CA1092805A - Apparatus and method for steam drying - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for steam dryingInfo
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- CA1092805A CA1092805A CA279,426A CA279426A CA1092805A CA 1092805 A CA1092805 A CA 1092805A CA 279426 A CA279426 A CA 279426A CA 1092805 A CA1092805 A CA 1092805A
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- drying
- veneer
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- heating
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Abstract
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR STEAM DRYING
Abstract A method and apparatus are disclosed for drying materials by contact with a drying gas consisting essentially of internally generated superheated drying steam above 212°F., to vaporize the water in the material and remove it to produce the steam used for drying. A
minor portion of steam is removed from the drying gas and discarded to maintain pressure equilibrium. The drying steam is produced within the drying chamber from water evaporated from the material being dryed and is either heated to form the superheated steam within the drying zone where it is in contact with the material or removed from the drying zone, heated to form superheated steam, and returned to the drying zone for contact with the material during drying. A wood veneer dryer employ-ping the invention is described as well as an apparatus for drying particulate material. The drying zones pro-vided with the veneer dryer have at least along the major portions of their lengths a negative internal pressure which is below that of the ambient external atmosphere outside the dryer to prevent pollutants from leaking out of the dryer and ambient air is prevented from entering the dryer into such drying zones.
Abstract A method and apparatus are disclosed for drying materials by contact with a drying gas consisting essentially of internally generated superheated drying steam above 212°F., to vaporize the water in the material and remove it to produce the steam used for drying. A
minor portion of steam is removed from the drying gas and discarded to maintain pressure equilibrium. The drying steam is produced within the drying chamber from water evaporated from the material being dryed and is either heated to form the superheated steam within the drying zone where it is in contact with the material or removed from the drying zone, heated to form superheated steam, and returned to the drying zone for contact with the material during drying. A wood veneer dryer employ-ping the invention is described as well as an apparatus for drying particulate material. The drying zones pro-vided with the veneer dryer have at least along the major portions of their lengths a negative internal pressure which is below that of the ambient external atmosphere outside the dryer to prevent pollutants from leaking out of the dryer and ambient air is prevented from entering the dryer into such drying zones.
Description
The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for drying water-containing materials.
More particularly, the present invention relates to a process and apparatus for drying materials with in-ternally generated superheated steam in a drying zone while preventing ambient air from entering such drying zone. In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for drying thin sheet materials such as wood veneer. In another aspect the invention relates to a process for drying particulate materials.
Wood veneer is normally dried by passing large volumes of hot air over the veneer sheets. The water content of the hot air is usually about five percent, but may be as high as 30 percent or more in unusual cases. When overly hot air contacts the veneer, the surface of the veneer begins drying immediately and very rapidly dries out completely, becoming overly hot, ` while the interior of the veneer is still relatively cool and moist. This temperature gradient, and the resulting moisture gradient in the veneer cause hardening, cracking and general degradation of the veneer. For this reason, the wood veneer drying art has resorted to relatively low drying air temperatures and long drying times.
It is desirable to have a uniform moisture content in the veneer after drying is completed. In con-ventional veneer drying the outer surface of the veneer is overly dry after drying is completed, while the interior of the veneer remains overly moist. Moreover, sheets of veneer dried at different times in the same dryer often have different moisture contents, making it difficult to glue the veneer uniformly to produce plywood.
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A major problem in the veneer drying art has been disposal of large amounts of hydrocarbonaceous vapors which are evolved from the veneer during drying. The hydrocarbonaceous vapors are removed from the veneer by hot air in the dryer and carried out of the dryer up a smoke stack along with the air. In the past, after the hot air has been used in drying, it has simply been dis-carded up the stack and released into the atmosphere. In addition, much of the hydrocarbon vapor leaks out of door seals and cracks in the veneer dryer as "fugitive emissions"
because of the positive pressure created within the dryer.
This has caused severe air pollution problems. Under present environmental restrictions, it has become neces-; sary to curb release into the atmosphere of such hydro-carbonaceous vapors.
Drying of particulate materials such as seeds, alfalfa, manure, etc., has also been accomplished by con-tacting the materials with large volumes of hot air.
Typically, air has been taken from the atmosphere and heated, contacted with the material to be dried, and then simply released back into the atmosphere. Heat energy imparted to the air before it is used in drying is thus lost when the air is released. Air drying of particulates, like air drying of veneer, has created air pollution problems as a result of production of various volatile materials stripped from the drying particulate material by the hot drying air, which have simply been released into the atmosphere along with used air.
Conventional air drying of particulates is relatively uneconomical in that the heat energy imparted to air used in drying is wasted. Further, it has been 1~3;928~5 found difficult and expensive to remove volatile pol-lutants from the heated air after use in drying, before the air is returne~ to the atmosphere.
These problems of pollution control and energy waste are overcome by the steam drying method and ap-paratus of the present invention. While superheated steam has been used previously in batch drying systems for conditioning and drying heavy lumber and has been suggested for increased humidity to prevent fires in the operation of veneer dryers along with reduced air inflow for heat conservation as discussed by S. E. Corder in Forest Products Journal, October 1963, pages 449 to 453, it has not been employed along with means for producing a negative internal pressure within the drying chamber in continuous production drying systems such as those used for drying wood veneer or particulates to prevent the fugitive emission of pollutants from such chamber into the plant containing such dryer.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for drying water-containing materials in a more rapid and efficient manner than pos-sible using conventional drying systems.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a drying method and apparatus for drying thin sheets and particulates which employ a drying medium con~
sisting essentially of internally generated superheated steam and prevent ambient air from entering the drying zone.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a drying method and apparatus which conserves heat energy loss and reduces atmospheric pollution from pollutants stripped from a material during drying~
~w~s It is a further object of the present invention to provide a drying method and apparatus for drying a water-containing material to a substantially uniform water content at the surface and in the interior of the material r It is a further object of this invention to provide a veneer dryer having increaseZ production capa-city.
It is a further ob~ect of this invention to provide a veneer dryer method and apparatus which allows automatic regulation of the internal pressure in a veneer dryer~
It is a further object of the present invention - to provide a drying method and apparatus for efficient drying of water-containing materials and reducing break-down and degradation of the dried materials.
In one embodiment, th~ present invention re-lates to a drying method for removing water from a water-containing material, which includes contacting the material with a drying gas consisting essentially of steam, at a temperature higher than 212F., at atmospheric pressure or lower, vaporizing water in the material, heating the drying steam to maintain a temperature above 212F., and discarding a small portion of the drying steam to maintain the desired pressure.
In another embodiment, the present invention re-lates to drying apparatus for removing water absorbed in a material, which includes a container for holding the material, heating means for providing a heating fluid consisting essentially of superheated steam in the con-tainer, means for preventing ambient air from entering 1~ 5 said container, and means for removing a portion of the heating fluid from the container to maintain a desired pressure therein.
According to a broad aspect of the present invention there is provided a drying method for removing water from a water containing material . to provide a dried product which comprises the steps of:
;~ contacting said water containing material, in a drying zone at drying conditions, with a recycled drying fluid comprising superheated steam at a first temperature above the boiling temperature of water, whereby at least a portion of the water in said material is vaporized, removed from said material, and commingled with said drying fluid to form an effluent gas stream comprising steam at a second temperature lower than said first temperature;
removing said effluent gas stream from said drying zone and heating said effluent gas stream to about said first temperature;
. discarding a minor first portion of said heated effluent gas . stream and recycling a major second portion of said heated effluent gas .,i stream to said drying zone to provide said recycled drying fluid;
producing a negative pressure in said drying zone along at ; least a major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said drying zone; and transporting said material through said drying zone along its length from an inlet to an outlet during drying and recovering said material from said outlet to provide said dried product.
According to another broad aspect of this invention there is provided a drying apparatus for removing water absorbed in a material comprising:
container means for containing said material and including means for moving said material through inlet and outlet ends of said container means during drying;
heating means for producing a heating fluid within sai.d container means from water evaporated from said material, said heating fluid comprising superheated steam;
9~805 contacting means for contacting said material with said steam within said container means to heat said material and vaporize said water absorbed therein, whereby said water is removed from said material;
means for preventing the entry of subs,antially all ambient air into said container means through said open ends;
means for producing a negative internal pressure within the container means along at least the major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said container means; and means for removing a minor portion of said steam from said container means.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of certain preferred embodiments thereof and from the attached drawings of which:
. Figure 1 is a top view of a veneer dryer which has been modified for drying veneer sheets according to the present invention, the flow of drying air in its former conventional operation being depicted by solid arrows, and the flow of superheated steam after modification according to the present invention being shown by outlined arrows;
Figure 2 is a side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 1 with parts broken away for clarity; and Figure 3 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of the present invention used for drying particulate materials.
The present invention may be employed for drying a variety of sheet or particulate moist or wet materials. The invention is particularly useful in drying organic materials such as wood veneer, seeds, alfalfa, manure, etc.
This invention is particularly adapted for drying of wood veneer to be used in making plywood. The use of the present invention in drying veneer sheets can best be understood by reference to Figures 1 and 2 which show a veneer dryer 10 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Green or undried sheets of wood veneer are introduced into the dryer 10 at an inlet end 11 thereof, moving into a green end drying 5a -s :. section 12. Sheets pass longitudinally through the dryer 10 from green end drying section 12 into dry end drying section 14. The dried veneer sheets are ultimately with-drawn at the outlet end 15 of dryer 10.
According to the present invention, an entrance : hood 16 is provided over the area where wood veneer sheets ; enter drying section 12. Likewise, an exit hood 18 is provided over the area where dried veneer sheets exit from ` drying section 14 into a conventional veneer cooler 20, attached to the outlet of drying section 14.
Hood 16 has a smoke or exhaust stack 21 extend-ing upward from its top. At the inlet end of green end drying section 12, the dryer 10 is provided with two laterally a~tached, vertically extending, heating gas .. ducts 22 and 24 on opposite sides of drying section 12.
Vertical ducts 22 and 24 lead, respectively, into two blower fan housings 26 and 28, which are mounted on the roof of drying unit 10. A conventionally placed exhaust stack 30, not utilized in the present invention, is ; 20 shown extending upward from the top of green end drying section 12. Green end drying section 12 has two verti-cally extending ducts 32 and 34 positioned on opposite sides thereof at its outlet end near the center of dryer 10 .
Dry end drying section 14 is likewise equipped with two laterally positioned vertically extending ducts 36 and 38, on opposite sides of its inlet end near the center of dryer 10. A conventionally placed stack 40, not utilized in the present invention, is shown extending upward from the roof of drying section 14. Dry end drying section 14 is equipped, on opposite sides of the outlet 8~S
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end thereof adjacent hood 18, with two laterally posi-tioned, vertically extending ducts 42 and 44. Ducts 42 and 44 are respectively connected to two blower fan housings 46 and 48, which are mounted on the roof of drying section 14. Another exhaust stack 50, employed to withdraw heat-ing steam from the outlet end of veneer dryer 10 according to the present invention, extends upwardly from hood 18.
;~ Referring to Fig. 2, hood 16 and stack 21 are supported by dryer entrance frame 52 at the inlet end 11.
A plurality of veneer sheets 54 are introduced through ; the inlet end 11 into the drying zone of dryer 10, in this case such drying zone is a drying chamber 56, which occupies the bottom part of green end drying section 12.
Vertical duct 22 is provided with an internal ; manifold apparatus (not shown) for introducing superheated drying steam in a plurality of paths between veneer sheets 54 at the entrance to drying chamber 56. The drying steam is forced downwardly into duct 22 by a gas impel-ling means such as a blower fan 57 mounted within fan housing 26. Vertical duct 24 is likewise equipped with manifold apparatus (not shown) for directing superheated drying steam in plural paths between veneer sheets 54.
; Drying steam is likewise forced downwardly through duct 24 by a blower fan within housing 28, identical to blower fan 57.
Veneer sheets 54 are conveyed through green end drying chamber 56 between horizontal rows of vertically and longitudinally spaced conveyor rollers 58, which are conventional in design, their operation being well known in the veneer drying art. Drying sections are normally of the order of 5~ feet in length or more. Drying chamber S
56 is further e~uipped with heat exchange pipes 60, through which a suitable heat exchange fluid, such as boiler steam at 250 p.s.i. pressure, is passed to heat the drying steam as it passes through chamber 56 be-tween veneer sheets 54.
In operation of green end drying section 12 according to the present invention (the desired flow being indicated by outlined arrows~, a drying gas con-sisting essentially of superheated drying steam at a dry bulb temperature above 212F. is blown downwardly through ducts 22 and 24. A minor portion of the drying steam is blown toward the inlet end 11 of veneer dryer 10 and passes into hood 16. Being relatively hot and light, this portion of the superheated steam rises and passes through hood 16 into stack 21. The small amount of steam removed via stack 21 may be treated, in any desired manner, to remove pollutants before it is discharged into the atmosphere. A major portion of superheated drying steam blown into ducts 22 and 24 is conveyed into drying chamber 56 between the plurality of sheets 54 of wood veneer therein. The superheated drying steam passes to the right downstream through chamber 56 toward ducts 32 and 34. The heat of the superheated steam passing through chamber 56 is maintained at the desired tempera-ture by heat exchange contact with pipes 60 spaced throughout chamber 56.
At the outlet end of chamber 56, the used drying steam is withdrawn from chamber 56 into vertical ducts 32 and 34. The used steam is passed upwardly through ducts 32 and 34 into a horizontal top duct 62 Duct 62 conveys the steam through a superheated heat 10~;~8~ 5 exchange chamber 64~ positioned above drying cham~er 56.
As shown in the cutaway portions of Figs~ 1 and 2, heat exchange chamber 64 is equipped with a plurality of conventional, finned, closely spaced heat exchange pipes 66, through which a suitable high temper-ature heat exchange fluid, such as the same pressurized steam in pipes 60, is passed in order to heat the used drying steam from duct 62 to the dPsired high tempera-ture of, for example, about 350~F. The heated drying steam is withdrawn from heat exchange chamber 64 through a horizontal duct 68 and returned to fan housings 26 and 28 as recycled steam. The recycled drying steam is then fed into vertical ducts 22 and 24 as described above.
According to the present invention, the conventional ex-haust stack 30 is completely blocked off by baffle 69, so that none of the freshly heated steam passing into duct 68 from heat exchange chamber 64 will be exhausted through stack 30.
Gas impeller means, in this case blower fan at the inlet end of green end drying section 12, including blower fan 57 in fan housing 26 and the fan tnot shown) in housing 28 are used to move the steam throughout dry-ing section 12. These fans produce a slightly higher-than-ambient pressure stream of superheated steam in vertical ducts 22 and 24. This slightly positive pressure is rapidly dissipated after the steam is passed between the veneer sheets 54 into drying chamber 56 and extends over only a minor portion of the length of the drying chamber 56 from its inlet end. Within chamber 56, suction from the blower fans creates a slightly less-than-ambient pressure extending from a point about five _g _ 1~19;~8(~S
feet to the right of the inlet end of chamber 56 through-out the major portion of chamber 56, ducts 32 and 34, duct 6~, and, to some degree, through heat exchange chamber 64. As steam passes through heat exchange chamber 64, because of heating its pressure rises from slightly subatmospheric back to atmospheric, or slightly higher.
A particular advantage of the blower and exchanger ar-rangement of the present invention is thereby provided, in that the blower fans in housings 26 and 28 may operate more efficiently, since they are used for blowing a higher pressure gas than they would if the steam were passed through them before reaching the heat exchanger.
The fan~ force out steam at higher than ambient pressure to insure that no ambient air enters the inlet of drying chamber 56. The positive pressure at the inlet end of chamber 56 hlocks air entry.
Operation of the dry end section 14 of veneer dryer 10 is similar to that of green end section 12.
Drying sectlon 14 includes a drying zone, in this case drying chamber 70, which contains conventional conveyor rolls and heat exchange pipes (not shown) like those in green end drying chamber 56. The flow of superheated drying steam through drying chamber 70 (shown by outlined arrows) is to the left toward vertical ducts 36 and 38.
Used drying steam withdrawn from chamber 70 is passed upwardly through ducts 36 and 38 into a horizontal duct 72, through which the steam is passed into another heat exchange chamber 74. Heat exchange chamber 74 contains conventional finned heat exchange tubes 76, through which a suitable high temperature heating fluid is passed to heat the drying steam flowing from duct 72 to a higher --10-- `
~(~9Z805 temperature o~, for example, about 350~F. After the desired amount of heating in chamber 74, the resulting high temperature superheated drying steam is passed into a horizontal duct 78 and on to the fan housings 44 and 46. According to the present invention, conventionally placed stack 40 is completely sealed by emplacement of baffle 80 therein to prevent the escape of steam through such stack.
Fan housing 46 is equipped with a blower fan 82. Fan housing 48 is equipped with an identical blower fan (not shown). Heated drying steam conveyed from duct 78 into housings 46 and 48 is blown by the blower fans downwardly through vertical ducts 42 and 44 into dry end drying chamber 70. The drying steam blown into ducts 42 and 44 is conveyed into chamber 70 through a manifold apparatus (not shown) in duct 42 and similar manifold apparatus in duct 44 into a plurality of paths between the sheets 54 of veneer, to evenly distribute the steam throughout chamber 70. A minor portion of the superheated steam directed downward through ducts 42 and 44 is withdrawn from the downstream end of drying section 14 and passed into hood 18. This small amount of steam being hot and light, rises and passes upwardly through stack 50 for exhausting to the atmosphere after appropriate pollution control treatment.
Previously, veneer dryers have been constructed to operate by passing hot air over wood veneer sheets in the manner depicted by the solid arrows in Figs. 1 and 2.
The blowing and heating arrangements, as well as air flow, 3Q in conventional dryers have been essentially opposite to that employed in the drying method and apparatus of this 92B(~5 invention. Prior art veneer dxyers have not been equipped with the hoods 16 and 18 or stacks 21 and 50 shown on dryer 10. Instead, for example, in operation of a green end drying section, such as section 12, ambient outside air has been drawn into the inlet end of the dryer and upward into ducts, such as ducts 22 and ~4, where the outside air has been mixed with hot air recovered from the drying chamber, such as chamber 56. A large portion of the resulting mixture of used hot air and fresh outside air has then been exhausted from the dryer through a conventionally placed stack, such as stack 30 in section 12. This creates severe problems due to the loss of heat energy and the large amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. The remainder of the air mixture has then been passed through a heat exchange chamber, such as chamber 64, and through ducts, such as duct 62 and ducts 32 and 34, into a drying chamber such as chamber 56.
By operating in accordance with the present invention and passing used superheated drying steam re-covered from chamber 54 directly into heat exchangechamber 64, substantially the whole of drying chamber 54 is maintained at less~than-ambient atmospheric pressure by the suction of the fans. Leakage of any pollutant-laden drying gas outward through door seals and cracks in the walls of chamber 56 into the atmosphere around veneer dryer 10 is thereby prevented. In contrast, con-ventional veneer dryer operations have been troubled by "fugitive emission" leakage of pollutant-laden drying air into the ambient atmosphere from the drying chamber due to the positive pressure created within such chambers.
Drying conditions other than those specified , 5 herein for use in carrying out this invention in veneer dryers such as dryer 10 are known in the veneer drying art. For example, the lsngth of time to which veneer sheets are subjected to drying depends upon the moisture content of the particular wood before drying and also upon the moisture content desired for the dried veneer.
The exact temperature of the superheated steam above 212~. and the time period employed can be selected to obtain a desired moisture content in the dried veneer.
Usually, good results are obtained by maintaining the drying steam at a dry bulb temperature above about 240F.
and a wet bulb temperature of 212F. Particularly good results may be achieved using drying steam at a dry bulb temperature between about 350F. and 400F. and a wet bulb temperature of 212F.
By using a drying gas consisting essentially of superheated steam at a wet bulb temperature greater than 212F., I have been able to substantially increase the production capacity of a conventional veneer drying unit, e.g., by 50 percent or more, when it has been modified in accordance with the present invention. In-creases in production capacity of as much as 75 percent have been obtained. Although not essential to an under-standing of the present invention, I believe that such striking improvement in capacity and efficiency in veneer drying obtained using the present process and apparatus is due, at least in part, to the superior ability of superheated steam to transmit heat to liquid water con-tained in the veneer sheet~, as compared with conventional hot air. Not only do the present process and apparatus substantially decrease the amount of time necessary to l~tg~' 5 dry veneer sheets, but the dried veneer product produced according to the present invention also has a more uniform moisture content than is found in dried veneer produced according to conventional methods~
An important aspect of the present drying process, as used for drying wood veneer, is the continu-ous recirculation or recycling of a drying gas consisting essentially of superheated steam, with only a small portion of the heated steam being continuously withdrawn from the drying apparatus and discarded. Preferably, the minor portion of steam which is thus discarded contains an amount of water substantially equal to the amount of water evaporated from the veneer sheets and forming ad-ditional steam when if mixed with the remaining super-heated drying steam that was previously formed in a similar manner within the drying chamber. In this way, the pressure of the system and the steam flow rate are automatically regulated at a proper level. By exhausting this portion, the amount of circulating steam i8 kept constant, so that the pressure is also constant inside the system.
An important feature of the invention in veneer dryers is heating the drying steam when it is removed from drying zones, such as drying chambers 56 and 70, before it is reintroduced into such zones by the blower fan or other gas impelling means. The impeller then provides a positive pressure at the inlet to the dryer to prevent entry of ambient air, while suction from the impeller provides a negative pressure within the drying zone. The system provides automatic bleeding of sub-stantially all of the moisture which is removed from 1~2&~S
the veneer sheet within the drying ~one. This small amount of exhaust steam or gas can easily and inexpen-sively be treated for pollution control, e. g., removal of hydrocarbonaceous vapors before being released into the atmosphere.
The practice of the drying method of this in-vention as used for drying wood veneer sheets is not re-stricted to the longitudinal flow veneer dryer apparatus depicted in Figs. 1 and 2. Substantially any conventional veneer drying apparatus may be converted to the practive of the present invention by the alterations therein shown in Figs. 1 and 2. For example, the method of the present invention may be utilized in veneer dryers employing cross flow jet drying systems or other types of conventional drying apparatus.
The present method and apparatus are also use-ful in drying particulates or other solids of relatively small cross sectional diameter. Fig. 3 shows a preferred embodiment 200 of such a dryer, which may be employed in drying organic particulate materials, such as seeds. In dryer 200, wet seeds are fed through conduit 210 into a drying zone within drying chamber 212 as a water-seeds sturry. Even distribution of the seed particles within drying chamber 212 is obtained using a conventional distributor 214 at the end of conduit 210 within the top of chamber 212. Superheated drying qteam at a temperature of 300 DF. iS introduced into drying chamber 212 from annular steam distributing conduit 216 surrounding conduit 210. The pressure within drying chamber 212 is maintained at slightly less than the ambient pressure during the drying operation in a manner hereafter described.
109Z8~5 The seeds and drying steam pass downwardly through drying chamber 212. Contact between the seeds and drying steam is facilitated by a perforated plate 218, located beneath the distributor 214 in chamber 212, so that the seeds strike such plate and are spread uniformly across the width of the chamber before they fall through the chamber. The seeds and used steam are removed from the bottom of chamber 212 through conduit 220 in admixture. They are passed through conduit 220 into a conventional cyclone collector 222, which separates the dried seeds from the steam. The dried seeds are removed from the bottom of cyclone 222 through conduit 224. The used drying steam, after separation from the seeds product, is removed from the top of cyclone 222 through conduit 226.
During startup of the seed drying system 220, and before charging any wet seeds into the drying chamber 212, it is generally necessary to begin circu-lation of steam within the closed loop of the apparatus with an auxiliary source of water. For this purpose, a small amount of water is introduced into conduit 226 through a valved conduit 228. The amount of water thus introduced is sufficient to provide steam for beginning operation of the system. Once the required amount of water is introduced, valve 230 is closed off, and no further auxiliary water is introduced into the system so that the drying steam is produced within the drying chamber by water evaporated from the seeds or other material being dried.
In normal operation, used steam is passed from cyclone 222 through conduit 226 into steam super-s heater 232. After the drying steam is heated above 212F. to provide superheated steam, it is withdrawn from heater 232 and passed through conduit 23~ into a fan blower 236. Blower 236 forces the heated steam into conduit 238, from which it is passed into distribu-ting conduit 216 for injection into the drying chamber 212 as describe~ above.
When the superheated drying steam is pro-vided in contact with wet seeds in drying chamber 212, part of the heat in the steam is used to vaporize water in the seeds. Accordingly, the temperature of the drying steam is reduced within the drying chamber, from the high temperature level at which the steam is introduced, to a lower temperature at which the steam is removed from chamber 212 in conduit 220. In normal operation, there is a slightly larger amount of steam leaving chamber 212 via conduit 220 than is introduced into chamber 212, because of the addition of vaporizecl water removed from the dried seeds within chamber 212 to the drying steam. Because of the drop in tempera-ture of the drying steam within chamber 212, and the evacuating action of the blower 236, the steam within chamber 212, conduit 220 and collector 222 is at less than atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure pre-vents hydrocarbon vapor ancl other pollutants produced by the seeds during drying from being emitted to the ambient atmosphere through c:racks in chamber 212, conduit 220 or collector 222~ The negative pressure is achieved even though there is a larger amount o~
gaseous water, by weight, removed from the drying chamber than enters such chamber. This is because -17~
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the withdrawn steam has a lower temperature.
After the used drying steam is separated from the dried seed product in cyclone collector 222, the used steam is heated to a high temperature of, for example, 350F. in heater 232. For this reason, the heated steam in conduit 234 is at a relatively higher pressure than that in conduit 226. However, the steam in conduit 238 is at atmospheric pressure because such conduit is provided with an exhaust stack 2~0 which exhausts a minor portion of the steam to the ambient atmosphere. Any excess pressure over atmospheric pressure which tends to be produced in conduit 238 is reduced to at least atmospheric pressure or lower by the passage of the minor portion of the drying steam in conduit 238 out of the system through stack 240.
The small amount of exhausted steam has substantially the same amount of water as that removed from the seeds during drying within drying chamber 212. This small amount of exhaust steam is easily and inexpensively treatable to remove any pollutants before it is re-leased.
By recycling drying steam continuously through the apparatus 200, the only heat energy required to be introduced into the apparatus via steam heater 232 is the small amount necessary to vaporize the water con-tained in the seeds entering chamber 212 and the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of the water vapor thus produced to the temperature of the drying steam in conduit 234.
The preferred embodiments having been de-scrib~d, the broad scope of the invention will be 1~9Z8(~S
apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should only be determined by the following claims.
More particularly, the present invention relates to a process and apparatus for drying materials with in-ternally generated superheated steam in a drying zone while preventing ambient air from entering such drying zone. In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for drying thin sheet materials such as wood veneer. In another aspect the invention relates to a process for drying particulate materials.
Wood veneer is normally dried by passing large volumes of hot air over the veneer sheets. The water content of the hot air is usually about five percent, but may be as high as 30 percent or more in unusual cases. When overly hot air contacts the veneer, the surface of the veneer begins drying immediately and very rapidly dries out completely, becoming overly hot, ` while the interior of the veneer is still relatively cool and moist. This temperature gradient, and the resulting moisture gradient in the veneer cause hardening, cracking and general degradation of the veneer. For this reason, the wood veneer drying art has resorted to relatively low drying air temperatures and long drying times.
It is desirable to have a uniform moisture content in the veneer after drying is completed. In con-ventional veneer drying the outer surface of the veneer is overly dry after drying is completed, while the interior of the veneer remains overly moist. Moreover, sheets of veneer dried at different times in the same dryer often have different moisture contents, making it difficult to glue the veneer uniformly to produce plywood.
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A major problem in the veneer drying art has been disposal of large amounts of hydrocarbonaceous vapors which are evolved from the veneer during drying. The hydrocarbonaceous vapors are removed from the veneer by hot air in the dryer and carried out of the dryer up a smoke stack along with the air. In the past, after the hot air has been used in drying, it has simply been dis-carded up the stack and released into the atmosphere. In addition, much of the hydrocarbon vapor leaks out of door seals and cracks in the veneer dryer as "fugitive emissions"
because of the positive pressure created within the dryer.
This has caused severe air pollution problems. Under present environmental restrictions, it has become neces-; sary to curb release into the atmosphere of such hydro-carbonaceous vapors.
Drying of particulate materials such as seeds, alfalfa, manure, etc., has also been accomplished by con-tacting the materials with large volumes of hot air.
Typically, air has been taken from the atmosphere and heated, contacted with the material to be dried, and then simply released back into the atmosphere. Heat energy imparted to the air before it is used in drying is thus lost when the air is released. Air drying of particulates, like air drying of veneer, has created air pollution problems as a result of production of various volatile materials stripped from the drying particulate material by the hot drying air, which have simply been released into the atmosphere along with used air.
Conventional air drying of particulates is relatively uneconomical in that the heat energy imparted to air used in drying is wasted. Further, it has been 1~3;928~5 found difficult and expensive to remove volatile pol-lutants from the heated air after use in drying, before the air is returne~ to the atmosphere.
These problems of pollution control and energy waste are overcome by the steam drying method and ap-paratus of the present invention. While superheated steam has been used previously in batch drying systems for conditioning and drying heavy lumber and has been suggested for increased humidity to prevent fires in the operation of veneer dryers along with reduced air inflow for heat conservation as discussed by S. E. Corder in Forest Products Journal, October 1963, pages 449 to 453, it has not been employed along with means for producing a negative internal pressure within the drying chamber in continuous production drying systems such as those used for drying wood veneer or particulates to prevent the fugitive emission of pollutants from such chamber into the plant containing such dryer.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for drying water-containing materials in a more rapid and efficient manner than pos-sible using conventional drying systems.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a drying method and apparatus for drying thin sheets and particulates which employ a drying medium con~
sisting essentially of internally generated superheated steam and prevent ambient air from entering the drying zone.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a drying method and apparatus which conserves heat energy loss and reduces atmospheric pollution from pollutants stripped from a material during drying~
~w~s It is a further object of the present invention to provide a drying method and apparatus for drying a water-containing material to a substantially uniform water content at the surface and in the interior of the material r It is a further object of this invention to provide a veneer dryer having increaseZ production capa-city.
It is a further ob~ect of this invention to provide a veneer dryer method and apparatus which allows automatic regulation of the internal pressure in a veneer dryer~
It is a further object of the present invention - to provide a drying method and apparatus for efficient drying of water-containing materials and reducing break-down and degradation of the dried materials.
In one embodiment, th~ present invention re-lates to a drying method for removing water from a water-containing material, which includes contacting the material with a drying gas consisting essentially of steam, at a temperature higher than 212F., at atmospheric pressure or lower, vaporizing water in the material, heating the drying steam to maintain a temperature above 212F., and discarding a small portion of the drying steam to maintain the desired pressure.
In another embodiment, the present invention re-lates to drying apparatus for removing water absorbed in a material, which includes a container for holding the material, heating means for providing a heating fluid consisting essentially of superheated steam in the con-tainer, means for preventing ambient air from entering 1~ 5 said container, and means for removing a portion of the heating fluid from the container to maintain a desired pressure therein.
According to a broad aspect of the present invention there is provided a drying method for removing water from a water containing material . to provide a dried product which comprises the steps of:
;~ contacting said water containing material, in a drying zone at drying conditions, with a recycled drying fluid comprising superheated steam at a first temperature above the boiling temperature of water, whereby at least a portion of the water in said material is vaporized, removed from said material, and commingled with said drying fluid to form an effluent gas stream comprising steam at a second temperature lower than said first temperature;
removing said effluent gas stream from said drying zone and heating said effluent gas stream to about said first temperature;
. discarding a minor first portion of said heated effluent gas . stream and recycling a major second portion of said heated effluent gas .,i stream to said drying zone to provide said recycled drying fluid;
producing a negative pressure in said drying zone along at ; least a major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said drying zone; and transporting said material through said drying zone along its length from an inlet to an outlet during drying and recovering said material from said outlet to provide said dried product.
According to another broad aspect of this invention there is provided a drying apparatus for removing water absorbed in a material comprising:
container means for containing said material and including means for moving said material through inlet and outlet ends of said container means during drying;
heating means for producing a heating fluid within sai.d container means from water evaporated from said material, said heating fluid comprising superheated steam;
9~805 contacting means for contacting said material with said steam within said container means to heat said material and vaporize said water absorbed therein, whereby said water is removed from said material;
means for preventing the entry of subs,antially all ambient air into said container means through said open ends;
means for producing a negative internal pressure within the container means along at least the major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said container means; and means for removing a minor portion of said steam from said container means.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of certain preferred embodiments thereof and from the attached drawings of which:
. Figure 1 is a top view of a veneer dryer which has been modified for drying veneer sheets according to the present invention, the flow of drying air in its former conventional operation being depicted by solid arrows, and the flow of superheated steam after modification according to the present invention being shown by outlined arrows;
Figure 2 is a side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 1 with parts broken away for clarity; and Figure 3 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of the present invention used for drying particulate materials.
The present invention may be employed for drying a variety of sheet or particulate moist or wet materials. The invention is particularly useful in drying organic materials such as wood veneer, seeds, alfalfa, manure, etc.
This invention is particularly adapted for drying of wood veneer to be used in making plywood. The use of the present invention in drying veneer sheets can best be understood by reference to Figures 1 and 2 which show a veneer dryer 10 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Green or undried sheets of wood veneer are introduced into the dryer 10 at an inlet end 11 thereof, moving into a green end drying 5a -s :. section 12. Sheets pass longitudinally through the dryer 10 from green end drying section 12 into dry end drying section 14. The dried veneer sheets are ultimately with-drawn at the outlet end 15 of dryer 10.
According to the present invention, an entrance : hood 16 is provided over the area where wood veneer sheets ; enter drying section 12. Likewise, an exit hood 18 is provided over the area where dried veneer sheets exit from ` drying section 14 into a conventional veneer cooler 20, attached to the outlet of drying section 14.
Hood 16 has a smoke or exhaust stack 21 extend-ing upward from its top. At the inlet end of green end drying section 12, the dryer 10 is provided with two laterally a~tached, vertically extending, heating gas .. ducts 22 and 24 on opposite sides of drying section 12.
Vertical ducts 22 and 24 lead, respectively, into two blower fan housings 26 and 28, which are mounted on the roof of drying unit 10. A conventionally placed exhaust stack 30, not utilized in the present invention, is ; 20 shown extending upward from the top of green end drying section 12. Green end drying section 12 has two verti-cally extending ducts 32 and 34 positioned on opposite sides thereof at its outlet end near the center of dryer 10 .
Dry end drying section 14 is likewise equipped with two laterally positioned vertically extending ducts 36 and 38, on opposite sides of its inlet end near the center of dryer 10. A conventionally placed stack 40, not utilized in the present invention, is shown extending upward from the roof of drying section 14. Dry end drying section 14 is equipped, on opposite sides of the outlet 8~S
:
end thereof adjacent hood 18, with two laterally posi-tioned, vertically extending ducts 42 and 44. Ducts 42 and 44 are respectively connected to two blower fan housings 46 and 48, which are mounted on the roof of drying section 14. Another exhaust stack 50, employed to withdraw heat-ing steam from the outlet end of veneer dryer 10 according to the present invention, extends upwardly from hood 18.
;~ Referring to Fig. 2, hood 16 and stack 21 are supported by dryer entrance frame 52 at the inlet end 11.
A plurality of veneer sheets 54 are introduced through ; the inlet end 11 into the drying zone of dryer 10, in this case such drying zone is a drying chamber 56, which occupies the bottom part of green end drying section 12.
Vertical duct 22 is provided with an internal ; manifold apparatus (not shown) for introducing superheated drying steam in a plurality of paths between veneer sheets 54 at the entrance to drying chamber 56. The drying steam is forced downwardly into duct 22 by a gas impel-ling means such as a blower fan 57 mounted within fan housing 26. Vertical duct 24 is likewise equipped with manifold apparatus (not shown) for directing superheated drying steam in plural paths between veneer sheets 54.
; Drying steam is likewise forced downwardly through duct 24 by a blower fan within housing 28, identical to blower fan 57.
Veneer sheets 54 are conveyed through green end drying chamber 56 between horizontal rows of vertically and longitudinally spaced conveyor rollers 58, which are conventional in design, their operation being well known in the veneer drying art. Drying sections are normally of the order of 5~ feet in length or more. Drying chamber S
56 is further e~uipped with heat exchange pipes 60, through which a suitable heat exchange fluid, such as boiler steam at 250 p.s.i. pressure, is passed to heat the drying steam as it passes through chamber 56 be-tween veneer sheets 54.
In operation of green end drying section 12 according to the present invention (the desired flow being indicated by outlined arrows~, a drying gas con-sisting essentially of superheated drying steam at a dry bulb temperature above 212F. is blown downwardly through ducts 22 and 24. A minor portion of the drying steam is blown toward the inlet end 11 of veneer dryer 10 and passes into hood 16. Being relatively hot and light, this portion of the superheated steam rises and passes through hood 16 into stack 21. The small amount of steam removed via stack 21 may be treated, in any desired manner, to remove pollutants before it is discharged into the atmosphere. A major portion of superheated drying steam blown into ducts 22 and 24 is conveyed into drying chamber 56 between the plurality of sheets 54 of wood veneer therein. The superheated drying steam passes to the right downstream through chamber 56 toward ducts 32 and 34. The heat of the superheated steam passing through chamber 56 is maintained at the desired tempera-ture by heat exchange contact with pipes 60 spaced throughout chamber 56.
At the outlet end of chamber 56, the used drying steam is withdrawn from chamber 56 into vertical ducts 32 and 34. The used steam is passed upwardly through ducts 32 and 34 into a horizontal top duct 62 Duct 62 conveys the steam through a superheated heat 10~;~8~ 5 exchange chamber 64~ positioned above drying cham~er 56.
As shown in the cutaway portions of Figs~ 1 and 2, heat exchange chamber 64 is equipped with a plurality of conventional, finned, closely spaced heat exchange pipes 66, through which a suitable high temper-ature heat exchange fluid, such as the same pressurized steam in pipes 60, is passed in order to heat the used drying steam from duct 62 to the dPsired high tempera-ture of, for example, about 350~F. The heated drying steam is withdrawn from heat exchange chamber 64 through a horizontal duct 68 and returned to fan housings 26 and 28 as recycled steam. The recycled drying steam is then fed into vertical ducts 22 and 24 as described above.
According to the present invention, the conventional ex-haust stack 30 is completely blocked off by baffle 69, so that none of the freshly heated steam passing into duct 68 from heat exchange chamber 64 will be exhausted through stack 30.
Gas impeller means, in this case blower fan at the inlet end of green end drying section 12, including blower fan 57 in fan housing 26 and the fan tnot shown) in housing 28 are used to move the steam throughout dry-ing section 12. These fans produce a slightly higher-than-ambient pressure stream of superheated steam in vertical ducts 22 and 24. This slightly positive pressure is rapidly dissipated after the steam is passed between the veneer sheets 54 into drying chamber 56 and extends over only a minor portion of the length of the drying chamber 56 from its inlet end. Within chamber 56, suction from the blower fans creates a slightly less-than-ambient pressure extending from a point about five _g _ 1~19;~8(~S
feet to the right of the inlet end of chamber 56 through-out the major portion of chamber 56, ducts 32 and 34, duct 6~, and, to some degree, through heat exchange chamber 64. As steam passes through heat exchange chamber 64, because of heating its pressure rises from slightly subatmospheric back to atmospheric, or slightly higher.
A particular advantage of the blower and exchanger ar-rangement of the present invention is thereby provided, in that the blower fans in housings 26 and 28 may operate more efficiently, since they are used for blowing a higher pressure gas than they would if the steam were passed through them before reaching the heat exchanger.
The fan~ force out steam at higher than ambient pressure to insure that no ambient air enters the inlet of drying chamber 56. The positive pressure at the inlet end of chamber 56 hlocks air entry.
Operation of the dry end section 14 of veneer dryer 10 is similar to that of green end section 12.
Drying sectlon 14 includes a drying zone, in this case drying chamber 70, which contains conventional conveyor rolls and heat exchange pipes (not shown) like those in green end drying chamber 56. The flow of superheated drying steam through drying chamber 70 (shown by outlined arrows) is to the left toward vertical ducts 36 and 38.
Used drying steam withdrawn from chamber 70 is passed upwardly through ducts 36 and 38 into a horizontal duct 72, through which the steam is passed into another heat exchange chamber 74. Heat exchange chamber 74 contains conventional finned heat exchange tubes 76, through which a suitable high temperature heating fluid is passed to heat the drying steam flowing from duct 72 to a higher --10-- `
~(~9Z805 temperature o~, for example, about 350~F. After the desired amount of heating in chamber 74, the resulting high temperature superheated drying steam is passed into a horizontal duct 78 and on to the fan housings 44 and 46. According to the present invention, conventionally placed stack 40 is completely sealed by emplacement of baffle 80 therein to prevent the escape of steam through such stack.
Fan housing 46 is equipped with a blower fan 82. Fan housing 48 is equipped with an identical blower fan (not shown). Heated drying steam conveyed from duct 78 into housings 46 and 48 is blown by the blower fans downwardly through vertical ducts 42 and 44 into dry end drying chamber 70. The drying steam blown into ducts 42 and 44 is conveyed into chamber 70 through a manifold apparatus (not shown) in duct 42 and similar manifold apparatus in duct 44 into a plurality of paths between the sheets 54 of veneer, to evenly distribute the steam throughout chamber 70. A minor portion of the superheated steam directed downward through ducts 42 and 44 is withdrawn from the downstream end of drying section 14 and passed into hood 18. This small amount of steam being hot and light, rises and passes upwardly through stack 50 for exhausting to the atmosphere after appropriate pollution control treatment.
Previously, veneer dryers have been constructed to operate by passing hot air over wood veneer sheets in the manner depicted by the solid arrows in Figs. 1 and 2.
The blowing and heating arrangements, as well as air flow, 3Q in conventional dryers have been essentially opposite to that employed in the drying method and apparatus of this 92B(~5 invention. Prior art veneer dxyers have not been equipped with the hoods 16 and 18 or stacks 21 and 50 shown on dryer 10. Instead, for example, in operation of a green end drying section, such as section 12, ambient outside air has been drawn into the inlet end of the dryer and upward into ducts, such as ducts 22 and ~4, where the outside air has been mixed with hot air recovered from the drying chamber, such as chamber 56. A large portion of the resulting mixture of used hot air and fresh outside air has then been exhausted from the dryer through a conventionally placed stack, such as stack 30 in section 12. This creates severe problems due to the loss of heat energy and the large amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. The remainder of the air mixture has then been passed through a heat exchange chamber, such as chamber 64, and through ducts, such as duct 62 and ducts 32 and 34, into a drying chamber such as chamber 56.
By operating in accordance with the present invention and passing used superheated drying steam re-covered from chamber 54 directly into heat exchangechamber 64, substantially the whole of drying chamber 54 is maintained at less~than-ambient atmospheric pressure by the suction of the fans. Leakage of any pollutant-laden drying gas outward through door seals and cracks in the walls of chamber 56 into the atmosphere around veneer dryer 10 is thereby prevented. In contrast, con-ventional veneer dryer operations have been troubled by "fugitive emission" leakage of pollutant-laden drying air into the ambient atmosphere from the drying chamber due to the positive pressure created within such chambers.
Drying conditions other than those specified , 5 herein for use in carrying out this invention in veneer dryers such as dryer 10 are known in the veneer drying art. For example, the lsngth of time to which veneer sheets are subjected to drying depends upon the moisture content of the particular wood before drying and also upon the moisture content desired for the dried veneer.
The exact temperature of the superheated steam above 212~. and the time period employed can be selected to obtain a desired moisture content in the dried veneer.
Usually, good results are obtained by maintaining the drying steam at a dry bulb temperature above about 240F.
and a wet bulb temperature of 212F. Particularly good results may be achieved using drying steam at a dry bulb temperature between about 350F. and 400F. and a wet bulb temperature of 212F.
By using a drying gas consisting essentially of superheated steam at a wet bulb temperature greater than 212F., I have been able to substantially increase the production capacity of a conventional veneer drying unit, e.g., by 50 percent or more, when it has been modified in accordance with the present invention. In-creases in production capacity of as much as 75 percent have been obtained. Although not essential to an under-standing of the present invention, I believe that such striking improvement in capacity and efficiency in veneer drying obtained using the present process and apparatus is due, at least in part, to the superior ability of superheated steam to transmit heat to liquid water con-tained in the veneer sheet~, as compared with conventional hot air. Not only do the present process and apparatus substantially decrease the amount of time necessary to l~tg~' 5 dry veneer sheets, but the dried veneer product produced according to the present invention also has a more uniform moisture content than is found in dried veneer produced according to conventional methods~
An important aspect of the present drying process, as used for drying wood veneer, is the continu-ous recirculation or recycling of a drying gas consisting essentially of superheated steam, with only a small portion of the heated steam being continuously withdrawn from the drying apparatus and discarded. Preferably, the minor portion of steam which is thus discarded contains an amount of water substantially equal to the amount of water evaporated from the veneer sheets and forming ad-ditional steam when if mixed with the remaining super-heated drying steam that was previously formed in a similar manner within the drying chamber. In this way, the pressure of the system and the steam flow rate are automatically regulated at a proper level. By exhausting this portion, the amount of circulating steam i8 kept constant, so that the pressure is also constant inside the system.
An important feature of the invention in veneer dryers is heating the drying steam when it is removed from drying zones, such as drying chambers 56 and 70, before it is reintroduced into such zones by the blower fan or other gas impelling means. The impeller then provides a positive pressure at the inlet to the dryer to prevent entry of ambient air, while suction from the impeller provides a negative pressure within the drying zone. The system provides automatic bleeding of sub-stantially all of the moisture which is removed from 1~2&~S
the veneer sheet within the drying ~one. This small amount of exhaust steam or gas can easily and inexpen-sively be treated for pollution control, e. g., removal of hydrocarbonaceous vapors before being released into the atmosphere.
The practice of the drying method of this in-vention as used for drying wood veneer sheets is not re-stricted to the longitudinal flow veneer dryer apparatus depicted in Figs. 1 and 2. Substantially any conventional veneer drying apparatus may be converted to the practive of the present invention by the alterations therein shown in Figs. 1 and 2. For example, the method of the present invention may be utilized in veneer dryers employing cross flow jet drying systems or other types of conventional drying apparatus.
The present method and apparatus are also use-ful in drying particulates or other solids of relatively small cross sectional diameter. Fig. 3 shows a preferred embodiment 200 of such a dryer, which may be employed in drying organic particulate materials, such as seeds. In dryer 200, wet seeds are fed through conduit 210 into a drying zone within drying chamber 212 as a water-seeds sturry. Even distribution of the seed particles within drying chamber 212 is obtained using a conventional distributor 214 at the end of conduit 210 within the top of chamber 212. Superheated drying qteam at a temperature of 300 DF. iS introduced into drying chamber 212 from annular steam distributing conduit 216 surrounding conduit 210. The pressure within drying chamber 212 is maintained at slightly less than the ambient pressure during the drying operation in a manner hereafter described.
109Z8~5 The seeds and drying steam pass downwardly through drying chamber 212. Contact between the seeds and drying steam is facilitated by a perforated plate 218, located beneath the distributor 214 in chamber 212, so that the seeds strike such plate and are spread uniformly across the width of the chamber before they fall through the chamber. The seeds and used steam are removed from the bottom of chamber 212 through conduit 220 in admixture. They are passed through conduit 220 into a conventional cyclone collector 222, which separates the dried seeds from the steam. The dried seeds are removed from the bottom of cyclone 222 through conduit 224. The used drying steam, after separation from the seeds product, is removed from the top of cyclone 222 through conduit 226.
During startup of the seed drying system 220, and before charging any wet seeds into the drying chamber 212, it is generally necessary to begin circu-lation of steam within the closed loop of the apparatus with an auxiliary source of water. For this purpose, a small amount of water is introduced into conduit 226 through a valved conduit 228. The amount of water thus introduced is sufficient to provide steam for beginning operation of the system. Once the required amount of water is introduced, valve 230 is closed off, and no further auxiliary water is introduced into the system so that the drying steam is produced within the drying chamber by water evaporated from the seeds or other material being dried.
In normal operation, used steam is passed from cyclone 222 through conduit 226 into steam super-s heater 232. After the drying steam is heated above 212F. to provide superheated steam, it is withdrawn from heater 232 and passed through conduit 23~ into a fan blower 236. Blower 236 forces the heated steam into conduit 238, from which it is passed into distribu-ting conduit 216 for injection into the drying chamber 212 as describe~ above.
When the superheated drying steam is pro-vided in contact with wet seeds in drying chamber 212, part of the heat in the steam is used to vaporize water in the seeds. Accordingly, the temperature of the drying steam is reduced within the drying chamber, from the high temperature level at which the steam is introduced, to a lower temperature at which the steam is removed from chamber 212 in conduit 220. In normal operation, there is a slightly larger amount of steam leaving chamber 212 via conduit 220 than is introduced into chamber 212, because of the addition of vaporizecl water removed from the dried seeds within chamber 212 to the drying steam. Because of the drop in tempera-ture of the drying steam within chamber 212, and the evacuating action of the blower 236, the steam within chamber 212, conduit 220 and collector 222 is at less than atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure pre-vents hydrocarbon vapor ancl other pollutants produced by the seeds during drying from being emitted to the ambient atmosphere through c:racks in chamber 212, conduit 220 or collector 222~ The negative pressure is achieved even though there is a larger amount o~
gaseous water, by weight, removed from the drying chamber than enters such chamber. This is because -17~
1(~9~8-~S
the withdrawn steam has a lower temperature.
After the used drying steam is separated from the dried seed product in cyclone collector 222, the used steam is heated to a high temperature of, for example, 350F. in heater 232. For this reason, the heated steam in conduit 234 is at a relatively higher pressure than that in conduit 226. However, the steam in conduit 238 is at atmospheric pressure because such conduit is provided with an exhaust stack 2~0 which exhausts a minor portion of the steam to the ambient atmosphere. Any excess pressure over atmospheric pressure which tends to be produced in conduit 238 is reduced to at least atmospheric pressure or lower by the passage of the minor portion of the drying steam in conduit 238 out of the system through stack 240.
The small amount of exhausted steam has substantially the same amount of water as that removed from the seeds during drying within drying chamber 212. This small amount of exhaust steam is easily and inexpensively treatable to remove any pollutants before it is re-leased.
By recycling drying steam continuously through the apparatus 200, the only heat energy required to be introduced into the apparatus via steam heater 232 is the small amount necessary to vaporize the water con-tained in the seeds entering chamber 212 and the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of the water vapor thus produced to the temperature of the drying steam in conduit 234.
The preferred embodiments having been de-scrib~d, the broad scope of the invention will be 1~9Z8(~S
apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should only be determined by the following claims.
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an ex-clusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. A drying method for removing water from a water containing material to provide a dried product which comprises the steps of:
contacting said water containing material, in a drying zone at drying conditions, with a recycled drying fluid comprising superheated steam at a first temperature above the boiling temperature of water, whereby at least a portion of the water in said material is vaporized, removed from said material, and commingled with said drying fluid to form an effluent gas stream comprising steam at a second temperature lower than said first temperature;
removing said effluent gas stream from said drying zone and heating said effluent gas stream to about said first temperature;
discarding a minor first portion of said heated effluent gas stream and recycling a major second portion of said heated effluent gas stream to said drying zone to provide said recycled drying fluid;
producing a negative pressure in said drying zone along at least a major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said drying zone; and transporting said material through said drying zone along its length from an inlet to an outlet during drying and recovering said material from said outlet to provide said dried product.
2. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 wherein ambient air is prevented from entering said drying zone.
3. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first portion of said effluent gas stream includes about the same amount of water as said portion of water removed from said material in said drying zone.
4. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 where said water containing material is wood veneer which is transported through said drying zone.
5. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first temperature is above 240°F.
6. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first temperature is between about 350°F.
and about 400°F.
7. A drying apparatus for removing water absorbed in a material comprising:
container means for containing said material and including means for moving said material through inlet and outlet ends of said container means during drying;
heating means for producing a heating fluid within said container means from water evaporated from said material, said heating fluid comprising superheated steam;
contacting means for contacting said material with said steam within said container means to heat said material and vaporize said water absorbed therein, whereby said water is removed from said material;
means for preventing the entry of substantially all ambient air into said container means through said open ends;
means for producing a negative internal pressure within the container means along at least the major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said container means; and means for removing a minor portion of said steam from said container means.
8. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 in which the means for preventing the entry of ambient air and the means for providing a negative internal pressure both include a common fan means.
9. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 for drying material which gives off hydrocarbonaceous vapors when heated in said container means, and said means for producing a negative internal pressure prevents such vapors from leaking out of such container means.
10. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 which includes means for continuously transporting said material through said container means during drying.
11. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 for drying wood veneer, the apparatus including conveyor means for conveying said veneer continuously through said container means into an inlet opening at one end and out of an outlet opening at the other end of said container means and the means for producing said negative pressure includes motive means for moving said heating fluid through said container means away from said inlet opening and said outlet opening.
12. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 wherein said heating means comprises heat exchange means outside said container means, said apparatus further including conduit means for circulating said heating fluid between said container means and said heat exchange means, said heating fluid being withdrawn from said container means, heated in said heat exchange means, and returned to said container means.
13. Apparatus in accordance with claim 12 further including particulate separator means outside said container means for separating said heating fluid from particulate material being dryed, and said heating fluid and said material being removed from said con-tainer means and fed simultaneously into said separator means.
15. Wood veneer dryer apparatus comprising in combination:
a first open ended veneer sheet drying chamber having first gas inlet means at one end thereof for introducing superheated steam into said chamber, having first veneer sheet inlet means at one end thereof for introducing veneer sheets into said chamber and means for heating the veneer sheets to evaporate water there-from to produce steam within said chamber which is used to form said superheated steam, having first gas outlet means at the other end thereof for withdrawing super-heated steam, having first veneer sheet outlet means at said other end for withdrawing veneer sheets therefrom, and having first veneer sheet conveying means therein for conveying veneer sheets through said first chamber during drying from said one end to said other end;
first heating means for heating superheated steam;
first gas conduit means communicating between said first gas outlet means and said first heating means for conveying superheated steam from said first drying chamber to said first heating means;
first gas motive means for moving superheated steam;
second gas conduit means communicating between said first heating means and said first gas motive means for conveying superheated steam from said first heating means to said first motive means;
third gas conduit means communicating be-tween said first motive means and said first gas inlet means for conveying superheated steam from said first motive means to said first gas inlet means;
first gas removal means for removing a minor portion of superheated steam from said veneer dryer apparatus;
means for producing a negative internal pressure within the first chamber along at least a major portion of its length which is below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said first chamber; and first means for preventing ambient atmos-pheric air from entering said first veneer drying chamber.
15. A veneer dryer apparatus in accordance with claim 14 which also includes a second veneer drying chamber having second gas outlet means at one end thereof for withdrawing superheated steam there-from, having second veneer sheet inlet means at said one end thereof for introducing veneer sheets into said second chamber, said second veneer inlet means communicating with said first veneer outlet means of said first drying chamber, said second drying chamber having second gas inlet means at the other end thereof for introducing superheated steam therein, and having a second veneer sheet outlet means at said other end thereof for withdrawing veneer sheets therefrom, and having second veneer sheet conveying means therein for conveying veneer sheets through said second chamber from said one end to said other end thereof;
second heating means for heating superheated steam;
fourth gas conduit means communicating be-tween said second gas outlet means and said second heating means for conveying superheated steam from said second drying chamber to said second heating means;
second gas motive means for moving superheated steam;
fifth gas conduit means communicating between said second heating means and said second gas motive means for conveying superheated steam from said second heating means to said second motive means;
sixth gas conduit means communicating between said second motive means and said second gas inlet means for conveying superheated steam from said second motive means into said second drying chamber;
second gas removal means connected operatively to the second veneer outlet means, for removing super-heated steam from said veneer dryer apparatus; and second means for preventing ambient atmospheric air from entering said second veneer drying chamber.
16. Veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 15 further including third heating means in said first veneer sheet drying chamber for heating superheated steam therein and fourth heating means in said second veneer sheet drying chamber for heating superheated steam therein.
17. The veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 14 in which the first means for preventing atmospheric air from entering said first ven-eer sheet drying chamber includes means for producing a slightly positive pressure within a minor portion of said first drying chamber adjacent said first veneer inlet.
18. Veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 15 in which the sec-ond means for preventing atmospheric air from entering said second veneer sheet drying chamber includes means for producing a slightly positive pres-sure within a minor portion of said second drying chamber adjacent said second veneer outlet.
19. Veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 15 in which the means for providing negative pressure and the means for preventing the entry of ambient air both include a common fan means which forms the first gas motive means.
20. Veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 15 in which the first and second motive means move the superheated steam through said first and second drying chambers away from the veneer inlet of said first chamber and away from the veneer outlet of said second chamber.
1. 21. A method of drying wood veneer comprising the steps of:
positioning the wood veneer in a drying zone;
contacting said veneer with a moving stream of drying fluid comprising steam in said drying zone to vaporize and remove at least a por-tion of the water in said veneer, producing a negative pressure in said drying zone along at least a major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the am-bient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said drying zone; and transporting said veneer through said drying zone along its length from an inlet to an outlet during drying and removing dried veneer from said outlet of said drying zone.
22. A drying method in accordance with claim 21 in which the drying fluid comprises superheated steam, said drying fluid being removed from the drying zone after it commingles with the vaporized water from said veneer and heated to a higher temperature to provide said superheated steam which is returned to the drying zone.
23. A drying method in accordance with claim 21 in which ambient air is prevented from entering the inlet and outlet of the drying zone.
24. A drying method in accordance with claim 21 in which the drying zone includes an inlet chamber having a veneer inlet opening and an outlet chamber having a veneer outlet opening, and the drying fluid includes a first stream flowing through said inlet chamber away from said inlet opening and a second stream flowing through said outlet chamber away from said out-let opening.
1. A drying method for removing water from a water containing material to provide a dried product which comprises the steps of:
contacting said water containing material, in a drying zone at drying conditions, with a recycled drying fluid comprising superheated steam at a first temperature above the boiling temperature of water, whereby at least a portion of the water in said material is vaporized, removed from said material, and commingled with said drying fluid to form an effluent gas stream comprising steam at a second temperature lower than said first temperature;
removing said effluent gas stream from said drying zone and heating said effluent gas stream to about said first temperature;
discarding a minor first portion of said heated effluent gas stream and recycling a major second portion of said heated effluent gas stream to said drying zone to provide said recycled drying fluid;
producing a negative pressure in said drying zone along at least a major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said drying zone; and transporting said material through said drying zone along its length from an inlet to an outlet during drying and recovering said material from said outlet to provide said dried product.
2. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 wherein ambient air is prevented from entering said drying zone.
3. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first portion of said effluent gas stream includes about the same amount of water as said portion of water removed from said material in said drying zone.
4. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 where said water containing material is wood veneer which is transported through said drying zone.
5. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first temperature is above 240°F.
6. A drying method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first temperature is between about 350°F.
and about 400°F.
7. A drying apparatus for removing water absorbed in a material comprising:
container means for containing said material and including means for moving said material through inlet and outlet ends of said container means during drying;
heating means for producing a heating fluid within said container means from water evaporated from said material, said heating fluid comprising superheated steam;
contacting means for contacting said material with said steam within said container means to heat said material and vaporize said water absorbed therein, whereby said water is removed from said material;
means for preventing the entry of substantially all ambient air into said container means through said open ends;
means for producing a negative internal pressure within the container means along at least the major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said container means; and means for removing a minor portion of said steam from said container means.
8. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 in which the means for preventing the entry of ambient air and the means for providing a negative internal pressure both include a common fan means.
9. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 for drying material which gives off hydrocarbonaceous vapors when heated in said container means, and said means for producing a negative internal pressure prevents such vapors from leaking out of such container means.
10. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 which includes means for continuously transporting said material through said container means during drying.
11. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 for drying wood veneer, the apparatus including conveyor means for conveying said veneer continuously through said container means into an inlet opening at one end and out of an outlet opening at the other end of said container means and the means for producing said negative pressure includes motive means for moving said heating fluid through said container means away from said inlet opening and said outlet opening.
12. Apparatus in accordance with claim 7 wherein said heating means comprises heat exchange means outside said container means, said apparatus further including conduit means for circulating said heating fluid between said container means and said heat exchange means, said heating fluid being withdrawn from said container means, heated in said heat exchange means, and returned to said container means.
13. Apparatus in accordance with claim 12 further including particulate separator means outside said container means for separating said heating fluid from particulate material being dryed, and said heating fluid and said material being removed from said con-tainer means and fed simultaneously into said separator means.
15. Wood veneer dryer apparatus comprising in combination:
a first open ended veneer sheet drying chamber having first gas inlet means at one end thereof for introducing superheated steam into said chamber, having first veneer sheet inlet means at one end thereof for introducing veneer sheets into said chamber and means for heating the veneer sheets to evaporate water there-from to produce steam within said chamber which is used to form said superheated steam, having first gas outlet means at the other end thereof for withdrawing super-heated steam, having first veneer sheet outlet means at said other end for withdrawing veneer sheets therefrom, and having first veneer sheet conveying means therein for conveying veneer sheets through said first chamber during drying from said one end to said other end;
first heating means for heating superheated steam;
first gas conduit means communicating between said first gas outlet means and said first heating means for conveying superheated steam from said first drying chamber to said first heating means;
first gas motive means for moving superheated steam;
second gas conduit means communicating between said first heating means and said first gas motive means for conveying superheated steam from said first heating means to said first motive means;
third gas conduit means communicating be-tween said first motive means and said first gas inlet means for conveying superheated steam from said first motive means to said first gas inlet means;
first gas removal means for removing a minor portion of superheated steam from said veneer dryer apparatus;
means for producing a negative internal pressure within the first chamber along at least a major portion of its length which is below the ambient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said first chamber; and first means for preventing ambient atmos-pheric air from entering said first veneer drying chamber.
15. A veneer dryer apparatus in accordance with claim 14 which also includes a second veneer drying chamber having second gas outlet means at one end thereof for withdrawing superheated steam there-from, having second veneer sheet inlet means at said one end thereof for introducing veneer sheets into said second chamber, said second veneer inlet means communicating with said first veneer outlet means of said first drying chamber, said second drying chamber having second gas inlet means at the other end thereof for introducing superheated steam therein, and having a second veneer sheet outlet means at said other end thereof for withdrawing veneer sheets therefrom, and having second veneer sheet conveying means therein for conveying veneer sheets through said second chamber from said one end to said other end thereof;
second heating means for heating superheated steam;
fourth gas conduit means communicating be-tween said second gas outlet means and said second heating means for conveying superheated steam from said second drying chamber to said second heating means;
second gas motive means for moving superheated steam;
fifth gas conduit means communicating between said second heating means and said second gas motive means for conveying superheated steam from said second heating means to said second motive means;
sixth gas conduit means communicating between said second motive means and said second gas inlet means for conveying superheated steam from said second motive means into said second drying chamber;
second gas removal means connected operatively to the second veneer outlet means, for removing super-heated steam from said veneer dryer apparatus; and second means for preventing ambient atmospheric air from entering said second veneer drying chamber.
16. Veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 15 further including third heating means in said first veneer sheet drying chamber for heating superheated steam therein and fourth heating means in said second veneer sheet drying chamber for heating superheated steam therein.
17. The veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 14 in which the first means for preventing atmospheric air from entering said first ven-eer sheet drying chamber includes means for producing a slightly positive pressure within a minor portion of said first drying chamber adjacent said first veneer inlet.
18. Veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 15 in which the sec-ond means for preventing atmospheric air from entering said second veneer sheet drying chamber includes means for producing a slightly positive pres-sure within a minor portion of said second drying chamber adjacent said second veneer outlet.
19. Veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 15 in which the means for providing negative pressure and the means for preventing the entry of ambient air both include a common fan means which forms the first gas motive means.
20. Veneer dryer apparatus as defined in claim 15 in which the first and second motive means move the superheated steam through said first and second drying chambers away from the veneer inlet of said first chamber and away from the veneer outlet of said second chamber.
1. 21. A method of drying wood veneer comprising the steps of:
positioning the wood veneer in a drying zone;
contacting said veneer with a moving stream of drying fluid comprising steam in said drying zone to vaporize and remove at least a por-tion of the water in said veneer, producing a negative pressure in said drying zone along at least a major portion of its length, said negative pressure being below the am-bient pressure of the atmosphere surrounding said drying zone; and transporting said veneer through said drying zone along its length from an inlet to an outlet during drying and removing dried veneer from said outlet of said drying zone.
22. A drying method in accordance with claim 21 in which the drying fluid comprises superheated steam, said drying fluid being removed from the drying zone after it commingles with the vaporized water from said veneer and heated to a higher temperature to provide said superheated steam which is returned to the drying zone.
23. A drying method in accordance with claim 21 in which ambient air is prevented from entering the inlet and outlet of the drying zone.
24. A drying method in accordance with claim 21 in which the drying zone includes an inlet chamber having a veneer inlet opening and an outlet chamber having a veneer outlet opening, and the drying fluid includes a first stream flowing through said inlet chamber away from said inlet opening and a second stream flowing through said outlet chamber away from said out-let opening.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA279,426A CA1092805A (en) | 1977-05-30 | 1977-05-30 | Apparatus and method for steam drying |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA279,426A CA1092805A (en) | 1977-05-30 | 1977-05-30 | Apparatus and method for steam drying |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1092805A true CA1092805A (en) | 1981-01-06 |
Family
ID=4108760
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA279,426A Expired CA1092805A (en) | 1977-05-30 | 1977-05-30 | Apparatus and method for steam drying |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1092805A (en) |
-
1977
- 1977-05-30 CA CA279,426A patent/CA1092805A/en not_active Expired
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