CA1114081A - Ssb-fdm communication system derived from a complex band-pass digital filter bank - Google Patents
Ssb-fdm communication system derived from a complex band-pass digital filter bankInfo
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- CA1114081A CA1114081A CA354,410A CA354410A CA1114081A CA 1114081 A CA1114081 A CA 1114081A CA 354410 A CA354410 A CA 354410A CA 1114081 A CA1114081 A CA 1114081A
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Abstract
Abstract An SSB-FDM modulator derived from a complex band-pass digital filter bank and by a filter breakdown process comprises a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processor capable of giving phase offsets to complex output signals thereof. In a broader sense, DFT includes inverse DFT (IDFT). The processor is called an offset discrete Fourier transform (ODFT) processor and is sup-plied with real baseband sample sequences. The phase offset complex output signals are frequency-selected by a complex band-pass digital filter unit operable at a sampling frequency for the baseband sample sequences into a real SSB-FDM signal. An SSB-FDM demodulator likewise derived comprises a complex band-pass digital filter unit for frequency-selecting a real SSB-FDM signal into complex sample sequences of the respective baseband channels. The complex sample sequences are ODFT'ed into real baseband sample sequences. For easier processing of signals transmitted between the modulator and demodulator, use is made of at least one dummy baseband channel. The phase offsets may be pro-vided in the modulator by a post-processor following a conventional DFT pro-cessor and in the demodulator by a pre-processor prior to conventional DFT.
If desired, frequency spectra of the sample sequences of a predeterminded one or ones of the baseband channels may be reversed in the modulator prior to digital filtering and in the demodulator after the ODFT.
If desired, frequency spectra of the sample sequences of a predeterminded one or ones of the baseband channels may be reversed in the modulator prior to digital filtering and in the demodulator after the ODFT.
Description
This application is a division of our Canadian patent application Serial No. 272,405 filed Pebruar~ 23, 1977.
This invention relates to a demodulator for use in a single side-band frequency division multiplexed (SSB~FDM~ communication system for carry-ing out conversion between a plurality of baseband channel signals, each hav-ing a predeterm~ned ~and-width, and an SSB-FDM signal.
rn a sophisticated communication system of the type specified, the conversion is carried out by the use of analog modulator, demodulator, and band-pass filters. Recent developments in integrated circuit techniques and digital signal processing have enabled digital conversion to be resorted to.
The digital conversion renders the system compact and economical, facilitates manufacture and maintenance of the systems, and raises the performance and the uniformityof operation characteristics. Besides the enumerated merits, the digital conversion makes it readily possible to carry out connection bet-ween a time division multiplexed (TDM) digital communication network and an FDM analog communication network. The compactness and the cost of manufacture of a system for digital conversion, however, are dependent on the frequency or rate of multiplication to be carried out in the system per unit time.
An example of the systems of the digital conversion type is dis-2a closed in an article contributed by M. G. Bellanger and J. L. Daguet to "IEEETransactions on Communications," Vol. COM-22, No. 9 (September 1974), pp.
1199-1205, under the title of "TDM-FDM Transmultiplexer; Digital Polyphase and FET," particularly with reference to Figure 8 of the article. In the dis-closed system, input sample sequences are converted to sequences of complex samples. The complex samples are supplied to an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) processor having N pairs of input terminals for the complex samples and 2N output terminals for real signals. The real signals are sup-plied to 2N real filters, whose output signals are converted into an output : ' ' ,. . .. ~
,~ . .
. .: : . . . , - . . . ,:
~i~4~
SSs-FDM signal by a delay circuit. Inasmuch as the input sample sequences are converted to complex signals before the IDFT processing, the disclosed system has to carr~ out multiplication at a considerable rate, gives rise to accumu-lation of errors, is bulky, and has a slow speed of operation It is therefore an object o$ the present invention to provide a de-modulator for use in a digital SSB-FDM communication system wherein use of complex signals is avoided as far as possible.
An SSs~FDM communication system in which the invention is used is derived from a fundamental complex band-pass digital filter bank concept later described with reference to a few figures of the accompanying drawing and by a filter breakdown process which is described in the above-referenced Bellan-ger et al. article and adapted to complex band-pass digital filters of the bank as will be clarified hereunder with reference to several figures of the accompanying drawing.
In accordance with a broad aspect of this invention, there is pro-vided a demodulator for demodulating a single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence of real samples into a plurality of output sample sequen-ces of real samples derived with a first sampling frequency f5 from baseband channel signals, respectively, of a plurality of baseband channels, N in num-ber, the real samples of said single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence corresponding to the real samples of said output sample sequences and being sampled at a second sampling frequency equal to Nfs, said baseband chan-nels including a predetermined number of dummy baseband channels, said prede-termined number being less than N, each of said baseband signals having a band-width equal at most to f /2, said demodulator comprising: complex band-pass digital filter means for digitally filtering said single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence into complex sample sequences, N in number, of complex samples corresponding to the samples of said single side-band frequen-. -. : :. , , :
:. .. : . .. . .
: - , . , , : . ~ ~ :
: . . . ~ , : . . , : . ' ' : .- , - ::. : :- ' . ~ - . ' :: . ~ :
, ~ . : . .
- . . , ., :. : . . . . :
cy division multiplexed sequence and sampled at said first sampling frequency;
and means for subjecting said complex sample sequences to offset discrete Fourier transform to convert said complex sample sequences into said output sample sequences.
The invention will now-be further descri~ed in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram of a first complex band.pass filter bank;
Figure 2 is a block diagram of a second complex band-pass fi.lter ~.
bank;
Figure 3 shows frequency spectra of several signals appearing in the first.and second fllter banks;
Figure 4 is a block diagram of a fast real low-pass filter;
Figure 5 l5 a block diagram of a fast real low-pass filter compris-ing a plurality of slow real low-pass filters;
Figure 6 shows impulse responses of the filter illustrated in Figure 4 and the filters depicted in Figure 5;
Figure 7 is a block diagram of an SSB-FDM communication system ac-cording to a first embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 8 is a block diagram of a spectrum reverser to be used, if desired, in an SSB-FDM communication system accordlng to this invention;
Figure 9 is a block diagram of a minus-one multiplier used in the spectrum reverser;
.~
Pigure 10 is a block diagram of a real band-pass filter;
~` : Figure 11 is a block diagram of a complex band-pass filter which :
provides a recursive section of slow complex band-pass filters used in a com-munication system according to this invention;
Figure 12 is a block diagram of a complex band-pass filter which . - ~ .- . : . . . .
' ;. '. .` ' .' ' .' ' .' .- ' ' :'.
-:: ~ . , : ~ ~,~ , , :
.
~, provides a non-recursive section o$ the slow complex band-pass filters;
Figure 13 is a block diagram of an SSB-FD~ communication system according to a second embodiment of this invention;
Figure 14 is a block diagram of a post-processor used in a communi-cation system according to the second embodiment;
Figure 15 is a block diagram of a pre-processor used in a communi-cation system according to the second embodiment;
Figure 16 is a block diagram of a complex multiplier used in the post-processor and pre-processor;
Figure 17 is a block diagram of an SSB-FDM communication system according to a third embodimeDt of this invention; and Figure 18 is a time chart of several signals used in a communication system according to the third embodiment.
It is to be understood that the complete system is disclosed here for convenience but is claimed in the aforementioned parent application Serial No. 272,405.
It is to be understood at first that a sequence of samples means, in the following, a sequence of digital code words. This does not restrict the generality of the present invention because it is readily possible to con-vert the digital code word sequence into a sequence of analog samples, namely,a pulse amplitude modulated ~PAM) signal, by a digital-to-analog converter and further into a continuous analog signal by causing the analog sample sequence to pass through a filter of pertinent characteristics. Furthermore, it is possible to convert a continuous analog signal into a sequence of digital samples by sampling the former into a PAM signal and thereafter subjecting the PAM signal to analog-to-digital conversion. Also, the word "slow" refers, in the following, to a slow sampling rate of a first sampling frequency, f5 while the word "fast" relates to a fast sampling rate of a second sampling - 4 -~
- : - . . , . - :
. .. ~ . ~ . . . - . ., -. . . - . - :
. . ~ .
- : ''. ~ - - . ' . ' :
- :. : . :
.
frequency Nf where N represents the num~er of separate channels multiplexed into a multiplexed signal. The frequencies are in Hertz. The separate chan-nels are numbered from 0 to N-l. The channel numbers are generally indentifi-ed by a symbol k. For simplicity of description, a slow sampling period, namely, an inverse quantity o the first sampling frequency f5 will be re-presented by T. On the other hand, let Z represent an operator for advancing a sample sequence by one fast sampling period of the second sampling fre-quency Nfs. The operator Z is defIned by:
Z ~ exp(j2~f/tNfs~ ~ exp~j2~fTtN~, where f represents frequencies of the input signal components contained in the sample sequence. Incidentally, n represents indices of sampling instants.
Reerring to Figures 1 and 3 with reference to Figure 2 deferred for a short while, a first complex band-pass digital filter bank will be described for a better understanding of this invention. The filter bank comprises a plurality o input terminals 20k, namely, 200, 201, 202, ...., and 20N 1~ N
being four in the example being illustrated, for input baseband sample sequen-cey xk(nT) of k-th or zeroth through (N-l)-th baseband channels. The first sampling frequency fs is naturally selected so that each of the baseband chan-nel signals has a bandwidth equal to or narrower than f5/2. As exemplified in Figure 3 at (A), each of the sample sequences has a frequency spectrum of a period of the first sampling frequency f5. The filter bank further compri-ses an output terminal 21 for an output sample sequence y(nT/N), to be pre-sently described, and a spectrum reverser unit 22 comprising, in turn, spect-rum reversers 222 and 223, described later, for converting the input baseband sample sequences of predetermined one or ones o the channels, such as the N/2-th through ~N-l)-th baseband channels, into spectrum-reversed sample sequences xk'(nT), each having a reversed frequency spectrum shown in Figure 3 at ~B~, by multiplying the samples of each predetermined channel succes-_ 5 _ .. ~. . . , -: . . : : . -. . ~ . , . , . :
,. . . - . . . . . .
sively by factors (-l)n. The filter bank still further comprises a plurality of fast complex band-pass digital filters 23k, described later, for producing complex filter output signals in response to the spectrum-reversed and un-touched sample sequences and a conventional adder 24 for summing up the filter output signals. Let the fast complex band-pass filters 23k have transfer functions Hk(Z) having passbands between kfs and kf ~ f /2 as shown in Fig-ure 3 at (C~, (D), (E), and ~F~. Comparison of the frequency spectra depicted at ~A) through (F~ will readily reveal that the filter output signals, when merely summed up, result in a sum signal which has a frequency spectrum de-picted in Pigure 3 at (G). That real part of the sum signal which is derived when the adder 24 is connected to the fast complex band-pass filters 23k so as to sum up only real parts of the filter output signals, has a frequency spectrum shown in Figure 3 at (H) and is the output sample sequence of samples sampled at the second sampling frequency Nfs from an SSB-FDM signal having a bandwidth between 0 and NfS/2 into which the baseband channel signals are SSB-FDM'ed. The output sample sequence, when subjected to digital-to-analog conversion and to pass through an analog low-pass filter or an analog band-pass filter having a passband between Nfs/2 and Nfs (not shown~, has frequency spectra illustrated in Figure 3 at (I~ and (J), respectively.
Prom the frequency spectra depicted in Figure 3 at ~G) through (J), it is seen that the samples of the respective baseband channel signals are not arranged in the SSB-FDM signal in the order of the channel numbers k.
This, however, is not inconvenient in practice. If desired, the transfer functions of the fast complex band-pass filters 23k may be interchanged so as to arrange the samples in the order of the channel numbers k. The spectrum reverser unit 22 is dispensed with when it is unnecessary for the samples depicted at (I~ or ~J) to have one and the same frequency dependency. It will also be seen that the number N of channels need not be an even number. On the :~ - 6 -~-' . . -. ' ', : , ', ' ' ' ' ~
, , .; : , - ~
. , ' - ' ,: , : . ~ - .: ' .
other hand, it is to be pointed out here that the baseband channels should in-clude at least one dum~y base~and channel, such as that numbered 2 for the frequency spectrum depicted at (I~ or those numbered 0 and 2 for the spectrum in (J~, so as to enable the above~mentioned analog low-pass or band-pass fil-ter to have not a sufficiently sharp cutoff characteristic.
Referring now to ~igures 2 and 3, a second complex ~and~pass digital filter bank comprises an input terminal 25 for an input SSB-FDM sample se-quence y~nT/N~ produced in the manner described herinaboYe and depicted in Figure 3 again at (K~, and a plurality of output terminals 26k for output baseband sample sequences which are reproductions of the sample sequences xk(nT) of the respective baseband channels for the first filter bank. The second filter bank further comprises a plurality of fast complex band-pass digital filters 27k, similar to the filters 23k of the first filter bank, for producing those complex filter output signals in response to the input SSB-FDM
sample sequence, of which real parts are discrete samples of the respective baseband channel signals as exemplified in Pigure 3 at (L) and (M), a sampler 28 symbolized by switches operable at the first sampling frequency fs for sampling the discrete samples into successive samples shown in Figure 3 at (N~
and (0), and a spectrum reverser unit 29 comprising, in turn, spectrum rever-sers 292 and 293 for reversing the frequency spectra of the successive samples of the above-mentioned predetermined channels back into frequency spectra of the baseband channel signal examples exemplified in Pigure 3 at ~P~.
Referring to Figures 4 and 6 with reference to Figure 5 postponed far thc time being, a fast real low-pass filter of a transfer function G~Z) and of a bandwidth fs!4 will be described in order to derive the above-mentio-ned fast complex band-pass filters 23k and 27k of the transfer functions Hk(Z) and of a common bandwidth fs/2. According to the filter breakdown process described in the above-cited Bellanger et al. article and to those frequency ~ ' , .
` ~ 7 ~
.:: . : , , . . ,' . ~ . , . ` ', , :
.. . . : .
- ,, .
.
shifts of (4k + l)fs/4 which are the center frequencies of passbands of the respective band-pass filters 23k and 27k, Hk(Z) = G(exp~j2~(f - C4k + l~fs/4)T/N~) = G(Zexp[-j2~(4k + 1)/(4Nn )- (1) The low-pass filter comprises an input terminal 30 for an input signal sampled by the use of the first sampling frequency f , an output terminal 31 for an output signal sampled with the second sampling frequency Nfs, and a digital filter 32 having the transfer function G(Z). Let an impulse response, namely, the output signal produced at the output terminal 31 when an impulse is sup-plied to the input terminal 30 as the input signal, be as depicted in Figure6 at (A). It is to be pointed out here that a filter is mathematically com-pletely equivalent to another when the two have one and same impulse response.
Referring now to Figures 5 and 6, a composite fast real low-pass filter comprises an input terminal 30 and an output terminal 31, both being equivalents of the corresponding terminals 30 and 31 described with reference to Figure 4. The composite filter further comprises a plurality of slow real low-pass filters 33i, N in number, of transfer functions Gi(ZN), where i re-presents input or output points specified by integers between 0 and N-l as is the case with the channel numbers k. Let impulse responses of the filters 33i be composed of samples sampled at the first sampling frequency f5 from impulse responses of ZiG(Z), namely, those which are identical in outline to the im-pulse response shown in Figure 6 at (A) and have phases advanced by i fast sampling period or periods iT/N, as depicted in Figure 6 at (B), (C~, (D), and (E). The composite filter still further comprises a parallel-to-series converter 34 for time division multiplexing output signals of the respective filters 33i by delaying the output signals by i fast sampling period or periods. The time division multiplexed signal is supplied to the output terminal 31. The fast real low-pass filter described with reference to Fig-- . ., - ,:
.. - . . . . . .
. ................ .: - . . .
' ., ' ' ' . ' . ' " ~ ~ ' ' . ' ' ' ,' . ' ' ' . ' . . . ' . , . '.' . ' -ure 4 is now equivalent to the composite fast real low-pass filter comprising the slow real low-pass filters 33i. It is clear that:
G(Z) = ~ z iG~(zN) i 0 1 ~2) from the structure of the composite filter. By substituting Equation ~2) in-to Equation (1), N-l Hk~Z~ i~0 (ZexpL-j2~(4k ~ 1)/(4N)J
x Gi(ZNexp[(-j2~(4k ~ l)Nt(4N)~) = ~ Z iexp[j2~(4k + l)i/C4N)] Gi~-jZ ) J (3) where Gi(-jZN) represents transfer functions derived for slow complex band-pass filters of center frequencies fs/4, described later, by substituting -jZ for zN in the transfer functions Gi(ZN) of the slow real low-pass fil-ters 33i.
It is now possible to derive several formulae representative of or equivalent to operation of the first filter bank described with reference to Figures 1 and 3. Inasmuch as a Z transform Y(Z) of the output SSB-FDM sample sequence is the real part of the sum signal, the Z transform is given by:
N-l Y(Z) = Re,~ ~ Hk~Z)XkCZ )~, ~4) where Xk(ZNj represents Z transforms of the input baseband sample sequences supplied to the fast complex band-pass filters 23k with the frequency spec-trum or spectra reversed as the case may be. Substitution of Equation ~3) into Equation ~4) gives:
YtZ) = Re'~ ~ Z iGi(-jZN)Ai~Z )], (5) 1-- .
~ _ g _ :
: . ., ~ ' :
. . . .
.~ .: . ~ . : :
- -- ,, - . ~ . --where A (ZN) represents output-point complex sample sequence defined by:
Ai(Z ) = ~ Xk(ZN)exp(j2~C4k ~ l]i/r4N~). (6) The operation in Equation (6) for the Z transforms Xk(ZN) will herein be cal-led inverse offset discrete ~ourier transform (IODFT) because of its similar-ity to IDFT (inverse discrete Fourier transform). More particularly, IODFT is equal to IDFT accompanying multiplication by phase offset factors exp(j2~i/
r4N~) as will be discussed hereunder. :~:
As for the second filter bank illustrated with reference to Figures
This invention relates to a demodulator for use in a single side-band frequency division multiplexed (SSB~FDM~ communication system for carry-ing out conversion between a plurality of baseband channel signals, each hav-ing a predeterm~ned ~and-width, and an SSB-FDM signal.
rn a sophisticated communication system of the type specified, the conversion is carried out by the use of analog modulator, demodulator, and band-pass filters. Recent developments in integrated circuit techniques and digital signal processing have enabled digital conversion to be resorted to.
The digital conversion renders the system compact and economical, facilitates manufacture and maintenance of the systems, and raises the performance and the uniformityof operation characteristics. Besides the enumerated merits, the digital conversion makes it readily possible to carry out connection bet-ween a time division multiplexed (TDM) digital communication network and an FDM analog communication network. The compactness and the cost of manufacture of a system for digital conversion, however, are dependent on the frequency or rate of multiplication to be carried out in the system per unit time.
An example of the systems of the digital conversion type is dis-2a closed in an article contributed by M. G. Bellanger and J. L. Daguet to "IEEETransactions on Communications," Vol. COM-22, No. 9 (September 1974), pp.
1199-1205, under the title of "TDM-FDM Transmultiplexer; Digital Polyphase and FET," particularly with reference to Figure 8 of the article. In the dis-closed system, input sample sequences are converted to sequences of complex samples. The complex samples are supplied to an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) processor having N pairs of input terminals for the complex samples and 2N output terminals for real signals. The real signals are sup-plied to 2N real filters, whose output signals are converted into an output : ' ' ,. . .. ~
,~ . .
. .: : . . . , - . . . ,:
~i~4~
SSs-FDM signal by a delay circuit. Inasmuch as the input sample sequences are converted to complex signals before the IDFT processing, the disclosed system has to carr~ out multiplication at a considerable rate, gives rise to accumu-lation of errors, is bulky, and has a slow speed of operation It is therefore an object o$ the present invention to provide a de-modulator for use in a digital SSB-FDM communication system wherein use of complex signals is avoided as far as possible.
An SSs~FDM communication system in which the invention is used is derived from a fundamental complex band-pass digital filter bank concept later described with reference to a few figures of the accompanying drawing and by a filter breakdown process which is described in the above-referenced Bellan-ger et al. article and adapted to complex band-pass digital filters of the bank as will be clarified hereunder with reference to several figures of the accompanying drawing.
In accordance with a broad aspect of this invention, there is pro-vided a demodulator for demodulating a single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence of real samples into a plurality of output sample sequen-ces of real samples derived with a first sampling frequency f5 from baseband channel signals, respectively, of a plurality of baseband channels, N in num-ber, the real samples of said single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence corresponding to the real samples of said output sample sequences and being sampled at a second sampling frequency equal to Nfs, said baseband chan-nels including a predetermined number of dummy baseband channels, said prede-termined number being less than N, each of said baseband signals having a band-width equal at most to f /2, said demodulator comprising: complex band-pass digital filter means for digitally filtering said single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence into complex sample sequences, N in number, of complex samples corresponding to the samples of said single side-band frequen-. -. : :. , , :
:. .. : . .. . .
: - , . , , : . ~ ~ :
: . . . ~ , : . . , : . ' ' : .- , - ::. : :- ' . ~ - . ' :: . ~ :
, ~ . : . .
- . . , ., :. : . . . . :
cy division multiplexed sequence and sampled at said first sampling frequency;
and means for subjecting said complex sample sequences to offset discrete Fourier transform to convert said complex sample sequences into said output sample sequences.
The invention will now-be further descri~ed in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram of a first complex band.pass filter bank;
Figure 2 is a block diagram of a second complex band-pass fi.lter ~.
bank;
Figure 3 shows frequency spectra of several signals appearing in the first.and second fllter banks;
Figure 4 is a block diagram of a fast real low-pass filter;
Figure 5 l5 a block diagram of a fast real low-pass filter compris-ing a plurality of slow real low-pass filters;
Figure 6 shows impulse responses of the filter illustrated in Figure 4 and the filters depicted in Figure 5;
Figure 7 is a block diagram of an SSB-FDM communication system ac-cording to a first embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 8 is a block diagram of a spectrum reverser to be used, if desired, in an SSB-FDM communication system accordlng to this invention;
Figure 9 is a block diagram of a minus-one multiplier used in the spectrum reverser;
.~
Pigure 10 is a block diagram of a real band-pass filter;
~` : Figure 11 is a block diagram of a complex band-pass filter which :
provides a recursive section of slow complex band-pass filters used in a com-munication system according to this invention;
Figure 12 is a block diagram of a complex band-pass filter which . - ~ .- . : . . . .
' ;. '. .` ' .' ' .' ' .' .- ' ' :'.
-:: ~ . , : ~ ~,~ , , :
.
~, provides a non-recursive section o$ the slow complex band-pass filters;
Figure 13 is a block diagram of an SSB-FD~ communication system according to a second embodiment of this invention;
Figure 14 is a block diagram of a post-processor used in a communi-cation system according to the second embodiment;
Figure 15 is a block diagram of a pre-processor used in a communi-cation system according to the second embodiment;
Figure 16 is a block diagram of a complex multiplier used in the post-processor and pre-processor;
Figure 17 is a block diagram of an SSB-FDM communication system according to a third embodimeDt of this invention; and Figure 18 is a time chart of several signals used in a communication system according to the third embodiment.
It is to be understood that the complete system is disclosed here for convenience but is claimed in the aforementioned parent application Serial No. 272,405.
It is to be understood at first that a sequence of samples means, in the following, a sequence of digital code words. This does not restrict the generality of the present invention because it is readily possible to con-vert the digital code word sequence into a sequence of analog samples, namely,a pulse amplitude modulated ~PAM) signal, by a digital-to-analog converter and further into a continuous analog signal by causing the analog sample sequence to pass through a filter of pertinent characteristics. Furthermore, it is possible to convert a continuous analog signal into a sequence of digital samples by sampling the former into a PAM signal and thereafter subjecting the PAM signal to analog-to-digital conversion. Also, the word "slow" refers, in the following, to a slow sampling rate of a first sampling frequency, f5 while the word "fast" relates to a fast sampling rate of a second sampling - 4 -~
- : - . . , . - :
. .. ~ . ~ . . . - . ., -. . . - . - :
. . ~ .
- : ''. ~ - - . ' . ' :
- :. : . :
.
frequency Nf where N represents the num~er of separate channels multiplexed into a multiplexed signal. The frequencies are in Hertz. The separate chan-nels are numbered from 0 to N-l. The channel numbers are generally indentifi-ed by a symbol k. For simplicity of description, a slow sampling period, namely, an inverse quantity o the first sampling frequency f5 will be re-presented by T. On the other hand, let Z represent an operator for advancing a sample sequence by one fast sampling period of the second sampling fre-quency Nfs. The operator Z is defIned by:
Z ~ exp(j2~f/tNfs~ ~ exp~j2~fTtN~, where f represents frequencies of the input signal components contained in the sample sequence. Incidentally, n represents indices of sampling instants.
Reerring to Figures 1 and 3 with reference to Figure 2 deferred for a short while, a first complex band-pass digital filter bank will be described for a better understanding of this invention. The filter bank comprises a plurality o input terminals 20k, namely, 200, 201, 202, ...., and 20N 1~ N
being four in the example being illustrated, for input baseband sample sequen-cey xk(nT) of k-th or zeroth through (N-l)-th baseband channels. The first sampling frequency fs is naturally selected so that each of the baseband chan-nel signals has a bandwidth equal to or narrower than f5/2. As exemplified in Figure 3 at (A), each of the sample sequences has a frequency spectrum of a period of the first sampling frequency f5. The filter bank further compri-ses an output terminal 21 for an output sample sequence y(nT/N), to be pre-sently described, and a spectrum reverser unit 22 comprising, in turn, spect-rum reversers 222 and 223, described later, for converting the input baseband sample sequences of predetermined one or ones o the channels, such as the N/2-th through ~N-l)-th baseband channels, into spectrum-reversed sample sequences xk'(nT), each having a reversed frequency spectrum shown in Figure 3 at ~B~, by multiplying the samples of each predetermined channel succes-_ 5 _ .. ~. . . , -: . . : : . -. . ~ . , . , . :
,. . . - . . . . . .
sively by factors (-l)n. The filter bank still further comprises a plurality of fast complex band-pass digital filters 23k, described later, for producing complex filter output signals in response to the spectrum-reversed and un-touched sample sequences and a conventional adder 24 for summing up the filter output signals. Let the fast complex band-pass filters 23k have transfer functions Hk(Z) having passbands between kfs and kf ~ f /2 as shown in Fig-ure 3 at (C~, (D), (E), and ~F~. Comparison of the frequency spectra depicted at ~A) through (F~ will readily reveal that the filter output signals, when merely summed up, result in a sum signal which has a frequency spectrum de-picted in Pigure 3 at (G). That real part of the sum signal which is derived when the adder 24 is connected to the fast complex band-pass filters 23k so as to sum up only real parts of the filter output signals, has a frequency spectrum shown in Figure 3 at (H) and is the output sample sequence of samples sampled at the second sampling frequency Nfs from an SSB-FDM signal having a bandwidth between 0 and NfS/2 into which the baseband channel signals are SSB-FDM'ed. The output sample sequence, when subjected to digital-to-analog conversion and to pass through an analog low-pass filter or an analog band-pass filter having a passband between Nfs/2 and Nfs (not shown~, has frequency spectra illustrated in Figure 3 at (I~ and (J), respectively.
Prom the frequency spectra depicted in Figure 3 at ~G) through (J), it is seen that the samples of the respective baseband channel signals are not arranged in the SSB-FDM signal in the order of the channel numbers k.
This, however, is not inconvenient in practice. If desired, the transfer functions of the fast complex band-pass filters 23k may be interchanged so as to arrange the samples in the order of the channel numbers k. The spectrum reverser unit 22 is dispensed with when it is unnecessary for the samples depicted at (I~ or ~J) to have one and the same frequency dependency. It will also be seen that the number N of channels need not be an even number. On the :~ - 6 -~-' . . -. ' ', : , ', ' ' ' ' ~
, , .; : , - ~
. , ' - ' ,: , : . ~ - .: ' .
other hand, it is to be pointed out here that the baseband channels should in-clude at least one dum~y base~and channel, such as that numbered 2 for the frequency spectrum depicted at (I~ or those numbered 0 and 2 for the spectrum in (J~, so as to enable the above~mentioned analog low-pass or band-pass fil-ter to have not a sufficiently sharp cutoff characteristic.
Referring now to ~igures 2 and 3, a second complex ~and~pass digital filter bank comprises an input terminal 25 for an input SSB-FDM sample se-quence y~nT/N~ produced in the manner described herinaboYe and depicted in Figure 3 again at (K~, and a plurality of output terminals 26k for output baseband sample sequences which are reproductions of the sample sequences xk(nT) of the respective baseband channels for the first filter bank. The second filter bank further comprises a plurality of fast complex band-pass digital filters 27k, similar to the filters 23k of the first filter bank, for producing those complex filter output signals in response to the input SSB-FDM
sample sequence, of which real parts are discrete samples of the respective baseband channel signals as exemplified in Pigure 3 at (L) and (M), a sampler 28 symbolized by switches operable at the first sampling frequency fs for sampling the discrete samples into successive samples shown in Figure 3 at (N~
and (0), and a spectrum reverser unit 29 comprising, in turn, spectrum rever-sers 292 and 293 for reversing the frequency spectra of the successive samples of the above-mentioned predetermined channels back into frequency spectra of the baseband channel signal examples exemplified in Pigure 3 at ~P~.
Referring to Figures 4 and 6 with reference to Figure 5 postponed far thc time being, a fast real low-pass filter of a transfer function G~Z) and of a bandwidth fs!4 will be described in order to derive the above-mentio-ned fast complex band-pass filters 23k and 27k of the transfer functions Hk(Z) and of a common bandwidth fs/2. According to the filter breakdown process described in the above-cited Bellanger et al. article and to those frequency ~ ' , .
` ~ 7 ~
.:: . : , , . . ,' . ~ . , . ` ', , :
.. . . : .
- ,, .
.
shifts of (4k + l)fs/4 which are the center frequencies of passbands of the respective band-pass filters 23k and 27k, Hk(Z) = G(exp~j2~(f - C4k + l~fs/4)T/N~) = G(Zexp[-j2~(4k + 1)/(4Nn )- (1) The low-pass filter comprises an input terminal 30 for an input signal sampled by the use of the first sampling frequency f , an output terminal 31 for an output signal sampled with the second sampling frequency Nfs, and a digital filter 32 having the transfer function G(Z). Let an impulse response, namely, the output signal produced at the output terminal 31 when an impulse is sup-plied to the input terminal 30 as the input signal, be as depicted in Figure6 at (A). It is to be pointed out here that a filter is mathematically com-pletely equivalent to another when the two have one and same impulse response.
Referring now to Figures 5 and 6, a composite fast real low-pass filter comprises an input terminal 30 and an output terminal 31, both being equivalents of the corresponding terminals 30 and 31 described with reference to Figure 4. The composite filter further comprises a plurality of slow real low-pass filters 33i, N in number, of transfer functions Gi(ZN), where i re-presents input or output points specified by integers between 0 and N-l as is the case with the channel numbers k. Let impulse responses of the filters 33i be composed of samples sampled at the first sampling frequency f5 from impulse responses of ZiG(Z), namely, those which are identical in outline to the im-pulse response shown in Figure 6 at (A) and have phases advanced by i fast sampling period or periods iT/N, as depicted in Figure 6 at (B), (C~, (D), and (E). The composite filter still further comprises a parallel-to-series converter 34 for time division multiplexing output signals of the respective filters 33i by delaying the output signals by i fast sampling period or periods. The time division multiplexed signal is supplied to the output terminal 31. The fast real low-pass filter described with reference to Fig-- . ., - ,:
.. - . . . . . .
. ................ .: - . . .
' ., ' ' ' . ' . ' " ~ ~ ' ' . ' ' ' ,' . ' ' ' . ' . . . ' . , . '.' . ' -ure 4 is now equivalent to the composite fast real low-pass filter comprising the slow real low-pass filters 33i. It is clear that:
G(Z) = ~ z iG~(zN) i 0 1 ~2) from the structure of the composite filter. By substituting Equation ~2) in-to Equation (1), N-l Hk~Z~ i~0 (ZexpL-j2~(4k ~ 1)/(4N)J
x Gi(ZNexp[(-j2~(4k ~ l)Nt(4N)~) = ~ Z iexp[j2~(4k + l)i/C4N)] Gi~-jZ ) J (3) where Gi(-jZN) represents transfer functions derived for slow complex band-pass filters of center frequencies fs/4, described later, by substituting -jZ for zN in the transfer functions Gi(ZN) of the slow real low-pass fil-ters 33i.
It is now possible to derive several formulae representative of or equivalent to operation of the first filter bank described with reference to Figures 1 and 3. Inasmuch as a Z transform Y(Z) of the output SSB-FDM sample sequence is the real part of the sum signal, the Z transform is given by:
N-l Y(Z) = Re,~ ~ Hk~Z)XkCZ )~, ~4) where Xk(ZNj represents Z transforms of the input baseband sample sequences supplied to the fast complex band-pass filters 23k with the frequency spec-trum or spectra reversed as the case may be. Substitution of Equation ~3) into Equation ~4) gives:
YtZ) = Re'~ ~ Z iGi(-jZN)Ai~Z )], (5) 1-- .
~ _ g _ :
: . ., ~ ' :
. . . .
.~ .: . ~ . : :
- -- ,, - . ~ . --where A (ZN) represents output-point complex sample sequence defined by:
Ai(Z ) = ~ Xk(ZN)exp(j2~C4k ~ l]i/r4N~). (6) The operation in Equation (6) for the Z transforms Xk(ZN) will herein be cal-led inverse offset discrete ~ourier transform (IODFT) because of its similar-ity to IDFT (inverse discrete Fourier transform). More particularly, IODFT is equal to IDFT accompanying multiplication by phase offset factors exp(j2~i/
r4N~) as will be discussed hereunder. :~:
As for the second filter bank illustrated with reference to Figures
2 and 3, Z transforms Xk(Z) of first real sample sequences supplied from the ~.
fast complex band-pass filter 27k to the sampler 28 are:
Xk(Z) = ReCY(Z)Hk(Z)~
where Y(Z) represents a Z transform of an input SSB-FDM sample sequence sup-plied to the input terminal 25. Inasmuch as the transfer functions Hk(Z) are given by Equation (3) and inasmuch as it is possible to decompose the input sample sequence into a plurality of constituent sample sequences Yq(ZN), N in number, sampled from baseband channel signals, respectively, at sampling in-stants spaced by the slow sampling period T with successive delays Z q, namely, q fast sampling period or periods, the Z transforms are given by:
N-l N .
Xk(Z~ = Re[ ~ Z qYq(Z )Hk(Z)]
q=0 . - .
