered and others added to yield the very desirable properties of a steady, controlled slow combustion (4-7 cm/minute) while at the same time providing a very high flame temperature (1450-2300 C) and a large radiant heat flux. The formulation of the incendiary composition is typically in the neighbourhood of 40-70~/~/w 131 ~4~2~
alnrrlc~ni,llrll perclll(~ral:f~ icli,~,er, 1()-3()%/w ~olid rneta] ruel, prct,erably magnesium or a]uminum, an(l 14-22''i~ dcr as dfscribc!(l in more det,li1, be]ow. In acldition small amo~mts of other ingreclients, inc],ucling thickenlrs such as dextri,n and Cab-O-Si] ~a tradelllArk for col]oidal siLi(a particles sinterecl together in chain-like formations), are general],y present in the inccndi,ary coml~ositi,on.
These provide a very [ine],y-ground silica whi,ch is recluired to increase the viscosity of the formulation during the casting process and prevent any strati-fication or sedirnentation of ingredients at the curing stage. tn this manner the compositions are easily processed by standard propellant-industry e4uipment (or even less specialized equipment) and behave well in casting, ancl hence are well suited for this application.
A preferred binder in the incendiary composition of the present invention is based on an hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene polymer, such as the Poly B ~ R-45HT manufactured by Arco Chemical Company, cured with a commercial diisocyanate such as DD ~ 1410 marketed by General Mills or any other suitable isocyanate. The binder is preferably plasticized with from 20 to 30% by weight of an ester such as isodecyl pelargonate (IDP). Other additives might be present in the binder in order to improve the mix viscosity and the strength '' and elongation of the binder.
,In further explanation of the incendiary composition, there are presented below specific examples and burn characteristics of said compositions.
In these examples, as throughout the description, all percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.
A formulation comprising 55% ammonium perchlorate, 30% aluminium and 15% binder resulted in a burn rate of 5.6 cm/min with a flame temperature of 2250 C. A similar composition consisting of 60% ammonium perchlorate, 20%
aluminium and 20% binder clearly shows the effect of the increased proportion of binder with a slower burning rate of 4.5 cm/min and a much cooler flame tem-perature, 1450 C. Both compositions yield a columnar stream of sparks during combustion, providing a very intense source of heat.
Using magnesium as the fuel, burning rates and flame temperatures tend both to be higher, with fewer sparks emmanating in a more dispersed ~462~
rasl)ion~ A rnixLurc oF 57/O arnmoni;lrn l~crch]orLIte, 25~ nclgnesitnn and 10% binder providei for a burn rate oL 6.5 cm/rnin and a ~lame tcmperature of 2350 C~ A
slight increase in o~idizer contrnt to 62% arnmonium pcrchk~rate and correspon-ding decrease in iuel contcnt with 20% magnesium, with ~hc lc3% binder content remaining the sclrlle, slow9 down the burn rate slightly to 6.0 cm/min at the same flame temperature of 2350 C.
In operation, with reference to the incendiary device described in Lhe Canadian patent application Serial No. 353,323, thc incendiary composition 54 burns at the upper exposed surface; as the burning continues this surface recedes at a rate of approximately 5 cm/minute to provide a 2 - 2.5 minute burn. The incendiary composition which is pour cast to substantially fill retainer 22, burns in a cigarette-fashion provided that a good bond is present between the incendiary composition and the retainer 20. The intense flame and hot gases produced by the combustion are directed vertically upwards through opening 34 to impinge upon the heat-reflecting dome 24 which redirects them radially outwards through the peripheral opening 26 and concentrates the heat onto the combustible material. The size of this peripheraL opening (i.e~ the standoff of the dome) is arranged as mentioned previously to provide for the maximum heat flux onto the surface of the combustible material.
The novel incendiary composition consists of uniquely proven-~eliable ingredients and components and can be expected to have a long storage life, in the order of 10 years at temperatures ranging from -50C to +50C.
The main problem with thc avai~able comlnercial igniters is ti~at none of them have been tailor-macle exclusively for the ignition of low-volatile hydrocarbon slicks and in ~rctic conclitions. Both the magnesium-teflon(~) igniter Or the above mentioned U.S. Patent No. 3,669,U20 and napalm suffer from the drawback that they produce heat for only several seconds, whereas the preheat time for a thin slick would have to be in the order of minutes with an igniter having this radiant heat flux. Similar is the case with thermite (a mixture of ferric oxide and powdered aluminum, usually enclosed in a metal cylinder and used as an incendiary bomb) which, although burning very hot, is consumed very rapidly with the result that there is little overa]l heat trans-fer to the slick.
Priming a slick with large quantities of a more volatile fuel and adding rags, straw, and commercial wicking agents in copious amounts may even-tually help to get the slick burning, but clearly this is not the most practi-cal approach either.
According to the invention, an incendiary composition is provided, particularly for use in an incendiary device as described in the parent Canadian application Serial No. 353,323, the composition consisting of a) ammonium perchlorate 40 - 70%/w b) a fuel selected from aluminum and magnesium 10 - 30%/w c) an hydroxy-terminated 14 - 22%/w polybutadiene binder The incendiary composition bears some resemblance to a solid rocket motor propellant, the proportions of ingredients having been altered and others added to yield the very desirable properties of a steady, controlled slow combustion (4-7 cm/minute) while at the same time providing a very high flame temperature (1450-2300 C) and a large radiant heat flux. The formulation of the incendiary composition is typically in the neighbourhood of 40-70~/~/w 131 ~4~2~
alnrrlc~ni,llrll perclll(~ral:f~ icli,~,er, 1()-3()%/w ~olid rneta] ruel, prct,erably magnesium or a]uminum, an(l 14-22''i~ dcr as dfscribc!(l in more det,li1, be]ow. In acldition small amo~mts of other ingreclients, inc],ucling thickenlrs such as dextri,n and Cab-O-Si] ~a tradelllArk for col]oidal siLi(a particles sinterecl together in chain-like formations), are general],y present in the inccndi,ary coml~ositi,on.
These provide a very [ine],y-ground silica whi,ch is recluired to increase the viscosity of the formulation during the casting process and prevent any strati-fication or sedirnentation of ingredients at the curing stage. tn this manner the compositions are easily processed by standard propellant-industry e4uipment (or even less specialized equipment) and behave well in casting, ancl hence are well suited for this application.
A preferred binder in the incendiary composition of the present invention is based on an hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene polymer, such as the Poly B ~ R-45HT manufactured by Arco Chemical Company, cured with a commercial diisocyanate such as DD ~ 1410 marketed by General Mills or any other suitable isocyanate. The binder is preferably plasticized with from 20 to 30% by weight of an ester such as isodecyl pelargonate (IDP). Other additives might be present in the binder in order to improve the mix viscosity and the strength '' and elongation of the binder.
,In further explanation of the incendiary composition, there are presented below specific examples and burn characteristics of said compositions.
In these examples, as throughout the description, all percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.
A formulation comprising 55% ammonium perchlorate, 30% aluminium and 15% binder resulted in a burn rate of 5.6 cm/min with a flame temperature of 2250 C. A similar composition consisting of 60% ammonium perchlorate, 20%
aluminium and 20% binder clearly shows the effect of the increased proportion of binder with a slower burning rate of 4.5 cm/min and a much cooler flame tem-perature, 1450 C. Both compositions yield a columnar stream of sparks during combustion, providing a very intense source of heat.
Using magnesium as the fuel, burning rates and flame temperatures tend both to be higher, with fewer sparks emmanating in a more dispersed ~462~
rasl)ion~ A rnixLurc oF 57/O arnmoni;lrn l~crch]orLIte, 25~ nclgnesitnn and 10% binder providei for a burn rate oL 6.5 cm/rnin and a ~lame tcmperature of 2350 C~ A
slight increase in o~idizer contrnt to 62% arnmonium pcrchk~rate and correspon-ding decrease in iuel contcnt with 20% magnesium, with ~hc lc3% binder content remaining the sclrlle, slow9 down the burn rate slightly to 6.0 cm/min at the same flame temperature of 2350 C.
In operation, with reference to the incendiary device described in Lhe Canadian patent application Serial No. 353,323, thc incendiary composition 54 burns at the upper exposed surface; as the burning continues this surface recedes at a rate of approximately 5 cm/minute to provide a 2 - 2.5 minute burn. The incendiary composition which is pour cast to substantially fill retainer 22, burns in a cigarette-fashion provided that a good bond is present between the incendiary composition and the retainer 20. The intense flame and hot gases produced by the combustion are directed vertically upwards through opening 34 to impinge upon the heat-reflecting dome 24 which redirects them radially outwards through the peripheral opening 26 and concentrates the heat onto the combustible material. The size of this peripheraL opening (i.e~ the standoff of the dome) is arranged as mentioned previously to provide for the maximum heat flux onto the surface of the combustible material.
The novel incendiary composition consists of uniquely proven-~eliable ingredients and components and can be expected to have a long storage life, in the order of 10 years at temperatures ranging from -50C to +50C.
Claims (5)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A pour-castable incendiary composition consisting of:
a) ammonium perchlorate 40 - 70%/w b) a fuel selected from aluminum and magnesium 10 - 30%/w c) an hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 14 - 22%/w
a) ammonium perchlorate 40 - 70%/w b) a fuel selected from aluminum and magnesium 10 - 30%/w c) an hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 14 - 22%/w
2. An incendiary composition according to claim 1 , consisting of:
a) ammonium perchlorate 55%/w b) aluminum 30%/w c) hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 15%/w
a) ammonium perchlorate 55%/w b) aluminum 30%/w c) hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 15%/w
3. An incendiary composition according to claim 1 , consisting of:
a) ammonium perchlorate 60%/w b) aluminum 20%/w c) hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 20%/w
a) ammonium perchlorate 60%/w b) aluminum 20%/w c) hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 20%/w
4. An incendiary composition according to claim 1 , consisting of:
a) ammonium perchlorate 57%/w b) magnesium 25%/w c) hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 18%/w
a) ammonium perchlorate 57%/w b) magnesium 25%/w c) hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 18%/w
5. An incendiary composition according to claim 1 , consisting of:
a) ammonium perchlorate 62%/w b) magnesium 29%/w c) hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 18%/w
a) ammonium perchlorate 62%/w b) magnesium 29%/w c) hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder 18%/w
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000393183A CA1134620A (en) | 1981-12-23 | 1981-12-23 | Air deployable incendiary composition |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000393183A CA1134620A (en) | 1981-12-23 | 1981-12-23 | Air deployable incendiary composition |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1134620A true CA1134620A (en) | 1982-11-02 |
Family
ID=4121711
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000393183A Expired CA1134620A (en) | 1981-12-23 | 1981-12-23 | Air deployable incendiary composition |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1134620A (en) |
-
1981
- 1981-12-23 CA CA000393183A patent/CA1134620A/en not_active Expired
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| MKEX | Expiry |