CA1100757A - Improving combustion in i.c. engines - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract of the Disclosure for improved combustion of hydrocarbon compounds, for example those contained in gasoline, diesel fuel etc., in internal combustion engines a liquid composition com-prising hydrogen peroxide, water, aliphatic alcohol having 1-4 carbon atoms, thin lubricating oil and anticorrosive is admixed with the fuel air mixture in the internal com-bustion engines.

Description

110(~757 This invention relates to a method and a liquid composi-tion for improving the combustion of hydrocarbon compounds, such as in gasoline, diesel fuel, in the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines and for reducing exhaust gases, such as CO, HC, NOx, for increasing engine power effect and reducing fuel consump-tion by catalysis and conversion.
With the increasing density of automobile traffic, pri-marily in big city areas, the exhaust gases of automobiles give rise to an ever greater air pollution. Especially carbon monoxide and nitrous gases are extremely injurious to health. Many countries have adopted severe regulations with regard to permissible maximum CO-contents in the exhaust gases of automobiles, and there is con-sequently a great need for improved combustion systems and satis-factory exhaust gas purifiers.
Several more or less effective systems of realising such exhaust gas purification have been developed. However, they are disadvantageous inasmuch as they increase gasoline consumption and besides are complicated and expensive to manufa~ture and utilize.
The most common method is to arrange a catalyst system in the ex-haust pipe of the internal combustion engine, whereby to cause an oxidation of carbon monoxide and a reduction of nitrous gases.
The present invention provides a method of improving the combustion of hydrocarbon compounds in the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines, in which a liquid composition according to the invention is admixed with the fuel air mixture of the engines, said liquid composition comprising hydrogen peroxide, water, ali-phatic alcohol having 1-4 carbon atoms, an~ a thin lubricating oil.

~10()7S7 Preferably, the liquid composition comprises, calculated per volume unit, 1-10 ~ hydrogen peroxide, 50-80 ~ water, 15-45 % of an ali-phatic alcohol having 1-4 carbon atoms, 2-15 ~ of a thin lubricating oil and up to 5 ~ of an anticorrosive. The most preferred composi-tion comprises 3-7 % hydrogen peroxide, 60-75 % water, 32-17 ethanol, 5 ~ thin lubricating oil and up to 1 % anticorrosive.
The composition is introduced into the intake manifold of the engine from a simple apparatus. This apparatus comprises a closed container which via a tube opens into the intake manifold of the engine. The container has an air intake which opens at the bottom of the container, and a closable composition fillèr opening.
By the vacuum generated in the intake manifold air is sucked into the air intake of the container, distributed at the bottom of the container into the liquid composition and when rising through the liquid entrains small droplets thereof, whereupon the resultant mixture is injected into the intake manifold of the engine, mixing with the fuel air mixture.
The effect of the composition according to the invention probably depends upon the following factors. The composition functions as a "moderator", that is, it cuts the combustion peaks.
The supply of water and hydrogen to the engine permits utilizing more steps in the combustion chain. The composition serves as a catalyst for the fuel conversion. The compression is increased and the atomization in the intake manifold is improved. Moreover, im-proved cooling and improved utilization of the adiabatic process are realised.

~10~1757 The reaction responsible for Co oxidation is CO + OH ~ -~CO2 + H

wherein a number of elementary reactions influencing the local concentrations of OH and H are'speed determining.
The reactions determining the NOx-discharge are Zel'dovitch's reactions:

~2 + ~- N + NO
N + O~ c- NO + O
which possibly include N ~ OH ~- NO + H
and probably also a less known mechanism in the sludge zone which gives rise to the so-called prompt NOx-formation.
The method and the composition according to the invention have been tested in the laboratory under thoroughIy controlled con-ditions in two different series (respectively at Gulf Research Center, Rotterdam, Holland, and at Statens Teknologiska Institut, Oslo, Norway~f as well as in practical experiments on automobiles in ordinary traffic.
For the laboratory tests, Series A, two standard auto-/~ ~r~J-mA. ,lc) obiles were chosen as test cars, namely an Opel' Rekord 170Q, rad~r~) fl Model 1970 (car 1~, and a Ford Taunus 1600,' Model 1974 (car 2).
When the tests commenced, car 1 had been driven about 70,000 km and car 2 about 25,000 km. The cars were equipped with instru-ments, checked and adjusted so as to agree with'the manufacturer's specifications. The cars were'then driven on the'road for deter-mination of the times of accel'eration and presetting of the chassis dynamometers in conformity wi~h the acceleration condi-~lOV~57 tions on the road.
After the cars had been mounted on the chassis dynamo-meters they were run respectively without and with admixture of the composition according to the invention for determination of:

1. Carbon monoxide content as well as content of hydrocarbons and nitrous gases in the exhaust gases by NDIR (Non Dispersant Infra Red) at idling and at various speeds.

2. Gasoline consumption at various speeds.

3. Power curve.

The measurements were made by so-called "CVS bag analysis".
It should be observed that no adjustments Q~ carburetors etc.
were made in these laboratory tests to compensate for the increased air supply associated with the use of the composition according to the invention. In the tests use was made of a composition consisting of 67 % of a 2 ~ hydrogen peroxide, 27 ~ ethanol, 5 % of a thin lubricating oil, and 1 % anticorrosive.
1 liter of this composition was consumed at a run of about

4,000-4,500 km using an injection nozzle of 1.5 mm diameter.
The results of the m;easurem~nts are indicated in Tables 1-7.
A summary shows that 1. the use of the composition according to the invention reduced the carbon monoxide content by 40-50 ~;

2~ the remaining components in the exhaust gases (hydrocarbons and nitrous gases) did not increase bu~ rather diminished or remained at the same values as without any admixture of the composition according to the invention;

~``` 110~J75~

3. the admixture of the composition according to the invention reduced the gasoline consumption;

4. the use of the composition according to the invention -~
increased the engine power.

In order also to test the use of the composition according to the invention on ordinary dri~ing use was made Ca ~lLrale~a~K~
of a third test car, namely a Ford Taunus Combi 160~, Model 1974, which was driven during one year a distance of almost 30 000 km, with admixture of the composition according to the invention to the fuel air mixture. Repeated measurements w~th a standard measuriny instrument established a CO-content of 0.7 % (corresponding to 0.75 % with the use ~ ~Lr~d~ma~
of a precision instrument, Beckman~NDIR Instrument Model 315 B) simultaneously as the gasoline consumption decreased by 0.1 liter per 10 km. The explanation why this test showed so much better results than the laboratory tests appears to be that int. al. the carburetor had been adjusted with regard to the increased air supply that is associated with the use of the composition according to the invention. Besides, the composition according to the invention is assumed to exert a long-range cleaning effect on the engine which thus will not, as is the case on ordinary driving, become more and more dirty, thereby emitting e~er dirtier exhaust gases. The engine was also subjected to a partial check-up, including oil tests, but nothing remarkable was found. The same engine check-up was made on test car 1. These results are shown in Table 8.
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1.

1~0~J7S7 TA~-3IIE 5 CO-, IIC- ~nd NOx-bag contents measured during CVS test on car l q'est csl ss2 HS3 Comments _ _ _ _ 1 CO, ~ 0.22 0.07 1.860 Rejected ~ag test- too high a bag pressure HC, ppm 1880 1140 1860 Incorrect carburetor setting NOx,ppm 135 100 N.D.
.. .. _ . _ _ . .. _ .
2 CO, ~ 0.53 0.29 0.23 Adjusted carburetor setting HC, ppm 2000 1320 1360 NOx,ppm 112 48 130 3 CO, % 0.44 0.24 0.21 HC, ppm 1480 lO00 1100 NOx,ppm 150 73 155 ,. .
4 CO, % 0.56 0.25 0.22 HC, ppm 1560 650 960 NOx,ppm 130 57 170 . .
xl CO, %0.51 0.26 0.22 Mean values for tests 2-4 Co, %0.32 0.16 0.13 N-1.5 mm4 HC, ppm l900 960 1020 NOx,ppm 105 39 85 _ .
6 CO, % 0.60 0.11 0.17 N-1.5 mm HC, ppm 1840 860 1200 NOx,ppm 125 100 205 x2 CO, % 0.46 0.14 0.15 Mean values for tests ~ 5 and 6 .
~old start ~2Stabilized start JHot start With the c~mposition ~ccording to the invention injected through a nozzle of 1.5 mm diameter Result of comparison between mean ~alues x2 and xl; CO~leyel reduced by approx. 10, 45 and 30% ~or CS, SS and HS
x Not determined .. ~ , .

1~L0(J~57 T~BLE 6 ~eas~red power values for car 2 Test 1 2 1) Di~ference Ordinary ~-1.5 mm 2, - 1. .
fuel Engine horse~ horse~ horse-rpm power power power _ __ 2000 25.1 25.5 + 0.4 2250 28.4 28.6 + 0.2 2500 31.6 32,6 + 1.0 2750 34.0 34 5 + 0-5 3000 36.9 37.7 ~ 0.8 3250 41.0 42.0 + 1.0 3500 42.6 43.6 + 1.0 3750 45.3 45,8 + 0.5 4000 49.7 49.7 + 0 4250 51.7 52.1 + 0.4 4500 51.3 50.9 - 0.4 4750 2) 53.3 52.4 - 0.9 5000 52.3 50.2 - 2.1 _ ., 1) With the composition according to the invention, nozzle diameter 1.5 mm 2) Corresponds to speed range about 125 - 140 km/h.

. -12-~1007S7 TAB~E 7 , _ , . . _ 1, 2, 3) Measured power values for car- 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ Test 3 4 4) Dif~erence N-1.5 mm 4-3 Engine horse-X horse-X horse-rpm power power power . ~
2000 26.5 26.9 + 0.4 2250 29.7 29.8 ~ 0.1 2500 31.2 31.7 + 0.5 2750 35.8 36.4 + 0.6 3000 40.4 4~.6 ~ 0.2 3250 ~.7 43.5 + 0.8 3500 45.6 46,0 + 0.4 375~ 48.2 49.2 + 1.0 4000 52.2 52.6 ~ 0.4 4250 53.8 55.0 ~ 1.2 4500 54.0 56.1 + 2.1 4750 54.4 55.5 + 1.1 5000 54.4 54.4 ~ 0 x horsepower values for dynamometer air resistance Result of the use of the composition according to the invention:
A slight, but still an increase of the power at all rpms measured, except at 5000 rpm.
) Measurements after repair of fan and subsequent chassis dynamometer calibration.
2) These power measurements took place after the car had run 363 km with admixture of the composition according to the invention.
3) Cf. Table 6-4) With the composition according to the invention, nozzle diameter 1?5 mm.

~1 1~0(~757 Check of motor oil from car 1 and car 3 .
Car 1 with- Car 1 with Car 3 with out a~xture a~mixture of admixture of of the compo- the composi- the composi-sition accord tion accord- tion accord-ing to the ing to the ing to the invention invention invention -T~s~ed product Sump oil Sump oil Sump oil Distance run with 77,707 km 77,935 km engine Test amount 100 ml 100 ml Insoluble matter, per-cent by weight,with coagulating agent total amount (n-pentane) insoluble substances 3.20 3.30 0.17 substances insoluble in benzene 1.04 1.12 0.13 oxidized fuel and/or oil (rubber and resin) 2.16 2.08 0.04 .. _ .. ._. _ . _ ... _ . _ . .. . . . ~

1~0(J757 Eor the laboratory tests, Series B, two standard auto-mobiles were chosen as test cars, namely a Ford Taunus 1600, model 1975 (car 4), and a Ford Taunus 1600, model 1974 ~car 5). Car 4 was tested with and Witllout admixture of the composition according to the invention, while car 5 was tested only with admixture of the composition. Car 5 was the same car as that designated car 2 in Series A, but had now been driven about 40,000 km with admixture of the composition.
Before the measurements were made, car 4 was checked and adjusted wherever necessary so as to agree with the manufacturer's specifications on the following points:

a) compression ratio b) distance between the spark plug electrodes c) the closure angle of the breaker contact d) resistance of the spark plug cover e) idling speed f) air/fuel ratio at idling No adjustments were made on car 5.
After the cars had been mounted on the chassis dynamo-meters, they were run for determination of:

1. Carbon monixide content (CO) as well as content of hydrocarbons ~HC) and nitrous gases (NO/NOX) in the exhaust gases at idting and at various speeds according to the driving program of the E.C.E.
method (Economic Commission of Europe).

,.

110()75~

2. Gas volume.
3. Gasoline consumption at various fixed speed.
4. Power curve.

The measurements were made by so-called "CVS bag analysis".
In the tests, use was made of a composition consisting of 67 % of a 6 % hydrogen peroxide,27.9 % ethanol, 5 ~ of a thin lubricating oil, and 0.1 % anticorrosive. 1 litre of this composition was con-sumed at a run of about 4,000 ~m using an iniection nozzle of 1.5 mm.
The measuring program was as follows:
1) Car 4, no admixture of the liquid composition according to the invention; results in Table 9.
1.1 The car was driven about 100 km at 70 km/h in an exhaust gas laboratory for stabilization of the engine conditions.
1.2 Several (5) measurements of the discharge of CO, HC and NOX and the fuel consumption were made during the ECE
driving program.
1.3 The fuel consumption at 80 km/h was measured (5 continuous measurements to establish the time required for the con-sumption of 100.0 g gasoline).
1.4 The maximum driving wheel effect was measured at 6 different loads.

2) Car 4, with admixture of the liquid composition according to the invention, no adjustment ("direct result"). Results in Table 10.
2.1 An apparatus for the admixture of the liquid composition according to the invention was mounted on the engine of the car.

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: .,, :., : -llOV7S7 2.2 Measurements were made as described under 1.1, 1.2, 1.3and 1.~.

3) Car 4, with admixture of the liquid composition according to the invention, adjustment was made to change the carburetor mixing ratio ("adapted result"). Results in Table 11.
3.1 The fuel/air mixture in the carburetor at idling was adjusted so as to obtaln a 0.7 ~ CO content in the exhaust gases.
3.2 Measurements were made as descri~ed under 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4.

4) Car 5, with admixture of the liquid compositi~n accordlng to the invention. Results in Table 12.
4.1 Measurements were made on the car such as it was with admixture of the liquid composition. No modifications or adjustments were made. This car had been driven 40,000 km with the use of the system according to the invention.
4.2 Measurements were made as described under 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4.

An automobile engine is influenced by many factors during the course of the measuring program and even if all instructions have been observed to maintain uniform conditions, it is not probable that repeated measurements give exactly the same results.
To obtain a basis for definite conclusions, the test results have been statistically analysed.
The statistic analysis had the following purposes:
1) To estimate from~a limited number of observations the range within which the mean values of an essential (unlimited) number of measurements would fall. This range is described by a maximum .

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110l)757 value and a minimum value at 95 ~ probability.
2) To determin~ wllether the difference between two measuring series is significant, that is, if it is sufficiently large to hint at an actual change of test conditions. The difference is eonsidered significant when there is less than 5 % probability for the diffe-rence being only the result of non-recurrent circumstances.
The power measurements were made but once and the statistical analysis was only ef~ected on the average change in pereent in each case. -The results obtained with car 2 were not compared to those obtained with car 1. The reason is that even if two engines s~ngly are identical, there are nevertheless differenees in manufacture which cause variations ~n exhaust gases, fuel eonsump-tion and maximum driving wheel effeet.
When the cars were run on the chassis dynamometers with admixture of the liquid eomposition aeeording to the invention, they showed no sign of poorer driving properties in the form of ear~uretor disturbance etc. as long as the CO content (at idling) was not brought below 0.7-0.8 % by volumeO

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Claims (12)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A method of improving the combustion of hydrocarbon compounds in the combustion chambers of internal combustion engine wherein a liquid composition comprising calculated per unit volume, 1 to 10% hydrogen peroxide, 50 to 80% water, 15 to 45% aliphatic alcohol having 1-4 carbon atoms, and 2 to 15%
thin lubricating oil is admixed with the fuel air mixture of said engines.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid composition also includes an anticorrosive.

3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the admixed liquid composition comprises, calculated per volume unit, 1-10% hydrogen peroxide, 50-80% water, 15-45% aliphatic alcohol, having 1-4 carbon atoms, 2-15% thin lubricating oil and up to 5% anticorrosive.

4. A method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the aliphatic alcohol is ethanol.

5. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a liquid composition is admixed, which comprises 3-7% hydrogen peroxide, 60% water, 32-17% ethanol, 5% thin lubricating oil and up to 1%
anticorrosive.

6. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a liquid composition is admixed, which comprises 4% hydrogen peroxide, 63% water, 27.9 % ethanol, S% thin lubricating oil and 0.1%
anticorrosive.

7. A liquid composition for carrying out the method of claim 1 or improving the combustion of hydrocarbon compounds in the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines, wherein said composition comprises, calculated per unit volume, 1 to 10%
hydrogen peroxide, 50 to 80% water, 15 to 45% aliphatic alcohol having 1-4 carbon atoms and 2 to 15% thin lubricating oil.

8. A liquid composition as claimed in claim 7, wherein said composition also includes an anticorrosive.

9. A liquid composition as claimed in claim 7, wherein said composition comprises, calculated per volume unit, 1-10%
hydrogen peroxide, 50-80% water, 15-45% aliphatic alcohol having 1-4 carbon atoms, 2-15% thin lubricating oil and up to 5%
anticorrosive.

10. A liquid composition as claimed in claim 7, 8 or 9 wherein the aliphatic alcohol is ethanol.

11. A liquid composition as claimed in claim 7, wherein said composition comprises 3-7% hydrogen peroxide, 60-75 water, 32-17% ethanol, 5% thin lubricating oil and up to 1%
anticorrosive.

12 A liquid composition as claimed in claim 7, wherein said composition comprises 4% hydrogen peroxide, 63% water, 27.9 % ethanol, 5% thin lubricating oil and 0.1% anticorrosive.