CA1129769A - Polyvalent shipping fever vaccine - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

Veterinary compositions of matter useful as vaccines in the biologic treatment of a multifaceted livestock disease syn-drome which is commonly referred to as "shipping fever", the present compositions of matter include the killed bacteria asso-ciated with the cause of the disease syndrome preferably in a water/oil emulsion. The invention further provides a method for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of the shipping fever disease syndrome with the aforesaid compositions of matter.

Description

~ ~7~i~9 The invention generally relates to prophylactic and therapeutic compositions of matter and methods for administering said composition to living organisms, particularly livestock, such as cattle and sheep. The several embodiments of the inven- ~-tion allow protection of such livestock against microorganism attack encountered in a disease sy~drome commonly known as ship-ping fever.
A multifaceted disease syndrome usually associated with the transportation, concentration, and confinement of animals, æuch as cattle, sheep, horses, similar wild species, and the like, -~is commonly known as shipping fever. This disease syndrome, which annually costs cattle producers million of dollars in the United States alone, is most commonly encountered in stocker and feeder cattle and sheep whlch have been recently weaned, transported to market, sorted and sold, and again transported to a new home, such as a farm, ranch, or feed lot. The disease can even ocrur in the absence of transportation or other stressful circumstances.
Accordingly, while the stress adaptation response can be a signif-icant and predisposing factor in the development of shipping fever, certain microorganism pathogens can, under conditions of adequate exposure, cause the diverse facets of the disease complex indepen-dent of the stress adaptation response.
Treatment of the bacterial phase of shipping fever in livestock has previously involved one or more of the following mo-dalities. Firstly, aqueous bacterins containing a particular - species of the bacteria associated with the syndrome either with or without an absorption delaying adjuvant, such as aluminum hydroxide, have been used. These simple aqueous bacterins have failed to induce sufficient resistance to be of value, especially within 30 the time periods required by usual management practices common in 7~

the livestock industry. Secondly, water in mineral oil emulsion vaccines have been used against Pasteurella maltocid~ infections in water buffalo and cattle. Use of this single pathogen vaccine does not provide the broad spectrum of biologic resistance re-quired for prevention of the shipping fever complex as experienced in the North American livestock industry. Thirdly, prophylactic use of antibiotics and sulfonamides by feed, water, or individual administration has met with only limited success due to the tendency of bacteria to become resistant to antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents. The widespread use of such agents has led to the development of resistant bacterial strains which multiply vigorously in the absence of normal competitor organisms whose populations have been reduced by widespread and sometimes injudicious use of antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents.
Prior water in oil adjuvant bacterins have not contained the multiplicity of bacterial species required, as now taught by the present invention, to induce the broad spectrum of immune re-sponse necessitated by this complex disease syndrome. As a result, the health and productive efficiency of stocker and feeder live-stock has deteriorated due to the lack of efficient broad spectrumantimicrobial biologics and to the widespread and often injudicious u~e of antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents. Accordingly, even though killed bacterial vaccines have previously been available for individual treatment of a particular disease effect caused by an identifiable bacteria and even though antibiotics and chemo-therapeutic agents have long been available, costly losses of cattle still occur due to the shipping fever complex which are directly attributable to the bacteria associated with the syn-drome.

