CA1091516A - Coatings - Google Patents
CoatingsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1091516A CA1091516A CA255,637A CA255637A CA1091516A CA 1091516 A CA1091516 A CA 1091516A CA 255637 A CA255637 A CA 255637A CA 1091516 A CA1091516 A CA 1091516A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- base
- bearing
- resin
- manufacturing
- backing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
- F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
- F16C33/20—Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
- F16C33/203—Multilayer structures, e.g. sleeves comprising a plastic lining
- F16C33/205—Multilayer structures, e.g. sleeves comprising a plastic lining with two layers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
- F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
- F16C33/20—Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
- F16C33/201—Composition of the plastic
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2208/00—Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers
- F16C2208/20—Thermoplastic resins
- F16C2208/52—Polyphenylene sulphide [PPS]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF DISCLOSURE:-This invention is for providing a bearing lining on a backing, for example of aluminium, and uses polyphenylene sulphide which has good bearing pro-perties, in combination with calcium hydroxide or another metallic base to effect a good bond between the lining and the backing.
Description
~lS~
Improvements in or relating to coatings This inven-tion relates to -the coating of a backing or substrate, for example an aluminium or aluminium alloy plain bearing backing, with a layer or coating of polyarylene sulphide resin. An object of the invention is to increase the bond of the coating to the backing to produce a reliable bond for use with engineering components as distinct from domestic holloware.
Polyarylene sulphides such as polyphenylene sulphide have high temperature stability. The term polyarylene sulphide is further meant not only to include homopolymers but also normally solid arylene sulphide co-polymers and terpolymers.
- Polyphenylene sulphide is a crystalline material prepared by the reaction of p-dichlorobenzene and sodium sulphide in a polar solvent. The linear polymer so formed has ... .
a fair mechanical strength but it can be cured by heating in air to be cross-linked and to be tough, ductile and extremely insoluble with increased molecular weight and improved coating characteristics. In this specification the term "polyphenylene ~' sulphide" or the more generic term "polyarylene sulphide"
includes such polymers with varying degrees of cross-linking in dependence on the heat treatment used.
A "base" is a term used in this specification to mean any substan¢e capable of neutralizing acids.
;;
Polyphenylene sulphide as one form of polyarylene sulphide is itse:Lf available in several forms - one form is the raw polymer which has not been heat treated in air to improve ~- its characteristics. Other forms of polyphenylene sulphide can ~,.' . .
r/ E -1- ~-.. . . . . . ~ .
... . . ; .. . ... .
, . , . . . . . . . ; . . . .
.. ., : . , . ~. -: . . .
;. .
- . ... . ..
~9~L5~6 be heat treated in air to increase also the cross-linking. The non-heat treated, or raw, forms of the polymer are unsuitable for fluidised bed coatings because when -the powder melts the coating runs and drips during curing. Similarly -the non-heat treated polymers are unsuitable for providing a coating by spreading the powder on the substrate because again the viscosity is unsuitable and it tends to leave voids in the coating or imperfections during heat processing. The grades of polymer which have been heat treated either completel~ or partially do not suffer from these defects when they are -- applied as coatings and cured but tend to have worse bonding characteristics than the untreated polymer. Nevertheless, ; the invention applies to improving the bond of polyarylene sulphide to a backing whether the polymer has been so heat treated or not.
Accordingly the invention provides a backing coated with polyarylene sulphide resin incorporating a base which is stable at least up to 300C.
In particular the present invention provides a plain ` 20 bearing comprising a backing of aluminium or aluminium alloy and a coating on the backing and comprising a heat treated -` polyarylene sulphide resin incorporating between 0.1 and 5.0 by weight of a strong base comprising a component of a metal from Group I or ~roup II of the Periodic Table, said base being stable at elevated temperatures up to at least 300C., for establishing a bond between said backing and said coating.
Preferably the base is inorganic.
:, ;, ~ ,. . - - ~
;.
~. . . , . . ~ .
According to another aspect the invention provides a process for applying a coating of polyarylene sulphide polymer to a backing of aluminium in which polymer is mixed with a com-pound capable of producing a base cluring the process particularly at the bond interface.
In particular, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a plain bearing in which a backing oE aluminium or aluminium alloy has a bearing lining bonded to it by mixing polyarylene sulphide resin with between 0.1 and 5.0~ by weight of a strong base comprising a component of a metal from Group I or Group II of the Periodic Table, applying the mixture to the backing, and curing the polymer by heating at a temper-ature of at least 300C for at least one hour.
Preferably the base is selected from a group comprising hydroxides and carbonates of metals in Group I or II of the Periodic Table, and preferably in a proportion of 1-10% by - weight of the polyphenylene sulphide. The coating may be of the order of .005-.015" thick. The base may be mixed with the ~:
polymer or applied to the backing which is to be coated. 5% Of - 20 calcium hydroxide is suitabla for example.
In one example of the pr~cess polyphenylene sulphide is mixed intimately with a percentage of sodium carbonate before coating is commenced. One method of achieving the intimate mixing is by wetting the polyphenylene sulphide with , an equal weight of water by stirring until a paste is formed.
The weighed quantity of sodium carbonate is dissolved in the water before the mixing process. The optimum level of sodium . .
` E
.. .. . ., . ;
. . . . ..
. .~
.,, . . . . , ~ . .
.. ...... . .
lS~L~
carbonate has been found for one Eorm of polyphenylene sulphide polymer to lie between l and 3 percent of the polyphenylene sulphide when in the form of decahydrate crystals Na2(CO3 lOH2O).
In a further embodiment lithium hydroxide may be used as an alternative to sodium carbonate.
of course, base producing compounds rather than bases may be used, particularly if the use of those compounds or bases leaves rather an inert residue in the coating after curing.
Sodium carbonate may, if not incorporated within the limits of 1-3%, cause in the finished coating bubbling due to volatile evolution. Lithium hydroxide may not have this disadvantage.
It is probable that the cause of bad bonding is the presence of the very easily hydrolysed sulphur-aluminium bond~
Such bonds could arise from acid attack of the oxidised aluminium surface from such species as H2S or a molecule con-taining SH pendant or end groups. Such attack would be inhibited .
by alkaline conditions.
Thus it is probable that other base additives such as the hydroxides and carbonates of all Group I and II metals 20 will be effective in preventing poor bonding when used at the correct concentration and providing that these additives remain -:.
~- as stable alkalis during the coating and curing process, that is, stable up to at least 300C.
Calcium hydroxide is a good base for providing a sound bond and good bearing properties at the surfaae of the coating/ ev~n if it is mixed with dry resin powder. Certain examples will now be described.
~;
.. -., :
E
i . , i . . . . . . , . , ., ~, .. .. ..
.. .. , , ... . , ~ , , lSl~
Example 1 1 Kilogram of heat treated polyphenylene sulphide powder was added to 1 kilogram of aqueous solution containing 20 grams of sodium carbonate decahydrate crystals. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes until all the polymer had been wetted to an even thick paste.
The thick paste was allowed to dry in a warm current of air. After drying the powder was sieved through a BS.~4 sieve and placed in a fluidising tank.
Blanks with dimensions of 4" x 2" x 0.064" of an aluminium alloy NS4 were abraded by brushing and coated in fluidised bed and finally heated at 300C for 1 hour to cure the resin and bond the coating to the backing.
The blanks were sawn into ~" strips.
~ Immediately after production all the coatings were - well bonded and could not be picked off with a knife blade.
After boiling for 2 hours in water coatings were still firmly ~ bonded to the backings.
-- Blanks stored in air untouched for 5 days after production were again tested and the bond was still firm.
Similar blanks coated using resin without the base had their coatings easily lifted off with a knife after the boiling and storiny described above.
Exa~mple 2 10 Grams of calcium hydroxide were dry mixed with 1 Kg of heat treated polyphenylene sulphide in a high speed mixer and the mixture placed in a fluidising tank. Treatment i~i . .
, . .
E
~ 5 -:- . :-, .. .
: . : .
9~5;1i~
was otherwise as in Example 1, and a very effective bond was achieved.
: Example 3 .
slanks were coated in several tests using instead of calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide fine powder in proportions between 0.1% and 5% of the polymer and a good bond was achieved.
~-' .
.-, '. ~ .
~' .
.,', .
,, .
!`
: ' . , .
. .
. . . . . - .. . .. . . . . .
Improvements in or relating to coatings This inven-tion relates to -the coating of a backing or substrate, for example an aluminium or aluminium alloy plain bearing backing, with a layer or coating of polyarylene sulphide resin. An object of the invention is to increase the bond of the coating to the backing to produce a reliable bond for use with engineering components as distinct from domestic holloware.
Polyarylene sulphides such as polyphenylene sulphide have high temperature stability. The term polyarylene sulphide is further meant not only to include homopolymers but also normally solid arylene sulphide co-polymers and terpolymers.
- Polyphenylene sulphide is a crystalline material prepared by the reaction of p-dichlorobenzene and sodium sulphide in a polar solvent. The linear polymer so formed has ... .
a fair mechanical strength but it can be cured by heating in air to be cross-linked and to be tough, ductile and extremely insoluble with increased molecular weight and improved coating characteristics. In this specification the term "polyphenylene ~' sulphide" or the more generic term "polyarylene sulphide"
includes such polymers with varying degrees of cross-linking in dependence on the heat treatment used.
A "base" is a term used in this specification to mean any substan¢e capable of neutralizing acids.
;;
Polyphenylene sulphide as one form of polyarylene sulphide is itse:Lf available in several forms - one form is the raw polymer which has not been heat treated in air to improve ~- its characteristics. Other forms of polyphenylene sulphide can ~,.' . .
r/ E -1- ~-.. . . . . . ~ .
... . . ; .. . ... .
, . , . . . . . . . ; . . . .
.. ., : . , . ~. -: . . .
;. .
- . ... . ..
~9~L5~6 be heat treated in air to increase also the cross-linking. The non-heat treated, or raw, forms of the polymer are unsuitable for fluidised bed coatings because when -the powder melts the coating runs and drips during curing. Similarly -the non-heat treated polymers are unsuitable for providing a coating by spreading the powder on the substrate because again the viscosity is unsuitable and it tends to leave voids in the coating or imperfections during heat processing. The grades of polymer which have been heat treated either completel~ or partially do not suffer from these defects when they are -- applied as coatings and cured but tend to have worse bonding characteristics than the untreated polymer. Nevertheless, ; the invention applies to improving the bond of polyarylene sulphide to a backing whether the polymer has been so heat treated or not.
Accordingly the invention provides a backing coated with polyarylene sulphide resin incorporating a base which is stable at least up to 300C.
In particular the present invention provides a plain ` 20 bearing comprising a backing of aluminium or aluminium alloy and a coating on the backing and comprising a heat treated -` polyarylene sulphide resin incorporating between 0.1 and 5.0 by weight of a strong base comprising a component of a metal from Group I or ~roup II of the Periodic Table, said base being stable at elevated temperatures up to at least 300C., for establishing a bond between said backing and said coating.
Preferably the base is inorganic.
:, ;, ~ ,. . - - ~
;.
~. . . , . . ~ .
According to another aspect the invention provides a process for applying a coating of polyarylene sulphide polymer to a backing of aluminium in which polymer is mixed with a com-pound capable of producing a base cluring the process particularly at the bond interface.
In particular, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a plain bearing in which a backing oE aluminium or aluminium alloy has a bearing lining bonded to it by mixing polyarylene sulphide resin with between 0.1 and 5.0~ by weight of a strong base comprising a component of a metal from Group I or Group II of the Periodic Table, applying the mixture to the backing, and curing the polymer by heating at a temper-ature of at least 300C for at least one hour.
Preferably the base is selected from a group comprising hydroxides and carbonates of metals in Group I or II of the Periodic Table, and preferably in a proportion of 1-10% by - weight of the polyphenylene sulphide. The coating may be of the order of .005-.015" thick. The base may be mixed with the ~:
polymer or applied to the backing which is to be coated. 5% Of - 20 calcium hydroxide is suitabla for example.
In one example of the pr~cess polyphenylene sulphide is mixed intimately with a percentage of sodium carbonate before coating is commenced. One method of achieving the intimate mixing is by wetting the polyphenylene sulphide with , an equal weight of water by stirring until a paste is formed.
The weighed quantity of sodium carbonate is dissolved in the water before the mixing process. The optimum level of sodium . .
` E
.. .. . ., . ;
. . . . ..
. .~
.,, . . . . , ~ . .
.. ...... . .
lS~L~
carbonate has been found for one Eorm of polyphenylene sulphide polymer to lie between l and 3 percent of the polyphenylene sulphide when in the form of decahydrate crystals Na2(CO3 lOH2O).
In a further embodiment lithium hydroxide may be used as an alternative to sodium carbonate.
of course, base producing compounds rather than bases may be used, particularly if the use of those compounds or bases leaves rather an inert residue in the coating after curing.
Sodium carbonate may, if not incorporated within the limits of 1-3%, cause in the finished coating bubbling due to volatile evolution. Lithium hydroxide may not have this disadvantage.
It is probable that the cause of bad bonding is the presence of the very easily hydrolysed sulphur-aluminium bond~
Such bonds could arise from acid attack of the oxidised aluminium surface from such species as H2S or a molecule con-taining SH pendant or end groups. Such attack would be inhibited .
by alkaline conditions.
Thus it is probable that other base additives such as the hydroxides and carbonates of all Group I and II metals 20 will be effective in preventing poor bonding when used at the correct concentration and providing that these additives remain -:.
~- as stable alkalis during the coating and curing process, that is, stable up to at least 300C.
Calcium hydroxide is a good base for providing a sound bond and good bearing properties at the surfaae of the coating/ ev~n if it is mixed with dry resin powder. Certain examples will now be described.
~;
.. -., :
E
i . , i . . . . . . , . , ., ~, .. .. ..
.. .. , , ... . , ~ , , lSl~
Example 1 1 Kilogram of heat treated polyphenylene sulphide powder was added to 1 kilogram of aqueous solution containing 20 grams of sodium carbonate decahydrate crystals. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes until all the polymer had been wetted to an even thick paste.
The thick paste was allowed to dry in a warm current of air. After drying the powder was sieved through a BS.~4 sieve and placed in a fluidising tank.
Blanks with dimensions of 4" x 2" x 0.064" of an aluminium alloy NS4 were abraded by brushing and coated in fluidised bed and finally heated at 300C for 1 hour to cure the resin and bond the coating to the backing.
The blanks were sawn into ~" strips.
~ Immediately after production all the coatings were - well bonded and could not be picked off with a knife blade.
After boiling for 2 hours in water coatings were still firmly ~ bonded to the backings.
-- Blanks stored in air untouched for 5 days after production were again tested and the bond was still firm.
Similar blanks coated using resin without the base had their coatings easily lifted off with a knife after the boiling and storiny described above.
Exa~mple 2 10 Grams of calcium hydroxide were dry mixed with 1 Kg of heat treated polyphenylene sulphide in a high speed mixer and the mixture placed in a fluidising tank. Treatment i~i . .
, . .
E
~ 5 -:- . :-, .. .
: . : .
9~5;1i~
was otherwise as in Example 1, and a very effective bond was achieved.
: Example 3 .
slanks were coated in several tests using instead of calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide fine powder in proportions between 0.1% and 5% of the polymer and a good bond was achieved.
~-' .
.-, '. ~ .
~' .
.,', .
,, .
!`
: ' . , .
. .
. . . . . - .. . .. . . . . .
Claims (20)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A plain bearing comprising a backing of aluminium or aluminium alloy and a coating on the backing and comprising a heat treated polyarylene sulphide resin incorporating between 0.1 and 5.0% by weight of a strong base comprising a component of a metal from Group I or Group II of the Periodic Table, said base being stable at elevated temperatures up to at least 300°C., for establishing a bond between said backing and said coating.
2. A bearing as claimed in claim 1 in which the resin is polyphenylene sulphide.
3. A bearing as claimed in claim 2 in which the resin has been heat-treated in air.
4. A bearing as claimed in claim 1 in which the resin and base have been combined in a liquid phase.
5. A bearing as claimed in claim 1 in which the base is sodium carbonate.
6. A bearing as claimed in claim 1 in which the base is lithium hydroxide.
7. A bearing as claimed in claim 1 in which the base is calcium hydroxide.
8. A bearing as claimed in any one of claims 5, 6 or 7 in which the resin is polyphenylene sulphide.
9. A bearing as claimed in any one of claims 1, 2 or 3 in which the base is an hydroxide or carbonate.
10. A bearing as claimed in claim 4 in which the base is an hydroxide or carbonate.
11. A method of manufacturing a plain bearing in which a backing of aluminium or aluminium alloy has a bearing lining bonded to it by mixing polyarylene sulphide resin with between 0.1 and 5.0% by weight of a strong base comprising a component of a metal from Group I or Group II of the Periodic Table, applying the mixture to the backing, and curing the polymer by heating at a temperature of at least 300°C for at least one hour.
12. The method of manufacturing a plain bearing as claimed in claim 11 in which the resin is polyphenylene sulphide.
13. The method of manufacturing a plain bearing as claimed in claim 12 in which the resin has been heat-treated in air.
14. The method of manufacturing a plain bearing as claimed in claim 11 in which the resin and base have been combined in a liquid phase.
15. The method of manufacturing a plain bearing as claimed in claim 11 in which the base is sodium carbonate.
16. The method of manufacturing a plain bearing as claimed in claim 11 in which the base is lithium hydroxide.
17. The method of manufacturing a plain bearing as claimed in claim 11 in which the base is calcium hydroxide.
18. The method of manufacturing a plain bearing as claimed in any one of claims 15, 16 or 17 in which the resin is polyphenylene sulphide.
19. The method of manufacturing a plain bearing as claimed in any one of claims 11, 12 or 13 in which the base is an hydroxide or carbonate.
20. The method of manufacturing a plain bearing as claimed in claim 14 in which the base is an hydroxide or carbonate.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA255,637A CA1091516A (en) | 1976-06-24 | 1976-06-24 | Coatings |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA255,637A CA1091516A (en) | 1976-06-24 | 1976-06-24 | Coatings |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1091516A true CA1091516A (en) | 1980-12-16 |
Family
ID=4106280
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA255,637A Expired CA1091516A (en) | 1976-06-24 | 1976-06-24 | Coatings |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1091516A (en) |
-
1976
- 1976-06-24 CA CA255,637A patent/CA1091516A/en not_active Expired
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |