CA1102468A - Cementitious composition - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A cementitious composition for the molding of relatively light-weight, heat-insulative, nailable, structural units such as bricks, blocks, roof decking, etc. The composition comprises an inorganic cementitious settable admixture within which is incorporated a significant proportion of a waste polyethylene consisting substantially of polyethylene derived from the reclamation of cellulosic fiber from fiber-board to which a polyethylene coating material was previously adhered. Additionally, the composition comprises a significant proportion of industrial waste commonly termed stack dust and/or fly ash as aggregate.

Description

i8 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

~ield of the Invention The present invention relates to a cementitious composition -for the molding of light-weight structural units and more particularly to a cementitious sand/stack dust/fly ash aggregate conta:Lnlng admixture which incorporates a significant proportion of a waste polyethylene material ill strip form.: The invention further embraces the method of preparing the cementitious composition for end use.

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Description of the Prior Art As is well~known in the building industry, molded blocks and other structural ~mits are used quite extensively in the fabrication of masonry structures and the like. It is desirable that such bloc~s ~ be relatively inexpensive, of a density suitable to allow fastening - devices to be inserted therein, insulative, relatively light-weight, and yet sufficiently strong so as to be su:Ltable for the desired utility. It i5 further desirable that such blocks present an appearance which i5 aesthetically pleasing. Recent attempts at satisfying each of these criteria with a single product have been adequate, but generally leave much to be desired.
For example, it is well-known in the prior art to utilize thermoplastic additives in the form of pellets to provide compositions for the p~rpose of improving and varying their appearance. Of course, it seems apparent -that the addition of such pellets ~ill adversely affect, to a measurable degree, the load-bearing capabilities of the final product prepared from such a composition. Accordingly, the cement compositions are generally recommended for use only in relatively thin layers on top of another material such as a conventional concrete product.
Furthermore9 In order to provide a pleasing appearance the thermoplastic additives must be of relatively uni~orm sizes and configurations. This necessarily increases the cost of such compositions and products prepared therefrom.
In an attempt to reduce the cost of cement compositions and end-use products manufactured from cement, the present state of the art recognizes the utili~ation of fly ash, which is an industrial waste, as an aggregate in the preparation of cement compositions. Of course, fly ash has also been used as a replacement for at least a portion of the portland cement element present in cement compositions.

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More ~ecently, as the availability oE aggregate has diminished for commercial use there has been an attendant increase in the cost o~
cement mixtures and products made from cement. Whi~e the utilization of ~ly ash in cement composition is clearly a step in the right direction, both in conservation and in cost reduction, there is still a great need in the art for other cement-type products to meet the ever-increasing demand while at the same time maintaining a relatively stable cost factor. Accordingly, t~lere is a need in the art for a novel compositlon ~or the molding of relatively light-weight struc~ural units wherein heretofore useless waste materials may be utilized to produce a strong, insulative composltiorl for the molding of structural units. Of course 9 such a cementitious composition should be able to withstand radical changes in temperature without seriously affecting the structural integrity of units manufactured therefrom, and it would further be desirable if the elements of such a composition could be selectively varied to render the composition suitable for the molding of structural units primarily desired for their insulative properties as opposed, for example, to structural units molded ~rom a composition primarily intend~d to be utiliæed for their compressive strength. Finall~, it is also desirable that such a composition provide an attractive appearance in the ~inal end product.

SUM~9~Y OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a cementitious composition for the molding of structural units, to structural units manufactured from the cementitious composition, and to the process utilized in preparing the cementitious settable composition. Most simply stated, the composition comprises an inorganic cementitious settable admi~ure within which is incorporated a significant proportion of industrial waste material consisting substantially of polyethylene strips and mb/ - 3 -.

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stack dust and/or fly asll.
Inasmuch as a sigaificant feature of the present invention resides in the utilization of waste polye~hylene material, the manner in which such material is derived as well as the general nature of the material will now be described in greater detail. The polyethylene is a heretofore substantially useless waste product derived from the manufacturing of polyethylene-coated fiberboard cups and containers or the like. In the container manufacturing industry a considerable amount of polyethylene-coated fiberboard scrap material is generated during cutting and trimming of sheets utilized to Eorm the containers.
Since these scraps represent an economic loss, particularly due to - their predominant cellulosic fiber content, they are generallyreprocessed in order to extract the "contaminate" polyethylene coating so as to facilitate recovering the cellulosic fiber. In one container ! manufacturing plant in excess of 30,000 tons of waste polyetbylene is discarded yearly in public dumps. The waste polyethylene material consists mainly of polyethylene, in the order of about 98 percent, and about 2 percent of other materia~s which predominantly comprlse celluloslc fibers.
2a Thus, it will be understood that the waste polyethylene referred to herein is derived and has the approximate analysis as set forth above. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the nature of the waste polyethylene utilized has been set forth in as definitive a manner as is possible in view of the fact that the specific makeup of the waste polyethylene unavoidably varies from time to time.
Additionally, the waste polyethylene utilized in the present invention is preferably cut into elongated, ribbon-like strips.
For purposes of illustration, these strips are preferably on the order of 8 inches long and 1/4 inch wide. In the final p~oduct, the ~t;_~ mb/~ - 4 -6~3 polyethylene strips are not visible, but ~heir effect is quite apparent.
The polyethylene strips impart greater grip and permanence to fastening devices such as screws, nails, etc. This improvement is attributable to the flat ribbon-like shape of the strips and the fact that they overlap and interlink in the present invention. Greater moisture impermeability is also a result of the use of polyethylene strip~.
Not only does polyethylene offer great resistance to moisture penetration~
but also the ribbon-like shapes tend to randomly overlap forming a further physical barrier to penetration by moisture~
As discussed above, the present invention ~urther contemplates the use of stack dust or fly ash in combination with the sand, perlite, vermiculite, etc., widely used as aggregate in cement and cementitious mixtures. Stack dust is a by-product of commercial portland cement manufacturing operations, and is presently considered to be without r ~alue in concrete. Quite to the contrary, however, it has been determined that stack dust is quite suitable for use in the cementitious composition of the present invention. Fly ash, of coursei is a well-known by-product of coal burning plants. Since both stack dust and fly ash are considered to be undesirable by-products, and even poIlutants, it is to be understood that their quality and precise composition may vary widely depending upon, for example, their source, the temperatures attained in the cement manu~acturing facilityj the quality of the coal burned, and the equipment and operation of the steam plantc Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the nature of the stack dust and fly ash utilized has been set forth in as definitive a manner as is possible.
The synthetic resin-inorganic cementitious settable composition utili7ed to mold structural units in accordance with the present invention comprises, on the basis oE volume, appro~imately mb/ j - 5 - ~

one to four parts polyethylene strips, two to elght parts aggregate, one to two parts of hydraul;c cement, such as portland or lime-- containing cement, and one to four parts water. The aggregate is selected from a group consisting of sand, stack dust~ fly ash, perlite and vermiculite. However, as will be set forth in greater detail :.
hereinafter, perlite and vermicul-lte are not used together in the same mixture. Finally, as indicated above, the process for prepar;ng the composition of the present invention is unlque when compared with that cuxrently used in the preparation of cement products. The present mixture of concrete calls for an adding of all aggregates to the cement before any addition o~ water. This mixing procedure has proved to be unsatisfactory for preparing the composition of the present invention. Rather, the water and polyethylene strips are first mixed, next the cement is added, and r finally the selected aggregate is admixed.
The porportions of the components used in t~e present composition determine the resilience of the structural unit molded therefrom, and, accordin~ly, selectively varying the proportions in a predetermined manner contributes to the versatility of the resulting structural units. Units formed from the composition are suit~ble for the reception of nails, screws, staples, glue, plaster~
paint, and may be drilled. Additionally, when compared with presently available concrete products, the units exhibit markedly increased waterproof qualities. Structural units molded of the composition of the present invention will only absorb approximately 20 percent of their oun weight when submerged completely in water for as long as 30 days with no additional precautions taken to ,$~ mb/ J !

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enhance the waterproof qua:Lit:Les of the units prior to their being submerged~ Compressive strength testing of a structural unit produced u~ilizing the waste polyethylene-cementitious compositi~n of the present inven~ion have sustained compression of as high as 354,240 pounds per square foot without fracturing. Other test blocks which have been intentionally provided with fractures running 50 percent to 60 percent of the distance through the units have been subjected to a compresslve load of the order set forth and still remain intact.
A plank 18 inches wide, 4 inches thick and 72 inches long with two 5~8 inch reinforcing bars embedded therein and molded from a composition as set forth herein, after being per~itted to cure for eight days in the mold, was supported at either end by 4 inch bearings. A stress of 2,068 pounds was applied to the plank, at its center point, and the plank did not fracture or collapse but merely deflected about 3/4 inch. After removal of the stress the plank made a full recovery within 20 minutes. This test demonstrates the use of polyethylene strips in the present in~ention imparts a greater tensile strength and resiliency to this invention than is found in the prior art. This is primarily due to the overlapping and interlinking of the polyethylene strips.
Furthermore, cured structural units produced in accord with this invention are fire resistant in that in an exemplary test an oxygen-acetylene torch producing a flame having a temperature of about 7,000F. was applied to a 2 inch block without any significant damage. For comparison purposes, a 2 inch block of concrete, when subjected to the same flame for the same period of mb/ ~, 61E~

time (18 seconds) exploded and shattered. A 2 inch thick block of asbestos had a hole burned completely through it.
Finally, standard frequency test conducted with concrete and with the cementitious composition of the present invention show that cured structural units produced in accordance with this invention exceed concrete in sound reduction by about 43 percent. For example, an 8 inch thick concrete block transmitted 50 decibels of sound. A 4 inch block produced in accordance with this invention transmitted only lS to 18 decibels oE sound.
10The invention accordingly comprises a composition possessing the characteristics9 properties, and the relation o~
constituents which will be exemplified in the composition hereinafter described, a process comprising the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps .,~. ~, ~ - 8 -~za~6~
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with respect to each of the others, which will be exemplified in the process hereinafter disclosed, and a product possessing the features,'properties and the relation of components which will be exemplified in the product hereinafter described, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
In one particular aspect the present invention provides a synthetic resin-inorganic cementitious setta'ble composition, said composition consisting essentially of) by volume:
(a) about 1-4 parts elongated polyethylene StlipS;
(b) about 2-8 par~s aggregate, said aggregate being at least one type selected from the group consisting of cement stack dust, fly ash, perlite and vermiculite and mixtures thereof with sand, subject to the proviso that perlite and vermiculite not be selected concurrently;
(c) about 1-2 parts hydraulic cement; and (d) about 1-4 parts water.
In another particular aspect the present invention provides a process for preparing a synthetic resin-inorganic cementitious settable composition, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing about 1-4 parts, by volume, elongated poly-ethylene strips and about 1~4 parts, by volume, water;
(b) admixing about 1-2 parts9 by volume, hydraulic cement to the mixture of step (a);
(c) selecting a~ least one type of aggregate from the group consisting of cement stack dust, fly ash, perlite and vermiculite and combinations t'hereof with sand, su'bject to the proviso that perlite and vermiculite not be selected concurrently, and (d) admixing about 2-8 parts, by volume, aggregate of .
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step (c) to the mixture of step (b), in the followlng order:
stack dust, sand, perlite, vermiculite, fly ash.
- DETAIL~D DRSCRIPTION
The following examples are set forth in order to fully describe the composition and process of the present invention.
In each of the following examples, each of the ingredients of the composition are expressed in parts, by volume.
Furthermore, as will be set forth in gr~ater detail hereinafter, each of the ingredients is listed in the preferred order of their addition one to another in the process for preparlng the lnventive composition.

EXAMPLE I
A waste polyethylene-cementitious composition was formulated and intimately admixed utilizing:
Polyethylene Strips 1.0 part Water 1.34 parts Hydraulic Cement 1.0 part Aggregate (sand, stac~
dust and perlite~ 3.5 parts XAMPLE II
A waste polyethylene-cementitious composition was formulated and intimately admixed utilizing:
Polyethylene Strips 2.0 parts Water 2.67 parts Hydraulic Cement 1.0 part Aggregate (stack dust and perlite) 8.0 parts EXAMPL~ III
A waste polyethylene-cemen~itious composition was j 1 /~ 1 0-.

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, formula~ed and intimately admixed utili2ing:
Polyethyl~ne Strips 1.69 parts ~ater 1.69 parts Hydraulic Cement 1.0 parts Aggregate (sand and fly ash) 3.59 parts EXAMPLE IV
A waste polyethylene-cementitious composition was formulated and intimately admixed utilizing:
Polyethylene Strips 1.0 part Water 1.0 part Hydraulic Cement 2.0 parts Aggregate ~perlite) 6.0 parts EXAMPLE V
A waste polyethylene-cementitious compos-ition was formulated and intimately admixed utilizing:
Polyethylene Strips 1.0 part Water 1.0 part Hydraulic Cement 1.0 part Aggregate (vermiculite) 2.0 parts EXAMRLE VI
A waste polyethylene-cementitious composition was formulated and intimately admixed utilizing:
Polyethylene Strips 1.0 part Water 3.0 parts Hydraulic Cement 2.0 parts Aggregate (vermiculi~e~ 6.0 parts EXAMPLE VII
This example is generally presented for the purpose of more specifically detailing the process utilized in preparing , ~ 2~68 cementitious composition of the present application. Each of ~he preceding Examples should be consulted in c~mbination ~ith the disclosure presented in this E~ample.
As indicated above~ the cementitious composition of the present invention is prepared in a manner unlike that of ~ presently known and utilized cement and cementitious mixtures.
; The process utilized in the present invention may be schematically presented in the following sequential steps:
l. First, the predetermined quali~ies o polyethylene strips and water are intimately mixed.

2. Next, the corresponding amount of hydraulic cement is added to the water-polyethylene mix~ure and ~horoughly mixed.

3. Finally, the aggregate is admixed, and the resulting cementitious composition is ready for production of the end-use product. As shown in the preceding examples, a variety of aggregate components may be utili2ed. Regardless of the aggregate combination chosen the individual components are preferably added in the following order:
a. Stack Dust b. Sand c. Perlite d. Vermiculite e. Fly Ash Again, with specific regard to the preceding examples, it should be noted that at no time are both perlite and vermiculite utili~ed in the aggregate formulation for a single cementitious composition prepared in accord with this invention.
It will thus be seen that the obiects set forth above, `~3 j 1/ ~ 12 ' ' ~.' ' '.

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among those more apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained, and, since certain changes may be made in the above composition and process without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended th~t all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all oE the generic and specifi-~ feat~lres of the invention herein described, and all state~ents oE the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language~ might be said to fall therebetwe.en.
Particularly, it is to be understood that in said clalms, ingredients or compounds recited ln the slngular are intended to include compatible mixtures of such ingredients wherever the sense permits.

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Claims (3)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A synthetic resin-inorganic cementitious settable composition, said composition consisting essentially of, by volume:
(a) about 1-4 parts elongated polyethylene strips;
(b) about 2-8 parts aggregate, said aggregate being at least one type selected from the group consisting of cement stack dust, fly ash, perlite and vermiculite and mixtures thereof with sand, subject to the proviso that perlite and vermiculite not be selected concurrently;
(c) about 1-2 parts hydraulic cement; and (d) about 1-4 parts water.

2. The composition of Claim 1 wherein said polyethylene strips have a longitudinal dimension about thirty-two times that of their width.

3. A process for preparing a synthetic resin-inorganic cementitious settable composition, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing about 1-4 parts, by volume, elongated polyethylene strips and about 1-4 parts, by volume, water;
(b) admixing about 1-2 parts, by volume, hydraulic cement to the mixture of step (a);
(c) selecting at least one type of aggregate from the group consisting of cement stack dust, fly ash, perlite and vermiculite and combinations thereof with sand, subject to the proviso that perlite and vermiculite not be selected concurrently; and (d) admixing about 2-8 parts, by volume, aggregate of step (c) to the mixture of step (b), in the following order:
stack dust, sand, perlite, vermiculite, fly ash.