The present invention provides a biologic treatment modality to veterinary practitioners and livestock producers for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of the shipping fever disease s~ drome, the resistance of treated animals to the patho~
genic bacteria associated with the syndrome being markedly in- ^ -creased. In the shipping fever syndrome of cattle both viral and bacterial agents, individually or in combination, may be causa-tive; however, it is the bacterial agents which are significantly more responsible for the pathology of the syndrome rather than the viral agents. In a like manner, the bacterial agents are more responsible for the greater portion of the morbidity and mortality associated with the syndrome than are the viral agents. The bac-terial agents of greatest clinical significance in cattle are of the genus Pasteurella, the genus Salmonella, and enterotoxic Coliforms. Depending on the organisms present, the health of the animal, and other factors, symptoms of septicemia, pneumonia, enteritis, and panop~thalmitis can occur individually or in combi-nation. The nomenclature relative to the shipping fever complex - refers to various aspects of the disease such as the organ system involved, the specific pathogen causing the disease, or the defini-tive pathology. Typical of the names commonly used are Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Shipping Fever, Shipping Fever Diarrhea, Pasteurello-sis, Pasteurella Paeumonia, Salmonellosis, Colibacillosis, and Shipping Fever Pink Eye.
The present iavention particularly provides methodology and compositioas of matter for the prevention and treatment of the full scope of the disease syndrome in livestock as caused by bacteria, including the provision of protection against certain of the spe-cific disease entities involved. Particularly, the present vac-cines are comprised of the killed bacteria which, when alive and hosted by the animal under appropriate circumstances, would becapable of causing the various specific disease entities that constitute either individually or in combination the bacterial phase of the shipping fever syndrome. According to the invention, multiple species of the appropriate bacteria are propagated in ~
pure culture, then killed and prepared as an aqueous suspension of known concentration. The aqueous suspension of killed bacteria i9 then preferably emulsified in an oil which may be of mineral origin, vegetable origin, or a combination thereof. The finished vaccine is injected subcutaneously in the cervical region of ani-mals which are to be treated, the vaccine being administered prior to exposure, during incubation, or during the symtomatic phase of the disease, The vaccine is administered in the neck region to maximize entrance into the lymph drainage.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a method and composition of matter for the biologic treatment, both prophylactic and therapeutic, of the shipping fever syndrome in livestock It is a further object of the invention to provide a killed bacteria vaccine comprised of at least the most clinically significant bacterial agents associated with shipping fever syn-drome in livestock, the killed bacteria being preferably suspended in a water/oil emulsion.
It is another object of the invention to provide a method and a composition of matter for the prevention and treat-ment of bacterial infections associated with shipping fever, Pas-teurellosis, Salmonellosis, Colibacillosis, pneumonia, and enteri-tis of mixed bacterial origin in livestock and other animals through the use of a water in oil emulsion adjuvant polyvalent vaccine containing the killed form of bacterial agents causative thereof.

It is yet another object of the invention to reduce the severity of viral infections as~ociated with shipping fever in cattle and other animals through the induction of interferon by administration of a polyvalent water in oil emulsion vaccine con-taining the killed form of bacterial agents causative thereof.
The symptoms associated with shipping fever in livestock are primarily caused by bacterial agents, certain viral agents being also involved in certain species of livestock. In cattle, viral agents having a pathological effect include Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Bovine Virus Diarrhea, and Parainfluenza 3 Viruses. The bacterial agents responsible for the greater amount of the pathology of shipping fever in cattle and which com-monly are of greater etiologic significance include Pasteurella hemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Salmonella typhimurium.
Other bacterial agents, such as other species of SalmoneLla and organisms such as Escherichia coli, Arizona arizonae, Pseudo-monas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Morexella bovis, and undoubtedly .
others not yet defined, can also be of pathogenic importance in ; 20 this multifaceted disease syndrome. However, Pasteurella, Salmo-nella, and enterotoxic coliform organisms are most frequently the bacterial agents of greatest clinical significance. These orga-nisms may produce disease individually or in combination, and associated or not associated with shipping, concentration, con-finement, and inclement weather, although these conditions and circumstances are more frequently and commonly associated with shipping fever.
Polyvalent vaccines according to the invention which are most useful in the treatment of cattle contain Pasteurella hemo-lytica and Pasteurella maltocida, the vaccine further containing __ _ ._ ~ t7~ ~

Salmonella typhimurium and/or Escherichia coli. A polyvalent vaccine containing these four bacterins is especially useful.
- In feeder sheep and lambs the circumstances surrounding the onset of shipping fever are similar to those associated with bovine shipping fever. At present, however, no viral agents have been recogniæed as occurring in ovine shipping fever. The common-ly involved bacterial agents producing the disease syndrome in sheep are Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella typhimurium, entero-toxic ~scherichia coli, and Pseudomon _ aeruginosa. The present vaccines, particularly when used in the treatment of sheep, can be prepared without the use of the adjuvant. In the treatment of sheep, the shorter marketing cycle and concerns relative to tissue damage and residue at the time of slaughter are factors in the use of the present vaccines in an aqueous solution. While the present vaccines provide stronger and more prolonged immunity when used as a water in oil emulsion, the present compositions of matter are therapeutically useful as aqueous bacterin combinations. As a particular example, a combination of the killed bacteria indicated above as used in the treatment of sheep was administered in aque-ous solution to 41,600 head of lambs, death losses falling as a result of this treatment from a usual level of 5% to under 1.5%.
The concentration ranges of each bacterin in the aqueous vaccine varied from 108 to 101 per dosage in the manner of the exact prep-aration referred to hereinafter relative to the preparation of a bovine shipping fever vaccine.
In the practice of the present method and in the use of the present compositions of matter, livestock and other animals can `be protected against certain specific disease entities .which con-stitute the principle facets of the shipping fever complex, the invention providing a biologic treatment modality independent of J~

the use of antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agents. The modus ope-randi is primarily antibacterial, however retardation of virus replication i9 accomplished through the induction of interferon.
In those species of livestock not known to be subject to the viral phase of shipping fever, protection against bacterial agents is intentionally provided while protection against viral agents is inherent in the present treatment as will be understood. The treatment provided by the present invention is economical, safe, and easily practiced, the invention being capable of preventing a substantial portion of the economic loss attributable to the specific and non-specific disease entities which individually and in various combinations constitute the multiple facets of ship-ping fever.
The invention provides compositions of matter, known in the art as vaccines, which comprise the killed bacteria that, when alive and under appropriate circumstances, would be capable of causing the various specific disease entities which individually or in combination constitute the bacterial aspect of the shipping fever syndrome. A particular vaccine can be prepared for each livestock species, the multiple species of bacteria responsible for the disease syndrome in a particular livestock species being propagated in pure culture, then killed and prepared as an aque-ous suspension of known concentration. A vaccine can also be prepared from the major bacterial agents known to be associated with the syndrome in a given livestock species or in a given out-break of the syndrome. When indicated to the practitioner, a vaccine can be prepared which contains killed bacteria of a number of selected species. The aqueous suspension of the killed bac-teria is preferably emulsified in a mineral oil, a vegetable oil, or a combination of the two types of oils, emulsification being ~,,p~

accomplished by techniques well known in the art. The water/oil emulsion, or finished vaccine~ can then be injected subcutaneously in the cervical region of livestock either prior or subsequently to exposure to the etiologic agents of shipp~ng fever. The present vaccines can be administered prior to or during the incubation period or during the symptomatic phase of the disease, in all in-stances to the benefit of the animal. The vaccines are to be administered subcutaneously in the neck region for the purpose of maximizing entrance into the lympatic system.
The unusually beneficial effects of the present composi-tions of matter are believed to be attributable to several specific factors. Firstly, the antigenic response to a bacterin prepared as a water in oil emulsion is more rapid and of greater magnitude than a aimilar bacterin prepared as an aqueous suspension. Second-ly, in the practice of the invention, large numbers of gram nega-tive bacteria injected in the vaccine cause the cells of the live-stock to produce an antiviral protein known as interferonJ the induced interferon response increasing the natural interferon response of the animal to control any concurrent viral infection.
Thirdly, the shipping fever disease complex frequently involves the pathogenic activity of more than one infectious agent. In-creased susceptibility to pathogenic activity is caused by stress.
When a microorganism infects an animal and causes disease it also causes a "disease response stress" in the animal, which stress renders the animal more susceptible to a second, and per-haps less pathogenic, organism, a succession of mirrobially in-duced stresses and attack by successive pathogenic organisms then being possible. The weakened condition of the livestock, due to the effects of weaning, shipping, crowding, sorting, changes of feed, water, or weather, renders the animal more susceptible to the entrance into the body of the first pathogen and to additional bacterial pathogens. The first pathogen entering the animal then further weakens said animal and causes greater susceptibility to subsequent attack of infectious organisms.
By providing a multiplicity of antigens in a vaccine according to the present invention, not only is the danger of disease caused by primary specific pathogens reduced, but the possibility of microbially induced stress which would occur as a result of infec-tion by any specific disease pathogen is also reduced. Thus, : 10 the possibility of other, and perhaps less pathogenic, bacteria or other infectious agents having the ~apability to cause disease in the animal is reduced.
The present vaccines further act to activate macrophages to increased phagocytic activity. The antigens of the vaccines are released from within the droplets of oil as the oil i8 re-moved by phagocytic cells. A more sustained antigenic action thus occurs than if the antigens were contained in a simple a~ueous or normal saline solution. The water in oil emulsion also attracts both antibody producing cells and mononuclear phagocytes to the site of the injection, assistance in the efficient uptake of the antigen and its utilization by the ultimate target cells being thereby provided. In addition to the sustained release of the antigen-adjuvant complex, the antigen is more effectively dissemi-nated via the lymphatics to the prime antibody forming tissuas, a rapid and efficient antibody response thereby resulting. After a single subcutaneous injection in the neck region, antibody forma-tion can be detected within hours and can continue for many months.
In addition to the increased resistance to the specific diseases due to antibody formation provided by the present vaccines, the present adjuvant vaccines also stimulate the cellular immunity ~?~17~

of the animal. With many species of infectious microorganisms, the level of specific antibody circulating in the animal does not significantly alter the final outcome of the disease, this being particularly true of Eacultative intracellular parasites, such as Salmonella, Mycobacteria, Brucella, and Listeria. Many of the leucocyts and somatic cells of the body will contain the infec-tious agents and are almost impervious to antibodies and even antibiotics. Lymphocytes exposed to the bacterial antigens in this adjuvant bacterin become sensitized and release 10 mediators (lymphokines~ which convert normal macrophages into activated macrophages. In this state, the macrophages have ele-vated enzyme levels and are now able to engulf and kill almost all pathogenic bacteria they encounter including the facultative intra-cellular parasites. Therefore, the present adjuvant vaccine in-creasea reaistance to many bacterial diseases in a non-specific manner. The present water in oil emulsion adjuvant killed bacte-rial vaccines can thus be used as a therapeutic biological in cases where the animal is already infected with a bacterial agent.
An additional effect which occurs with subcutaneous in-jections of this adjuvant vaccine is the induction of interferon.The injection of gram negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, induces interferon, thereby resulting in an increased re-sistance to viral infections in a non-specific manner. The inclu-sion of the gram negative bacteria in the adjuvant vaccine results in the more efficient transport of bacterial cells to interferon producing organs such as the spleen. The present water in oil emulsion adjuvant killed specific bacterial vaccinesefficiently act both to prevent and treat shipping fever and the specific diseases which are operative in the complex disease syndrome, the vaccines providing effects which are both specific and non-specific . ~

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responses to the antigens contained in the vaccines. The induced responses are more rapid5 of a higher level, and of greater dura-tion than would be the case if the antigens were prepared as a simple aqueous bacterin.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that the non-specific effects of the present vaccines can at least be attributed to (1) the induction of interferon production by the cells of the animal, either additionally to natural interferon induction caused by the presence of viral entities or originally when viral entities are not present or not yet present in the animal; (2) the stimulation of phagocytosis by macrophages; and, (3) disease-induced stress reduction by specific disease prevention.
Preparation of a particular vaccine according to the invention is now described, the vaccine being particularly useful for treatment of bovine shipping fever. It i8 to be understood, however, that apecies of microorganisms other than those used in the following specific formulation can be utilized in the practice of the present invention. Further, species of microorganisms additional to those expressly named in the following formulation can be used. In a like manner, a vaccine according to the inven-tion can be formulated with only a portion of the species of microorganisms expressly named in the following formulation. It i8 also to be understood that no specific concentration of killed microorganisms in the aqueous suspension from which the final vaccine is made or in the final vaccine is expressly called for by the invention. Since such concentrations can vary greatly in - practice due to a number of factors, such as animal body weight, the circumstances of the treatment, etc., it is within the scope of the invention to indicate that an effective amount of the vac-vine be used, the concentration of the killed microorganisms vary-7~

ing in the vaccine to provide an eEfective amount in any given treatment situation. The use of the present vaccines are also not limited to cattle and sheep, it being understood that for all animal species treated, a certain bacterial population exists which can be generally associated with the disease syndrome~ The vaccine needed for treatment of the disease syndrome in any given animal species can be prepared from the fulL bacterial population or from a chosen portion of the population. The choice is typical-ly dependent on circumstances peculiar to a particular treatment situation or to the necessity or desirability for advance prepara-tion of the vaccines. An effective amount of the present vaccines is taken to comprise a dosage containing at least 1 x 108 cells of all bacteria species, larger concentrations per dosage being also useful with 1 x 101 cells per dosage being typically utilized.
The species population in such dosages are essentially equalized but can vary within the scope oE the invention.
The present vaccines include a multiplicity of killed specific bacterial pathogens infective for the various organ sys-tems involved in shipping fever of the host animal species which is to be treated, the numbers of the bacterial pathogens being sufficient to elicit a full prophylactic and therapeutic response.
Further, the present vaccines include these killed bacteria in suspension in the aqueous phase of a water in oil emulsion.
As an example of the invention, the following describes the preparation of a particular polyvalent water in oil emulsion ad~uvant killed bacteria bovine shipping fever vaccine:
I. Organisms Used in the Preparation of the Exemplary Vaccine:
Pasteurella multocid Paracolon species Pasteurella hemolytica Proteus vulgaris Salmonella typhimurium Pseudo:onas aeru inosa Escherichia coli Morexella bovis __ II, Production Steps Employed in the Preparation of the Exemplary Vaccine (A) Organism Preparation Pure cultures of each species of organism are individually grown on 5% sheep cell blood agar plates for 48 hours at 37 degrees C.
Cultures are examined grossly and microscopically for purity.
Cells are harvested by washing from the surface of the blood agar with distilled water. A sample can be then removed for viable cell count determination. The remaining cell suspension is heated to 60 degrees C. for 30 minutes and is then allowed to cool. The cell suspension iæ tested for sterility by plating on blood agar and incubating at 37 degrees C. for ~8 hours. The killed cell suspension is adjusted to a concentration of 1 x 1011 per milli-liter. Formaldehyde solution is fldded to yield a concentration of

2% ~rmAlde~yde. The resulting formalized, k;lled cell suspension contains 1 x 1011 cells per milliliter and constitutes the forma-lized Stock Cell Suspension. The Stock Cell Suspensions are stored at 5 degrees C.
(B) Adjuvant Preparation One hundred milliliters of water in oil emulsifying agent is mixed with 900 milliliters of NF Light Mineral Oil and sterlized by auto-claving at 121 degrees C. Eor 15 minutes.
(C) Fabrication of Finished Bacterin Ten milliter samples of each sterile formalized Stock Cell Suspen-sion are added to 920 milliliter volumes of sterile formalized (0~14%) distilled water to give a p~eferred final cell concentra-tion of 1 x 109 of each genera of organism9 thereby providing a Final Cell Suspension containing 0~3% formalin. Equal volumes of the sterile Adjuvant and sterile Final Cell Suspension are blended together by conventional means to form a stable water in oil emul-sion. The finished bacterin can then be bottled and check testedfor sterility, Although the concentration range of each genus of bacteria included in the present vaccines is intended to be an effective amount thereof, the usual concentration range includes 108 to 101 of each genus in the Final Cell Suspension as de-scribed~
The efficacy and safety of the invention when used in the treatment of bovine shipping fever is demonstrated by the following example. The vaccine utilized was prepared as described hereinabove. Fifty head of 315 pound steers of mixed breeding were purchased in an auction market in Texas and transported 250 miles via truck. Two days later these cattle were processed in a con-ventional manner. As the steers came through the chute, every other calf Wfl9 given 2 cc of the vaccine subcutaneously in the cervical region, the calves being identified by ear tag. The control calves were identified with an ear tag of a color different from the color of the tags identifying the injected calves. Both groups of calves were maintained on wheat pasture. The results of this evaluation are given below and clearly establish the efficacy and safety of the present vaocine under the conditions described.
TABLE I

Number Number Affected by Number of Cattle Bovine Shipping Fever Deaths Control Cattle 25 lO
Treated Cattle 25 1 0 The statistical significance of the number of the untreated cattle which contracted shipping fever relative to the treated cattle is clear~ The statistical significance of the untreated cattle which died due to shipping fever relative to the treated cattle is also clearly shown.

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A field evaluation of the efficacy of the present vac-cine prepared in accordance with the aforedescribed preparation included 1J300 head of cross bred steer and heifer calves weighing between 180 and 250 pounds which were shipped over 1,000 miles by truck after purchase. 500 calves were purchased in June and lots of 400 calves each were purchased in July and August.
All calves were processed according to conventional techniques and were vaccinated against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Bovine Virus Diarrhea, Leptospirosis, and Clostridial Infections.
All sick calves were treated with antibiotics and sulfonamides according to conventional techniques. The animals were maintained on good native pasture with free access to supplemental feed. The 500 calves purchased in June were not vaccinatecl with the composi-tion matter described hereinabove. These 500 calves, therefore, serve as non-vaccinated controls. The calves received in July and August were vaccinated with the above-described vaccine. Over 150 of the calves received in June became sick with the typical symptoms of Shipping Fever Pneumonia and Shipping Fever Enteritis.
Over 10% of the 500 control (unvaccinated) calves died in spite of vigorous conventional treatment. The 800 calves received in July and August had pasture and corral contact with the surviving controls. Only slightly over 30 of the July and August (vacci-nated) calves became sufficiently sick to warrant treacment.
Only seven of these 30 animals died. The following table summa-rizes these results:
TABLE II

Number Number Affected by Number of of Head Bovine Shipping Fever Deaths Control Calves 500 150+ (30%) 50+ (10%) Treated Calves 800 30+ (3.75%) 7 (0.88%) ~2~7~

Although the example given relates to shipping fever prophylaxis in cattle, the same procedures can be followed in the preparation of a vaccine to treat other animal species including, but not limited to, sheep, horses, water buffalo, wild species of hooved animals, and other animal species. Vaccines prepared for a particular animal species utilize either all of the species of organisms responsible for shipping fever in that animal species to provide the killed organism in the vaccine, or a plurality of such species of the most important pathogenic organisms. As indicated previously, treatment of an animal with a vaccine according to the invention produces a significantly higher over-all resistance response level than would the separate administration of an individual bacterin or individual bacterins.

Claims (2)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A composition of matter comprising a vaccine for treatment of livestock animals for the shipping fever disease syndrome, the composition comprising the killed forms of the bacterial agents casative of the disease syndrome selected from the group consisting of the Pasteurella genus, the Salmonella genus, the Escherichia genus, and the Pseudomonas genus, said killed forms of the bacterial agents being suspended in the aqueous phase of a water in oil emulsion.

2. The composition of matter of claim 1 wherein the killed forms of the bacterial agents are present in the emulsion in a final cell concentration of at least 10B
of each genera of the bacterial agents in each dosage thereof administered subcutaneously into the lymph drainage of the cervical region of the animal.