CA1097467A - Mineral fillers - Google Patents
Mineral fillersInfo
- Publication number
- CA1097467A CA1097467A CA282,678A CA282678A CA1097467A CA 1097467 A CA1097467 A CA 1097467A CA 282678 A CA282678 A CA 282678A CA 1097467 A CA1097467 A CA 1097467A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- paper
- starch
- clay
- cationic starch
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000012764 mineral filler Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001302 tertiary amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium group Chemical group [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical class [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000467 secondary amino group Chemical class [H]N([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 24
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 21
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000001164 aluminium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000011128 aluminium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H dialuminum;trisulfate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 8
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N Rosin Natural products O(C/C=C/c1ccccc1)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011369 resultant mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000198134 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010009 beating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001175 calcium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011132 calcium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000144992 flock Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
- D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
- D21H17/68—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments siliceous, e.g. clays
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
- D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
- D21H17/28—Starch
- D21H17/29—Starch cationic
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
- D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
- D21H17/69—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments modified, e.g. by association with other compositions prior to incorporation in the pulp or paper
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
- D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
- D21H23/04—Addition to the pulp; After-treatment of added substances in the pulp
- D21H23/06—Controlling the addition
- D21H23/14—Controlling the addition by selecting point of addition or time of contact between components
- D21H23/16—Addition before or during pulp beating or refining
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB2940876A GB1581548A (en) | 1976-07-14 | 1976-07-14 | Manufacture of paper or cardboard |
| GB29408/76 | 1976-07-14 | ||
| GB933877 | 1977-03-04 | ||
| GB9338/77 | 1977-03-04 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1097467A true CA1097467A (en) | 1981-03-17 |
Family
ID=26242871
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA282,678A Expired CA1097467A (en) | 1976-07-14 | 1977-07-13 | Mineral fillers |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4210490A (show.php) |
| BR (1) | BR7704605A (show.php) |
| CA (1) | CA1097467A (show.php) |
| DE (1) | DE2731934A1 (show.php) |
| ES (1) | ES460740A1 (show.php) |
| FI (1) | FI772192A7 (show.php) |
| FR (1) | FR2358507A1 (show.php) |
| IT (1) | IT1116769B (show.php) |
| NL (1) | NL7707797A (show.php) |
| NO (1) | NO772492L (show.php) |
| SE (1) | SE7708115L (show.php) |
Families Citing this family (55)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS593247B2 (ja) * | 1980-03-18 | 1984-01-23 | 日鉄鉱業株式会社 | セラミツク質構造体の製造法 |
| FR2492425A1 (fr) * | 1980-10-21 | 1982-04-23 | Gascogne Papeteries | Procede de preparation par des techniques papetieres d'un materiau en feuille avec une retention sur machine amelioree, materiau en feuille ainsi obtenu et son application notamment dans le domaine de l'impression-ecriture, de l'emballage et des revetements |
| US4820554A (en) * | 1985-11-27 | 1989-04-11 | E.C.C. America Inc. | Coated paper and process |
| US4799964A (en) * | 1985-07-29 | 1989-01-24 | Grain Processing Corporation | Preparation of filler compositions for paper |
| GB8531558D0 (en) * | 1985-12-21 | 1986-02-05 | Wiggins Teape Group Ltd | Loaded paper |
| GB8822577D0 (en) * | 1988-09-26 | 1988-11-02 | Blue Circle Ind Plc | Papermaking filler compositions |
| GB8828899D0 (en) * | 1988-12-10 | 1989-01-18 | Laporte Industries Ltd | Paper & paperboard |
| US5122231A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1992-06-16 | Cargill, Incorporated | Cationic cross-linked starch for wet-end use in papermaking |
| US5709827A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1998-01-20 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Methods for manufacturing articles having a starch-bound cellular matrix |
| US5851634A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1998-12-22 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Hinges for highly inorganically filled composite materials |
| US5683772A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1997-11-04 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Articles having a starch-bound cellular matrix reinforced with uniformly dispersed fibers |
| US5662731A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1997-09-02 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Compositions for manufacturing fiber-reinforced, starch-bound articles having a foamed cellular matrix |
| US5800647A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1998-09-01 | E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc | Methods for manufacturing articles from sheets having a highly inorganically filled organic polymer matrix |
| US5660903A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1997-08-26 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Sheets having a highly inorganically filled organic polymer matrix |
| US5928741A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1999-07-27 | E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc | Laminated articles of manufacture fashioned from sheets having a highly inorganically filled organic polymer matrix |
| US5641584A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1997-06-24 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Highly insulative cementitious matrices and methods for their manufacture |
| US5545450A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1996-08-13 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Molded articles having an inorganically filled organic polymer matrix |
| US5658603A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1997-08-19 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Systems for molding articles having an inorganically filled organic polymer matrix |
| US5582670A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1996-12-10 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Methods for the manufacture of sheets having a highly inorganically filled organic polymer matrix |
| US5830305A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1998-11-03 | E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc | Methods of molding articles having an inorganically filled organic polymer matrix |
| US5508072A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1996-04-16 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Sheets having a highly inorganically filled organic polymer matrix |
| US5679145A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1997-10-21 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Starch-based compositions having uniformly dispersed fibers used to manufacture high strength articles having a fiber-reinforced, starch-bound cellular matrix |
| US5580624A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1996-12-03 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Food and beverage containers made from inorganic aggregates and polysaccharide, protein, or synthetic organic binders, and the methods of manufacturing such containers |
| US5618341A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1997-04-08 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Methods for uniformly dispersing fibers within starch-based compositions |
| US5660900A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1997-08-26 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Inorganically filled, starch-bound compositions for manufacturing containers and other articles having a thermodynamically controlled cellular matrix |
| CA2137347A1 (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1994-03-03 | Per Just Andersen | Hydraulically settable containers |
| US5631097A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1997-05-20 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Laminate insulation barriers having a cementitious structural matrix and methods for their manufacture |
| US5506046A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1996-04-09 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Articles of manufacture fashioned from sheets having a highly inorganically filled organic polymer matrix |
| US5453310A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1995-09-26 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Cementitious materials for use in packaging containers and their methods of manufacture |
| US5810961A (en) * | 1993-11-19 | 1998-09-22 | E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc | Methods for manufacturing molded sheets having a high starch content |
| US5830548A (en) | 1992-08-11 | 1998-11-03 | E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc | Articles of manufacture and methods for manufacturing laminate structures including inorganically filled sheets |
| US5716675A (en) * | 1992-11-25 | 1998-02-10 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Methods for treating the surface of starch-based articles with glycerin |
| DK169728B1 (da) | 1993-02-02 | 1995-01-23 | Stein Gaasland | Fremgangsmåde til frigørelse af cellulosebaserede fibre fra hinanden i vand og støbemasse til plastisk formning af celluloseholdige fiberprodukter |
| US5738921A (en) | 1993-08-10 | 1998-04-14 | E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc | Compositions and methods for manufacturing sealable, liquid-tight containers comprising an inorganically filled matrix |
| US5736209A (en) * | 1993-11-19 | 1998-04-07 | E. Kashoggi, Industries, Llc | Compositions having a high ungelatinized starch content and sheets molded therefrom |
| US6083586A (en) * | 1993-11-19 | 2000-07-04 | E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc | Sheets having a starch-based binding matrix |
| US5843544A (en) * | 1994-02-07 | 1998-12-01 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Articles which include a hinged starch-bound cellular matrix |
| US5705203A (en) * | 1994-02-07 | 1998-01-06 | E. Khashoggi Industries | Systems for molding articles which include a hinged starch-bound cellular matrix |
| US5776388A (en) * | 1994-02-07 | 1998-07-07 | E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc | Methods for molding articles which include a hinged starch-bound cellular matrix |
| SE503386C2 (sv) * | 1994-09-30 | 1996-06-03 | Skogsind Tekn Foskningsinst | Förfarande vid bestämning av mängden fyllmedel i papper |
| US5958185A (en) * | 1995-11-07 | 1999-09-28 | Vinson; Kenneth Douglas | Soft filled tissue paper with biased surface properties |
| US5611890A (en) * | 1995-04-07 | 1997-03-18 | The Proctor & Gamble Company | Tissue paper containing a fine particulate filler |
| US5830317A (en) * | 1995-04-07 | 1998-11-03 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Soft tissue paper with biased surface properties containing fine particulate fillers |
| US5700352A (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 1997-12-23 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for including a fine particulate filler into tissue paper using an anionic polyelectrolyte |
| US5672249A (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 1997-09-30 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for including a fine particulate filler into tissue paper using starch |
| US6168857B1 (en) | 1996-04-09 | 2001-01-02 | E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc | Compositions and methods for manufacturing starch-based compositions |
| US5858076A (en) * | 1996-06-07 | 1999-01-12 | Albion Kaolin Company | Coating composition for paper and paper boards containing starch and smectite clay |
| US5759346A (en) * | 1996-09-27 | 1998-06-02 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for making smooth uncreped tissue paper containing fine particulate fillers |
| EP0953680A1 (en) * | 1998-04-27 | 1999-11-03 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | A process for the production of paper |
| FI117871B (fi) * | 2001-04-24 | 2007-03-30 | M Real Oyj | Monikerroksinen kuitutuote ja menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi |
| ES2377754T3 (es) * | 2004-10-15 | 2012-03-30 | Stora Enso Ab | Procedimiento para producir un papel o cartón y un papel o cartón producido según el procedimiento |
| US7964063B2 (en) * | 2006-08-11 | 2011-06-21 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Methods and compositions for papermaking |
| WO2013042654A1 (ja) | 2011-09-22 | 2013-03-28 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 膜形成用組成物、積層体、膜、シート基材、包装材、膜形成用組成物の製造方法、セルロース分散液の製造方法 |
| US20160073686A1 (en) | 2014-09-12 | 2016-03-17 | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Tobacco-derived filter element |
| US9950858B2 (en) | 2015-01-16 | 2018-04-24 | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Tobacco-derived cellulose material and products formed thereof |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA603061A (en) * | 1960-08-09 | H. Werner Tyrrell | Paper pigments coated with substituted mannans | |
| NL107598C (show.php) * | 1954-08-11 | 1963-10-15 | Warren S D Co | |
| US3052595A (en) * | 1955-05-11 | 1962-09-04 | Dow Chemical Co | Method for increasing filler retention in paper |
| US3342732A (en) * | 1964-07-30 | 1967-09-19 | Ashland Oil Inc | Process for flocculating aqueous dispersions of solids using electropositive polysaccharide complex |
| US3257267A (en) * | 1965-05-19 | 1966-06-21 | Harold R Hay | Retarding liberation of an additament in forming a fibrous web by embedding the additament in a gel matrix prior to addition to the fibers |
| DE2041406A1 (de) * | 1969-08-27 | 1971-04-15 | Wiggins Teape Res Dev | Verfahren zum Herstellen von blattfoermigem Fasermaterial mit eingelagerten Feststoffpartikeln |
| US4115187A (en) * | 1970-03-31 | 1978-09-19 | Welwyn Hall Research Association | Agglomerated fillers used in paper |
| GB1347071A (en) * | 1971-07-01 | 1974-02-13 | Starch Products Ltd | Paper fillers |
| GB1505641A (en) * | 1974-04-19 | 1978-03-30 | Grace W R & Co | Process of preparing a filler composition for paper |
-
1977
- 1977-07-12 SE SE7708115A patent/SE7708115L/xx unknown
- 1977-07-13 NO NO772492A patent/NO772492L/no unknown
- 1977-07-13 CA CA282,678A patent/CA1097467A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-07-13 IT IT68629/77A patent/IT1116769B/it active
- 1977-07-13 BR BR7704605A patent/BR7704605A/pt unknown
- 1977-07-13 NL NL7707797A patent/NL7707797A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-07-14 FI FI772192A patent/FI772192A7/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-07-14 ES ES460740A patent/ES460740A1/es not_active Expired
- 1977-07-14 DE DE19772731934 patent/DE2731934A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1977-07-18 FR FR7721922A patent/FR2358507A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
1978
- 1978-12-19 US US05/970,973 patent/US4210490A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1116769B (it) | 1986-02-10 |
| DE2731934A1 (de) | 1978-01-19 |
| NO772492L (no) | 1978-01-17 |
| SE7708115L (sv) | 1978-01-15 |
| ES460740A1 (es) | 1978-05-01 |
| NL7707797A (nl) | 1978-01-17 |
| FI772192A7 (show.php) | 1978-01-15 |
| US4210490A (en) | 1980-07-01 |
| BR7704605A (pt) | 1978-04-04 |
| FR2358507A1 (fr) | 1978-02-10 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |