CA1103152A - Anti-microbial embalming preparations - Google Patents

Abstract

ANTI-MICROBIAL EMBALMING PREPARATIONS

Abstract of the Invention Embalming preparations, which are far less noxious than previously known compositions, comprise a combination of a disinfectant and a plant growth regulating compound. The compo-sitions achieve anti-microbial potency at concentrations of these ingredients far lower than the concentration levels of disin-fectants found in known embalming preparations.

Description

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Background _ the Invention This invention relates to embalming fluids containing anti-microbial agents, in particular to embalming fluids contain-ing combinations of both disinfectants and plant growth regulators, which combinations exhibit high anti-microbial effect with but small concentrations of ingredients.
Embalming fluids are well known and described in the art. Typical formulations used for embalming fluids are disclosed in Frederick and Strubb, Principles and Practice of E~balm nq, pages 199-220 (4th ed. 1967), and Mendelsohn, Embalmina Fluids, Chapter 4 (Chemical Publishing Co., NY 1940).
As is known in the art, embalming fluids are employed for the purpose of disinfecting and preserving the dead human body and for creating and maintaining a natural appearance. There are three general types of embalming fluids, identified as arterial fluids, pre-injection fluids, and cavity fluids. Many embalming fluids essentially contain aqueous solutions of formaldehyde in varying strength, with other additives to produce desired results. For example, in arterial fluids, it is common to find anti-coagulants to inhibit or retard blood clotting, chemicals such as various buffer pairs to control and vary pH and toxicitv, relaxing agents to relax muscle tissue, various inorganic salts to control specific gravity, hardening power, and various other properties of the fluid, surface active agents, dyes, and the like.
Disinfectants are included in embalming fluids in order to kill or destroy disease-causing microorganisms, including both bacteria and fungi. Both groups of microorganisms can be "killed" (their metabolic processes disrupted) by a wide class of ~ -2-, 111~31~

biocldally-active chemicals termed "disinfectants". The use of such disinfectants in the process of embalming is of highest importance, since that process has for its goal not only the preservation of the physical body for psychological value to the S bereaved, but most importantly the thorough disinfection of the ;.
cadaver so that it does not present a public health hazard.
While both aims of professional embalming are achieved by the use of commercially available embalming fluids, such fluids are sold as concentrates containing high concentrations of the components. The use of these concentrates results in high levels of fumes, which not only make the fluids unpleasant to work with, but are often toxic and may indeed present an occupational hazard for the professional embalmer or other mortuary personnel.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved embalming fluid exhibiting increased dis-infectantor anti-microbial effects. It is a further object to provide embalming fluids which exhibit anti-microbial effects which are as good as known embalming fluids, while requiring far less disinfectant for the irradication of microorganisms, sub-stantially without production of the noxious fumes produced by those known embalming fluids.
¦ These and other objects are accomplished by the embalm-¦ ing fluid compositions of the present invention, which contain, in addition to a disinfectant, certain amounts of chemicals known 25 - commercially as "plant growth regulators". It has now been found that combinations of the chemical substances known as disinfectant s and the chemical substances known as plant growth regulators results in a synergistic improvement in bringing about the death of bacteria and fungi.

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I Disinfectants are materials which destroy or inhibit . l c~l5~ ectants the microorganisms causing disease. A wide variety of d~i-nfoctant are suitable for use in accordance with the present invention.
Such agents include anti-bacterial agents such as sulfonamides, i.soniazid, p-amino salicylic acid, penicillin and its derivatives, e . g . penicillin V, unpenicillin, cephalosporin and its derivatives e.g. well-known compounds of the structures of cephalosporin A, Icephalosporin C, e.g. cephaloridine, cephalothin, etc., strep-tomyc n, ;tetracyclines, chloramphenicols, erythromycin, novobiocin, neomycir , Ibacitracin, polymyxin, etc., and salts thereof; anti-fungal agents ¦such as griseofulvin, nystatin, etc.,and salts thereof; plant chemc _ ¦therapeutics such as captan (N-trichlorothiotetrahydrophthalimide) maneb (manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate), thiram (tetramethyl Ithiuram disulfide); known skin disinfectants such as alcohols, ¦particularly lower alkyl alcohols, e.g. methanol, ethanol, iso-¦proponal, etc.; sources of active halogens (fluorine, chlorine, ¦bromine or iodine), e.g. solutions of halogens, salts such as Isodium hypochlorite, idophors (surface active detergents con-¦taining iodine as part of the molecule), etc.; phenolics, e.g.
Iphenol, cresol, and their derivatives, particularly the halogen-¦ated alkylated and/or nitrated derivatives, such as o-phenylphenol !I hexachlorophene, p-chloro-m-cresol, bithionol, etc.; aldehydes, .~
e.g. formaldehyde, glyoxol, gluteraldehyde, succinaldehyde, etc., Iparticularly lower alkyl aldehydes; peracids and derivatives ¦I thereof, e.g. peracetic acid, perpropionic acid, perbutyric acid, llperbenzoic acid, preferably lower alkyl peracids; quaternary ¦¦ammonium compounds, which are cationic detergents and derivatives having nitrogen with a quaternary valence, e.g. ammonium ((5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl) methyl) dimethyl tetradecyl chlorlde, , .
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(hereinafter referred to as ADAK), and others, e.g. disclosed in my U.S. Patent No. 2,918,402; metal binding agents, including chelating compounds and sequestering compounds, e.g. 8-hydroxy-quinoline (or oxine), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, nitrilo-triacetic acid, and others well known in the art; and numerous dyes, e.g. acridine dyes, gentian violet, and many others well known in the art. Other desirable disinfectants include heavy metal disinfectants such as mercurial compounds, e.g. mercuric bichloride, mercuric oxycyanide, potassium mercuric iodide, organic mercurials such as phenylmercuric; silver compounds, e.g.
silver nitrate, ammoniacal silver nitrate, silver picrate, etc., copper compounds, arsenic compounds, etc. However, while the heavy metal compounds are efficient disinfectants, their use in embalming fluids is prohibited by law in many areas, primarily for environmental reasons. Many other suitable disinfectants will be readily apparent to the skilled in the art. Presently preferred are formaldehyde and the quaternary ammonium compounds, as well as the other known disinfectants used in embalming, such as the sodium derivative of o-phenylphenol, p-chloro-m-cresol, tribromothymol, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, etc.
Suitable plant growth regulators include naturally occurring plant growth regulators including the "auxins," e.g.
auxentiolic acid, auxenolonic acid, ~-indolylacetic acid or salts of such acids, indole-3-acetonitrile, etc., as well as the gibberelic acids and salts thereof and the kinins, and others known in the art; synthetic agents based on the molecular structure of the natural agents (aka "synthetic auxins"), e.g. ~-(indole-3)-propionic acid, ~-(indole-3)-butyric acid, etc.; substituted phenols, e.g. 2-sec butyl-4, 6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb or DNBP), ~l -5-, llG31~
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2-(1-methylbutyl)-4, 6-dinitrophenol (dinosam or DNAP), penta-chlorophenol (PCP); chlorophenoxy compounds, e.g. (2,4-dichloro-phenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4,5-T), ((4-chloro-0-tolyl)oxy) acetic acid (MCPA), 4~((4-chloro-0-tolyl)oxy) butyric acid (~lCPB); chloro-substituted or methyl-substituted acetic and propionic acids and salts thereof , e.g. trichloroacetic acid, amides such as N,N-diallyl-2-chloro-acetamide (CD~A), 2-chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide (CDEA), 1,2-dihydrl ~_ 5,6-pyridazine dione (M~l); ureas, e.g. 1,3-bis (2,2,2-trichloro-10 - l-hydroxyethyl) urea (DCU), 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea (fenuron),

3`-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 3-(p-chloro-phenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (monuron), l-butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorop}-enyl) ¦l-methylurea (reburon); carbamates, such as 4-chloro-2-butynyl-¦m-chlorocarbanilate, butyn-l-yl-3-N-3-chlorophenylcarbamate N-¦ (3-chlorophenyl) carbamate; thiocarbamates, e.g. s-ethyl dipropy~-¦ thiocarbamate ~EPTC), s-(2,3-dichloroallyl) diisopropylthio-carbamate (Diallate); dithiocarbamates, e.g. 2-chloroallyl diethyl dithiocarbamate ~CDEC), sodium methyldithiocarbamate (~letham), ¦thiodiazines, e.g. tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazene-¦2-thione (dazomet); triazoles, e.g. 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrol~)~
¦ triazines, e.g. 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) , ; ¦ 2-chloro-4,6-bis(diethylamino)-s-triazine (chlorazine), 2-chloro-¦4-(diethylamino)-6-(ethylamino-s-triazine (trietazine), ipazine, atrazine, simetone, prometone, atratone, etc.; benzoic acids, e.g.
2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6-TBA), chlorinated benzoic acid (PB), amiben, nitroben, etc.; chlorinated benzenes, e.g. dichloro-benzene, trichlorobenzene; and other known regulators, e.g. NPA, (acetato) phenyl mercury (PMA), potassium cyanide, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-2-propanone (llCA), IPX, OC~I, O,0-diethyl dithio bis I ~ tl~3~S~ ~