C eXp(j21r[4k 1 1~ N])Gi(-jzN)N-l~iz-p izO p=i where p = q ~ i. When it is presumed that the sampler 28 samples the first real sample sequence simultaneously at a sampling instant specified by p = N-l, Z transforms Xk(ZN) of second real sample sequences produced by the sampler 28 are:
~ . . ,- .. . . - : . - . . , ~ . - . , - .
'.' .`' '.'~'',' :' ' . ; ' ' ' : ':' ;' ': ~ " -~li4(~
~ZN) = ReC ~ exp(j2~[4k ~ 4N])Gi~-jZN)YN 1 i~ZN~]
~ Bi~Z ) - jBN i*(Z )~/2)exp~j2~4k ~ l]i/~4N]), ~7) where Bi~ZN) is defined by:
Bi~Z ) = Gi(-iZ )YN 1 i~Z ) ~
herein called input-point complex sample sequences, and Bi*~ZN) represents conjugate complex quantities of the input-point sample sequences. Operation in Equation (7) for the input-point complex sample sequences is again called IODFT.
It is now understood that the first and second filter banks are realized by circuits for carrying out calculation of Equations (5) and (7).
More particularly, input baseband sample sequences, N in number, are obtained for conversion thereof to an output SSB-FDM sample sequence by sampling base-band channel signals at the first sampling frequency f5. With the samples of pretetermin0d ones of baseband channels multiplied by (-l)n if desired, the baseband sample sequences are subjected to IODFT for producing output-point complex sample sequences Ai(ZN) in accordance with Equation (6). The output-point complex sample sequences are multiplied by transfer functions Gi~-jZN) and thereby turned into filter output signals. After subjected to delays of predetermined integral multipIes of one fast sampling period T/N, the filter output signals are summed up into the output SSB-FDM sample sequence. On the other hand, an input SSB-FDM sample sequence is decomposed into those con-stituent sample sequences, N in number, which are picked out of baseband sample sequences at sampling instants spaced by the slow sampling period with successive delays of predetermined integral multiples of one fast sampling period. The constituent sample sequences are multiplied by transfer functions Gi~-jZN) for deriving input-point complex sample sequences Bi(ZN). The input-: : ~
point complex sample sequences are now subjected to IODFT for producing theabove-mentioned second real sample sequences according to Equation ~7). The second real sample sequences, when those of the predetermined baseband chan-nels are multiplied by (-l)n, become reproductions of the baseband sample sequences. Incidentally, conversion between the baseband channel signals and the SSB-FDM sample sequence includes the sampling processes and consequently the amplitude modulation and demodulation processes.
Turning now to Figure 7, an SSB-FDM digital communication system according to a first embodiment of this invention comprises a modulator 40A
and a demodulator 40B. The modulator 40A comprises, in turn, a plurality of input terminals 20k, an output terminal 21, a spectrum reverser unit 22 for producing the above-mentioned input baseband sample sequences Xk(ZN), and a parallel-to-series converter 34, all described with reference to Figures 1 and 5. The modulator 40A further comprises an IODFT processor 41, described shortly hereunder, having complex input terminals Xk and complex output ter-minals Ai. Each complex terminal consists of a pair of terminals for the real and imaginary parts of a signal. Supplied with input baseband sample sequences at the real ones of the complex input terminals Xk, the IODFT pro-cessor 41 carries out IODFT of Equation (6) to produce output-point complex sample sequences Ai(ZN) at the complex output terminals Ai. The complex sample sequences are supplied to a slow complex band-pass filter unit 42 comprising a plurality of slow complex band-pass filters 42k having transfer functions Gi(-jZN) for producing slow filter output signals which correspond to Gi(-jZN)Ai(ZN) in Equation (5). The real parts of the slow filter output signals are supplied to delay circuits 44k of the parallel-to-series conver-ter 34 to be multiplied by z i (delayed by i fast sampling period or periods iT/N), respectively. The delayed signals are summed up by the adder 24 and delivered to the output terminal 21 as an output SSB-FDM sample sequence.
-, ,: . - - - . - ~ . ................... .
'~ - ' " "''.', ' ' ,' ,' ,''" ~',' "
:,, -. . .. - . , , .,, ' :
,. ~,,: : . , :, . : :
- . ~ - - , : :
- . . , . . - :
,. . . . .
11~4~
The adder 24 and the delay circuits 44k serve as the parallel-to-series con-verter 34.
Further referring to Figure 7, the demodulator 40s comprises an in-put terminal 25, a plurality of output terminals 26k, a sampler 28, and a spectrum reverser unit 29, described with reference to Figure 2. After mul-tiplied by Z at delay circuits 46k, an input SSB-FDM sample sequence is broken down by the sampler 28 into the respective constituent sample sequen-ces YN 1 i(ZN) The delay circuits 46k and the sampler 28 serve as a series-to-parallel converter 47. The constituent sample sequences are supplied to a real input terminal member of a slow complex band-pass filter unit 48 hav-ing transfer functions Gi(-jZN), namely, to real input terminals of slow complex band-pass filters 48k in the example being illustrated, and thereby turned into input-point complex sample sequences Bi(ZN3, which are now sup-plied to complex input terminals Bi of an IODFT processor 49 for carrying out IODFT of Bquation (73. Real parts of the IODFT'ed signals produced at com-plex output terminals Xk of the IODFT processor 49 are converted by the spec-trum reverser unit 29 into reproductions of the baseband sample sequences.
In connection with the SSB-FDM co = nication system described with reference to Figure 7, it should be noted here that a broken-line connection between the modulator 40A and demodulator 40B may include the above-mentioned digital-to-analog converter, analog filters, and analog-to-digital converter.
Also, the IODFT processor 41 or 49 is realized by a combination of multipli-ers and adders for calculating Equation (6) or (7). When it is possible to give the number of baseband channels N by a product of prime numbers, the number of multipliers is drastically reduced by the use of fast Fourier transform (FFT3 algorithm with decimation in frequency or in time. The FFT
algorithm is described in many publications, such as, for example, in Chap-ters 6 and 10 of a book "Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing"
.. . . ..
, . . . . .
. : : - - ., : , , -. . : . , . , , .: , . .
, . . . . .
.- ~ , :, . , , , , , , :
1~14~
written by L.R. Rabiner and B. Gold and publlshed 1975 b~ Prentice-Hall, U.S.A.
Inasmuch as the signals supplied to the IODFT processor 41 of the modulator 40A or derived from the IOD~T processor 49 of the demodulator 4os are only real signals, it is possible to reduce the number of calculation elements of the processors 41 and 49 to a half as compared with a processor of the type for complex input and output signals.
Referring to Figure 8, a spectrum reverser 22k or 29k has a sample sequence input terminal 50, an output terminal 51, and a timing signal input terminal 52. When the samples of each sequence are either given by two's complements or converted into two's complements before application thereof to the sample sequence input terminal 50, the spectrum reverser 22k or 29k com-prises a two's complement circuit 53, described hereunder, connected to the sample sequence input terminal 50 and a selector or switch 54 responsive to the timing signal for selectively supplying the samples untouched or bypassed and the two's complements of the samples to the output terminal 51. The tim-ing signal is representative of even or odd frames of a sampling pulse se-quence of the first sampling frequency f5. When the samples of each sequence are given by signed magnitudes, a spectrum reverser 22k or 29k may be an in-verter responsive to a timing signal for inverting the sign bits of the sam-ples at every other sampling instant.
Referring to Figure 9, a two's complement circuit 53 has a samplesequence Input terminal 50A, an output terminal 51A, and a timing signal in-put terminal 52A. When the samples of each sequence are given by two's com-plements, the two's complement circuit 53 is a minus-one multiplier which comprises an inverter 56 connected to the sample sequence input terminal 50A, an OR gate 57 connected to the timing signal input terminal 52A, a half adder having input terminals connected to the inverter 56 and the OR gate 57 and an output terminal connected to the circuit output terminal 51A, and a one-bit ` - 14 -., . ' .; , ~ : ' delay circuit 59 interposed between a carry output terminal of the half adder and the OR gate 57. nith a logic "1" value~ the timing signal specifies the least significant digit of each sample supplied to the input terminal 50A.
When each sample is supplied to the input terminal 50A serially with the least significant digit supplied first, the inverter 56 supplies the half adder 58 with a one's complement of the sample, namely, the sample with all bits in-verted. Only when the bit supplied to the input terminal 50A is the least significant digit of the sample, is the half adder 58 also supplied with a logic "1" signal through the OR gate 57 to produce a two's complement of the sample.
Turning now to Figures 10 through 12, description will be made of slow complex band-pass filters 42k and 48k together with the filter breakdown process adapted to the present case. Let the result of design of a fast real filter satisfying the in-band and cross-talk rejection ratio specifications be a transfer function G(Z~ which has M poles and M zeroes and is accordingly given by:
G(Z~ amZ )Em/(l - bmZ 1)~, m=l where am, bm, and Em represent constants determined by the specifications. By the use of an identity:
(1 - X) = (1 + x + x2 + ...... + xN-l) (1 - xN) 1, where N represents the number of slow real band-pass filters into which the fast real Mth-order filter is broken down, the transfer funtion is rewritten into:
G(.Zl = tl + ~ cmN(Z ) ]/ 7r (1 - bm Z ) + ~ Z iC ~ cmN+i(Z ) ]/ ~ (1 - bm Z )' (8) where cmN represents constants given by rational formulae of the above-men-. . . . . . .
.. : . , , . ,,.. :,, - ,-. , :.
.... . . ~
:-. . . -, : .. ...
- : , . . : ..... ... .. ,. :
.~ ~ , . .
-tioned constants am, bm, and Em and the number N. From comparison of Equation (8) with Equation (2), the transfer functions Gi(ZN) of the slow real band-pass filters are:
Go(Z ) = rl ~ ~ cmN(Z ) ]/m-l ( m and for l _ i< N-l:
Gi~Z ) = [ ~ cmN+i~Z ) ]/ 7rl (1 - bm Z ) ~ (10) wherein it is generally possible to rewrite each of the denominators into a product of one or more quadrature formulae (a linear formula being a specific 10 case of a.quadrature formula). The transfer functions Gi~-jZN) of the slow complex band-pass filters 42k and 48k are obtained by substituting _jZN for zN
in the right-hand sides of Equations ~9) and ~10).
Referring more specifically to Figure 10, a real filter comprises an input terminal 60, an output terminal 61, an adder 62 connected to the input terminal 60 to supply a filter output signal to the output terminal 61, a first delay clrcuit 631 for delaying the filter output signal by one slow sam-pling period T, a second delay circuit 632 for delaying the delayed filter output si~nal further by one slow sampling period, a first multiplier 641 for multiplying the one-sample delayed signal by a factor -bl to supply the multi-20 plied signal to the adder 62, and a second multiplier 642 for multiplying thetwo-sample delayed signal by another factor -b2 to supply the product signal to the adder 62. The filter has a transfer function F~ZN) given by:
p~zN~ b z-N ~ b2z being that portion of the transfer functions given by Equations (9~ and ~10) in which the denominator is a quadrature formula and the numerator is equal to unity.
Referring to Figure 11 in particular, a complex filter comprises similar elements designated by like reference numerals without primes and with .
.. ..
" . ,. ~ .
, .:
primes as in Figure 10. The elements indicated by reference numerals with primes are for the imaginary part of the filter input signal. It is to be noted here that the first multipliers 641 and 641' supply the product signals to the adders 62' and 62, respectively, and that the second multipliers 642 and 642' are for multiplying the two-sample delayed imaginary and real filter output signals by a common factor b2 rather than by a factor -b2 as was the case with the corresponding element described with reference to Figure lO.
The filter has a transfer function F(-jZN), namely:
F( jZ ) (l jbl 2 It is now understood that the illustratedfilter realizes at least partly the denominator of the transfer functions Go~-jZN) and Gi(-jZN) for 1 < i<N-l, namely provides at least partly the recursive section of the slow complex band-pass filters 42k and 48k.
Referring now to Figure 12 more in detail, a non-recursive section of the slow complex band-pass ~ilters 42k and 48k, namely, the numerator of the transfer functions Go(~jZ ) and Gi(-jZ ) for l ~ i~ N-l, is realized in the so-called direct form by the depicted circuit which comprises a pair of input terminals 65 and 65' for the real and imaginary parts of a complex fil-ter input signal, a pair of output terminals 66 and 66' for the real and imag-inary parts of a complex filter output signal, a pair of M-input adders 67 and 67' having output terminals connected to the respective output terminals 66 and 66', and a pair of delay circuits 68 and 68' connected to the respective input terminals 65 and 65'. Each of the delay circuits 68 and 68' has a plu-rality of taps 68m or 68m'. The real and imaginary filter input signals are successively delayed by m slow sampling period or periods mT and produced at the taps 68m and 68m', respectively. A plurality of multipliers 69m for mul-tiplying the successively delayed real signals by the factors cmN~i of Equa-tions (9) and tlO) arc connected to the respective tap 68m, where CON is equal '' - .~ . . . . .
, :f , : :
': ''', ` ~ - , ' . ' ' ~
:-,. : : -:
-. ~ . , .~ ; . ~ . .
to unity. A plurality of similar multipliers 69m~ are for the successively delayed imaginary signals. Product signals derived from even-numbered ones of the multipliers 69m and 69m' are supplied to the adder 67, while those from odd-numbered ones, to the other adder 67'.
From Figures 10 through 12, it will be understood that the slow com-plex band-pass filters 42k and 48k are realized by cascade connections of the circuits illustrated with reference to Figures 11 and 12. When only one of the real and imaginary parts of the filter input or output signal is necessary, it is possible to dispense with circuit elements for the unnecessary one of the real and imaginary parts to simplify the circuitry. Furthermore, it is possible to expand that section of the filter 42k and 48k into Pilters of the direct form which is for the denominators of the right-hand sides of Equations (9) and tl0~ and to realizeJ by expanding the denominators and numerators in Equations ~9) and (10) into polynomials of Z, those sections of the filters 42k and 48k in the so-called canonical form which are related to the denomin-ators and numerators. With a filter of the canonical form, the number of the delay circuits is reduced to a half. It is also possible to factorize the numerator into quadrature ~linear inclusive) formulae and to realize each of the slow complex band-pass filters 42k and 48k by a cascade connection of bi-quad filters.
Turning now to Figure 13, a digital SSB-FDM communication system according to a second embodiment of this inYention comprises similar parts designated by like reference numerals as in Figure 7. Instead of the IODFT
processor 41 described with reference to Figure 7, the modulator 40A comprises an IDFT processor 71 and a post-processor 72 which will shortly be described.
Likewise, the demodulator 40B comprises a pre-processor 73 and an IDFT proces-sor 74. In this connection, it is to be noted that Equations (6) and (7) may be rewritten as:
: . , .:: : , ' '' ' . - ... : ' ' . . . ': ' .
. .
1~14~
Ai(Z ) = exp(j2~i/r4N~ ~ Xk(ZN~exp(j2~ki/N) (6~) and Xk~ZN) = ~ Ci~ZN)exp~j2~ki/N), ~7') where:
Ci~Z ) = [BiZ ) - jBN-i*~Z )]exp~j2~i/[4N~)/2~
In other words, IODFT is carried out by the conventional IDFT processing ac-companying multiplication by phase offset factors exp~j2~i/[4N~) which are in-dependent of k but dependent on i. The IDFT processor 71 or 74 for carrying out the known ID~T processing.
Referring to Figure 14, the post-processor 72 is for carrying out multiplication by the phase offset factors exp~j2~i/[4N]) and therefore com-prises, in principle, multipliers, N in number. The depicted post-processor 72 has a plurality of input terminal pairs 750~ 750'~ 751~ 751" ' 75N/2 1' 75N/2 1 " 75N/2~ and 75N/2 " N/2-1 pairs in number, and a plurality of output terminal pairs 760, 760', 761, 761 ~ ~ 76N/2-1' N/2-1 N/2 N/2 76N/2~1' 76N/2~1 ~ ' " 76N-l~ and 76N_l', N pairs in number. The terminals numbered without primes and with primes are for the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of input and output signals. Inasmuch as the baseband sample sequences Xk(ZN) are real signals, Equation:
AN i~Z ) = jAi*~z ) follows from Equation ~6'), where Ai*(Z ) represents conjugate complex quanti- ~ -ties of the input-point complex sample sequences Ai(ZN). It is therefore possible, when the input-point complex sample sequences numbered from 0 to N/2-1 are known, to derive other sequences numbered from N/2 to N-l. Use is, however, made in the illustrated example of both signals Ao~ZN) and AN/2~ZN).
The zeroth real input terminal 750 is directly connected to the zeroth real ~ -- 1 9 .. . .. . . .
.
.
- ~- . .. .: - . . : . : .. .
.: . - . :. , ,, : , : : - : --: ~: . . - ' - ' . - . ~
.
, : . .. . . . ... .. .
14(~t output terminal 760. Use is not made of the signal$ for the zeToth imaginary input and output terminals 750' and 760' and for the N/2-th imaginary input terminal 75N/2'. The post processor 72 further comprises complex multipliers 781, ..., 78~/2 1~ and 78N/2 for multiplying the first through N/2-th channel signals by the phase offset factors exp(j2~/~4N]), ..., exp(j2~[N/2~ 4N~), and exp(j2~/4), respectively. It is now understood that the number of the multipliers for the phase offset factors is reduced to N/2 in the depicted example.
Referring to Figure 15, the pre-processor 73 is for calculating Equation (11) and has a plurality of real and imaginary input terminals 800, 0 1 1 ~ N/2-1~ 80N/2_1 , 8N/2~ 80N/2~ 80N/2 1' 80 /
..., 80N 1' 80N 1' and plurality of real and imaginary output terminals 810, 81 ' 81 , 811', --, 81N/2 1~ 81N/2-1 ~ 81N/2' 81N/2 ' N/2~1 N/2l1 ..., 81N 1' and 81N-l'. The zeroth real input terminal 800 is connected dir-ectly to the 7eroth real output terminal 810. Use is not made of the signals for the zeroth imaginary input and output terminals 800' and 810' and for the N/2-th imaginary output terminal 81N/2'. Inasmuch as:
CN i(Z ) = Ci*(Z )~
the subtraction Bi(ZN) -jBN i*(ZN) in Equation (11) is carried out by subtrac-t rs 821' 821 ' '' 82N/2-1' and 82N/2_1~ N-2 in number, connected as shown to produce difference signals representative of the respective results of the above-mentioned subtraction. The difference signals and the signals supplied to the N/2-th input terminals 80N/2 and 80N/2' are multiplied at multipliers 831J .~.J 83N/2 lJ and 83N/2 by the phase offset factors exp(j2~/[4N~/2, exp(J2~[N/2-1]/[4N])/2, and exp (j~/4)/2, respectively. Imaginary parts of the signals produced from the respective multipliers 83k are multiplied at minus-one multipliers 84N/2~1, ..., and 84N 1' described with reference to Figure 9, and then delivered to the imaginary output terminals 81N/2+1', ....
.
, ': . ' - , ', ' '' . ' . ' , . ~ .. :. . .
.
' l~l~t and 81N 1~' respectively-Referring to Figure 16, each of the complex multipliers 78k and 83k comprises a pair of real and imaginary slgnal input terminals 85 and 85', real and imaginary output terminals 86 and 86', and real and imaginary factor input terminals 87 and 87' for Re[exp~j2~ 4N])~ and Im[exp(~2~i/[4N~)] or halves thereof, respecti~ely. The multiplier 78k or 83k further comprises real multi-pliers 91, 92, 93, and 94, a real subtractor 96, and a real adder 97 connected as shown. The real multipliers 91 through 94 may be those described with ref-erence to Figures lO and 11 of an article contributed under the title of "An Approach to the Implementation of Digital Filters" by Leland B. Jackson et al.
to "IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics." Vol. AU-16, No. 3 (September I968~, pp. 413,421.
Referring finally to Figures 17 and 18, a digital SSB-FDM communi-cation system according to a third embodiment of this invention is for serial-ly processing the sample sequences by the use of circuit elements, each being one or less than the number of the baseband channels in number for all base-band channels, rather than processing the sequences in parallel as in the com-munication systems according to the first and second embodiments. Similar parts are designated by like reference numerals. In the example being illus-tratet, use is made of only one each of the modulator input terminal 20, out-put terminal 21, spectrum reverser 22, demodulator input terminal 25, output terminal 26, slow complex band-pass filter 42, and so forth.
In the modulator 40A depicted in Figure 17, baseband samples for the baseband channels, N in number, are supplied to the single input terminal 20 as a time division multiplexed sequence shown in Figure 18 at (A) by the use ; of channel numbers CHk. With a first timing signal Tl supplied to the selec-tor 54 illustrated with reference to Figure 8 to control the same, the single spectrum reverser 22 is cyclically energized as symbolized in Figure 18 at ~B) : . : ~ . ,. - . . . . : . : .: . : . , . - - : ..
1114~
to reverse the frequency spectra of the baseband samples for the predetermined baseband channels and to produce a sequence of the above^mentioned input base-band samples Xk(ZN) in sequence as shown at (C~. Responsive to a second tim-ing signal T2 of the slow sampling rate and to a cyclically varying sequence of the phase offset factors exp(j2~i/[4N]), ~he IODFT processor 41 produces a sequence of IODFT'ed output-point complex samples Ai(ZN) depicted in Figure 18 at ~D). The single slow complex band-pass filter 42 has a variable transfer function which cyclically assumes the value Gi(-jZN) as shown in Figure 18 at (E). More particularly, the factors bl, b2, and cmN are supplied to the fil-ter sections exemplified in Figures 11 and 12 as sequences of signals T3 in synchronism with the second timing signal T2. This time division multiplexed use of a single filter is known in the art of digital signal processing, being described, for example, in Chapter 9 of the above-cited book written by L. R.
Rabiner and B. Gold or in the abcve-referenced Jackson et al. article with reference to Figures 12 and 13 thereof. Responsive to the IODFT'ed sample se-quenc~, the slow complex band-pass filter 42 supplies the single output termi-nal 21 with a sequence of real-part filter output signals Yi(Z) depicted in Pigure 18 at (F). The parallel-to-series converter 34 shown in Figures 7 and 13 as hardware is unnecessary in the example illustrated in Figure 17.
In the demodulator 40B also depicted in Figure 17, the input termi-nal 25 is supplied with a sequence of those constituent samples Yi(Z), again shown in Figure 18 at (G), into which an input SSB-FDM sample sequence is de-composed by the analog-to-digital converter included in the braken-line-con-nection as pointed out hereinabove. As in the modulator 40A, the single slow complex band-pass filter 48 has a transfer function Gi(-jZN) varied cyclically in a time division fashion illustrated in Figure 18 at (H) to produce a se-quence of complex filter output signals Bi(ZN) depicted at (I). The filter output signal sequence is processed by the IODFT processor 49. Only real .
, ', , ~. ... .
~ . .. - , , : . .
parts Xk(ZN), shown in Figure 18 at (J), o the IODFT~ed signals are supplied sequentially to the single spectrum reverser 2~ and processed thereb~ in a manner exemplified in Pigure 18 at (K) to be supplied to the single output ter-minal 26 as a sequence of time division multiplexed baseband sa~ples shown at ~L). The series-to-parallel converter 47 is unnecessary.
In connection with the example of serially operable SSB-FDM communi-cation systems illustrated with reference to Figures 17 and 18, the number of the circuit elements may be increased to ..., N/4, or N/2 in consideration of speeds of operation of the IODFT processors 41 and 49 and the single slow com-plex band-pass filter 42 or 48. It is immaterial whether or not the number of baseband channels is an integral multiple of 2, 4, ..... Conversely, the real . .
and imaginary parts may be dealt with in a time division manner when the hard-ware is operable at a sufficiently high speed. The IODFT processor 41 or 49 used in the serially operable SSB-FDM communication systems according to the third embodiment ma~ be changed to a cascade connection of a conventional IDFT
processor 71 or 74 and a post-processor 72 or a pre-processor 73 illustrated with reference to Figures 13 through 15. An FFT processor suitable to time division multiplexed operation of the IODFT processors 41 and 49 is described as a pipeline-type FFT processor in the above-mentioned book written by L. R.
Rabiner and B. Gold. For time division multiplexed operation of the post-pro-cessor 72 and pre-processor 73j the factor input terminals 87 and 87' describ-ed with reference to Figure 16 should be cyclically supplied with the phase offset factors exp(j2~ 4N]).
While a few preferred embodiments of this invention and several mod-ifications thereof have thus far been described, it is to be understood that two principal steps of IODFT and of slow complex digital band-pass filtering are carried out according to the preferred embodiments without that further step of carrying out conversion between the baseband channel signals and the : ' ' s 23 -~ - ., . . . , . . . . : ~ .,. ,, , . , . ; ,- . :
-1~14(~
equiyalent complex signals which is indispensable in the system disclosed in the above-cited Bellanger et al. article. The reduction in the number of steps facilitates design, manufacture, and maintenance o the communication system and reduces, in turn, accumulation during signal processing of errors and the time required for carrying out the conversion between the baseband channel sig-nals and the SSB-FDM signal.
In order to illustrate the reduction achieved by this invention in the rate of multiplication, let 60-channel baseband channel signals, each hav-ing a bandwidth between 0.3 and 3.4 kHz, be converted to an SSB-FDM signal hav-ing a bandwidth between 8 and 248 kHz. Use may be made of four additional dum-my baseband channels. Furthermore, let the first sampling frequency fs be 8 kHz. For a modulator 40A depicted in Figure 13 and comprising a 64-point IDFT
processor 71 for real input signals of radix-two, the rate of multiplication has been calculated in accordance with a method described by Glenn D. Bergland under the title of "A Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm for Real-Valued Series"
in "Communications of the ACM." Vol. 11, No. 10 (October 1968~, pp. 703-710.
With eight (8~ selected as the order M, each of the slow complex band-pass fil-ters 42k is composed of recursive sections described with reference to Figure 11 and a non-recursive section, with elements related to the imaginary filter output signal omitted, illustrated in conjunction with Figure 12. Under the circumstances, the frequencies of real multiplication per period of the 8 kHz signal in the IDFT processor 71, post-processor 72, and filters 42k are 166, 128, and 1,536, respectively. The total rate per second is 14,640 x 1O6, which value is about 75% o the rate of real multiplication of 19,392 x 106 required per second for a modulator disclosed in the often-cited Bellanger et al article.
It is now reminded that the preferred embodiments described with ref-erence to Figures 7, 13, and 17 have been derived from the fundamental filter bank comprising the fast complex band-pass digital filters 23k or 27k whose ~, , :~
, , ~ : . . . ' ,:: - . . ' . . . . .
.~ , . . .
.: ' : ~ ' , ,: , ' : . ' 1114Q~'I
transfer functions Hk(Z) may be derived from a as:t real low-pass filter of Figure 4 or 5 having a transfer ~unction G(Z~ b~ frequenc~ shifts of ~4k + 1) f5/4. It is possible to use another set of frequency shifts, such as ~4k + 3) fs/4, ~4(N-k) - l~fsf4, and [4~N - k) ~ 3]fs/4. In this event, the transfer functions Gi(jZN) of the slow complex band~pass filters 42 and 48 may become Gi(jZN), IDFT may become DFT (discrete Fourier transform), and the phase off-set factors may become exp(-j2~i/[4N~) or exp(~j6~i/[4N3).
_ 25 -- - . . -. . . ~ . -. . .
. :; . .: -- : ~ . ' .. : -., .. . . .. . .: . .. - ;~: .. : , .
.'- ' - - ' ' : , ,. ' ' ~-: .'
fast complex band-pass filter 27k to the sampler 28 are:
Xk(Z) = ReCY(Z)Hk(Z)~
where Y(Z) represents a Z transform of an input SSB-FDM sample sequence sup-plied to the input terminal 25. Inasmuch as the transfer functions Hk(Z) are given by Equation (3) and inasmuch as it is possible to decompose the input sample sequence into a plurality of constituent sample sequences Yq(ZN), N in number, sampled from baseband channel signals, respectively, at sampling in-stants spaced by the slow sampling period T with successive delays Z q, namely, q fast sampling period or periods, the Z transforms are given by:
N-l N .
Xk(Z~ = Re[ ~ Z qYq(Z )Hk(Z)]
q=0 . - .
C eXp(j21r[4k 1 1~ N])Gi(-jzN)N-l~iz-p izO p=i where p = q ~ i. When it is presumed that the sampler 28 samples the first real sample sequence simultaneously at a sampling instant specified by p = N-l, Z transforms Xk(ZN) of second real sample sequences produced by the sampler 28 are:
~ . . ,- .. . . - : . - . . , ~ . - . , - .
'.' .`' '.'~'',' :' ' . ; ' ' ' : ':' ;' ': ~ " -~li4(~
~ZN) = ReC ~ exp(j2~[4k ~ 4N])Gi~-jZN)YN 1 i~ZN~]
~ Bi~Z ) - jBN i*(Z )~/2)exp~j2~4k ~ l]i/~4N]), ~7) where Bi~ZN) is defined by:
Bi~Z ) = Gi(-iZ )YN 1 i~Z ) ~
herein called input-point complex sample sequences, and Bi*~ZN) represents conjugate complex quantities of the input-point sample sequences. Operation in Equation (7) for the input-point complex sample sequences is again called IODFT.
It is now understood that the first and second filter banks are realized by circuits for carrying out calculation of Equations (5) and (7).
More particularly, input baseband sample sequences, N in number, are obtained for conversion thereof to an output SSB-FDM sample sequence by sampling base-band channel signals at the first sampling frequency f5. With the samples of pretetermin0d ones of baseband channels multiplied by (-l)n if desired, the baseband sample sequences are subjected to IODFT for producing output-point complex sample sequences Ai(ZN) in accordance with Equation (6). The output-point complex sample sequences are multiplied by transfer functions Gi~-jZN) and thereby turned into filter output signals. After subjected to delays of predetermined integral multipIes of one fast sampling period T/N, the filter output signals are summed up into the output SSB-FDM sample sequence. On the other hand, an input SSB-FDM sample sequence is decomposed into those con-stituent sample sequences, N in number, which are picked out of baseband sample sequences at sampling instants spaced by the slow sampling period with successive delays of predetermined integral multiples of one fast sampling period. The constituent sample sequences are multiplied by transfer functions Gi~-jZN) for deriving input-point complex sample sequences Bi(ZN). The input-: : ~
point complex sample sequences are now subjected to IODFT for producing theabove-mentioned second real sample sequences according to Equation ~7). The second real sample sequences, when those of the predetermined baseband chan-nels are multiplied by (-l)n, become reproductions of the baseband sample sequences. Incidentally, conversion between the baseband channel signals and the SSB-FDM sample sequence includes the sampling processes and consequently the amplitude modulation and demodulation processes.
Turning now to Figure 7, an SSB-FDM digital communication system according to a first embodiment of this invention comprises a modulator 40A
and a demodulator 40B. The modulator 40A comprises, in turn, a plurality of input terminals 20k, an output terminal 21, a spectrum reverser unit 22 for producing the above-mentioned input baseband sample sequences Xk(ZN), and a parallel-to-series converter 34, all described with reference to Figures 1 and 5. The modulator 40A further comprises an IODFT processor 41, described shortly hereunder, having complex input terminals Xk and complex output ter-minals Ai. Each complex terminal consists of a pair of terminals for the real and imaginary parts of a signal. Supplied with input baseband sample sequences at the real ones of the complex input terminals Xk, the IODFT pro-cessor 41 carries out IODFT of Equation (6) to produce output-point complex sample sequences Ai(ZN) at the complex output terminals Ai. The complex sample sequences are supplied to a slow complex band-pass filter unit 42 comprising a plurality of slow complex band-pass filters 42k having transfer functions Gi(-jZN) for producing slow filter output signals which correspond to Gi(-jZN)Ai(ZN) in Equation (5). The real parts of the slow filter output signals are supplied to delay circuits 44k of the parallel-to-series conver-ter 34 to be multiplied by z i (delayed by i fast sampling period or periods iT/N), respectively. The delayed signals are summed up by the adder 24 and delivered to the output terminal 21 as an output SSB-FDM sample sequence.
-, ,: . - - - . - ~ . ................... .
'~ - ' " "''.', ' ' ,' ,' ,''" ~',' "
:,, -. . .. - . , , .,, ' :
,. ~,,: : . , :, . : :
- . ~ - - , : :
- . . , . . - :
,. . . . .
11~4~
The adder 24 and the delay circuits 44k serve as the parallel-to-series con-verter 34.
Further referring to Figure 7, the demodulator 40s comprises an in-put terminal 25, a plurality of output terminals 26k, a sampler 28, and a spectrum reverser unit 29, described with reference to Figure 2. After mul-tiplied by Z at delay circuits 46k, an input SSB-FDM sample sequence is broken down by the sampler 28 into the respective constituent sample sequen-ces YN 1 i(ZN) The delay circuits 46k and the sampler 28 serve as a series-to-parallel converter 47. The constituent sample sequences are supplied to a real input terminal member of a slow complex band-pass filter unit 48 hav-ing transfer functions Gi(-jZN), namely, to real input terminals of slow complex band-pass filters 48k in the example being illustrated, and thereby turned into input-point complex sample sequences Bi(ZN3, which are now sup-plied to complex input terminals Bi of an IODFT processor 49 for carrying out IODFT of Bquation (73. Real parts of the IODFT'ed signals produced at com-plex output terminals Xk of the IODFT processor 49 are converted by the spec-trum reverser unit 29 into reproductions of the baseband sample sequences.
In connection with the SSB-FDM co = nication system described with reference to Figure 7, it should be noted here that a broken-line connection between the modulator 40A and demodulator 40B may include the above-mentioned digital-to-analog converter, analog filters, and analog-to-digital converter.
Also, the IODFT processor 41 or 49 is realized by a combination of multipli-ers and adders for calculating Equation (6) or (7). When it is possible to give the number of baseband channels N by a product of prime numbers, the number of multipliers is drastically reduced by the use of fast Fourier transform (FFT3 algorithm with decimation in frequency or in time. The FFT
algorithm is described in many publications, such as, for example, in Chap-ters 6 and 10 of a book "Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing"
.. . . ..
, . . . . .
. : : - - ., : , , -. . : . , . , , .: , . .
, . . . . .
.- ~ , :, . , , , , , , :
1~14~
written by L.R. Rabiner and B. Gold and publlshed 1975 b~ Prentice-Hall, U.S.A.
Inasmuch as the signals supplied to the IODFT processor 41 of the modulator 40A or derived from the IOD~T processor 49 of the demodulator 4os are only real signals, it is possible to reduce the number of calculation elements of the processors 41 and 49 to a half as compared with a processor of the type for complex input and output signals.
Referring to Figure 8, a spectrum reverser 22k or 29k has a sample sequence input terminal 50, an output terminal 51, and a timing signal input terminal 52. When the samples of each sequence are either given by two's complements or converted into two's complements before application thereof to the sample sequence input terminal 50, the spectrum reverser 22k or 29k com-prises a two's complement circuit 53, described hereunder, connected to the sample sequence input terminal 50 and a selector or switch 54 responsive to the timing signal for selectively supplying the samples untouched or bypassed and the two's complements of the samples to the output terminal 51. The tim-ing signal is representative of even or odd frames of a sampling pulse se-quence of the first sampling frequency f5. When the samples of each sequence are given by signed magnitudes, a spectrum reverser 22k or 29k may be an in-verter responsive to a timing signal for inverting the sign bits of the sam-ples at every other sampling instant.
Referring to Figure 9, a two's complement circuit 53 has a samplesequence Input terminal 50A, an output terminal 51A, and a timing signal in-put terminal 52A. When the samples of each sequence are given by two's com-plements, the two's complement circuit 53 is a minus-one multiplier which comprises an inverter 56 connected to the sample sequence input terminal 50A, an OR gate 57 connected to the timing signal input terminal 52A, a half adder having input terminals connected to the inverter 56 and the OR gate 57 and an output terminal connected to the circuit output terminal 51A, and a one-bit ` - 14 -., . ' .; , ~ : ' delay circuit 59 interposed between a carry output terminal of the half adder and the OR gate 57. nith a logic "1" value~ the timing signal specifies the least significant digit of each sample supplied to the input terminal 50A.
When each sample is supplied to the input terminal 50A serially with the least significant digit supplied first, the inverter 56 supplies the half adder 58 with a one's complement of the sample, namely, the sample with all bits in-verted. Only when the bit supplied to the input terminal 50A is the least significant digit of the sample, is the half adder 58 also supplied with a logic "1" signal through the OR gate 57 to produce a two's complement of the sample.
Turning now to Figures 10 through 12, description will be made of slow complex band-pass filters 42k and 48k together with the filter breakdown process adapted to the present case. Let the result of design of a fast real filter satisfying the in-band and cross-talk rejection ratio specifications be a transfer function G(Z~ which has M poles and M zeroes and is accordingly given by:
G(Z~ amZ )Em/(l - bmZ 1)~, m=l where am, bm, and Em represent constants determined by the specifications. By the use of an identity:
(1 - X) = (1 + x + x2 + ...... + xN-l) (1 - xN) 1, where N represents the number of slow real band-pass filters into which the fast real Mth-order filter is broken down, the transfer funtion is rewritten into:
G(.Zl = tl + ~ cmN(Z ) ]/ 7r (1 - bm Z ) + ~ Z iC ~ cmN+i(Z ) ]/ ~ (1 - bm Z )' (8) where cmN represents constants given by rational formulae of the above-men-. . . . . . .
.. : . , , . ,,.. :,, - ,-. , :.
.... . . ~
:-. . . -, : .. ...
- : , . . : ..... ... .. ,. :
.~ ~ , . .
-tioned constants am, bm, and Em and the number N. From comparison of Equation (8) with Equation (2), the transfer functions Gi(ZN) of the slow real band-pass filters are:
Go(Z ) = rl ~ ~ cmN(Z ) ]/m-l ( m and for l _ i< N-l:
Gi~Z ) = [ ~ cmN+i~Z ) ]/ 7rl (1 - bm Z ) ~ (10) wherein it is generally possible to rewrite each of the denominators into a product of one or more quadrature formulae (a linear formula being a specific 10 case of a.quadrature formula). The transfer functions Gi~-jZN) of the slow complex band-pass filters 42k and 48k are obtained by substituting _jZN for zN
in the right-hand sides of Equations ~9) and ~10).
Referring more specifically to Figure 10, a real filter comprises an input terminal 60, an output terminal 61, an adder 62 connected to the input terminal 60 to supply a filter output signal to the output terminal 61, a first delay clrcuit 631 for delaying the filter output signal by one slow sam-pling period T, a second delay circuit 632 for delaying the delayed filter output si~nal further by one slow sampling period, a first multiplier 641 for multiplying the one-sample delayed signal by a factor -bl to supply the multi-20 plied signal to the adder 62, and a second multiplier 642 for multiplying thetwo-sample delayed signal by another factor -b2 to supply the product signal to the adder 62. The filter has a transfer function F~ZN) given by:
p~zN~ b z-N ~ b2z being that portion of the transfer functions given by Equations (9~ and ~10) in which the denominator is a quadrature formula and the numerator is equal to unity.
Referring to Figure 11 in particular, a complex filter comprises similar elements designated by like reference numerals without primes and with .
.. ..
" . ,. ~ .
, .:
primes as in Figure 10. The elements indicated by reference numerals with primes are for the imaginary part of the filter input signal. It is to be noted here that the first multipliers 641 and 641' supply the product signals to the adders 62' and 62, respectively, and that the second multipliers 642 and 642' are for multiplying the two-sample delayed imaginary and real filter output signals by a common factor b2 rather than by a factor -b2 as was the case with the corresponding element described with reference to Figure lO.
The filter has a transfer function F(-jZN), namely:
F( jZ ) (l jbl 2 It is now understood that the illustratedfilter realizes at least partly the denominator of the transfer functions Go~-jZN) and Gi(-jZN) for 1 < i<N-l, namely provides at least partly the recursive section of the slow complex band-pass filters 42k and 48k.
Referring now to Figure 12 more in detail, a non-recursive section of the slow complex band-pass ~ilters 42k and 48k, namely, the numerator of the transfer functions Go(~jZ ) and Gi(-jZ ) for l ~ i~ N-l, is realized in the so-called direct form by the depicted circuit which comprises a pair of input terminals 65 and 65' for the real and imaginary parts of a complex fil-ter input signal, a pair of output terminals 66 and 66' for the real and imag-inary parts of a complex filter output signal, a pair of M-input adders 67 and 67' having output terminals connected to the respective output terminals 66 and 66', and a pair of delay circuits 68 and 68' connected to the respective input terminals 65 and 65'. Each of the delay circuits 68 and 68' has a plu-rality of taps 68m or 68m'. The real and imaginary filter input signals are successively delayed by m slow sampling period or periods mT and produced at the taps 68m and 68m', respectively. A plurality of multipliers 69m for mul-tiplying the successively delayed real signals by the factors cmN~i of Equa-tions (9) and tlO) arc connected to the respective tap 68m, where CON is equal '' - .~ . . . . .
, :f , : :
': ''', ` ~ - , ' . ' ' ~
:-,. : : -:
-. ~ . , .~ ; . ~ . .
to unity. A plurality of similar multipliers 69m~ are for the successively delayed imaginary signals. Product signals derived from even-numbered ones of the multipliers 69m and 69m' are supplied to the adder 67, while those from odd-numbered ones, to the other adder 67'.
From Figures 10 through 12, it will be understood that the slow com-plex band-pass filters 42k and 48k are realized by cascade connections of the circuits illustrated with reference to Figures 11 and 12. When only one of the real and imaginary parts of the filter input or output signal is necessary, it is possible to dispense with circuit elements for the unnecessary one of the real and imaginary parts to simplify the circuitry. Furthermore, it is possible to expand that section of the filter 42k and 48k into Pilters of the direct form which is for the denominators of the right-hand sides of Equations (9) and tl0~ and to realizeJ by expanding the denominators and numerators in Equations ~9) and (10) into polynomials of Z, those sections of the filters 42k and 48k in the so-called canonical form which are related to the denomin-ators and numerators. With a filter of the canonical form, the number of the delay circuits is reduced to a half. It is also possible to factorize the numerator into quadrature ~linear inclusive) formulae and to realize each of the slow complex band-pass filters 42k and 48k by a cascade connection of bi-quad filters.
Turning now to Figure 13, a digital SSB-FDM communication system according to a second embodiment of this inYention comprises similar parts designated by like reference numerals as in Figure 7. Instead of the IODFT
processor 41 described with reference to Figure 7, the modulator 40A comprises an IDFT processor 71 and a post-processor 72 which will shortly be described.
Likewise, the demodulator 40B comprises a pre-processor 73 and an IDFT proces-sor 74. In this connection, it is to be noted that Equations (6) and (7) may be rewritten as:
: . , .:: : , ' '' ' . - ... : ' ' . . . ': ' .
. .
1~14~
Ai(Z ) = exp(j2~i/r4N~ ~ Xk(ZN~exp(j2~ki/N) (6~) and Xk~ZN) = ~ Ci~ZN)exp~j2~ki/N), ~7') where:
Ci~Z ) = [BiZ ) - jBN-i*~Z )]exp~j2~i/[4N~)/2~
In other words, IODFT is carried out by the conventional IDFT processing ac-companying multiplication by phase offset factors exp~j2~i/[4N~) which are in-dependent of k but dependent on i. The IDFT processor 71 or 74 for carrying out the known ID~T processing.
Referring to Figure 14, the post-processor 72 is for carrying out multiplication by the phase offset factors exp~j2~i/[4N]) and therefore com-prises, in principle, multipliers, N in number. The depicted post-processor 72 has a plurality of input terminal pairs 750~ 750'~ 751~ 751" ' 75N/2 1' 75N/2 1 " 75N/2~ and 75N/2 " N/2-1 pairs in number, and a plurality of output terminal pairs 760, 760', 761, 761 ~ ~ 76N/2-1' N/2-1 N/2 N/2 76N/2~1' 76N/2~1 ~ ' " 76N-l~ and 76N_l', N pairs in number. The terminals numbered without primes and with primes are for the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of input and output signals. Inasmuch as the baseband sample sequences Xk(ZN) are real signals, Equation:
AN i~Z ) = jAi*~z ) follows from Equation ~6'), where Ai*(Z ) represents conjugate complex quanti- ~ -ties of the input-point complex sample sequences Ai(ZN). It is therefore possible, when the input-point complex sample sequences numbered from 0 to N/2-1 are known, to derive other sequences numbered from N/2 to N-l. Use is, however, made in the illustrated example of both signals Ao~ZN) and AN/2~ZN).
The zeroth real input terminal 750 is directly connected to the zeroth real ~ -- 1 9 .. . .. . . .
.
.
- ~- . .. .: - . . : . : .. .
.: . - . :. , ,, : , : : - : --: ~: . . - ' - ' . - . ~
.
, : . .. . . . ... .. .
14(~t output terminal 760. Use is not made of the signal$ for the zeToth imaginary input and output terminals 750' and 760' and for the N/2-th imaginary input terminal 75N/2'. The post processor 72 further comprises complex multipliers 781, ..., 78~/2 1~ and 78N/2 for multiplying the first through N/2-th channel signals by the phase offset factors exp(j2~/~4N]), ..., exp(j2~[N/2~ 4N~), and exp(j2~/4), respectively. It is now understood that the number of the multipliers for the phase offset factors is reduced to N/2 in the depicted example.
Referring to Figure 15, the pre-processor 73 is for calculating Equation (11) and has a plurality of real and imaginary input terminals 800, 0 1 1 ~ N/2-1~ 80N/2_1 , 8N/2~ 80N/2~ 80N/2 1' 80 /
..., 80N 1' 80N 1' and plurality of real and imaginary output terminals 810, 81 ' 81 , 811', --, 81N/2 1~ 81N/2-1 ~ 81N/2' 81N/2 ' N/2~1 N/2l1 ..., 81N 1' and 81N-l'. The zeroth real input terminal 800 is connected dir-ectly to the 7eroth real output terminal 810. Use is not made of the signals for the zeroth imaginary input and output terminals 800' and 810' and for the N/2-th imaginary output terminal 81N/2'. Inasmuch as:
CN i(Z ) = Ci*(Z )~
the subtraction Bi(ZN) -jBN i*(ZN) in Equation (11) is carried out by subtrac-t rs 821' 821 ' '' 82N/2-1' and 82N/2_1~ N-2 in number, connected as shown to produce difference signals representative of the respective results of the above-mentioned subtraction. The difference signals and the signals supplied to the N/2-th input terminals 80N/2 and 80N/2' are multiplied at multipliers 831J .~.J 83N/2 lJ and 83N/2 by the phase offset factors exp(j2~/[4N~/2, exp(J2~[N/2-1]/[4N])/2, and exp (j~/4)/2, respectively. Imaginary parts of the signals produced from the respective multipliers 83k are multiplied at minus-one multipliers 84N/2~1, ..., and 84N 1' described with reference to Figure 9, and then delivered to the imaginary output terminals 81N/2+1', ....
.
, ': . ' - , ', ' '' . ' . ' , . ~ .. :. . .
.
' l~l~t and 81N 1~' respectively-Referring to Figure 16, each of the complex multipliers 78k and 83k comprises a pair of real and imaginary slgnal input terminals 85 and 85', real and imaginary output terminals 86 and 86', and real and imaginary factor input terminals 87 and 87' for Re[exp~j2~ 4N])~ and Im[exp(~2~i/[4N~)] or halves thereof, respecti~ely. The multiplier 78k or 83k further comprises real multi-pliers 91, 92, 93, and 94, a real subtractor 96, and a real adder 97 connected as shown. The real multipliers 91 through 94 may be those described with ref-erence to Figures lO and 11 of an article contributed under the title of "An Approach to the Implementation of Digital Filters" by Leland B. Jackson et al.
to "IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics." Vol. AU-16, No. 3 (September I968~, pp. 413,421.
Referring finally to Figures 17 and 18, a digital SSB-FDM communi-cation system according to a third embodiment of this invention is for serial-ly processing the sample sequences by the use of circuit elements, each being one or less than the number of the baseband channels in number for all base-band channels, rather than processing the sequences in parallel as in the com-munication systems according to the first and second embodiments. Similar parts are designated by like reference numerals. In the example being illus-tratet, use is made of only one each of the modulator input terminal 20, out-put terminal 21, spectrum reverser 22, demodulator input terminal 25, output terminal 26, slow complex band-pass filter 42, and so forth.
In the modulator 40A depicted in Figure 17, baseband samples for the baseband channels, N in number, are supplied to the single input terminal 20 as a time division multiplexed sequence shown in Figure 18 at (A) by the use ; of channel numbers CHk. With a first timing signal Tl supplied to the selec-tor 54 illustrated with reference to Figure 8 to control the same, the single spectrum reverser 22 is cyclically energized as symbolized in Figure 18 at ~B) : . : ~ . ,. - . . . . : . : .: . : . , . - - : ..
1114~
to reverse the frequency spectra of the baseband samples for the predetermined baseband channels and to produce a sequence of the above^mentioned input base-band samples Xk(ZN) in sequence as shown at (C~. Responsive to a second tim-ing signal T2 of the slow sampling rate and to a cyclically varying sequence of the phase offset factors exp(j2~i/[4N]), ~he IODFT processor 41 produces a sequence of IODFT'ed output-point complex samples Ai(ZN) depicted in Figure 18 at ~D). The single slow complex band-pass filter 42 has a variable transfer function which cyclically assumes the value Gi(-jZN) as shown in Figure 18 at (E). More particularly, the factors bl, b2, and cmN are supplied to the fil-ter sections exemplified in Figures 11 and 12 as sequences of signals T3 in synchronism with the second timing signal T2. This time division multiplexed use of a single filter is known in the art of digital signal processing, being described, for example, in Chapter 9 of the above-cited book written by L. R.
Rabiner and B. Gold or in the abcve-referenced Jackson et al. article with reference to Figures 12 and 13 thereof. Responsive to the IODFT'ed sample se-quenc~, the slow complex band-pass filter 42 supplies the single output termi-nal 21 with a sequence of real-part filter output signals Yi(Z) depicted in Pigure 18 at (F). The parallel-to-series converter 34 shown in Figures 7 and 13 as hardware is unnecessary in the example illustrated in Figure 17.
In the demodulator 40B also depicted in Figure 17, the input termi-nal 25 is supplied with a sequence of those constituent samples Yi(Z), again shown in Figure 18 at (G), into which an input SSB-FDM sample sequence is de-composed by the analog-to-digital converter included in the braken-line-con-nection as pointed out hereinabove. As in the modulator 40A, the single slow complex band-pass filter 48 has a transfer function Gi(-jZN) varied cyclically in a time division fashion illustrated in Figure 18 at (H) to produce a se-quence of complex filter output signals Bi(ZN) depicted at (I). The filter output signal sequence is processed by the IODFT processor 49. Only real .
, ', , ~. ... .
~ . .. - , , : . .
parts Xk(ZN), shown in Figure 18 at (J), o the IODFT~ed signals are supplied sequentially to the single spectrum reverser 2~ and processed thereb~ in a manner exemplified in Pigure 18 at (K) to be supplied to the single output ter-minal 26 as a sequence of time division multiplexed baseband sa~ples shown at ~L). The series-to-parallel converter 47 is unnecessary.
In connection with the example of serially operable SSB-FDM communi-cation systems illustrated with reference to Figures 17 and 18, the number of the circuit elements may be increased to ..., N/4, or N/2 in consideration of speeds of operation of the IODFT processors 41 and 49 and the single slow com-plex band-pass filter 42 or 48. It is immaterial whether or not the number of baseband channels is an integral multiple of 2, 4, ..... Conversely, the real . .
and imaginary parts may be dealt with in a time division manner when the hard-ware is operable at a sufficiently high speed. The IODFT processor 41 or 49 used in the serially operable SSB-FDM communication systems according to the third embodiment ma~ be changed to a cascade connection of a conventional IDFT
processor 71 or 74 and a post-processor 72 or a pre-processor 73 illustrated with reference to Figures 13 through 15. An FFT processor suitable to time division multiplexed operation of the IODFT processors 41 and 49 is described as a pipeline-type FFT processor in the above-mentioned book written by L. R.
Rabiner and B. Gold. For time division multiplexed operation of the post-pro-cessor 72 and pre-processor 73j the factor input terminals 87 and 87' describ-ed with reference to Figure 16 should be cyclically supplied with the phase offset factors exp(j2~ 4N]).
While a few preferred embodiments of this invention and several mod-ifications thereof have thus far been described, it is to be understood that two principal steps of IODFT and of slow complex digital band-pass filtering are carried out according to the preferred embodiments without that further step of carrying out conversion between the baseband channel signals and the : ' ' s 23 -~ - ., . . . , . . . . : ~ .,. ,, , . , . ; ,- . :
-1~14(~
equiyalent complex signals which is indispensable in the system disclosed in the above-cited Bellanger et al. article. The reduction in the number of steps facilitates design, manufacture, and maintenance o the communication system and reduces, in turn, accumulation during signal processing of errors and the time required for carrying out the conversion between the baseband channel sig-nals and the SSB-FDM signal.
In order to illustrate the reduction achieved by this invention in the rate of multiplication, let 60-channel baseband channel signals, each hav-ing a bandwidth between 0.3 and 3.4 kHz, be converted to an SSB-FDM signal hav-ing a bandwidth between 8 and 248 kHz. Use may be made of four additional dum-my baseband channels. Furthermore, let the first sampling frequency fs be 8 kHz. For a modulator 40A depicted in Figure 13 and comprising a 64-point IDFT
processor 71 for real input signals of radix-two, the rate of multiplication has been calculated in accordance with a method described by Glenn D. Bergland under the title of "A Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm for Real-Valued Series"
in "Communications of the ACM." Vol. 11, No. 10 (October 1968~, pp. 703-710.
With eight (8~ selected as the order M, each of the slow complex band-pass fil-ters 42k is composed of recursive sections described with reference to Figure 11 and a non-recursive section, with elements related to the imaginary filter output signal omitted, illustrated in conjunction with Figure 12. Under the circumstances, the frequencies of real multiplication per period of the 8 kHz signal in the IDFT processor 71, post-processor 72, and filters 42k are 166, 128, and 1,536, respectively. The total rate per second is 14,640 x 1O6, which value is about 75% o the rate of real multiplication of 19,392 x 106 required per second for a modulator disclosed in the often-cited Bellanger et al article.
It is now reminded that the preferred embodiments described with ref-erence to Figures 7, 13, and 17 have been derived from the fundamental filter bank comprising the fast complex band-pass digital filters 23k or 27k whose ~, , :~
, , ~ : . . . ' ,:: - . . ' . . . . .
.~ , . . .
.: ' : ~ ' , ,: , ' : . ' 1114Q~'I
transfer functions Hk(Z) may be derived from a as:t real low-pass filter of Figure 4 or 5 having a transfer ~unction G(Z~ b~ frequenc~ shifts of ~4k + 1) f5/4. It is possible to use another set of frequency shifts, such as ~4k + 3) fs/4, ~4(N-k) - l~fsf4, and [4~N - k) ~ 3]fs/4. In this event, the transfer functions Gi(jZN) of the slow complex band~pass filters 42 and 48 may become Gi(jZN), IDFT may become DFT (discrete Fourier transform), and the phase off-set factors may become exp(-j2~i/[4N~) or exp(~j6~i/[4N3).
_ 25 -- - . . -. . . ~ . -. . .
. :; . .: -- : ~ . ' .. : -., .. . . .. . .: . .. - ;~: .. : , .
.'- ' - - ' ' : , ,. ' ' ~-: .'
Claims
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A demodulator for demodulating a single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence of real samples into a plurality of output sample sequen-ces of real samples derived with a first sampling frequency fs from baseband channel signals, respectively, of a plurality of baseband channels, N in num-ber, the real samples of said single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence corresponding to the real samples of said output sample sequences and being sampled at a second sampling frequency equal to Nfs, said baseband chan-nels including a predetermined number of dummy baseband channels, said prede-termined number being less than N, each of said baseband signals having a band-width equal at most to fs/2, said demodulator comprising: complex band-pass digital filter means for digitally filtering said single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence into complex sample sequences, N in number, of complex samples corresponding to the samples of said single side-band frequency division multiplexed sequence and sampled at said first sampling frequency;
and means for subjecting said complex sample sequences to offset discrete Fourier transform to convert said complex sample sequences into said output sample sequences.
and means for subjecting said complex sample sequences to offset discrete Fourier transform to convert said complex sample sequences into said output sample sequences.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA354,410A CA1114081A (en) | 1976-02-24 | 1980-06-19 | Ssb-fdm communication system derived from a complex band-pass digital filter bank |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1932876A JPS5831061B2 (en) | 1976-02-24 | 1976-02-24 | Single sideband frequency division multiplexing method using digital processing |
| JP19328/1976 | 1976-02-24 | ||
| JP5417976A JPS5831059B2 (en) | 1976-05-12 | 1976-05-12 | Single sideband frequency division multiplexing signal demodulation method |
| JP54179/1976 | 1976-05-12 | ||
| CA272,405A CA1090492A (en) | 1976-02-24 | 1977-02-23 | Ssb-fdm communication system derived from a complex band-pass digital filter bank |
| CA354,410A CA1114081A (en) | 1976-02-24 | 1980-06-19 | Ssb-fdm communication system derived from a complex band-pass digital filter bank |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1114081A true CA1114081A (en) | 1981-12-08 |
Family
ID=27425976
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA354,410A Expired CA1114081A (en) | 1976-02-24 | 1980-06-19 | Ssb-fdm communication system derived from a complex band-pass digital filter bank |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1114081A (en) |
-
1980
- 1980-06-19 CA CA354,410A patent/CA1114081A/en not_active Expired
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