CA1113266A - Leadless electric flash lamp - Google Patents
Leadless electric flash lampInfo
- Publication number
- CA1113266A CA1113266A CA321,225A CA321225A CA1113266A CA 1113266 A CA1113266 A CA 1113266A CA 321225 A CA321225 A CA 321225A CA 1113266 A CA1113266 A CA 1113266A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- flash lamp
- envelope
- lamp according
- electrical conductors
- electrically
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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- Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
Abstract
LEADLESS ELECTRIC FLASHLAMP
ABSTRACT
A flash lamp which is electrically activated using capactive coupling between a pair of conductors located externally of the lamp's glass envelope and a respective pair of conductors located within the envelope. A quantity of primer material, also located within the envelope, serves to ignite the flash lamp's combustible material (e. g., shredded zirconium). The primer material is electrically joined to the internal conductors through either a pair of-spring contacts or the shredded combustible material.
ABSTRACT
A flash lamp which is electrically activated using capactive coupling between a pair of conductors located externally of the lamp's glass envelope and a respective pair of conductors located within the envelope. A quantity of primer material, also located within the envelope, serves to ignite the flash lamp's combustible material (e. g., shredded zirconium). The primer material is electrically joined to the internal conductors through either a pair of-spring contacts or the shredded combustible material.
Description
' D-20,445 ¦ BAC~GROUND OF THE INVENTION
¦ The invention relates to flash lamps and particularly to flash ¦' L~mps which are electrically activated.
Electrically-activated flash lamps as used in many photographic ! applications are well known in the art with examples described in I
,~ U.S. Letters Patents 3,959,860 (Schindler), 3,941,555 (Anderson et al), ¦
j and 3,897,196 (Saunders et al). Such flash lamps typically include a ¦I glass envelope having a cambustion-supporting atmasphere (e.g. oxygen) I¦ therein established at a pressure of several (e.g. 5-10) atmospheres.
I A pair of spaced apart metallic leads are sealed within one end of the ¦ lamp and project within the envelope to provide the necessary electrical ! current path to the lamp's pri~er material. When activated, the primer --¦ i8nites a quantity of combustible material ~e.g. zirconium) to produce ¦ the required highly intense flash of light. In electrically-activated ¦ flash lamps of the low-voltage variety, a filament is wed to bridge the projecting ends of the metallic leads, while in high-voltage flash Lamp8 . .
(those requiring hundreds or thousands of volts at low energy to achieve ignition), a quantity of primer material may serve as the bridge. Primer ~I may also be applied to the aforedescribed filament in low-voltago type 1~ 20 ! la~ps.
j As stated, flash lamps of the varieties described above typically include a pair of metallic leads which project through the lamp's glass envelope. There are several disadvantages to this requirement, including 1~ the following~
~ I. Sealing of the leats into the envelope is a costly 1~ production step due primarily to the high cost of equipment required to accomplish this step;
¦ The invention relates to flash lamps and particularly to flash ¦' L~mps which are electrically activated.
Electrically-activated flash lamps as used in many photographic ! applications are well known in the art with examples described in I
,~ U.S. Letters Patents 3,959,860 (Schindler), 3,941,555 (Anderson et al), ¦
j and 3,897,196 (Saunders et al). Such flash lamps typically include a ¦I glass envelope having a cambustion-supporting atmasphere (e.g. oxygen) I¦ therein established at a pressure of several (e.g. 5-10) atmospheres.
I A pair of spaced apart metallic leads are sealed within one end of the ¦ lamp and project within the envelope to provide the necessary electrical ! current path to the lamp's pri~er material. When activated, the primer --¦ i8nites a quantity of combustible material ~e.g. zirconium) to produce ¦ the required highly intense flash of light. In electrically-activated ¦ flash lamps of the low-voltage variety, a filament is wed to bridge the projecting ends of the metallic leads, while in high-voltage flash Lamp8 . .
(those requiring hundreds or thousands of volts at low energy to achieve ignition), a quantity of primer material may serve as the bridge. Primer ~I may also be applied to the aforedescribed filament in low-voltago type 1~ 20 ! la~ps.
j As stated, flash lamps of the varieties described above typically include a pair of metallic leads which project through the lamp's glass envelope. There are several disadvantages to this requirement, including 1~ the following~
~ I. Sealing of the leats into the envelope is a costly 1~ production step due primarily to the high cost of equipment required to accomplish this step;
2. Use o~ metallic leads limits the types of ~lasses which can be satisfactorily used as the envelope component due to the stringent ~equirement to mate glass and leads having similar expansion characteristics;
' - 2 -;~ s l~ ~
D-20,445 1 3. The electrical le~ds mus t establish sound, ¦
direct contact with the respective electrical j firing circuit. This requires an additional manufacturins step as well as extra material Such a requirement also restricts the design pcssibilities for multi-lamp units; and 4. ~e amount of space and glass necessary to properly seal the metallic leads poses a serious limitation to the designing of ~ small flash lamps. -¦ From the above disadvantages, it i9 understood that an electricall _ activated flash lamp which does not require metallic leads within the lamp's glass envelope would constitute a significant advancement in the art.
. , ,.
QBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to ¦ provide a leadless flash la~p which is capabie of being actlvated j electrically. -In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is described 1 20 ¦ a flash lamp having~a light-transmitting envelope, a qua~tity of -I fil~mentary combustible material and a combustion-supporting abmosphere within the envelopc, and a quantity of primer material also ~ithin the envelop- for ignitiDg the cambustible material. Activation of the flash ;~ lamp is accomplished electrically through Capacit~Ye coupliDg between a pair of conductive means located externally of t~e envelope and a cOrresponding pair of electrical conductors positioned within the envelop~ .
~,: , . , . .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE DRAUI~S
FIGS. 1 and 2 are elevational views, in section, of leadless flash lamps in accordance with preferred embodi~ents of the invention.
' - 2 -;~ s l~ ~
D-20,445 1 3. The electrical le~ds mus t establish sound, ¦
direct contact with the respective electrical j firing circuit. This requires an additional manufacturins step as well as extra material Such a requirement also restricts the design pcssibilities for multi-lamp units; and 4. ~e amount of space and glass necessary to properly seal the metallic leads poses a serious limitation to the designing of ~ small flash lamps. -¦ From the above disadvantages, it i9 understood that an electricall _ activated flash lamp which does not require metallic leads within the lamp's glass envelope would constitute a significant advancement in the art.
. , ,.
QBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to ¦ provide a leadless flash la~p which is capabie of being actlvated j electrically. -In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is described 1 20 ¦ a flash lamp having~a light-transmitting envelope, a qua~tity of -I fil~mentary combustible material and a combustion-supporting abmosphere within the envelopc, and a quantity of primer material also ~ithin the envelop- for ignitiDg the cambustible material. Activation of the flash ;~ lamp is accomplished electrically through Capacit~Ye coupliDg between a pair of conductive means located externally of t~e envelope and a cOrresponding pair of electrical conductors positioned within the envelop~ .
~,: , . , . .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE DRAUI~S
FIGS. 1 and 2 are elevational views, in section, of leadless flash lamps in accordance with preferred embodi~ents of the invention.
- 3 -i ' ll . .1~
il, D-20,445 1' VETAIrFD DESCRIPTION OF TH~ PREFERRED EMBOD~ENTS
j For a better underst~nding of the present inven~ion together ¦
~, with other ~nd Eurther obJects, advantages and capabilities thereof, Il refererce is made to the following disclosure and appended claLms in I
l connection with the above-described drawlngs. I
In FIG. 1 there is shown a flash lamp 10 which is aaa~ted for l I being electrically~activated by electrical current from a circuit 11 ¦
I which may be found in many cameras. Such a circuit typically includes ¦
¦ a suitable power source 13 and a switch 15 for opening and closing circuit 11. The preferred power source used in many of today's cameras is a .
piezoelectric crystal which depends on some form of mechanical striking for its actuation. The crystal, being a high voltage source, provides the needad current to the flash lamp as a result of said striking. If ¦
~uch a member is used in circuit 11, closing of switch 15 would cause a ~ ha~mer or similar component to impact upon the crystal and effect ¦ actuation thereof. A crystal typically provides 1000-3000 volts.
, ~ Flash lamp 10 comprises a hermetically-sealed envelope 17 of ' ¦ light-transmitting material (e.g. glass) which includes a combustion-I supporting atmosphere (e.g. oxygen! therein. This atmosphere'established ~ at'a pressure of about flve to ten atmospheres. The internal volume of envelope 17 is preferably about two cubic inches. A quantity of filame~tary combustible material 19 is located within the envelope and -' is divided into two approximately equal portions 21 and 21' which are spaced apart from each other. Material 19 io preferably shredded ' zirconium or hafnium.
Flash lamp 10 further comprises first and second spacedly positioned electrically conductive means 23 and 23' which are located externally of envelope 17. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, means 23 and 23~ each comprise a layer of transparent conductive material in the form o a thin coating about the envelope's external surface. The preferred materlals for means 23 and 23' are tin oxide and indium oxide.
_ 4 _ ~
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~l D-20,445 Iocated on ;h~ internal surface oE envelope 17 are Eirst and I
second spacedly-oriented electrical conductors 25 and 25' which are j also preEerably ~hin coatings of either tin oxide or indi~n oxide ; These coating~;, also transparent, are located opposite the respec:tive external coatings for conduetive means 23 and 23'. Means 23 and 23' are therefore positioned in a capacitively coupled relationship to ~ conductors 25 and 25l, respectively, and rece;ve electricaL current I therefroqll via this m2thod (capacitive discharge) through the wall of i envelope 17. Each of the coatings of means 23 and 23' is connected to .70 '. circuit 11 in the manner shown. - ~
~ The coatings for means 23 and 23' and conductors 25 and 25' are i of a thickness such that ea h has a surface resistance within the range of from about 100 to about 50,01)0 ohms per square. In accordance with ¦I these par~neters, the dielectric constant of the wall of envelope V is 1! within the range of about 4 to about 15.
Also located within envelope 17 is means 27 for igniting portions i, i 21 and 211 of combustiblé material 19. Means 27 comprises a quantity of primer material which in one example was a mixture of combustible metaI powder, e.g. zirconi~, one or more metaL oxides, e.g. cobalt or ¦ tungsten, and a binding agent such as nitrocellulose. Pri~er 27 i9 . ¦
i electrically joined to each of the conductors 25 and 25' by at leas,t o~ie resilient contact member 2g. As shows~, two members 29 are preferably used for each conductor 25 and 25' to assure a spaced relat~onship between primer 27 and the internal walls of envelope 17. In other words, primer 27 i9 preferably centrally located within envelope 17 to facilitate ignition of ca~bustible material 19. Each member 29 comprises a spring contact having a thickness of approximateb 0.02 inche .
In the event that flash lamp 10 includes a protective insuLative coating thereon, portLons of this coating would be removed to permit the desired electrical connections to coatings 23 and 23'. A well known material sultable as a protective coating s cellulose acetate. ,~
. ' . . .
i .
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D-20,445 ¦ In the embodiment of FIG. 2, flash lamp 10' comprises the afore-¦ (lescribed envelope 17, ccmbustible materia] 19, internally located electrical conductors 25 ~nd 25', and primer material 27. Ln this I embodiment, however, the external conductive means c~nprise a pair of l reflectors 31 and 31' which are positioned about a portion of envelope i~ 17 at a spaced distance (e.g. 0.10 inches) from the external surface thereof. Accordingly, the reflect~ s and circuit 11 comprise a i reflective assembly in which lamp 10' may be utilized. Reflectors 31 li and 31' may be semiclrcular in shape such as shown in FIG. 2 to thereby ¦¦ reflect the lamp's highly intense output in substantially one direction.
¦ In the embodiment of FIG 2, this direction wo~ld be approximately ¦ perpendicular to the drawing or, in other words, into the eyes of the drawing's viewer. Each reflector has a thickness of about .020 inches and i9 comprised of metallized plastic. Each is alsQ electrically lS connected to the respective circuit 11 in the same manner as means 23 5.^ and 23l in ~IG. 1. The embodiment of FlG. 2 is also highly versatile ¦ for present photographic appllca~ions in that lamp 10' can be used in conjunction with many current reflector designs, provided the reflectors ¦ can be sectioned and connected electrically to the designated pow-r soùrc~
~ Understandably, such modifications are relatively easy to accomplish and may be done at little cost to the manufacturer. ~
In the embodiment of FIG. 2, combustible material 19 i9 formed in a configuration which provides direct contact and support to primer 27. Material l9 is also divided into the approximately equal sized porti ns 21 and 21' as shown in FIG. 1. Portions 21 and 21', being electrically conductive, thus assure a positive connection to the internal coaeings ¦ 25 and 25', respectively.
Thus there has been shown and described an electrically-activated flash lamp which is triggered using capacitive coupling. As s-ch, the lamp eliminates the prior art requirement for use of metalllc leads which penetrate the lamp's envelope to assure the needed electrical connections.
` - 6 - -, '. '.
I .
Zfi'~
D-20,445 1~ While there have been shown and described what are at present considered the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departin~ from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
I
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I
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_, I I i
il, D-20,445 1' VETAIrFD DESCRIPTION OF TH~ PREFERRED EMBOD~ENTS
j For a better underst~nding of the present inven~ion together ¦
~, with other ~nd Eurther obJects, advantages and capabilities thereof, Il refererce is made to the following disclosure and appended claLms in I
l connection with the above-described drawlngs. I
In FIG. 1 there is shown a flash lamp 10 which is aaa~ted for l I being electrically~activated by electrical current from a circuit 11 ¦
I which may be found in many cameras. Such a circuit typically includes ¦
¦ a suitable power source 13 and a switch 15 for opening and closing circuit 11. The preferred power source used in many of today's cameras is a .
piezoelectric crystal which depends on some form of mechanical striking for its actuation. The crystal, being a high voltage source, provides the needad current to the flash lamp as a result of said striking. If ¦
~uch a member is used in circuit 11, closing of switch 15 would cause a ~ ha~mer or similar component to impact upon the crystal and effect ¦ actuation thereof. A crystal typically provides 1000-3000 volts.
, ~ Flash lamp 10 comprises a hermetically-sealed envelope 17 of ' ¦ light-transmitting material (e.g. glass) which includes a combustion-I supporting atmosphere (e.g. oxygen! therein. This atmosphere'established ~ at'a pressure of about flve to ten atmospheres. The internal volume of envelope 17 is preferably about two cubic inches. A quantity of filame~tary combustible material 19 is located within the envelope and -' is divided into two approximately equal portions 21 and 21' which are spaced apart from each other. Material 19 io preferably shredded ' zirconium or hafnium.
Flash lamp 10 further comprises first and second spacedly positioned electrically conductive means 23 and 23' which are located externally of envelope 17. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, means 23 and 23~ each comprise a layer of transparent conductive material in the form o a thin coating about the envelope's external surface. The preferred materlals for means 23 and 23' are tin oxide and indium oxide.
_ 4 _ ~
I . ., __ ~
.. .. . . . .. ...... . . .. . . . . . . . ...
` )ll ( ( j I
~l D-20,445 Iocated on ;h~ internal surface oE envelope 17 are Eirst and I
second spacedly-oriented electrical conductors 25 and 25' which are j also preEerably ~hin coatings of either tin oxide or indi~n oxide ; These coating~;, also transparent, are located opposite the respec:tive external coatings for conduetive means 23 and 23'. Means 23 and 23' are therefore positioned in a capacitively coupled relationship to ~ conductors 25 and 25l, respectively, and rece;ve electricaL current I therefroqll via this m2thod (capacitive discharge) through the wall of i envelope 17. Each of the coatings of means 23 and 23' is connected to .70 '. circuit 11 in the manner shown. - ~
~ The coatings for means 23 and 23' and conductors 25 and 25' are i of a thickness such that ea h has a surface resistance within the range of from about 100 to about 50,01)0 ohms per square. In accordance with ¦I these par~neters, the dielectric constant of the wall of envelope V is 1! within the range of about 4 to about 15.
Also located within envelope 17 is means 27 for igniting portions i, i 21 and 211 of combustiblé material 19. Means 27 comprises a quantity of primer material which in one example was a mixture of combustible metaI powder, e.g. zirconi~, one or more metaL oxides, e.g. cobalt or ¦ tungsten, and a binding agent such as nitrocellulose. Pri~er 27 i9 . ¦
i electrically joined to each of the conductors 25 and 25' by at leas,t o~ie resilient contact member 2g. As shows~, two members 29 are preferably used for each conductor 25 and 25' to assure a spaced relat~onship between primer 27 and the internal walls of envelope 17. In other words, primer 27 i9 preferably centrally located within envelope 17 to facilitate ignition of ca~bustible material 19. Each member 29 comprises a spring contact having a thickness of approximateb 0.02 inche .
In the event that flash lamp 10 includes a protective insuLative coating thereon, portLons of this coating would be removed to permit the desired electrical connections to coatings 23 and 23'. A well known material sultable as a protective coating s cellulose acetate. ,~
. ' . . .
i .
':, ~ ~ ll So ( ~ ~
D-20,445 ¦ In the embodiment of FIG. 2, flash lamp 10' comprises the afore-¦ (lescribed envelope 17, ccmbustible materia] 19, internally located electrical conductors 25 ~nd 25', and primer material 27. Ln this I embodiment, however, the external conductive means c~nprise a pair of l reflectors 31 and 31' which are positioned about a portion of envelope i~ 17 at a spaced distance (e.g. 0.10 inches) from the external surface thereof. Accordingly, the reflect~ s and circuit 11 comprise a i reflective assembly in which lamp 10' may be utilized. Reflectors 31 li and 31' may be semiclrcular in shape such as shown in FIG. 2 to thereby ¦¦ reflect the lamp's highly intense output in substantially one direction.
¦ In the embodiment of FIG 2, this direction wo~ld be approximately ¦ perpendicular to the drawing or, in other words, into the eyes of the drawing's viewer. Each reflector has a thickness of about .020 inches and i9 comprised of metallized plastic. Each is alsQ electrically lS connected to the respective circuit 11 in the same manner as means 23 5.^ and 23l in ~IG. 1. The embodiment of FlG. 2 is also highly versatile ¦ for present photographic appllca~ions in that lamp 10' can be used in conjunction with many current reflector designs, provided the reflectors ¦ can be sectioned and connected electrically to the designated pow-r soùrc~
~ Understandably, such modifications are relatively easy to accomplish and may be done at little cost to the manufacturer. ~
In the embodiment of FIG. 2, combustible material 19 i9 formed in a configuration which provides direct contact and support to primer 27. Material l9 is also divided into the approximately equal sized porti ns 21 and 21' as shown in FIG. 1. Portions 21 and 21', being electrically conductive, thus assure a positive connection to the internal coaeings ¦ 25 and 25', respectively.
Thus there has been shown and described an electrically-activated flash lamp which is triggered using capacitive coupling. As s-ch, the lamp eliminates the prior art requirement for use of metalllc leads which penetrate the lamp's envelope to assure the needed electrical connections.
` - 6 - -, '. '.
I .
Zfi'~
D-20,445 1~ While there have been shown and described what are at present considered the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departin~ from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
I
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Claims (17)
1. An electrically-activated flash lamp for use within a reflective assembly having first and second spaced-apart electrically conductive reflector members, said flash lamp comprising:
a hermetically-sealed, light-transmitting envelope including a combustion-supporting atmosphere therein;
a quantity of filamentary combustible material within said envelope;
first and second spaced-apart electrical conductors positioned on the internal surface of said envelope, said first and second electrical conductors adapted for being capacitively coupled to said first and second conductive reflector members, respectively, through the wall of said envelope; and a quantity of primer material within said envelops for igniting said filamentary combustible material, said primer material electrically connected to said first and second internally positioned electrical conductors.
a hermetically-sealed, light-transmitting envelope including a combustion-supporting atmosphere therein;
a quantity of filamentary combustible material within said envelope;
first and second spaced-apart electrical conductors positioned on the internal surface of said envelope, said first and second electrical conductors adapted for being capacitively coupled to said first and second conductive reflector members, respectively, through the wall of said envelope; and a quantity of primer material within said envelops for igniting said filamentary combustible material, said primer material electrically connected to said first and second internally positioned electrical conductors.
2. The flash lamp according to claim 1 wherein said light-transmitting envelope is comprised of glass.
3. The flash lamp according to claim 1 wherein said conductive reflector members are spacedly positioned from the external surface of said envelope.
4. The flash according to claim 1 wherein each of said internally positioned electrical conductors comprises a transparent coating.
5. The flash lamp according to claim 4 wherein each of said coatings is of a material selected from the group consisting of tin oxide and indium oxide.
D-20,445 6. The flash lamp according to claim 1 including first and second resilient contact members electrically connected to said first and second internally positioned electrical conductors, respectively, said primer material electrically connected to said contact members.
7. The flash lamp according to claim 6 wherein each of said resilient contact members is a spring.
8. The flash lamp according to claim 1 wherein said primer material is electrically connected to said filamentary combustible material and said combustible material is electrically joined to said first and second internally positioned electrical conductors.
9 An electrically-activated flash lamp comprising:
a hermetically-sealed, light-transmitting envelope including a combustion-supporting atmosphere therein;
a quantity of filamentary combustible material within said envelope;
first and second spaced-apart electrically conductive means positioned on the external surface of said envelope;
first and second spaced-apart electrical conductors positioned on the internal surface of said envelope in capacitively coupled relationship to said first and second externally positioned electrical conductive means, respectively, said capacitive coupling occurring through the wall of said envelope; and a quantity of primer material within said envelope for igniting said filamentary combustible material, said primer material electrically connected to said first and second internally positioned electrical conductors.
a hermetically-sealed, light-transmitting envelope including a combustion-supporting atmosphere therein;
a quantity of filamentary combustible material within said envelope;
first and second spaced-apart electrically conductive means positioned on the external surface of said envelope;
first and second spaced-apart electrical conductors positioned on the internal surface of said envelope in capacitively coupled relationship to said first and second externally positioned electrical conductive means, respectively, said capacitive coupling occurring through the wall of said envelope; and a quantity of primer material within said envelope for igniting said filamentary combustible material, said primer material electrically connected to said first and second internally positioned electrical conductors.
10. The flash Lamp according to claim 9 wherein said light-transmitting envelope is comprised of glass.
D-20,44 11. The flash lamp according to claim 9 wherein each of said first and second externally positioned conductive means comprises a transparent coating.
12. The flash Lamp according to claim 9 wherein each of said coatings of said conductive means is a material selected from the group consisting of tin oxide and indium oxide.
.
.
13. The flash lamp according to claim 9 wherein each of said first and second internally positioned electrical conductors comprises a transparent coating.
14. The flash lamp according to claim 13 wherein each of said coatings of said conductors is a material selected from the group consisting of tin oxide and indium oxide
15. The flash Lamp according to claim 9 including first and second resilient contact members electrical b connected to first and second internally positioned electrical conductors, respectively, said primer material electrically connected to said contact members.
16. The flash lamp according to claim 15 wherein each of said resilient contact members is a spring.
17. The flash lamp according to claim 9 wherein said primer material is electrically connected to said filamentary combustible material and said combustible material is electrically joined to said first and second externally positioned electrical conductive means.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA321,225A CA1113266A (en) | 1979-02-08 | 1979-02-08 | Leadless electric flash lamp |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA321,225A CA1113266A (en) | 1979-02-08 | 1979-02-08 | Leadless electric flash lamp |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1113266A true CA1113266A (en) | 1981-12-01 |
Family
ID=4113508
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA321,225A Expired CA1113266A (en) | 1979-02-08 | 1979-02-08 | Leadless electric flash lamp |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1113266A (en) |
-
1979
- 1979-02-08 CA CA321,225A patent/CA1113266A/en not_active Expired
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