(thioformate) (~XD), methanearsonic acid (MAA), EBEP, DIPA, Dr~, ammonium sulfamate (AMS), ferac, endothal, diquat, acrolein maleic hydrazide. Others are known in the art. See, e.g.
Ashton and Crafts, ~1ode of ~ction of ~lerbicides (N.Y. 1973), incorporated herein by reference, partlcularly Chapter 13, for carbamates and Chapters 16-22 for phenols, phenoxys, thio-carbamates, triazines, triazoles, ureas, and unclassified compounc s, respectively. Particularly preferred are amitrol, beta-indolyl acetic acid, and alPha-naphthyl acetic acid.
~ccordingly, it has now been found that arterial and cavity embalming fluids, as well as many adjunct and accessory chemicals used in embalming, can be formulated which~will be much less toxic in cases of contact or accidental i~estion, and which l are much more pleasant to the embalmer to work with, because of ; 15 the lack of noxious fumes. It has been discovered that by using .. . . ., ~
these syner~istic combinations of plant growth regulators and disinfectants, it is possible to reduce the concentration of toxic chemicals substantially, and yet achieve identical biolog-ical results on bacterial and fungi as those produced by the more highly csncentrated, toxic fluids that do not contain the syner-. ~ gistic combination.
The amounts of the growth regulators and disinfectantsto be included in the embalming and other fluids made in accord-ance with the present invention, depends on a number of factors.
Basically, the combination of plant growth regulator and disin-fectant should be present in an amount which is sufficient to at least stop the reproduction of the microorganisms with which it will come in contact in the body, but should not be present in such high concentrations as to ~ive off noxious fumes. While ._ , . , ::.. . ;

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reproduction-arresting, e.g. bacteriostatic, amounts of these ingredients are sufficient to eradicate infection by the normal death rate of the non-reproducing microorganisms, preferably 1:he growth regulator and disinfectant are l~resent in sufficient amounts to act as a microbicide, e.g. a bacteriocidal-agent, which kills the microorganisms directly. Preferably, the concentrations of each of the plant growth regulator and the disinfectant in the emba]ming flu;d are less than their lethal dosage, should accidental i~gestion of the fluid take place.
Within these broad ranges, the total concentration of the combina-tion of growth regulator and disinfectant may vary considerably.
Because of increase in effectiveness achieved through the combination, concentrations of the ingredients as low as a few parts per million may still be effective against bacteria and lS fungi. Preferably the concentration of each of these two ingredients is at least about ten parts per million, more prefer- ;
ably at least about 40 parts per million. The preferred con-centration of the total of both ingredients if from 0.0001~ to 0.1~ by weight, preferably from O.OOOS~ to 0.015~ by weight, most preferably from 0.001% to 0.01~ by weight. The ratio of ~
plant growth regulator to disinfectant used in the combination may vary from lO0:1 to 1:100, but preferably is within the range of 10:1 to 1:10, and most preferably is from about 5:1 to about 1:5.
Where one of the components is present in the fluid for more than one purpose, it should be included in a concentration which would be sufficient to satisfy all of its intended functions .
For example, most preservative chemicals have for goals in embalm-ing both the fixation of proteins and other elements of the cadaver, and the disinfection of the tissues of the cadaver. ~y 3 ~

formulating a synergistic combination into an arterial fluid or cavity fluid, the enhanced germicidal action has a "sparing"
action on the formaldehyde or other preservative chemical compo-nent which is designed to fix protein. In other words, while it was previously necessary to include large amounts of such compounds in order to satisfy both the disinfecting and protein fixation functions, as a result of the present invention, the amount of such compounds necessary in the formulation is sub-stantiall~ reduced, since the amount necessary to satisfy the disinfecting function is vastly reduced. This makes a larger amount of such compounds available for the fixation of protein.
It thus becomes feasible to formulate an arterial or cavity fluid with a minimum actual concentration of formaldehyde with a small amount of a plant growth regulating compound, which fluid 1":'~`,'.' '' :. .
will be as effectlve in its action as known fluids containing much higher formaldehyde concentrations.
The anti-microbial effect of the compositions of the present invention on both fungi and bacteria is demonstrated by consideration of the following illustrative embodiments:
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EXA~PLE I

The microbial action of aqueous solutions of varying concentrations of amitrol and a quaternary ammonium disinfectant ammonium ((5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl) dimethyl tetra-decyl chloride (herelnafter referred to as ADAK), against thefungus P. notatum. Growths o P. notatum on standard nutrient media were treated with samples of the solutions listed below, and the zone of inhibition (hereinafter noted as ZI) was measured as per the A.O.A.C. procedures. The following results were obtained:

AMITROL ADAK ZI(mm) 0.005 M 0.000 7.2 0.000 0.005 % 6.5 0,0l0 M 0.000 12.0 0.000 0.0l0 ~ 14.5 0~005 M 0.005 ~ 32.0 EXAMPLE II
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The same procedure was followed in evaluating aqueous combinations of the plant growth regulator amitrol ~nd the disin .
fectant formaldehyde (CH2O) against the bacterium B. subtilis:
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1~3~52 AMITROLE C1l20 ZI(mm) 0.005 M 0.000 8.0 0.000 0.001 % 9.0 0.010 ~l 0.000 12.0 0.000 0.002 % 16.5 0.005 M 0.001 ~ 36.0 EXAMPLE III
Using the same technique, the aqueous solutions of the plant growth regulator amitrol and the disinfectant ortho-phenyl phenol (OPP) are tested against the fungi. _ notatum:
.' AMITROLE _DPP ZI(mm) 0.005 M 0.000 6.5 . 0.000 0.001 M 12.0 0.010 M 0.000 11.0 0.000 0.002 M 20.5 0.005 M 0.001 M 30.5 EXAMPLE IV
.Using the same techniques, aqueous solutions of amitrol.
.~ and ADAK were tested against the bacteria B. subtilis, giving the followlng results:

~IITROLE AD~ ZI (mm) 0.005 M 0.000 8.0 0.000 0.005 % 7.5 0.010 M 0.000 12.0 0.000 0.010 % 10.5 0.005 M 0.005 ~ 27.5 1~ ~L~O~

EXAMPL~ V
Using the same techniques, aqueous solutions of the . plant growth regulator ~-indolyl acetic acid (sodium salt) (here-inafter IAA) and of the disinfectant ~D~K were tested against the bacteria S. aureus. The following results were obtained:

IAA ADAK ZI(mm) 0.001 M 0.000 5.0 - . ~0.000 0.005 % 7.0 0.002 M 0.000 9.5 0.000 0.010 % 11.0 0.001 M 0.005 ~ 27.0 EXA~IPLE VI
, .. Using the same techniques, aqueous solutions of the plant growth regulator ~-naphthyl acetic acid (sodium salt) (here-inafter NAA) and the disinfectant formaldehyde were tested agains the mold A niger, giving the following results:

. ~IAA CH20 _I(mm) .. , ,. 0.001:~10.000 10.0 . 0.000 O.OO1~G 9.0 0.002 M 0.000 14.0 , 0.000 0.002 % 12.5 0.001 M 0.001 % 35.5 An example of a low concentration disinfectant con-taining low concentrations of the toxic ingredients would contain 25 25 mg of ADAK and 200 mg of amitrol per standard 16 ounce .. ~

ll¢~,z embalming chemical bottle, giving 420 parts per million Of amitroi~
and 50 parts per million of ADAK. The lethal dosage of amitole is given by ~erck Index, 8th edition, page 63 (1968) as 14.7 grams per kilogram. The lethal dose of ADAK is given by The National Cancer Institute Screening Reports, NSC-68957D, as 125 mg/~.g. Accordingly, the concentrations of this synergistic combi-nation in this disinfectant could still be increased four to five times and still remain well below the toxic levels.
The embodiments of this invention which have been described and illustrated are intended to be exemplary only, and many modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this disclosure, or from a practice of this invention. All of these modifications and advantages are considered and intended to be within the scope and the spirit of the apended claims.

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Claims (17)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. An embalming fluid, comprising a plant growth regulator and a disinfectant, wherein the plant growth regulator is a member of the group of auxins, synthetic auxins, gibberelic acids, kinins, chlorinated phenoxys, chlor-inated acetic acids, methylated acetic acids, chlorinated propionic acids, methylated propionic acids, chlorinated methyl substituted propionic acids, amides, ureas, carbamates, thio-carbamates, dithiocarbamates, thiodiazines, triazoles, benzoic acids, chlorinated benzenes, and salts thereof and the ratio of plant growth regulator to disinfectant is from about 100:1 to 1: 100.

2. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the disinfectant is a member of the group of antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, plant chemotherapeutics, alcohols, halogens, phenols, aldehydes, peracids, quaternary ammonium disinfectants, metal binding agents, antimicrobal dyes, and heavy metal disinfectants.

3. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the disinfectant is formaldehyde.

4. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the disinfectant is ammonium ((5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl) dimethyl tetradecyl chloride.

5. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the disinfectant comprises ortho-phenyl phenol.

6. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the plant growth regulator comprises .beta.-indolyl acetic acid.

7. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the plant growth regulator comprises .alpha.-naphthyl acetic acid.

8. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the concentration of disinfectant and plant growth regulator is from 0.0001% to 0.1% by weight.

9. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the disinfectant is isoniazed, p-amino salicylic acid, penicillin, penicillin V, cephalosporin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, novobiocin, neomycin, bacitracin, polymyxin, griseofulvin, nystatin, N-trichlorothiotetrahydrophthalimide, manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, sodium hypochlorite, phenol cresol, o-phenylphenol, hexachlorophene, p-chloro-m-cresol, bithionol, formaldehyde, glyoxal, gluteraldehyde, succinaldehyde, peracetic acid, perpropionic acid, perbutyric acid, perbenzoic acid, ammonium ((5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl) dimethyl tetradecyl chloride, 8-hydroxyquinoline, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid or nitrolotriacetic acid.

10. The embalming fluid of claim 9, wherein the plant growth regulator is auxentiolic acid, auxenolonic acid, .beta.-indolylaeetic acid, indole-3-acetonitrile, gibberelic acid, kinin, .alpha.-(indole-3)-propionie acid, .alpha.-(indole-3)-butyrie acid, (2,4-diehlorophenoxy) acetic acid, 2,4,5-triehlorophenoxy aeetic acid, ((4-ehloro-o-tolyl)oxy) acetie acid, 4-((4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy) butyric acid, trichloroacetic acid, N,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide, 2-chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide, 1, 2-dihydro-5,6-pyridazine dione, 1,3-bis(2,2,2-triehloro-1-hydroxyethyl) urea, 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, 1-butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea, 4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate, butyh-1-yl-3-N-3-chlorophenylcarbamate-N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate, s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate, s-(2,3-dichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate, 2-chloroallyl diethyl dithiocarbamate, sodium methyldithiocarbamate, tetra-hydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiodiazine-2-thione, 3-amino-s-triazole, 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine, 2-chloro-4, 6-bis(diethylamino)s-triazine, 2-chloro-4-(diethylamino)-6-(ethylamino)s-triazine, ipazine, atrazine, simetone, prometone, atratone, 2,3,6-triehlorobenzoic acid, amiben, nitroben, dichlorobenzene, (acetato)phenyl mercury, potassium cyanide, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-2-propanone, o,o-diethyl dithio bis(thio-formate), methane-arsonic acid, ammonium sulfamate, ferac, endothal, diquat, acrolein, or maleic hydrazide.

11. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the dis-infectant is formaldehyde, o-phenylphenol, p-chloro-m-cresol, tribromothymol, glyoxal, gluteraldehyde or ammonium ((5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl) dimethyl tetradecyl chloride.

12. The embalming fluid of claim 11, wherein the plant growth regulator is amitrol, beta-indolyl acetic acid or alpha-naphthyl acetic acid.

13. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the dis-infectant is ammonium ((5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl) dimethyl tetradecyl chloride, and the plant growth regulator is amitrol.

14. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the dis-infectant is formaldehyde and the plant growth regulator is amitrol.

15 . The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the dis-infectant is o-phenylphenol and the plant growth regulator is amitrol.

16. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the dis-infectant is ammonium ((5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl) dimethyl tetradecyl chloride, and the plant growth regulator is the sodium salt of .beta.-indolyl acetic acid.

17. The embalming fluid of claim 1, wherein the dis-infectant is ammonium ((5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl) dimethyl tetradecyl chloride, and the plant growth regulator is .alpha.-naphthylacetic acid.--