CA1088166A - Armor-protected cable for submersible oil well pumps - Google Patents
Armor-protected cable for submersible oil well pumpsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1088166A CA1088166A CA271,026A CA271026A CA1088166A CA 1088166 A CA1088166 A CA 1088166A CA 271026 A CA271026 A CA 271026A CA 1088166 A CA1088166 A CA 1088166A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- jacket
- ethylene
- conductors
- cable
- propylene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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- Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An electrical power cable for use with submersible motors, particularly in the high temperature, high pressure environment of relatively deep oil wells, comprises electrical conductors disposed within an ethylene-propylene copolymer or termpolymer jacket. The conductors may be electrically insulated by the jacket compound itself or by individual insulators of butyl rubber, silicon rubber, or copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene and propylene. The jacketed cable is protected by an outer armor formed by a tightly wrapped band of suitable metal. The cable thus formed is flexible, abrasion resistant, and pervious to the gas and nonpolar solvent present in a well environment.
An electrical power cable for use with submersible motors, particularly in the high temperature, high pressure environment of relatively deep oil wells, comprises electrical conductors disposed within an ethylene-propylene copolymer or termpolymer jacket. The conductors may be electrically insulated by the jacket compound itself or by individual insulators of butyl rubber, silicon rubber, or copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene and propylene. The jacketed cable is protected by an outer armor formed by a tightly wrapped band of suitable metal. The cable thus formed is flexible, abrasion resistant, and pervious to the gas and nonpolar solvent present in a well environment.
Description
~ 2 - 75-201 BACKGROUND OE' THE INVENTION
.... . _ _ Multicomponent electrical cables are used to supply power -to submersible pumps which lift crude oil and brine to the surface from depths up to 4,000 to 10,000 feet. These great depths require that the pumps be driven by motors which operate at high power le~els, sometimes over 200 horsepower.
The motors are usually a polyphase type requiring a power cable having three conductors.
These oil well cables must maintain dielectric strength in the presence of a mixture of crude oil and brine containing hydrogen sulfide gas, carbonates, chlorides, and sulfur compounds. Because most oil wells contain conslderable amounts of brine, there is a high percentage of cable failures when the brine is absorbed into the cable. In the past, materials have been selected to make the jacketing impervious to all liquids so that the insulation surrounding the con-ductors would keep dielectric integrity. In addition, the jacketing material was sought to be gas impervious CO that gases would not diffuse into the cable under the high pressure and high temperature environment in the depths of the well.
This is not possible with polymeric materials known today.
Materials with low permeability to gases in the well would, it has been found, be subject to "blow-out" of the cable jacketing and insulation when the cable was raised from the well.
The power cables usually have an outer metal armor comprising a continuous band of metal wrapped around the jac-ket. The band is lapped as it is wrapped so as to provide flexibility as well as abrasion resistance~ Flexibility of the .
'`~
.
.... . _ _ Multicomponent electrical cables are used to supply power -to submersible pumps which lift crude oil and brine to the surface from depths up to 4,000 to 10,000 feet. These great depths require that the pumps be driven by motors which operate at high power le~els, sometimes over 200 horsepower.
The motors are usually a polyphase type requiring a power cable having three conductors.
These oil well cables must maintain dielectric strength in the presence of a mixture of crude oil and brine containing hydrogen sulfide gas, carbonates, chlorides, and sulfur compounds. Because most oil wells contain conslderable amounts of brine, there is a high percentage of cable failures when the brine is absorbed into the cable. In the past, materials have been selected to make the jacketing impervious to all liquids so that the insulation surrounding the con-ductors would keep dielectric integrity. In addition, the jacketing material was sought to be gas impervious CO that gases would not diffuse into the cable under the high pressure and high temperature environment in the depths of the well.
This is not possible with polymeric materials known today.
Materials with low permeability to gases in the well would, it has been found, be subject to "blow-out" of the cable jacketing and insulation when the cable was raised from the well.
The power cables usually have an outer metal armor comprising a continuous band of metal wrapped around the jac-ket. The band is lapped as it is wrapped so as to provide flexibility as well as abrasion resistance~ Flexibility of the .
'`~
.
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~i~3~
armor, as well as the other cable materials, is required be-~ause the cables are stored and transported on reels. Abrasion resistan~e is required because the cable rubs on the well casing walls as it is inserted through a small opening for several thousand feet.
,,,, SU~ ~RY OF TH~ INVENTION
The invention provides an electrical power cable for submersibl- oil well pumps, particularly deep well pumps, having at least two and normally three electrical conductors embedded in an ethylene-propylene copolymer or an ethylene-propylene terpolymer jacket. The conductors are electrically insulated from one another either by the jacket composition itself or by ~eparator insulation about the conductors. An outer armor of metal is wrapped around the jacket to radially confine the ]acket and provide abrasion--~resistance and strength with flexibility.
The e~hylene-propylene copolymer or the ethylene-prop~lene-hexadiene terpol~er compound which forms the jac-keting material of this invention is, pervious to gases a~d is ¦
selectively permeable to crude oil over brine. These pervious ',properties not only permit the deep well gases to penetrate the ~ '' ~' jacket, but readily permit the escape of the gases when the pressure is reduced around the cable. Thus, "blow-out" pro-blems are substantially eliminated. 'Because of the selective permeability of the terpolymer to the crude oil, a nonpolar ` material~ the ~ielectric strength of the cable is not signifi-cantly reduced when immersed in the hot liquid of the well.
'( :
. ~ ,.
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_ ~ _ 75-201 The outer armor of the cable provides not only abra-sion reslstance and strength for the cable, but acts as an in-direct barrier to the gross penetration of the elements in the well environment. The metal band is tightly wrapped around the cable so as to hold the polymer jacket under compression.
This compression reduces the ability of the high pressuré gases and hot liquids in the well to swell the cable jacket and in-sulation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of a section of electrical conducting cable for submersible motors illustra-ting the unitized jacket and insulation;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the cable in FIG. 1 taken generally along the lines 2-2 of FIG. l;
, 15 FIG. 3 is a fragmentary perspective view of a section .~ ~f electrical conducting cable for submersible motors illustra-; ting separately insulated conductors embedded in jacketing -~ material; and ` FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the cable in FIG.
.~, 20 3 taken generally along the lines 4-4.
.
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., ~
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERE~D EMBODIMENTS
Referriny to the drawing, there are shown multi-component electrical conducting cables for submersible pumps designed for use in high temperature, high pressure oil wells.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show a cable section comprising --- multistranded conductors 1, surrounded by an insulation jacket 2, and the entire package pro~ected by armor 3.
Each conductor 1 is formed of strands of wire helical twisted to prevent separation of the strands and to allow ex-tensibility of the conductor. These separate strands may bevarnished to minimize chemical interaction between the con- ¦
ductor and the insulating material. The number o~ conductors, the diameter of the conductor, and the number of wires is dependent upon the load carrying capabilities required for the particular application. Illustrative of the several materials whi~h can be used for conductors in the cable are copper, aluminum, steel, and var~ous a]loys thereof. Preferred of ; the~e is, of course, copper.
The cable shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 has a unitary construction intended ~or use in app:Lications whose cabl~e specifications require the same ethylene-propylene co- or ter-- polymer compound for both insulation and jac~eting. In this casel conductor 1 may be encapsulated in the jacket compound 2 by a one-pass extrusion process which achieves simplified~
fabrication, homogeneous encapsulation of the conductors, and substantial savings in cable production time and cost.
`1 FIGS~ 3 and 4 illustrate a composite-cable construction for use in applications whose spëcifications require di~ferent polymeric materials for the conductor insulation and cable jacket. In this embodimen~ conductors 11 are ~ ' ' ' individually coated with insulation 12. Insulation 12 may be selected from butyl rubber, sllicone rubber, or co- or ter-polymers of ethylene and propylene, depending upon the pro-perties sought in the final product. After insulation 12 is coated onto conductors 11, a cable jacket 13 is applied about the conductors by extrusion or other suitable means. Jacket - 13 is selected from an ethylene-propylene copolymer or an ethylene-propylene terpolymer in which the third constituent is an unconjugated diene. Whichever cable construction is used, the unitary insulation-jacket construction of FIGS. 1 and 2 or the separately insulated and jacketed construction of FIGS. 3 and 4, the minimum distance between the outerpoint on the conductors and the outermost point on the jacket must be 75 mils to be rated for 3,000 volts or 80 mils to be rated for 4,000 volts.
A typical ethylene propylene terpolymer which may be employed in this invention is an amorphous material sold by the E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Ltd., under the trademark of "Nordel 1040." This material has a high molecular weight as shown by its Mooney viscosity value (ML @ 250F) of 40.
The correlation of glass transition temperature with ethylene-propylene ratio is reported by J. J. Maurer in Rubber Chemistry and Techno ~ , 38, 979 (1965). This indicates the Nordel 1040 polymer contains about 25 to 30 mole percent propylene, about 69 to 74 mole percent ethylene, and 1 to 2 mole percent unconju~ated diene. Several unconjugated dienes may be used to form this type of terpolymer including dicyclopentadiene, methylene norbornene, ethyldiene norbornene, and 1,4-hexadiene.
Analytical data reported by K. Kiyimoto and S. Nakade in Journal of Applled Polymer Science, 13, 1509 (1969~, established that Nordel 1040 con-tains 1,4-hexadiene as the termonomer.
': .
~ - 6 -' ' ~. , .: . . : , . . . . .
In order to reduce material costs and to lmprove processing, fillers are included into the polymeric composi-tions in ~'loun~s ranging from approximately 5 percent to 55 percent by weight. Greater or lesser amounts of fillers may be used; however, the properties of the cable are sufficiently changed that it is not desirable to go beyond these amounts.
Generally, the preferred amounts will range between 25 and 40 percent by weight.
Chief among the fillers are silicas and non-hydrated clays. Very minor amounts of other fillers, such as carbon black or silicates may be included; however, because carbon blac]c is electrically conducting, the amounts are kept to a minimum. Silane treatment of some of the clays and silicas may be required to provide good coupling between the clay and the surrounding polymer.
A metal band of steel, Monel ~ or other corrosion resistance metal is tightly wrapped around the polymeric ; portion of the cable so as to hold it under compression. The band of metal is overlapped as ik is wrapped to provide outer armor 3 in FIGS. 1 and 2 and 14 in FIGS. 3 and 4, which pro-tects the cable against abrasion and partially protects the cable against gross penetration of the high pressure gases and high temperature liquids in the well. Thus, when ethylene-propylene terpolymer absorbs the crude oil in the well, the terpolymer swells until it reaches equilibrium with cable armor 4 or 14. At this point, no further absorption of crude oil into the cable takes place. Although the terpolymer selectively absorbs crude oil in preference to salt water, the absorption and ' ~ '~ ',:
. ~ .
~ - 7 -- 8 - 75-20~
compression of the cable polymers fuxther excludes the possi-bility of polar materials diffusing into the cable polymer and lowering the dielectric strength of the cable polymer. Thus, rather than seeking to select materials which are completely impervious to the oil well materials, the ethylene-propylene terpolymer permits absorption of those materials which are beneficial to the cable properties, and capitalizes upon their usesO Similarly, the ethylene-propylene terpolymer is per-meable to the high pressure gases found in the wells. Thus, while the gases can readily permeate the cable ~acket, the flow in the opposite direction is equally as free when the pressure is released by raising the cable from the well. Therefore, these cable may be raised and lowered rapidly without danger of "blow-out."
Although a circular configuration is shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the overall shape or the arrangement of the components of the cable is not critical to the present invention. The shape of the cable may be any form which is convenient for the fabrication and the utility.
; 20 In addition to the round configuration shown in the drawings,~
the present invention contemplates flat cables in which the conductors are in side-by-side relationship or round cables which are fabricated according to United States Patent No.
~i~3~
armor, as well as the other cable materials, is required be-~ause the cables are stored and transported on reels. Abrasion resistan~e is required because the cable rubs on the well casing walls as it is inserted through a small opening for several thousand feet.
,,,, SU~ ~RY OF TH~ INVENTION
The invention provides an electrical power cable for submersibl- oil well pumps, particularly deep well pumps, having at least two and normally three electrical conductors embedded in an ethylene-propylene copolymer or an ethylene-propylene terpolymer jacket. The conductors are electrically insulated from one another either by the jacket composition itself or by ~eparator insulation about the conductors. An outer armor of metal is wrapped around the jacket to radially confine the ]acket and provide abrasion--~resistance and strength with flexibility.
The e~hylene-propylene copolymer or the ethylene-prop~lene-hexadiene terpol~er compound which forms the jac-keting material of this invention is, pervious to gases a~d is ¦
selectively permeable to crude oil over brine. These pervious ',properties not only permit the deep well gases to penetrate the ~ '' ~' jacket, but readily permit the escape of the gases when the pressure is reduced around the cable. Thus, "blow-out" pro-blems are substantially eliminated. 'Because of the selective permeability of the terpolymer to the crude oil, a nonpolar ` material~ the ~ielectric strength of the cable is not signifi-cantly reduced when immersed in the hot liquid of the well.
'( :
. ~ ,.
~ 3 - , ~ - ~
_ ~ _ 75-201 The outer armor of the cable provides not only abra-sion reslstance and strength for the cable, but acts as an in-direct barrier to the gross penetration of the elements in the well environment. The metal band is tightly wrapped around the cable so as to hold the polymer jacket under compression.
This compression reduces the ability of the high pressuré gases and hot liquids in the well to swell the cable jacket and in-sulation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of a section of electrical conducting cable for submersible motors illustra-ting the unitized jacket and insulation;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the cable in FIG. 1 taken generally along the lines 2-2 of FIG. l;
, 15 FIG. 3 is a fragmentary perspective view of a section .~ ~f electrical conducting cable for submersible motors illustra-; ting separately insulated conductors embedded in jacketing -~ material; and ` FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the cable in FIG.
.~, 20 3 taken generally along the lines 4-4.
.
!
., ~
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERE~D EMBODIMENTS
Referriny to the drawing, there are shown multi-component electrical conducting cables for submersible pumps designed for use in high temperature, high pressure oil wells.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show a cable section comprising --- multistranded conductors 1, surrounded by an insulation jacket 2, and the entire package pro~ected by armor 3.
Each conductor 1 is formed of strands of wire helical twisted to prevent separation of the strands and to allow ex-tensibility of the conductor. These separate strands may bevarnished to minimize chemical interaction between the con- ¦
ductor and the insulating material. The number o~ conductors, the diameter of the conductor, and the number of wires is dependent upon the load carrying capabilities required for the particular application. Illustrative of the several materials whi~h can be used for conductors in the cable are copper, aluminum, steel, and var~ous a]loys thereof. Preferred of ; the~e is, of course, copper.
The cable shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 has a unitary construction intended ~or use in app:Lications whose cabl~e specifications require the same ethylene-propylene co- or ter-- polymer compound for both insulation and jac~eting. In this casel conductor 1 may be encapsulated in the jacket compound 2 by a one-pass extrusion process which achieves simplified~
fabrication, homogeneous encapsulation of the conductors, and substantial savings in cable production time and cost.
`1 FIGS~ 3 and 4 illustrate a composite-cable construction for use in applications whose spëcifications require di~ferent polymeric materials for the conductor insulation and cable jacket. In this embodimen~ conductors 11 are ~ ' ' ' individually coated with insulation 12. Insulation 12 may be selected from butyl rubber, sllicone rubber, or co- or ter-polymers of ethylene and propylene, depending upon the pro-perties sought in the final product. After insulation 12 is coated onto conductors 11, a cable jacket 13 is applied about the conductors by extrusion or other suitable means. Jacket - 13 is selected from an ethylene-propylene copolymer or an ethylene-propylene terpolymer in which the third constituent is an unconjugated diene. Whichever cable construction is used, the unitary insulation-jacket construction of FIGS. 1 and 2 or the separately insulated and jacketed construction of FIGS. 3 and 4, the minimum distance between the outerpoint on the conductors and the outermost point on the jacket must be 75 mils to be rated for 3,000 volts or 80 mils to be rated for 4,000 volts.
A typical ethylene propylene terpolymer which may be employed in this invention is an amorphous material sold by the E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Ltd., under the trademark of "Nordel 1040." This material has a high molecular weight as shown by its Mooney viscosity value (ML @ 250F) of 40.
The correlation of glass transition temperature with ethylene-propylene ratio is reported by J. J. Maurer in Rubber Chemistry and Techno ~ , 38, 979 (1965). This indicates the Nordel 1040 polymer contains about 25 to 30 mole percent propylene, about 69 to 74 mole percent ethylene, and 1 to 2 mole percent unconju~ated diene. Several unconjugated dienes may be used to form this type of terpolymer including dicyclopentadiene, methylene norbornene, ethyldiene norbornene, and 1,4-hexadiene.
Analytical data reported by K. Kiyimoto and S. Nakade in Journal of Applled Polymer Science, 13, 1509 (1969~, established that Nordel 1040 con-tains 1,4-hexadiene as the termonomer.
': .
~ - 6 -' ' ~. , .: . . : , . . . . .
In order to reduce material costs and to lmprove processing, fillers are included into the polymeric composi-tions in ~'loun~s ranging from approximately 5 percent to 55 percent by weight. Greater or lesser amounts of fillers may be used; however, the properties of the cable are sufficiently changed that it is not desirable to go beyond these amounts.
Generally, the preferred amounts will range between 25 and 40 percent by weight.
Chief among the fillers are silicas and non-hydrated clays. Very minor amounts of other fillers, such as carbon black or silicates may be included; however, because carbon blac]c is electrically conducting, the amounts are kept to a minimum. Silane treatment of some of the clays and silicas may be required to provide good coupling between the clay and the surrounding polymer.
A metal band of steel, Monel ~ or other corrosion resistance metal is tightly wrapped around the polymeric ; portion of the cable so as to hold it under compression. The band of metal is overlapped as ik is wrapped to provide outer armor 3 in FIGS. 1 and 2 and 14 in FIGS. 3 and 4, which pro-tects the cable against abrasion and partially protects the cable against gross penetration of the high pressure gases and high temperature liquids in the well. Thus, when ethylene-propylene terpolymer absorbs the crude oil in the well, the terpolymer swells until it reaches equilibrium with cable armor 4 or 14. At this point, no further absorption of crude oil into the cable takes place. Although the terpolymer selectively absorbs crude oil in preference to salt water, the absorption and ' ~ '~ ',:
. ~ .
~ - 7 -- 8 - 75-20~
compression of the cable polymers fuxther excludes the possi-bility of polar materials diffusing into the cable polymer and lowering the dielectric strength of the cable polymer. Thus, rather than seeking to select materials which are completely impervious to the oil well materials, the ethylene-propylene terpolymer permits absorption of those materials which are beneficial to the cable properties, and capitalizes upon their usesO Similarly, the ethylene-propylene terpolymer is per-meable to the high pressure gases found in the wells. Thus, while the gases can readily permeate the cable ~acket, the flow in the opposite direction is equally as free when the pressure is released by raising the cable from the well. Therefore, these cable may be raised and lowered rapidly without danger of "blow-out."
Although a circular configuration is shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the overall shape or the arrangement of the components of the cable is not critical to the present invention. The shape of the cable may be any form which is convenient for the fabrication and the utility.
; 20 In addition to the round configuration shown in the drawings,~
the present invention contemplates flat cables in which the conductors are in side-by-side relationship or round cables which are fabricated according to United States Patent No.
3,2597687.
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Claims (9)
1. An electrical power cable for use with a submersible motor, particularly in the high temperature, high pressure environment of relatively deep oil wells, comprising:
(A) at least two electrical conductors;
(B) electrical insulation surrounding the individual conductors and electrically insulating the conductors from one another;
(C) a resilient jacket surrounding said conductors and their insulation and comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of ethylene-propylene copolymer and ethylene-propylene terpolymer of high molecular weight;
(D) flexible metal armor circumferentially surrounding and radially confining said resilient jacket; and (E) said jacket being characterized by relatively high permeability to the high pressure gas present in deep oil wells, whereby said jacket is outgassed without rupture when said cable is removed from such a well.
(A) at least two electrical conductors;
(B) electrical insulation surrounding the individual conductors and electrically insulating the conductors from one another;
(C) a resilient jacket surrounding said conductors and their insulation and comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of ethylene-propylene copolymer and ethylene-propylene terpolymer of high molecular weight;
(D) flexible metal armor circumferentially surrounding and radially confining said resilient jacket; and (E) said jacket being characterized by relatively high permeability to the high pressure gas present in deep oil wells, whereby said jacket is outgassed without rupture when said cable is removed from such a well.
2. An electrical cable according to Claim 1 wherein:
said terpolymer consists essentially of 25 to 30 mole percent propylene, 69 to 74 mole percent ethylene, and 1 to 2 mole percent unconjugated diene.
said terpolymer consists essentially of 25 to 30 mole percent propylene, 69 to 74 mole percent ethylene, and 1 to 2 mole percent unconjugated diene.
3. An electrical cable according to Claim 2 wherein:
said unconjugated diene is selected from the group consisting of dicyclopentadiene, methylene norbornene, ethylidiene norbornene, and 1,4-hexadiene.
said unconjugated diene is selected from the group consisting of dicyclopentadiene, methylene norbornene, ethylidiene norbornene, and 1,4-hexadiene.
4. An electrical cable according to Claim 1 wherein:
said insulation is selected from the group consisting of butyl rubber, silicone rubber, and co- and terpolymers of ethylene and propylene.
said insulation is selected from the group consisting of butyl rubber, silicone rubber, and co- and terpolymers of ethylene and propylene.
5. An electrical cable according to Claim 1 wherein:
said jacket contains a filler in the amount of 5 to 55 percent by weight of material selected from the group consisting of nonhydrated clays and silicas.
said jacket contains a filler in the amount of 5 to 55 percent by weight of material selected from the group consisting of nonhydrated clays and silicas.
6. An electrical power cable for use with a sub-mersible motor, particularly in the high temperature, high pressure environment of relatively deep oil wells, comprising:
(A) at least two conductors;
(B) an electrical insulating jacket surrounding and electrically insulating said conductors from one another and comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of ethylene-propylene copolymer and ethylene-propylene ter-polymer of high molecular weight;
(C) flexible metal armor circumferentially surrounding and radially confining said jacket; and (D) said jacket being characterized by relatively high permeability to the high pressure gas present in deep oil wells, whereby said jacket is outgassed without rupture when said cable is removed from such a well.
(A) at least two conductors;
(B) an electrical insulating jacket surrounding and electrically insulating said conductors from one another and comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of ethylene-propylene copolymer and ethylene-propylene ter-polymer of high molecular weight;
(C) flexible metal armor circumferentially surrounding and radially confining said jacket; and (D) said jacket being characterized by relatively high permeability to the high pressure gas present in deep oil wells, whereby said jacket is outgassed without rupture when said cable is removed from such a well.
7. An electrical cable according to Claim 6 wherein:
said terpolymer consists essentially of 25 to 30 mole percent propylene, 69 to 74 mole percent ethylene, and 1 to 2 mole percent unconjugated diene.
said terpolymer consists essentially of 25 to 30 mole percent propylene, 69 to 74 mole percent ethylene, and 1 to 2 mole percent unconjugated diene.
8. An electrical cable according to Claim 7 wherein:
said unconjugated diene is selected from the group consisting of dicyclopentadiene, methylene norbornene, ethylidiene norbornene, and 1,4-hexadiene.
said unconjugated diene is selected from the group consisting of dicyclopentadiene, methylene norbornene, ethylidiene norbornene, and 1,4-hexadiene.
9. An electrical cable according to Claim 6 wherein:
said jacket contains a filler in the amount of 5 to 55 percent by weight selected from the group consisting of nonhydrated clays and silicas.
said jacket contains a filler in the amount of 5 to 55 percent by weight selected from the group consisting of nonhydrated clays and silicas.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US66218676A | 1976-02-27 | 1976-02-27 | |
| US662,186 | 1976-02-27 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1088166A true CA1088166A (en) | 1980-10-21 |
Family
ID=24656730
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA271,026A Expired CA1088166A (en) | 1976-02-27 | 1977-02-03 | Armor-protected cable for submersible oil well pumps |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1088166A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2417972B (en) * | 2003-06-16 | 2007-11-14 | Aker Kvaerner Subsea As | Subsea umbilical |
-
1977
- 1977-02-03 CA CA271,026A patent/CA1088166A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2417972B (en) * | 2003-06-16 | 2007-11-14 | Aker Kvaerner Subsea As | Subsea umbilical |
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|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |