CA1092309A - Removable inner core for tires - Google Patents
Removable inner core for tiresInfo
- Publication number
- CA1092309A CA1092309A CA267,983A CA267983A CA1092309A CA 1092309 A CA1092309 A CA 1092309A CA 267983 A CA267983 A CA 267983A CA 1092309 A CA1092309 A CA 1092309A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tire
- casing
- core
- ring
- fitting
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Landscapes
- Tires In General (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Removeable inner core for tires A vehicle tire has an inner shield to protect the tire from deflating when punctured by inserting an inner core of elastomeric material which can be removed and reused in another tire when the first tire is worn, a portion of said inner core being formed within the casing of the tire itself.
Removeable inner core for tires A vehicle tire has an inner shield to protect the tire from deflating when punctured by inserting an inner core of elastomeric material which can be removed and reused in another tire when the first tire is worn, a portion of said inner core being formed within the casing of the tire itself.
Description
o~
, 1Reo~oveable inner Core for Tires -- . . .
2Field oÇ the Invention. 2 ' ~ 3The present invention relates to a ~eans and method of 3 4 providing a ti~e casing with a resilient core which i9 reg- 4 , 5istant to puncture and is designed to replace the air filled 5 6 puncture-prone inner-tube used on trucks and machinery used 6 on rough terrain, and for material handling machines. 7 8Prior_ Art. 8 9It is known that considerable expense and time loss is g sustained by construction equipment and the like which employ 10 ~ 11air-filled tires for use on rough terrain where stakes, sharp 11 -~ 12 rocks and even sapling stumps punc~ure a tire causing down 12 13 time to the equipment while a tire is replaced or repaired. 13 14 It is also known that liquid plastic material can be pumped 14 into a pneumatic tire to conform to and set within the tire to 15 , - ., .
16 provide a puncture resistant inner core for the tire which has16 .
17 good characteristic~ of 'ride' with the 'feel' to the rider 17 ;~
18 and driver of the equipment, similar to an air-filled tire. 18 19 It is recognized that the 'hard' ride of a solid tire is not 19 :;, ~ ,, acceptable to equipment drivers. In addition, the hard ride 20 ~
- 21 provided by a solid tire can damage the suspensions of the 21 ~ ~:
., .:. ~
22 machines by not absorbing part of the shock of the terrain. 22 . . .
23It is found, however, that with plastic filled tires 23 24 when a tire is worn out or the tread or casing damaged the 24 inner core of plastic material must be discarded with the 25 26 worn or broken tire since the core has been bonded to the inn-26 27 er side of the tire during installation or filling. The cost 27 28 of filling a tire with plastic can be great part of its 28 ag cost especially in large tires, where urethane filler is used 29 3~ in large quantities. There is a demand for a method of 30
, 1Reo~oveable inner Core for Tires -- . . .
2Field oÇ the Invention. 2 ' ~ 3The present invention relates to a ~eans and method of 3 4 providing a ti~e casing with a resilient core which i9 reg- 4 , 5istant to puncture and is designed to replace the air filled 5 6 puncture-prone inner-tube used on trucks and machinery used 6 on rough terrain, and for material handling machines. 7 8Prior_ Art. 8 9It is known that considerable expense and time loss is g sustained by construction equipment and the like which employ 10 ~ 11air-filled tires for use on rough terrain where stakes, sharp 11 -~ 12 rocks and even sapling stumps punc~ure a tire causing down 12 13 time to the equipment while a tire is replaced or repaired. 13 14 It is also known that liquid plastic material can be pumped 14 into a pneumatic tire to conform to and set within the tire to 15 , - ., .
16 provide a puncture resistant inner core for the tire which has16 .
17 good characteristic~ of 'ride' with the 'feel' to the rider 17 ;~
18 and driver of the equipment, similar to an air-filled tire. 18 19 It is recognized that the 'hard' ride of a solid tire is not 19 :;, ~ ,, acceptable to equipment drivers. In addition, the hard ride 20 ~
- 21 provided by a solid tire can damage the suspensions of the 21 ~ ~:
., .:. ~
22 machines by not absorbing part of the shock of the terrain. 22 . . .
23It is found, however, that with plastic filled tires 23 24 when a tire is worn out or the tread or casing damaged the 24 inner core of plastic material must be discarded with the 25 26 worn or broken tire since the core has been bonded to the inn-26 27 er side of the tire during installation or filling. The cost 27 28 of filling a tire with plastic can be great part of its 28 ag cost especially in large tires, where urethane filler is used 29 3~ in large quantities. There is a demand for a method of 30
-2-,. 1 ' saving the inner core after the casing has been discarded.
It is the object of the present invention to provide an inner core for a tire casing that can be removed and re-used when the casing is worn or broken. It is a further object of the invention to disclose a method of installing and removing a pre-fabricated inner core from a used casing.
Summary of the Invention The present invention comprises forming or moulding a tube filler core in ringed segments and then fitting the seg-ments into tire casing. A final plug core segment can be installed to hold the segments together in the casing. The core segments are made from elastomeric plastic material such as rubber or urethane.
For use with large tires a one piece ring of hard rubber or other resilient but hard compound is fitted against the segments around the rims of the tire and held by a side and lock ring to the tire casing. It will be appreciated that the plug and ring will be fitted to the casing by means of air pressure or other hydraulically operated equipment carried by tire service vehicles on construction sites.
As a further improvement for large tires, a casing is used as a mould; an inner segments is formed and held by a rim;
and plastic filler is introduced between them to form and harden in the casing by means of a filler plug in the inner segment.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawings where like numerals refer to like parts.
In the Drawings.
Figure 1 shows a horizontal sectional view through a tire casing with 3 sections of prefabricated core and a plug
It is the object of the present invention to provide an inner core for a tire casing that can be removed and re-used when the casing is worn or broken. It is a further object of the invention to disclose a method of installing and removing a pre-fabricated inner core from a used casing.
Summary of the Invention The present invention comprises forming or moulding a tube filler core in ringed segments and then fitting the seg-ments into tire casing. A final plug core segment can be installed to hold the segments together in the casing. The core segments are made from elastomeric plastic material such as rubber or urethane.
For use with large tires a one piece ring of hard rubber or other resilient but hard compound is fitted against the segments around the rims of the tire and held by a side and lock ring to the tire casing. It will be appreciated that the plug and ring will be fitted to the casing by means of air pressure or other hydraulically operated equipment carried by tire service vehicles on construction sites.
As a further improvement for large tires, a casing is used as a mould; an inner segments is formed and held by a rim;
and plastic filler is introduced between them to form and harden in the casing by means of a filler plug in the inner segment.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawings where like numerals refer to like parts.
In the Drawings.
Figure 1 shows a horizontal sectional view through a tire casing with 3 sections of prefabricated core and a plug
-3-~ 9~23~
1member fitted lnto it with a rl1~g held by the wheel.
2Figure 2 shows a vertical ~ectional view of a sectlon 2 3of a tire and core with ring and locking means therefore; 3 4Figure 3 is a partially cut away view of a tire having 4 San inner core of soft rubber or cellular expansion plastic S
6and an outer or upper core o~ hard rubber or urethane formed 6 7within the casing when the inner core has been set in place. 7 8Figure 4 is a horizontal section view of the combin- 8 t ' 9ation of Figure 3 sho~'ing the tube through the inner core for 9 filling the cavity between it and the casing. 10 11 In the Preferred Embodiment. 11 ., . :
;,~ 12 In Figure one, numeral lO designates a large tractor 12 .9~ -` 13 tire. 3 sections of prefabricated solid urethane core, ll, 13 ~ ~ -.' '. :~
~ 14 12, 13 are shown in the casing and a plug 15 is shown placed 14 } ~
!` /' lS between two of the sections. A solid ring 16 9 of hard res- 15 ,,i 16ilient material is shown fitted between the rims, 18, l9, of 16 i~ ~
~` 17 tire casing lO. - 1~ ~ ;
? ~ 18 In Figure 2 a aection of core 12 is shown filling a 18 ; 19 casing lO, with a ring 16 held between rims l9, 18. The side 19 ;~ - . :, , 20 and lock ring means 20 holds the casing fast to a wheel 21. 20 ;~
,. i . ~. i .
21 The method of forming a removeable Core will now be 21 -~ 22 discussed with reference to Figures 3 and 4. A casing 40, 22 j~ 23either new or old can be used as a mould. The inside 41 of 23 i',~' f'' '.' ~ ~''.1 24casing 40 is dusted with silica powder to prevent bonding of 24 ; ~ 25 the filler mat~rial with the casing. Two nylon mesh belts 25 ~ 2642, 43 are fitted against the inside of the casing to encircle26 i~
',' ~'''`.''',','.
it, and each have pull tabs 44, 45 respectively extending 2~
~ 28 outwards therefore as shown. A base or lower core 46 is next 28 i~ 29 fitted in the casing and fixed to a wheel member 47. A cavity2g ` S~ Will be seen to be present between the casing and the lower 30 '' ' .. " ., .. ~ .. . . . ... . . . . .. . .
~V~Z30S~
l core. To assist its fitting, the lower core can be slit as 2 at 48 and for case of removeal nylon mesh belts 49, 50 wlth 2 3 tabs 51, 52 extending outwardly therefore are wrapped aro~nd 3 ~- 4 the core before assembly in the casing with the tabs 51, 52 exposed at the rim 47. A flller tube 54 is formed through 5 6 the lawer core 46. 46 is made of light cellular rubber or 6 7 other plastic material. Urethane in a llquid form is forced through Eiller tube 54 to fill the cavity between casing 40 8 9 and lower core 46. T~e urethane will harden to form an outer 9 . 10 puncture resistant l~hield 55 in the tire. The tire can be 10 ~, :
11 used as formed above or else thetwo cores can be removed by 1l 12 pulling them out by means of the belts with the assistance Of 12 13 a slit if necessary. The outer core can then be used as a 13 14 core to a new tire with a pneumatic tube used to fill the 14 :t space formerly held by inner core 46. When the tr~ad 60 is 16 worn the tube and core can be removed and re-used and the 16 i ~ :
f - l7 casing retreaded if possible. 17 ~, 18 It will be seen that all the components of my system are 18 19 re-usable whereas the present system results in a wastage of 19 2~ both casings and fillers whenever a casing is damaged or worn. 20 , ~ 21 It will be understood that various modifications can be 21 , , 22 made to the invention herein without departing from the scope 22 ~`~ 23 of the invention. For example a mesh of nylon or the like can 23 24 be placed within the casing prior to installation of the 24 , 25 segments to assist in the resistance to slippage of the 25 ' 26 segments. 26 27 The filler tube 54 will be allowed to be itself filled '.8 with the urethane after filling of the outer core 55 thereby28 29 becoming a plug in the lower core. 29 3`0 -5- 30 . ~'. .
.',: ~ `
Z3~9 1 It wlll be appreciated that it is one of the 2 principal obJects of the present invention tv provide a 2 3 "filled" tire that can keep a constant pressure. It is 3
1member fitted lnto it with a rl1~g held by the wheel.
2Figure 2 shows a vertical ~ectional view of a sectlon 2 3of a tire and core with ring and locking means therefore; 3 4Figure 3 is a partially cut away view of a tire having 4 San inner core of soft rubber or cellular expansion plastic S
6and an outer or upper core o~ hard rubber or urethane formed 6 7within the casing when the inner core has been set in place. 7 8Figure 4 is a horizontal section view of the combin- 8 t ' 9ation of Figure 3 sho~'ing the tube through the inner core for 9 filling the cavity between it and the casing. 10 11 In the Preferred Embodiment. 11 ., . :
;,~ 12 In Figure one, numeral lO designates a large tractor 12 .9~ -` 13 tire. 3 sections of prefabricated solid urethane core, ll, 13 ~ ~ -.' '. :~
~ 14 12, 13 are shown in the casing and a plug 15 is shown placed 14 } ~
!` /' lS between two of the sections. A solid ring 16 9 of hard res- 15 ,,i 16ilient material is shown fitted between the rims, 18, l9, of 16 i~ ~
~` 17 tire casing lO. - 1~ ~ ;
? ~ 18 In Figure 2 a aection of core 12 is shown filling a 18 ; 19 casing lO, with a ring 16 held between rims l9, 18. The side 19 ;~ - . :, , 20 and lock ring means 20 holds the casing fast to a wheel 21. 20 ;~
,. i . ~. i .
21 The method of forming a removeable Core will now be 21 -~ 22 discussed with reference to Figures 3 and 4. A casing 40, 22 j~ 23either new or old can be used as a mould. The inside 41 of 23 i',~' f'' '.' ~ ~''.1 24casing 40 is dusted with silica powder to prevent bonding of 24 ; ~ 25 the filler mat~rial with the casing. Two nylon mesh belts 25 ~ 2642, 43 are fitted against the inside of the casing to encircle26 i~
',' ~'''`.''',','.
it, and each have pull tabs 44, 45 respectively extending 2~
~ 28 outwards therefore as shown. A base or lower core 46 is next 28 i~ 29 fitted in the casing and fixed to a wheel member 47. A cavity2g ` S~ Will be seen to be present between the casing and the lower 30 '' ' .. " ., .. ~ .. . . . ... . . . . .. . .
~V~Z30S~
l core. To assist its fitting, the lower core can be slit as 2 at 48 and for case of removeal nylon mesh belts 49, 50 wlth 2 3 tabs 51, 52 extending outwardly therefore are wrapped aro~nd 3 ~- 4 the core before assembly in the casing with the tabs 51, 52 exposed at the rim 47. A flller tube 54 is formed through 5 6 the lawer core 46. 46 is made of light cellular rubber or 6 7 other plastic material. Urethane in a llquid form is forced through Eiller tube 54 to fill the cavity between casing 40 8 9 and lower core 46. T~e urethane will harden to form an outer 9 . 10 puncture resistant l~hield 55 in the tire. The tire can be 10 ~, :
11 used as formed above or else thetwo cores can be removed by 1l 12 pulling them out by means of the belts with the assistance Of 12 13 a slit if necessary. The outer core can then be used as a 13 14 core to a new tire with a pneumatic tube used to fill the 14 :t space formerly held by inner core 46. When the tr~ad 60 is 16 worn the tube and core can be removed and re-used and the 16 i ~ :
f - l7 casing retreaded if possible. 17 ~, 18 It will be seen that all the components of my system are 18 19 re-usable whereas the present system results in a wastage of 19 2~ both casings and fillers whenever a casing is damaged or worn. 20 , ~ 21 It will be understood that various modifications can be 21 , , 22 made to the invention herein without departing from the scope 22 ~`~ 23 of the invention. For example a mesh of nylon or the like can 23 24 be placed within the casing prior to installation of the 24 , 25 segments to assist in the resistance to slippage of the 25 ' 26 segments. 26 27 The filler tube 54 will be allowed to be itself filled '.8 with the urethane after filling of the outer core 55 thereby28 29 becoming a plug in the lower core. 29 3`0 -5- 30 . ~'. .
.',: ~ `
Z3~9 1 It wlll be appreciated that it is one of the 2 principal obJects of the present invention tv provide a 2 3 "filled" tire that can keep a constant pressure. It is 3
4 kno~n that with tire bearing machines the 'height' of the 4 tire must be kept at a constant level for the machine to 5 6 perform properly and with large tires, underinflation and 7 deflation can cause a lowering of one corner of the machine 7 8 a number of inches which can be dangerous for proper hand- ~
9 ling of the machine. It is known also, that the wearing 9 down of the tread can result in the discard of a tire 10 11 when the casing and filler are still good. The invention 11 12 herein provides a means of keeping a tire up to height and 12 13 of obtaining proper inflation in the first instance in ad- 13 dition to the advantage of providing a reuseable filler 14 core. 15 .
, 16 In the embodiment shown in Figures 3 and 4, the lS -~
17 lower or base core is preformed from a soft cellular grade 17 ~ ;
18 of urethane to save material and cost as the part of the 18 . 19 tire in which it will reside will not likely be punctured 19 ;~-:.~. - :
or damaged. The upper core 55 must however be of high 20 -21 tensile strength to achieve the purpose of a 'filled' 21 ~;
-~ 22 tire and I therefore use hard urethane having a tear 22 ~ ~-t ~' .. ~, ', 23 tensile strength of from lO00 to l500 p.s.i. The urethane 23 24 for core 55 is pumped into casing through tube 54 under 24 ,:, ~ , :
;~, 25 pressure to expand the tire casing outwards an amount of 25 ~
. ~ .
126 5% to reach its finished useful shape since all tires 26 27 expand with use ~hat amount at least. 27 28 Whenever a tire casing is damaged in the field 28 129 or when pressure equipment is not available to put filler 29 ... ; , .
~ into a new casing, the cores are both removed and only 30 . .
, -6-: ,.: ~ , . , , : . . .
r 10 ~31 z3 1 core 55 fitted into a new casing while core 46 is saved 2 for usewhen pressure filling equipmen~ is available. In .~
3 order to ensure that the finished tire will be properly 3 4 inflated a tube is fitted in place of the core 46 after the 4 S core 55 has been fitted to the casing. The proper inflation S
6 can then be provided to the tire by means of the pneumatic 6 :1, 7 tube.
~t ~ In the place of the specially fabricated core 46 being used as 8 9 lower core it has been found that a tire casing of smaller dimensions 9 than the casing 10 can be employed as a core. Such casings are readily 10 11 available and have the advantage over plastic or rubber that being built 11 ~-~;
~`12 a s tires they will contribute to the load bearing capaclty of the whole 12 ~;13 combination. As casing 10 weakens wears or becomes iniured the inner 13 ~: 14 casing will prevent breakdown until the machine or truck is serviced and the tires examined. Down time on the job site is thereby avoided. 15 16 When an inside tire casing is used for46, the urethane is pumped 16 :s . . .
17 between the casings to form core 55 and the hole for introduction of the 18 urethane will be provided through casing 46 as before. It will be appre- 18 ` 19 ciated that old or worn casings will serve quite adequately for cores 46.19 t. :`
~` 20 When tire casings are employed for cores 46 a tube will be required with ~ 21 the combination or a tubeless tire rim assembly be used. 21 r ~; 22 A still further embodiment and variation of the invention has been22 23 provided by using the second tire casing for the shield 55 and to fit 23 a heavy duty tube to the combination. When a tire casing is used as 24 ,~ 25 a puncture shield and fitted to the inside of casing 10, it is necessary 25 ,: .; -,26 to buff the old corners of the inner casing to provide a snug fit to 26 .` 27 the inside of the casing 10. 2~ ;
~,; .................................................................... .
" , 29 29 3~ ~ ~7~ 30 . , : ... . -
9 ling of the machine. It is known also, that the wearing 9 down of the tread can result in the discard of a tire 10 11 when the casing and filler are still good. The invention 11 12 herein provides a means of keeping a tire up to height and 12 13 of obtaining proper inflation in the first instance in ad- 13 dition to the advantage of providing a reuseable filler 14 core. 15 .
, 16 In the embodiment shown in Figures 3 and 4, the lS -~
17 lower or base core is preformed from a soft cellular grade 17 ~ ;
18 of urethane to save material and cost as the part of the 18 . 19 tire in which it will reside will not likely be punctured 19 ;~-:.~. - :
or damaged. The upper core 55 must however be of high 20 -21 tensile strength to achieve the purpose of a 'filled' 21 ~;
-~ 22 tire and I therefore use hard urethane having a tear 22 ~ ~-t ~' .. ~, ', 23 tensile strength of from lO00 to l500 p.s.i. The urethane 23 24 for core 55 is pumped into casing through tube 54 under 24 ,:, ~ , :
;~, 25 pressure to expand the tire casing outwards an amount of 25 ~
. ~ .
126 5% to reach its finished useful shape since all tires 26 27 expand with use ~hat amount at least. 27 28 Whenever a tire casing is damaged in the field 28 129 or when pressure equipment is not available to put filler 29 ... ; , .
~ into a new casing, the cores are both removed and only 30 . .
, -6-: ,.: ~ , . , , : . . .
r 10 ~31 z3 1 core 55 fitted into a new casing while core 46 is saved 2 for usewhen pressure filling equipmen~ is available. In .~
3 order to ensure that the finished tire will be properly 3 4 inflated a tube is fitted in place of the core 46 after the 4 S core 55 has been fitted to the casing. The proper inflation S
6 can then be provided to the tire by means of the pneumatic 6 :1, 7 tube.
~t ~ In the place of the specially fabricated core 46 being used as 8 9 lower core it has been found that a tire casing of smaller dimensions 9 than the casing 10 can be employed as a core. Such casings are readily 10 11 available and have the advantage over plastic or rubber that being built 11 ~-~;
~`12 a s tires they will contribute to the load bearing capaclty of the whole 12 ~;13 combination. As casing 10 weakens wears or becomes iniured the inner 13 ~: 14 casing will prevent breakdown until the machine or truck is serviced and the tires examined. Down time on the job site is thereby avoided. 15 16 When an inside tire casing is used for46, the urethane is pumped 16 :s . . .
17 between the casings to form core 55 and the hole for introduction of the 18 urethane will be provided through casing 46 as before. It will be appre- 18 ` 19 ciated that old or worn casings will serve quite adequately for cores 46.19 t. :`
~` 20 When tire casings are employed for cores 46 a tube will be required with ~ 21 the combination or a tubeless tire rim assembly be used. 21 r ~; 22 A still further embodiment and variation of the invention has been22 23 provided by using the second tire casing for the shield 55 and to fit 23 a heavy duty tube to the combination. When a tire casing is used as 24 ,~ 25 a puncture shield and fitted to the inside of casing 10, it is necessary 25 ,: .; -,26 to buff the old corners of the inner casing to provide a snug fit to 26 .` 27 the inside of the casing 10. 2~ ;
~,; .................................................................... .
" , 29 29 3~ ~ ~7~ 30 . , : ... . -
Claims (2)
1. The method of forming a removeable and reuseable inner core for a vehicle tire of the type having a hollow casing with a pair of rims adapted for fitting against a metal wheel that has at least one valve aperature therethrough, comprising the steps of;
dusting the inner side of said tire casing with silica powder;
fitting at least one nylon mesh belt having ends thereon, against the inside of said casing with the ends of said belt-extending outwardly of said casing to overlie the rims of said tire;
fitting into said tire, a ring of elastomeric material having an inner rim and an outer rim thereon, and having an inner diameter equal to the inner ;
diameterof said tire and an outer diameter less than than said tire outer.
diameter, to provide a cavity therebetween;
forming a passage through said ring from said outer rim thereof to said inner rim thereof;
fitting the tire casing with the ring contained within it, to said wheel;
aligning said wheel valve aperature with said passage through said ring;
filling the cavity between said tire casing and said ring with urethane foam by forcing said foam under pressure through said passage in said ring;
and allowing said urethane to harden in said tire to form a removeable and reuseable-core therein.
dusting the inner side of said tire casing with silica powder;
fitting at least one nylon mesh belt having ends thereon, against the inside of said casing with the ends of said belt-extending outwardly of said casing to overlie the rims of said tire;
fitting into said tire, a ring of elastomeric material having an inner rim and an outer rim thereon, and having an inner diameter equal to the inner ;
diameterof said tire and an outer diameter less than than said tire outer.
diameter, to provide a cavity therebetween;
forming a passage through said ring from said outer rim thereof to said inner rim thereof;
fitting the tire casing with the ring contained within it, to said wheel;
aligning said wheel valve aperature with said passage through said ring;
filling the cavity between said tire casing and said ring with urethane foam by forcing said foam under pressure through said passage in said ring;
and allowing said urethane to harden in said tire to form a removeable and reuseable-core therein.
2. The method of forming a removeable core for a tire casing as claimed in claim 1 wherein said ring is split into at least one segment to facilitate its fitting into said tire casing.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US65401076A | 1976-01-30 | 1976-01-30 | |
| US654,010 | 1976-01-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1092309A true CA1092309A (en) | 1980-12-30 |
Family
ID=24623142
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA267,983A Expired CA1092309A (en) | 1976-01-30 | 1976-12-15 | Removable inner core for tires |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1092309A (en) |
-
1976
- 1976-12-15 CA CA267,983A patent/CA1092309A/en not_active Expired
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |