CA1087944A - Device for carburetion of liquid fuels - Google Patents
Device for carburetion of liquid fuelsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1087944A CA1087944A CA225,210A CA225210A CA1087944A CA 1087944 A CA1087944 A CA 1087944A CA 225210 A CA225210 A CA 225210A CA 1087944 A CA1087944 A CA 1087944A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cup
- fuel
- air
- shaped portion
- oscillator
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M27/00—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like
- F02M27/08—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like by sonic or ultrasonic waves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
- F23D11/34—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space by ultrasonic means or other kinds of vibrations
- F23D11/345—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space by ultrasonic means or other kinds of vibrations with vibrating atomiser surfaces
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
- F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
- F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
- Pressure-Spray And Ultrasonic-Wave- Spray Burners (AREA)
- Spray-Type Burners (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The invention relates to a device for the ??? ?r?
?ion of liquid fuels and for the generations of a ???? fuel air mixture by means of supplied oscillation energy in the ultrasonic range in a mixing tube which is disposed ??stream of one or more combustion spaces and in which at least one injection nozzle isd provided and is supplied with fuel by a pumping means. Each injection nozzle is directed onto one or more impingement surfaces provided in the mixing tube and adapted to be supplied with oscillation energy, so that the fuel jet discharging from any injection nozzle is subjected to an exchange of energy with its associated impingement surface.
The invention relates to a device for the ??? ?r?
?ion of liquid fuels and for the generations of a ???? fuel air mixture by means of supplied oscillation energy in the ultrasonic range in a mixing tube which is disposed ??stream of one or more combustion spaces and in which at least one injection nozzle isd provided and is supplied with fuel by a pumping means. Each injection nozzle is directed onto one or more impingement surfaces provided in the mixing tube and adapted to be supplied with oscillation energy, so that the fuel jet discharging from any injection nozzle is subjected to an exchange of energy with its associated impingement surface.
Description
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~`~ Device for Carburetion of Liquid Fuels.
. . ' ; The invention relates to devices for carburetion of ;~- liquid fuels and for developing a gaseous fuel-air-mixture by means of oscillation energy in the ultrasonic range supplied in a mixing tube which is disposed up-: stream of one or more combustion chambers and in which at least one injection or spray nozzle of an injection means is provided, which is supplied with fuel by means ~ . .
of a pumping device.
~ Devices for carburetion of liquid fuels and for gener-,-~ ation of a gaseous fuel-air-mixture are known, which are ` disposed upstream of a combustion chamber and in which . ,.: ,., at least one injection nozzle of an injection means is provided, which is supplied with fuel by means of a pump-ing device. Such devices are found in various forms in nearly all types of combustion engines, for example in the Otto carburetor engine (spark ignition engine), in turbines, or in heating equipment of the type which oper-ates on liquid fuel.
In all these combustion engines and heating plants which -operate on liquid fuel, there exists the problem of con-verting the liquid fuel into its vapor phase as completely as possible and at the same time to mix the fuel with a sufficient quantity of air resp. oxygen in the most uniform manner, so that a most uniform and complete combustion
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~`~ Device for Carburetion of Liquid Fuels.
. . ' ; The invention relates to devices for carburetion of ;~- liquid fuels and for developing a gaseous fuel-air-mixture by means of oscillation energy in the ultrasonic range supplied in a mixing tube which is disposed up-: stream of one or more combustion chambers and in which at least one injection or spray nozzle of an injection means is provided, which is supplied with fuel by means ~ . .
of a pumping device.
~ Devices for carburetion of liquid fuels and for gener-,-~ ation of a gaseous fuel-air-mixture are known, which are ` disposed upstream of a combustion chamber and in which . ,.: ,., at least one injection nozzle of an injection means is provided, which is supplied with fuel by means of a pump-ing device. Such devices are found in various forms in nearly all types of combustion engines, for example in the Otto carburetor engine (spark ignition engine), in turbines, or in heating equipment of the type which oper-ates on liquid fuel.
In all these combustion engines and heating plants which -operate on liquid fuel, there exists the problem of con-verting the liquid fuel into its vapor phase as completely as possible and at the same time to mix the fuel with a sufficient quantity of air resp. oxygen in the most uniform manner, so that a most uniform and complete combustion
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~ 7944 may be achicved ln tho combustion chamber. At present, ho~evor, this objeotive has not b~en achieved by far with combustion engines as well as with heating plants of any kind.
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The fuel-air-mixture required for ope~ation of spark ignition engines is generated by so called "carburetors~' which, however, strictly speaking do not convert the fuel into its gaseous phase, but rather develop an atom-ized mixture by means of the air intake, in which the liquid fuel is distributed in an air stream in the form of small droplets. One attempts to vaporize the small liquid particles during their passage to the cylinder by absorption of heat. This, however, mainly succeeds only with such liquid particles which contact the tube walls with resultant heat exchange during their passage to the cylinder. This, however, constitutes only a small per-centage of the liquid particles, so that the major part of the fuel droplets arrive at the combustion chamber in liquid phase. The percentage of the liquid particles con-tacting the wall may be increased by generating a turbu-lent flow from the mixing tube to the cylinder; for this, however, a considerable energy is required to generate the turbulent flow.
A further possibility for vaporizing the fuel consists in the use of a Venturitube, in which there is a large pressure drop by means of a constriction and the result-;. :;
ant increased flow rate existing thereat, so that a low-ered pressure relative to the environment exists, by ;~ which the liquid fuel is drawn out of the fuel supply tube and is vaporized. Here also liquid droplets are supplied to the combustion chamber, so that an incom-plete combustion is caused which contributes to environ-~ ment pollution to a considerable extent.
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~ 7944 may be achicved ln tho combustion chamber. At present, ho~evor, this objeotive has not b~en achieved by far with combustion engines as well as with heating plants of any kind.
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The fuel-air-mixture required for ope~ation of spark ignition engines is generated by so called "carburetors~' which, however, strictly speaking do not convert the fuel into its gaseous phase, but rather develop an atom-ized mixture by means of the air intake, in which the liquid fuel is distributed in an air stream in the form of small droplets. One attempts to vaporize the small liquid particles during their passage to the cylinder by absorption of heat. This, however, mainly succeeds only with such liquid particles which contact the tube walls with resultant heat exchange during their passage to the cylinder. This, however, constitutes only a small per-centage of the liquid particles, so that the major part of the fuel droplets arrive at the combustion chamber in liquid phase. The percentage of the liquid particles con-tacting the wall may be increased by generating a turbu-lent flow from the mixing tube to the cylinder; for this, however, a considerable energy is required to generate the turbulent flow.
A further possibility for vaporizing the fuel consists in the use of a Venturitube, in which there is a large pressure drop by means of a constriction and the result-;. :;
ant increased flow rate existing thereat, so that a low-ered pressure relative to the environment exists, by ;~ which the liquid fuel is drawn out of the fuel supply tube and is vaporized. Here also liquid droplets are supplied to the combustion chamber, so that an incom-plete combustion is caused which contributes to environ-~ ment pollution to a considerable extent.
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Correspondlng considerations also apply to present commercial heating ~quipment.
There have already been attempts to utilize ultrasonic oscillation energy for improving the atomization and vapori~ation of liquid ~uel9, However, in using ultrasonic energy for the atomization and vaporization(gasification)of liquid fuels difficul-ties arise with respect to coupling, i.e. with regard to the problem of transferring the oscillation energy lnto the liquid phase of liquid droplets moving in a gas. When an ultrasonic wave encounters an interface, as it for example is present between an oscillating metal body excited by a transmitter and a liquid, a discontinuous change of the impact wave resistance occurs at the interface and the wave is partially or even totally reflected. In this nearly similar laws as in light optics apply. The impact wave resistances of metals on one hand ,; . . .
and of liquids on the other hand differ very strongly, `~ so that the reflection coefficients at the interfaces of these two types of substances are nearly always larger -than 90 ~. This means that substantially total reflection exists, e.g. between metal and air, because hers the im-~; pact wave resistances become larger by several orders of magnitude, so that the reflection coefficient becomes nearly oneO Therefore, none or only very little oscil-lation energy can be transferred from a solid body to the low density air and vice versa, because a good trans-fer presupposes that the kinetic energy of the oscillat-` ing mass of the heavy body is nearly equal to the mass of the light gas. This means that the gas would have to oscillate with a much larger amplitude than the heavy metal, which however is not readily possible for reasons :~ .
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o~ continllity at the interraco, Thcrofore tho mcchani-cal coupling factor i9 detormined by the ratio of the i~pact wave resistances. For these reasons in the past it has only been attempted to transfer ultrasonic energy into a pure liquid phase to atomize resp. to vaporize the liquid fuel, From US patent 2 791 994 a device is known, in wh$ch ultrasonic energy is used for mixing a liquid with a gaseous substance. In this device a controlled and focussed ultrasonic energy field is transferred to a material at the location of its introduction into the gas flow, in order to maintain the laminar flow of the material during the process of atomization which is present in a continuous phase. In this the ultrasonic oscillator has such a configuration9 that the ultrasonic energy is focussed on the tip of the nozzle from which the fuel is sprayed, In this known device~ therefore, the ultrasonic energy is transferred from a solid body to a gaseous phase substance and from this is trans-ferred to a liquid phase substance. With this, however, the above described difficulties arise, so that only a : ,, , very small portion of the oscillation energy passes into the liquid phase, since a total reflection occurs . as a result of the different impact wave resistances between metal and air. Furthermore, correspondingly ~! high losses also occur in the transfer of the sound energy fro~ the gaseous substance into the liquid.
:, Therefore the invention has the object to provide a ~ device for carburetion or gasification of liquid fuels !'~. and for mixing with oxygen, preferably atmospheric oxygen, by means of mechanical oscillations in the ultrasonic range generated by an oscillating device, `
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~h~re~n a rel~tlvoly largo ultr~sonlc ener~ is ~irectly transferr~dltho rue1 present ~n llquid phase ~hlch i8 vaporized thereby and is directly 6ubsequently ~ixed ~lth oxygen or air.
' This object i6 achi~ved in accordance with th~ invqntlon in the above mentioned devices for carburetion of liquid fuels by each injection nozzle being directed onto one or more impingement surfaces for energy transfer with the droplets~said surfaces being disposed in t~e mixing tube and capable of being supplied with oscillation energy, so that the fuel jet or spray exiting from an injection or spray nozzle is subject to an energy transfer with its associated impingement surface, The -~ energy transfer is especially large, if the main jet direction of an injection nozzle extends parallel to the normal of its associated impingement surface, i.e.
the-fuel jet is nearly orthogonally directed onto the impingement sur~ace. Since however, in addition a good mixing with the air flowing through the mixing tube should take place, depending on the design, it may be ~` of advantage that the main jet direction of an in-jection nozzle forms an angle between O and 90 with i the normal of its associated impingement surface, preferably an angle of 45 .
An advantageous mixing occurs, if the main jet direction of an injection nozzle is either normal or parallel to ~i to main flow direction of the air in the mixing tube.
. , i The normal of an impingement surface may be disposed orthogonally or also in parallel to the main direction of the flow in the mixing tube.
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or the purpose Or oponing and closine tho inJ~ctlon no~izle in accordanc~ wlth thc ~n~ent lon an ln~ectlon device is provided which is controllable by a pulse source having a controllable pul~e output. The control means for controlling the pulse source in this is ad-vantageously coupled with a control means for controlling a choke pli~te disposed in the mixlng tube, By ~his measure in accordance with the invention the control of the fuel supply by means of a float is not necessary and thus the disadvantages associated with the float are avoided, ~dvantageously the inJection or spray nozzle is in flow communication with a fuel tank through a con-trollable fuel pump, wherein the fuel pump exerts a pressure of appr, 2 *o 4 atmospheres, However~ depend-ing on given conditions this pressure may be decreased or increased, , .:
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In accordance with the invention a pulse source for controlling the injection nozzle is adapted for mutually independent variation of:
a) the ti~e period t1 ~ in which the injection nozzle ~ is opened, and ,'~ b) the time period t2 in which the injection nozzle is closed.
,"``~,~' In accordance with the invention the impingement sur-face is formed as an ultrasonic oscillator and consists of a piezoelectric ceramic body, In this it is advanta-geous to form the ultrasonic oscillator either as a flexural bending mode oscillator either fixed at one side, or with a mounting at the ends with free rotary movement, or mounting on both sides or a mounting in the oscillation nodes with free rotary movement, It is also of advantage to form the ultrasonic oscillator as ,.
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a compound transducer Ln ~hich a ploYooloctric ceramic disli or plate i9 joincd ~ith a metal di~k or plate in such a manner, that the fuel jet or spray impinges on the metal disk. In view of wear it is preferred to manu-facture the metal disk or plate from stainless steel.
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The object of the invention is also achieved by a de-vice for carburetion of liquid fuels and for mixing with oxygen or air by means of an oscillation device performing mechanical oscillations in the ultrasonic range, which is coupled with respect to oscillations with shaped metal bodies for transfer- of oscillations where the metal body forming a carburation and/or a mixing chamber forms a cup shaped oscillator body and where also at least one fuel injection nozzle is dis- -posed in the carburetion and/or mixing chamber having a spray cone of such shape and location, that at least a major portion of the sprayed fuel contacts the sur-faces of the oscillator body.
According to the invention at least one fuel supply nozzle is disposed in the bottom and/or in the side wall of the cup shaped oscillator body.
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As a result of the cup like shape of the oscillator body in accordance with the in~ention the side walls of that body perform longitudinal as well as transverse oscillations wherein standing waves form within the space enclosed by the cup shaped oscillator body and in addition this wave space is supplemented by those radiated from the bottom of the cup. By reason of this a large number of regions containing wave antinodes . . ~ .
;" form within this cup like space, and these regions are ~ passed by those fuel droplets sprayed by the fuel ;~. \
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n~7,~.los which do not lmplnGe on the side ~alls o~ the cup sh~ped osclllator body.
In a further embod~ment of the invention at least one air supply oponing in form of a hole, a slit or a noz.zl~ is dispos~d in the side wall and/or ln tha oup bottom of the cup shaped oscillator. Advantageously several air supply openings are located in the side wall of the oscillator and in a plane parallel to the cup bottom, so that the space enclosed by the side ~alls of the oscillator body is acted upon in the ut-most possible uniform manner by the air supplied. It is of advantage in achieving this objective to dispose several air supply openings in the side wall of the oscillator body in several planes above each other and vertically displaced by a determined angle, In a further embodiment of the invention the central axes of air supply nozzles are directed towards the central axis of the cup shaped oscillator and form an angle with the plane parallel to the bottom of the cup which is smaller than 90 and larger than 0 and preferably is 45 . By this means the mixture is im- -pro~ed and simultaneously a flow component in the direction of the central axis of the cup shaped oscil-lator is created.
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.~ particularly advantageolls turbulent flow may he generated within the cup shaped oscillator by direct-:; ing the central axes of the air supply nozzles or openin~s located in the side-~all of the oscillator body onto a line section which extends from the central axis of the cup shaped oscillator to its side wall. In this manner at the same time the path is ad~antageously len~thened, which by the droplet portion of the fuel "' ;::
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In a further embodiment of this feature at least 2 axes of the air supply nozzles or openings intersect in the carburetion or mixin~ space in such a manner, that several turbulent air flows develop in the space, de-pending on the number of pairs of air supply nozzles.
.~ccording to the invention it is of advantage to associate the fuel supply nozzles with the air supply nozzles or openings in the walls of the cup shaped oscillator in such a manner, that the supplied fuel is first subjected to a carburetion and then to a mixing.
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Advantageously the oscillator device for converting electromagnetic oscillations into mechanical oscillations comprises piezo ceramic components, which consist of modified lead-circonium-titanate and are joined with the metal bodies . to form a mechanically pre-stressed transducer containing one end section of high sound intensity and one end section of low sonic in tensity. In this the oscillator device is formed as a conpound oscillator with one or more scre~; joints. The end section with high sonic intensity in ~ further em-.. ..
bodiment of the invention is formed as a mechanical ;~ transformer so that a transformation from a large oscillating areawith small amplitude adjacent to the source to a small radiating area oscillating with a ~,.' , 1 0.;.
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lar~e ampl~tude can be perform~d. The osclllatin~ device accordlng to tho invention, which is formed as a compound -~ oscillator with a mechanlcally prestressed transducer is provided with a mounting flange at its end section wlth smaller sonic intensity. As a result advantageously .; only a r~ voly low dam~ping of the o~cillator d~vacg ~ is caused by the mounting means.
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In accordance with the invention the cup shaped oscil-lator body is coupled for sound transmission to the end section having high sonic intensity in such a manner that the cup bottom can be excited to plate waves. In one embodiment of the invention the cup shaped oscil-lator body is threaded onto the end section having high sonic inte~sity, wherein the upper side surfaces of the oscillator body are provided with interior threads which are engaged with threads on the upper side sur-f,~ces of the end section. According to the inYention it i also possible to surround the cup bottom of the osrillator body with a shell integral with the oscil-lator body.
For the purpose of improving the air supply to the carburetion and/or mixing space formed by the cup shaped osci'lator body, an air deflection means projecting ::.
into the air flow channel is located downstream of the - air supply openings which are adjacent to the air flow ; channel. In this the air deflection means may be formed as a truncated cone shell having smaller openings with ` a diameter equal to the outer diameter of the cup shaped ; oscillator body, where the latter is joined with the `~' truncated cone shell, e.g. by threads or a cement.
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~ ~ more detailed explanation of the in~ention is given by ;~` se~eral embodiments in connection with the drawings, which show ::, ;
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:;:. . : . ' ' ' `:: iO~79~4 , .. ; ,,,, - , , ure 1 a cro.ss scction o~ a mixing tu~)o provlded with an injoction or spray device and an impingemont surface according to the invention, Figure 2 a cross section through a mixing tube of a different embodiment in which the lon~ltudi-nal axis of the injection nozzle is coaxial ` with the longitudinal axis of the mixing tube.
. ., .~ Figure 3 shows a cross section through a mixing tube : similar to the tube of figure 2, ho~Yever with a different direction of fuel injection, Fi~re 4 a cross section of a mixing tube with several injection devices arranged coaxial with the air flow, .~ ,.;
.. ~, ~:- F-6ure 5 a cross section of a mixing tube suitable for heating equipment, . ........................................................... .. .
Fl~u,a 6 a cross section of a combustion chamber ~ith ,~ radially arranged mixing tubes~
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Figure 7 a section which is nor~l ~ figure 1, in schematic form, ":
Figure 8 a block diagramm illustrating the combination of the pulse source with the injection device, :
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. Figure 9 a curve of the output voltage of the pulse source plotted over the time axis, ~,;
'ir~ e 10 ~ cross section through the device for ~.~ carburetion of liquid fuels for heating ';~1 equipmcnt, ,.,;:,~
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re 11 a modification o~ the dovice of figuro 10, ~igure 12 a schematic cross section of a cup shaped Oscillator body t ' Figure 13 an embodime~t similar to the one of figure 12 ,' with several fuel supply nozzles in the' carburetion and mixing space, ;- Figure 14 a plan view of the device of figure 13, ~igure 15 a further embodiment of the invention , similar to those represented in figures 1Z
, and 13, , ' Figure 16 a plan vie~ of the device according to "; figure 15.
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~igure 1 sho-Ys a mixing tube which has an injection or ~ spray nozzle 3 of an injection device inserted through '''; its 1~all. An impingement surface 5 is disposed, so that ,, it is opposing the injection nozzle 3 and is integrally ~ oined to an electromechanical transducer 6. In the em-''~ bodiment as shown here a piezo electric ceramic body is :.. .
,; used as an electromechanical transducer, ~hich is excited to radio frequency oscillations by a transmitter or source which is not sho-~n in detail. The transmitter or , source is adjusted to a fixed frequency ~ihich may be in the range between 40 and 240 kilocycles. Depending on its design the output po~er of the oscillator is SO to '; 100 ~atts.
";' ' ; In the mixing tul)e 1 a cholce plate 4 is located at the , air intalce end and is coupled to a control means and to , ~
,~ a pul,se source as explained in more detail below in con-' nection with figure 8. The output side Or the mixing ~ ~, "~ - 13 -.:., .~'` ' ;
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tu1~3 I ror oxamplo lo~ds to -tho dlsc11~r(ro knoo or intake manirold Or a sparlc i~nitlon ~nL~lno which i8 not shown in rurther deta~l.
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The ~uel jet exiting from the fuel nozzle 3 and con-~is tinc of fin~ r.10l drop]ets -iS ~uarded againSt de-flection by the air flow by means of a cover 21 (ref. --fig. 7) in order to ensure that the fuel droplets im-pinge on the impingement surface 5. From this it can be recognized that the inflo-~ing air is permitted to flow between the 1.all of the mixing tube and the cover 21 ~ithout deflecting the fuel jet in its passage from the fuel nozzle 3 to the impingement surface 5. Only the gases developed by the impingement on the impingement surface are carried over by the intake air.
, . , Figure 2 shows an embodi~lent in which a portion of an injection device 7 1~ith the injection no~le 3 is located ;~ithin a mixing tube 1. 1~ithin the mixing tube 1 and opposite to the injection nozzle 3 an impinge~ent sur-face 9 is located which is excited to ultrasonic oscil-l~tions by an electromechanical transducer. In this elnbodiment the normal o~ the impingement surface 9 ~;
~- is parallel to the direction of flo- of the air and .. . ~
the major flow direction of the fuel dischargin~
from the fuel nozzle 3. In addition the cholie plate 4 , . . .
is located in the mixing tube 1 at its intalie end ure 3 sho~s a further embodiment which is similar to the one according to figure 2. Again a portion of an injection device 10 -ith an injection nozzle 3 is ; located within a mixing tube 1 and is opposed by an .:.
impingement surface 9 which is excited tO oscillations ~ by an electromechanical transducer 8. In this emhodi--`` ment the direction of flow of the fuel exiting from the :, . .
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, '' ~ ' -.' ..... - ' , . ~ . : -' 10.~7g44 injection no~zle is oppos~d to thc flow dir~ction Or the intake air. In the cmbodlments o~ th~ fi,gures 2 and 3 no cover 21 needs to be provided since the flo~ of the fuel jet is parallel to the air flow. In both cases only the gas developed from the fuel'droplets at the impingement s~lrface 9 is carried over.
Figure 4 shows a further embodiment of the invention, in which several injection devices 11 and 13 with their associated impingement surfaces 12 and 14 and the cor-responding transducers are disposed around a mixing tube. The fuel gases developed by the impingement sur-faces 12 and 14 are introduced into the mixing tube at the side and it is of advantage to provide an airfoil body 15 in the region where the fuel gases enter into the mixing t~e, so that the flow velocity is increased in this reglon and the static pressure is decreased. A
suction effect on the generated fuel gases is caused by this decrease of the static pressure 9 50 that these mix with the air and are carried along ~ith it.
Figure ~ shows in schematic representation a further embodiment of the invention similar to the embodiment of fi~ure 1 -hich, hol~ever, is especially suitable for use -n heating equipment with liq,uid fuels. Here also an injection device 16 is con~ained in a mixing tu~e and is disposed opposite an impingement surface 17 together with an electromechanical oscillator 1S. Since in this embodiment the fuel jet directed onto the im-pingement surface 17 is orthogonal to the direction of the inflo~ing air, it is necessary to provide a cover 26, so that the fuel jet consisting of still liquid drop-lets is not already deflected by the inflowing air. The co~er approximately corresponds to the cover sho~n :;"
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sche~atic~lly in ~igurc 7 and dc~i~nat~d by th~ rer~rence nu~b~r 21 Figure 6 shows a further embodiment in .~h~ch several mixing tubes with corresponding injection devlces 16, impinge~ent surfaces 17, and electromechanical oscil-lators 18 are arranged around a common combustlo~
space 19. Such a device is especially suitable for large heating plants ~or generation of heat or steam power for turbines or the like.
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; Fig 7 shows a schematic representation of the location of a cover 21 relative to the fuel jet inside a mixing tube 1, ;:.
~igure 8 shows the combination of an injection device 2 with a pulse source 23 and its control 22. The control 22 hich in a motor vehicle for example may be the gas pedal, is coupled with a choke plate 4. A fuel pump ~
supplies fuel from a tank 25 to the injection nozzle 3 under a pressure, e.g. of 2 to 4 atmospheres The fuel pump 24 is controllable, so that the pressure, ~ith which the liquid fuel is injected into the mixing tube, may be varied. The pulse source 23 is designed such, that for the purpose of controlling the injection device 2 the period t1 in which the injection nozzle 3 is open and the period t2, in which the injection nozzle 3 is closed, may be independently varied. In his connection reference is made to figure 9 in which t1 designates the pulse ~7idth which also designates the period in which the injection nozzle 3 is opened.
The pulse train designated by t2 means also the period in ~hich the injection nozzle 3 is closed.
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In us.in~ tho mlx1n~ tubc accorclinc~ to thc lnv~ntlon for a ~eating plant it i~ no t neces~ry to make the control periods variable in case the plant is intended for operation with constant power. On the other hand in the application to a vehicle motor the opening and closure periods of the injection nozzle must be vari~ble in order to control all ranges of power, like idling, acceler-ation, normal load and full load.
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Piezo electric ceramic bodies are especially suitable as electromechanical transducers, since they can be manufactured in all suitable shapes, so that the various forms of oscillations may also be generated. Of course additionally also the kno~n quartz oscillators and mag-netostrictive oscillators can be used.
~igur 10 sho-~s a cross section through a device for carburetion of liquid fuels and for mixing ~ith the atmospheric oxygen, in which a cup shaped oscillator body 102 is excited to ultrasonic frequency oscillations by a piezo ceramic oscillator. To this end the elec-trodes 119 and 120 ar~e electrically connected to a generator 136. The os~cillator 110 also consists of several components and preferably is constructed as a compound oscillator. In the embodiment depicted here the piezo ceramic components 110 consist of two disks arranged above each other, e.g. each having an outer diameter of 38 millimeters, and having a central hole for insertion of a bolt 113, for example of 12,5 milli-~eters. For example each disk way have a thic~ness of 6,3 millimeters. The bolt 113 is provided ~ith threads 1 and corresponding threads are contained in the metal body 111, the threads ~1~1 of the bolt 113 engaging in these and causing a tension joint of the metal bodies 112 and the piezo ceramic components 110. The piezo ceramic :
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~10~ 44 "' ` comronents 110 also consist of ~ modiri~d lead-circonate-; titana~e and together with tll~ m~tal form bodi~
; and 112 form a mechanically prestressed transducer~
erein the metal body 111 resp, metal body 112 form an end section ~ith high resp, low sonic intensity, Modi-fied lead-circonate-tlt~n~t~ ~re oxydic m~t~ials with hich particular large mechanical oscillation amplitudes may be obtained, because the mechanical and dielectric losses of these materials are extremely low. The bolt 113 i preferably consists Or steel, while the metal bodies 111 . . .
; and 112 preferably consist of aluminium. For the metal ,..
bodies an alloy of aluminium-copper-magnesium-lead may also be used and for the electrodes 119 and 120 suitably an alloy of copper with beryllium is used. The bolt 108 is provided with a mechanical prestress, e.g. of 2,5 kilo-grams, A cylindrical element 102 is threaded onto the metal body 111 forming the end section with high sonic intensity,, said element 102 forming a cup shaped oscil-lator body with the surface 105 of the metal body 111, having side walls 106 which enclose a carburetion and mixing space 100, Openings 107 are provided in the side ~all 106 of the cup shaped oscillator body 102 which are u~iformly spaced over the periphery of the side-wall 106. ~n air deflection body 117 is secured to the side-.ail 106 above the openings 107, e.g. by scre~Ys, cementing or in other suitable ways, and preferably is at a position, in -hich an oscillation node is located;
this position depends on the size and the frequency used, , .
~n oil supply conduit 122 leads into a hole 123 pro-`~ vided in the metal body 111. The hole ends in the `~ bottom of the cup in a nozzle 103 ha~ing a spray cone 104.
Pre~erably this is formed in such a manner in relation ` to the opening,s 107 in the ~all lo6 that the sprayed oil already impinfTes on the walls 106 below the openinfas 107.
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~7944 Tl-e ~hole oscillator dovico consistlng Or tho pio~o ceramic oscillators 110, ~o m~tal bodios 111 and 112, as well as the cup shaped Oscillator 102 and the oil supply conduit is containod in an air flo~ channel 115 defined by the outer air guide 124, In the embodlment j-~ sho~n here the whole oscillator device is joined to a metal dislc 116 by means of a bolt 113 and is secured to a flange 125 with the air channel enclosure 124, The portion of the metal dis~ 116 contained in the flow channel 115 is provided with openings 126 to ensure a passa~e for the air flow. The size of the openings is variable for regulating the air flow, for example by means of an aperture not sho~rn in detail.
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~or the purpose of i~niting the fuel air mixture contained in the carburetion and mixing space 100 - which is also discharged therefrom, ignition elec-trodes 127 and 128 are provided in front of this space ~hich are secured to the air channel enclosure 124 at 129 and 130.
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~; The air flo~ in the channel 115 is generated by means of a blower, not shown in detail, and the flange 125 of the air channel enclosure also serves as a mounting flange for attachment to the support of a comb1lstion space, for example of the boiler o~ a heating plant.
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r,,~, According to the invention the end section of the metal form body 111 having high sonic intensity is shaped as ; a mechanical transformer, where a transformation from i a source side, large oscillating area, namely the cross section of thc metal body 111, which is oscillating ~ith a relati~-ely small amplitude, to a small area oscillating ~ith a lar~e amplitude, namely the side ` ~all 106 of the cup shaped oscillator 10~, is achieved.
;l The excitation of the side ~alls 106 is caused by the : . , . ' . . .
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metal bocly 111 in tho form Or lon~Ltudlnal w~v~s and beca~se Or the slnall cross scction of the side walls 106 transverse ~aves develop at the same time which are radiated into the space 100 and ~enerate standing waves therein. Depending on the dimensions and on the fre-~uency used a number of anti,no~es and nodes are developedalong the wall 106 and a corresponding oscillat'ion pat-tern also results in the space 100 enclosed by the wall 106. It is ensured by means of the nozzle 103, that the oil sprayed out under a given pressure impinges on the wall 106 of the oscillating body 102 and an exchange of energy occurs thereat which is sufficient to over-come the cohesive forces of the oil droplets and to vaporize or to gasify these. Immediately after this the gas or the eventual still existing fine droplets con-taining oil spray enters into an air flow entering through the passa~es 107 ~hich are directed in such a ~anner, that a swirling effect occurs in the space 100.
This on one hand causes a centrifugal force to be de-~eloped 9 whereby the still heavy parts in the form of -il droplets are thrown against the wall 106, and on i,he other hand the length of travel in the carburetion ace 100 is increased such that the probability of i~pingement of the droplets on the wall 106 is in-creased, ~fter the gas is mixed with the inflowing air this mixed flow passes the electrodes 127 and 128 ~here an ignition spark occurs therebetween and continuously i~nites the mixture.
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Figure 11 shows a further embodiment of the invention.
~ The cup shaped oscillator 102 in this is integral with ,,~,; ~he metal body 111. Three alternative mountings are sho~n by fig1lre 11 of hich only one is used optionally.
'~i', The first type o~ mounting corresponds to the mounting ,,, of figure 10 by means of a metal disk 115, which is :
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joincd and prestre9s~d ~ h ~llO oselllator dovlc~ by mcans of tho bolt 113 ~nd ~s attachod to the flange 125 of the alr channel onclosure, A further mounting arran~e-ment of the oseillator device is obtained by a flange 131 secured to the lower metal body 112 with a flange con-nection to a corresponding counter flange on the air channel enclosure 124, '~;, ; The third mo11ntin~ arrangement results from a three-point suspension, each point being an oscillation nodal point on one of the metal bodies 111 or 112, As a result ;~ of the choice of a nodal point for the mounting only a `~ relatively small damping of the oscillator device occurs.
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In figure 12 a cup shaped oscillator body 102 is schematically shown having a cup bottom 105 which is formed as a flexural bending mode oscillator, The cup shaped oscillator 102 is attached to the metal body 111 for example by means of screws or using a cement, There-vre, a cup shaped oscillating body is acoustieally c~ uled to the metal body 111 having high sonic in-t~n~ity, wherein the cup bottom 105 is excited to plate wa~e ~scillations, Therefore, the cup shaped oscillator body 102 represents a flexural bending mode oscillator excited from its periphery, The exeitation ta~es place from the metal body 111 which oscillates in form of longitudinal waves in the direction of its major axis.
The area 133 of the metal body 111 is bordered by air, so that here substantially total reflection occurs, since the impact wave resistances of metals on one hand and of air on the other hand differ very strongly, namely by several orders of magnitude, so that the reflection coefficient becomes nearly one, Thereby the smaller area 134 becomes the radiating area which is acoustically coupled with the eup shaped body 102, For this purpose .
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, ;; the cup shapod osclllator ~ody 102 is ~oltQ~l to the metal body 111.
~i~u~ 13 sho~s an cmbodim~nt of the in~ention similar to the one in figure 12; ho~ever, in this several fuel . injection noz7.1es are provided in the cup bottom Of .~ the oscillator 102 as ~ell as in its sidè wall 106.
:i ~igure 14 shot~s the ~eometrical arrangement of the fuel injectlon nozzles 103.
;j-i~; In fi~ures 15 and 16 a cup shaped oscillator body 10Z
j is shown in a further embodiment and is an integral !~`, part of the metal body 111. In this embodiment several it'' air supply nozzles 107 are arranged above each other .~, ., ,~ in the wall 106. The central axes of the air supply nozzles 107 in this form an angle of 45 with the central axis 109 of the cup bottom of the oscillator 102.
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For the purpose of generating a turbulent flow or s1irl in the combustion chamber 100 the central axes of the . r.
air sup~ly nozzles 107 may also be directed onto a line section extending from the central axis 109 to the .all 106. In case of an equal direction of all central axes 108 a sin~le turbulent flow is ~enerated. ~Io~ever, it is also possible to direct the central a~es 108 of t~o air supply nozzles in each instance in such a manner, that a nu~er of turbulent flo~s corresponding to the number of pairs of nozzles are established.
By using a cup shaped oscillator relatively large oscil-lating areas ~ith lar~e oscillating amplitudes for the oil droplets in the space enclosed bv the cup shaped oscillator are developed and simultaneously the portion of those oscillations radiated into this space and formin~ standin~ ~aves therein is also utilized, Thus, .~
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not only an cnergy transfer is obtainod by thc dlrcct contact betl~een the oll droplets and tho walls, but the fine oil spray and the oil droplets in passing the space 1 pass the antinodes of the standinc t~a~es and are forced into an exchan~e of ener~y thereat. In this manner an extremely advanta~eous carburetion of the liquid fuels is obtained, ~hereby the efficiency of the device for carburetion or gasification of liquid fuels is con-siderably increased.
The invention can be used for the carburetion of all liquid fuels and is not only suitable for use ~ith ~- stationary or mobile combustion devices, but also for ,~ spark ignition engines and Diesel engines.
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en crude oil and used oils may be used,`as resulting flom the lubrication of machines. The solid residues , present in used oil must be removed by filtering.
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Correspondlng considerations also apply to present commercial heating ~quipment.
There have already been attempts to utilize ultrasonic oscillation energy for improving the atomization and vapori~ation of liquid ~uel9, However, in using ultrasonic energy for the atomization and vaporization(gasification)of liquid fuels difficul-ties arise with respect to coupling, i.e. with regard to the problem of transferring the oscillation energy lnto the liquid phase of liquid droplets moving in a gas. When an ultrasonic wave encounters an interface, as it for example is present between an oscillating metal body excited by a transmitter and a liquid, a discontinuous change of the impact wave resistance occurs at the interface and the wave is partially or even totally reflected. In this nearly similar laws as in light optics apply. The impact wave resistances of metals on one hand ,; . . .
and of liquids on the other hand differ very strongly, `~ so that the reflection coefficients at the interfaces of these two types of substances are nearly always larger -than 90 ~. This means that substantially total reflection exists, e.g. between metal and air, because hers the im-~; pact wave resistances become larger by several orders of magnitude, so that the reflection coefficient becomes nearly oneO Therefore, none or only very little oscil-lation energy can be transferred from a solid body to the low density air and vice versa, because a good trans-fer presupposes that the kinetic energy of the oscillat-` ing mass of the heavy body is nearly equal to the mass of the light gas. This means that the gas would have to oscillate with a much larger amplitude than the heavy metal, which however is not readily possible for reasons :~ .
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o~ continllity at the interraco, Thcrofore tho mcchani-cal coupling factor i9 detormined by the ratio of the i~pact wave resistances. For these reasons in the past it has only been attempted to transfer ultrasonic energy into a pure liquid phase to atomize resp. to vaporize the liquid fuel, From US patent 2 791 994 a device is known, in wh$ch ultrasonic energy is used for mixing a liquid with a gaseous substance. In this device a controlled and focussed ultrasonic energy field is transferred to a material at the location of its introduction into the gas flow, in order to maintain the laminar flow of the material during the process of atomization which is present in a continuous phase. In this the ultrasonic oscillator has such a configuration9 that the ultrasonic energy is focussed on the tip of the nozzle from which the fuel is sprayed, In this known device~ therefore, the ultrasonic energy is transferred from a solid body to a gaseous phase substance and from this is trans-ferred to a liquid phase substance. With this, however, the above described difficulties arise, so that only a : ,, , very small portion of the oscillation energy passes into the liquid phase, since a total reflection occurs . as a result of the different impact wave resistances between metal and air. Furthermore, correspondingly ~! high losses also occur in the transfer of the sound energy fro~ the gaseous substance into the liquid.
:, Therefore the invention has the object to provide a ~ device for carburetion or gasification of liquid fuels !'~. and for mixing with oxygen, preferably atmospheric oxygen, by means of mechanical oscillations in the ultrasonic range generated by an oscillating device, `
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~h~re~n a rel~tlvoly largo ultr~sonlc ener~ is ~irectly transferr~dltho rue1 present ~n llquid phase ~hlch i8 vaporized thereby and is directly 6ubsequently ~ixed ~lth oxygen or air.
' This object i6 achi~ved in accordance with th~ invqntlon in the above mentioned devices for carburetion of liquid fuels by each injection nozzle being directed onto one or more impingement surfaces for energy transfer with the droplets~said surfaces being disposed in t~e mixing tube and capable of being supplied with oscillation energy, so that the fuel jet or spray exiting from an injection or spray nozzle is subject to an energy transfer with its associated impingement surface, The -~ energy transfer is especially large, if the main jet direction of an injection nozzle extends parallel to the normal of its associated impingement surface, i.e.
the-fuel jet is nearly orthogonally directed onto the impingement sur~ace. Since however, in addition a good mixing with the air flowing through the mixing tube should take place, depending on the design, it may be ~` of advantage that the main jet direction of an in-jection nozzle forms an angle between O and 90 with i the normal of its associated impingement surface, preferably an angle of 45 .
An advantageous mixing occurs, if the main jet direction of an injection nozzle is either normal or parallel to ~i to main flow direction of the air in the mixing tube.
. , i The normal of an impingement surface may be disposed orthogonally or also in parallel to the main direction of the flow in the mixing tube.
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or the purpose Or oponing and closine tho inJ~ctlon no~izle in accordanc~ wlth thc ~n~ent lon an ln~ectlon device is provided which is controllable by a pulse source having a controllable pul~e output. The control means for controlling the pulse source in this is ad-vantageously coupled with a control means for controlling a choke pli~te disposed in the mixlng tube, By ~his measure in accordance with the invention the control of the fuel supply by means of a float is not necessary and thus the disadvantages associated with the float are avoided, ~dvantageously the inJection or spray nozzle is in flow communication with a fuel tank through a con-trollable fuel pump, wherein the fuel pump exerts a pressure of appr, 2 *o 4 atmospheres, However~ depend-ing on given conditions this pressure may be decreased or increased, , .:
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In accordance with the invention a pulse source for controlling the injection nozzle is adapted for mutually independent variation of:
a) the ti~e period t1 ~ in which the injection nozzle ~ is opened, and ,'~ b) the time period t2 in which the injection nozzle is closed.
,"``~,~' In accordance with the invention the impingement sur-face is formed as an ultrasonic oscillator and consists of a piezoelectric ceramic body, In this it is advanta-geous to form the ultrasonic oscillator either as a flexural bending mode oscillator either fixed at one side, or with a mounting at the ends with free rotary movement, or mounting on both sides or a mounting in the oscillation nodes with free rotary movement, It is also of advantage to form the ultrasonic oscillator as ,.
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a compound transducer Ln ~hich a ploYooloctric ceramic disli or plate i9 joincd ~ith a metal di~k or plate in such a manner, that the fuel jet or spray impinges on the metal disk. In view of wear it is preferred to manu-facture the metal disk or plate from stainless steel.
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The object of the invention is also achieved by a de-vice for carburetion of liquid fuels and for mixing with oxygen or air by means of an oscillation device performing mechanical oscillations in the ultrasonic range, which is coupled with respect to oscillations with shaped metal bodies for transfer- of oscillations where the metal body forming a carburation and/or a mixing chamber forms a cup shaped oscillator body and where also at least one fuel injection nozzle is dis- -posed in the carburetion and/or mixing chamber having a spray cone of such shape and location, that at least a major portion of the sprayed fuel contacts the sur-faces of the oscillator body.
According to the invention at least one fuel supply nozzle is disposed in the bottom and/or in the side wall of the cup shaped oscillator body.
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As a result of the cup like shape of the oscillator body in accordance with the in~ention the side walls of that body perform longitudinal as well as transverse oscillations wherein standing waves form within the space enclosed by the cup shaped oscillator body and in addition this wave space is supplemented by those radiated from the bottom of the cup. By reason of this a large number of regions containing wave antinodes . . ~ .
;" form within this cup like space, and these regions are ~ passed by those fuel droplets sprayed by the fuel ;~. \
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In a further embod~ment of the invention at least one air supply oponing in form of a hole, a slit or a noz.zl~ is dispos~d in the side wall and/or ln tha oup bottom of the cup shaped oscillator. Advantageously several air supply openings are located in the side wall of the oscillator and in a plane parallel to the cup bottom, so that the space enclosed by the side ~alls of the oscillator body is acted upon in the ut-most possible uniform manner by the air supplied. It is of advantage in achieving this objective to dispose several air supply openings in the side wall of the oscillator body in several planes above each other and vertically displaced by a determined angle, In a further embodiment of the invention the central axes of air supply nozzles are directed towards the central axis of the cup shaped oscillator and form an angle with the plane parallel to the bottom of the cup which is smaller than 90 and larger than 0 and preferably is 45 . By this means the mixture is im- -pro~ed and simultaneously a flow component in the direction of the central axis of the cup shaped oscil-lator is created.
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.~ particularly advantageolls turbulent flow may he generated within the cup shaped oscillator by direct-:; ing the central axes of the air supply nozzles or openin~s located in the side-~all of the oscillator body onto a line section which extends from the central axis of the cup shaped oscillator to its side wall. In this manner at the same time the path is ad~antageously len~thened, which by the droplet portion of the fuel "' ;::
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In a further embodiment of this feature at least 2 axes of the air supply nozzles or openings intersect in the carburetion or mixin~ space in such a manner, that several turbulent air flows develop in the space, de-pending on the number of pairs of air supply nozzles.
.~ccording to the invention it is of advantage to associate the fuel supply nozzles with the air supply nozzles or openings in the walls of the cup shaped oscillator in such a manner, that the supplied fuel is first subjected to a carburetion and then to a mixing.
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Advantageously the oscillator device for converting electromagnetic oscillations into mechanical oscillations comprises piezo ceramic components, which consist of modified lead-circonium-titanate and are joined with the metal bodies . to form a mechanically pre-stressed transducer containing one end section of high sound intensity and one end section of low sonic in tensity. In this the oscillator device is formed as a conpound oscillator with one or more scre~; joints. The end section with high sonic intensity in ~ further em-.. ..
bodiment of the invention is formed as a mechanical ;~ transformer so that a transformation from a large oscillating areawith small amplitude adjacent to the source to a small radiating area oscillating with a ~,.' , 1 0.;.
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lar~e ampl~tude can be perform~d. The osclllatin~ device accordlng to tho invention, which is formed as a compound -~ oscillator with a mechanlcally prestressed transducer is provided with a mounting flange at its end section wlth smaller sonic intensity. As a result advantageously .; only a r~ voly low dam~ping of the o~cillator d~vacg ~ is caused by the mounting means.
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In accordance with the invention the cup shaped oscil-lator body is coupled for sound transmission to the end section having high sonic intensity in such a manner that the cup bottom can be excited to plate waves. In one embodiment of the invention the cup shaped oscil-lator body is threaded onto the end section having high sonic inte~sity, wherein the upper side surfaces of the oscillator body are provided with interior threads which are engaged with threads on the upper side sur-f,~ces of the end section. According to the inYention it i also possible to surround the cup bottom of the osrillator body with a shell integral with the oscil-lator body.
For the purpose of improving the air supply to the carburetion and/or mixing space formed by the cup shaped osci'lator body, an air deflection means projecting ::.
into the air flow channel is located downstream of the - air supply openings which are adjacent to the air flow ; channel. In this the air deflection means may be formed as a truncated cone shell having smaller openings with ` a diameter equal to the outer diameter of the cup shaped ; oscillator body, where the latter is joined with the `~' truncated cone shell, e.g. by threads or a cement.
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~ ~ more detailed explanation of the in~ention is given by ;~` se~eral embodiments in connection with the drawings, which show ::, ;
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. ., .~ Figure 3 shows a cross section through a mixing tube : similar to the tube of figure 2, ho~Yever with a different direction of fuel injection, Fi~re 4 a cross section of a mixing tube with several injection devices arranged coaxial with the air flow, .~ ,.;
.. ~, ~:- F-6ure 5 a cross section of a mixing tube suitable for heating equipment, . ........................................................... .. .
Fl~u,a 6 a cross section of a combustion chamber ~ith ,~ radially arranged mixing tubes~
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Figure 7 a section which is nor~l ~ figure 1, in schematic form, ":
Figure 8 a block diagramm illustrating the combination of the pulse source with the injection device, :
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. Figure 9 a curve of the output voltage of the pulse source plotted over the time axis, ~,;
'ir~ e 10 ~ cross section through the device for ~.~ carburetion of liquid fuels for heating ';~1 equipmcnt, ,.,;:,~
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re 11 a modification o~ the dovice of figuro 10, ~igure 12 a schematic cross section of a cup shaped Oscillator body t ' Figure 13 an embodime~t similar to the one of figure 12 ,' with several fuel supply nozzles in the' carburetion and mixing space, ;- Figure 14 a plan view of the device of figure 13, ~igure 15 a further embodiment of the invention , similar to those represented in figures 1Z
, and 13, , ' Figure 16 a plan vie~ of the device according to "; figure 15.
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~igure 1 sho-Ys a mixing tube which has an injection or ~ spray nozzle 3 of an injection device inserted through '''; its 1~all. An impingement surface 5 is disposed, so that ,, it is opposing the injection nozzle 3 and is integrally ~ oined to an electromechanical transducer 6. In the em-''~ bodiment as shown here a piezo electric ceramic body is :.. .
,; used as an electromechanical transducer, ~hich is excited to radio frequency oscillations by a transmitter or source which is not sho-~n in detail. The transmitter or , source is adjusted to a fixed frequency ~ihich may be in the range between 40 and 240 kilocycles. Depending on its design the output po~er of the oscillator is SO to '; 100 ~atts.
";' ' ; In the mixing tul)e 1 a cholce plate 4 is located at the , air intalce end and is coupled to a control means and to , ~
,~ a pul,se source as explained in more detail below in con-' nection with figure 8. The output side Or the mixing ~ ~, "~ - 13 -.:., .~'` ' ;
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tu1~3 I ror oxamplo lo~ds to -tho dlsc11~r(ro knoo or intake manirold Or a sparlc i~nitlon ~nL~lno which i8 not shown in rurther deta~l.
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The ~uel jet exiting from the fuel nozzle 3 and con-~is tinc of fin~ r.10l drop]ets -iS ~uarded againSt de-flection by the air flow by means of a cover 21 (ref. --fig. 7) in order to ensure that the fuel droplets im-pinge on the impingement surface 5. From this it can be recognized that the inflo-~ing air is permitted to flow between the 1.all of the mixing tube and the cover 21 ~ithout deflecting the fuel jet in its passage from the fuel nozzle 3 to the impingement surface 5. Only the gases developed by the impingement on the impingement surface are carried over by the intake air.
, . , Figure 2 shows an embodi~lent in which a portion of an injection device 7 1~ith the injection no~le 3 is located ;~ithin a mixing tube 1. 1~ithin the mixing tube 1 and opposite to the injection nozzle 3 an impinge~ent sur-face 9 is located which is excited to ultrasonic oscil-l~tions by an electromechanical transducer. In this elnbodiment the normal o~ the impingement surface 9 ~;
~- is parallel to the direction of flo- of the air and .. . ~
the major flow direction of the fuel dischargin~
from the fuel nozzle 3. In addition the cholie plate 4 , . . .
is located in the mixing tube 1 at its intalie end ure 3 sho~s a further embodiment which is similar to the one according to figure 2. Again a portion of an injection device 10 -ith an injection nozzle 3 is ; located within a mixing tube 1 and is opposed by an .:.
impingement surface 9 which is excited tO oscillations ~ by an electromechanical transducer 8. In this emhodi--`` ment the direction of flow of the fuel exiting from the :, . .
,~, .
_ 14 --~, ~....
:i.
: .
, '' ~ ' -.' ..... - ' , . ~ . : -' 10.~7g44 injection no~zle is oppos~d to thc flow dir~ction Or the intake air. In the cmbodlments o~ th~ fi,gures 2 and 3 no cover 21 needs to be provided since the flo~ of the fuel jet is parallel to the air flow. In both cases only the gas developed from the fuel'droplets at the impingement s~lrface 9 is carried over.
Figure 4 shows a further embodiment of the invention, in which several injection devices 11 and 13 with their associated impingement surfaces 12 and 14 and the cor-responding transducers are disposed around a mixing tube. The fuel gases developed by the impingement sur-faces 12 and 14 are introduced into the mixing tube at the side and it is of advantage to provide an airfoil body 15 in the region where the fuel gases enter into the mixing t~e, so that the flow velocity is increased in this reglon and the static pressure is decreased. A
suction effect on the generated fuel gases is caused by this decrease of the static pressure 9 50 that these mix with the air and are carried along ~ith it.
Figure ~ shows in schematic representation a further embodiment of the invention similar to the embodiment of fi~ure 1 -hich, hol~ever, is especially suitable for use -n heating equipment with liq,uid fuels. Here also an injection device 16 is con~ained in a mixing tu~e and is disposed opposite an impingement surface 17 together with an electromechanical oscillator 1S. Since in this embodiment the fuel jet directed onto the im-pingement surface 17 is orthogonal to the direction of the inflo~ing air, it is necessary to provide a cover 26, so that the fuel jet consisting of still liquid drop-lets is not already deflected by the inflowing air. The co~er approximately corresponds to the cover sho~n :;"
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~t ~ 7944 .:. - `
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sche~atic~lly in ~igurc 7 and dc~i~nat~d by th~ rer~rence nu~b~r 21 Figure 6 shows a further embodiment in .~h~ch several mixing tubes with corresponding injection devlces 16, impinge~ent surfaces 17, and electromechanical oscil-lators 18 are arranged around a common combustlo~
space 19. Such a device is especially suitable for large heating plants ~or generation of heat or steam power for turbines or the like.
,''~
.
; Fig 7 shows a schematic representation of the location of a cover 21 relative to the fuel jet inside a mixing tube 1, ;:.
~igure 8 shows the combination of an injection device 2 with a pulse source 23 and its control 22. The control 22 hich in a motor vehicle for example may be the gas pedal, is coupled with a choke plate 4. A fuel pump ~
supplies fuel from a tank 25 to the injection nozzle 3 under a pressure, e.g. of 2 to 4 atmospheres The fuel pump 24 is controllable, so that the pressure, ~ith which the liquid fuel is injected into the mixing tube, may be varied. The pulse source 23 is designed such, that for the purpose of controlling the injection device 2 the period t1 in which the injection nozzle 3 is open and the period t2, in which the injection nozzle 3 is closed, may be independently varied. In his connection reference is made to figure 9 in which t1 designates the pulse ~7idth which also designates the period in which the injection nozzle 3 is opened.
The pulse train designated by t2 means also the period in ~hich the injection nozzle 3 is closed.
.
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In us.in~ tho mlx1n~ tubc accorclinc~ to thc lnv~ntlon for a ~eating plant it i~ no t neces~ry to make the control periods variable in case the plant is intended for operation with constant power. On the other hand in the application to a vehicle motor the opening and closure periods of the injection nozzle must be vari~ble in order to control all ranges of power, like idling, acceler-ation, normal load and full load.
.
Piezo electric ceramic bodies are especially suitable as electromechanical transducers, since they can be manufactured in all suitable shapes, so that the various forms of oscillations may also be generated. Of course additionally also the kno~n quartz oscillators and mag-netostrictive oscillators can be used.
~igur 10 sho-~s a cross section through a device for carburetion of liquid fuels and for mixing ~ith the atmospheric oxygen, in which a cup shaped oscillator body 102 is excited to ultrasonic frequency oscillations by a piezo ceramic oscillator. To this end the elec-trodes 119 and 120 ar~e electrically connected to a generator 136. The os~cillator 110 also consists of several components and preferably is constructed as a compound oscillator. In the embodiment depicted here the piezo ceramic components 110 consist of two disks arranged above each other, e.g. each having an outer diameter of 38 millimeters, and having a central hole for insertion of a bolt 113, for example of 12,5 milli-~eters. For example each disk way have a thic~ness of 6,3 millimeters. The bolt 113 is provided ~ith threads 1 and corresponding threads are contained in the metal body 111, the threads ~1~1 of the bolt 113 engaging in these and causing a tension joint of the metal bodies 112 and the piezo ceramic components 110. The piezo ceramic :
. ~ `
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~10~ 44 "' ` comronents 110 also consist of ~ modiri~d lead-circonate-; titana~e and together with tll~ m~tal form bodi~
; and 112 form a mechanically prestressed transducer~
erein the metal body 111 resp, metal body 112 form an end section ~ith high resp, low sonic intensity, Modi-fied lead-circonate-tlt~n~t~ ~re oxydic m~t~ials with hich particular large mechanical oscillation amplitudes may be obtained, because the mechanical and dielectric losses of these materials are extremely low. The bolt 113 i preferably consists Or steel, while the metal bodies 111 . . .
; and 112 preferably consist of aluminium. For the metal ,..
bodies an alloy of aluminium-copper-magnesium-lead may also be used and for the electrodes 119 and 120 suitably an alloy of copper with beryllium is used. The bolt 108 is provided with a mechanical prestress, e.g. of 2,5 kilo-grams, A cylindrical element 102 is threaded onto the metal body 111 forming the end section with high sonic intensity,, said element 102 forming a cup shaped oscil-lator body with the surface 105 of the metal body 111, having side walls 106 which enclose a carburetion and mixing space 100, Openings 107 are provided in the side ~all 106 of the cup shaped oscillator body 102 which are u~iformly spaced over the periphery of the side-wall 106. ~n air deflection body 117 is secured to the side-.ail 106 above the openings 107, e.g. by scre~Ys, cementing or in other suitable ways, and preferably is at a position, in -hich an oscillation node is located;
this position depends on the size and the frequency used, , .
~n oil supply conduit 122 leads into a hole 123 pro-`~ vided in the metal body 111. The hole ends in the `~ bottom of the cup in a nozzle 103 ha~ing a spray cone 104.
Pre~erably this is formed in such a manner in relation ` to the opening,s 107 in the ~all lo6 that the sprayed oil already impinfTes on the walls 106 below the openinfas 107.
,~",~.,~.
_ 18 -~'!'~;
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~7944 Tl-e ~hole oscillator dovico consistlng Or tho pio~o ceramic oscillators 110, ~o m~tal bodios 111 and 112, as well as the cup shaped Oscillator 102 and the oil supply conduit is containod in an air flo~ channel 115 defined by the outer air guide 124, In the embodlment j-~ sho~n here the whole oscillator device is joined to a metal dislc 116 by means of a bolt 113 and is secured to a flange 125 with the air channel enclosure 124, The portion of the metal dis~ 116 contained in the flow channel 115 is provided with openings 126 to ensure a passa~e for the air flow. The size of the openings is variable for regulating the air flow, for example by means of an aperture not sho~rn in detail.
:.' ..... .
~or the purpose of i~niting the fuel air mixture contained in the carburetion and mixing space 100 - which is also discharged therefrom, ignition elec-trodes 127 and 128 are provided in front of this space ~hich are secured to the air channel enclosure 124 at 129 and 130.
.
~; The air flo~ in the channel 115 is generated by means of a blower, not shown in detail, and the flange 125 of the air channel enclosure also serves as a mounting flange for attachment to the support of a comb1lstion space, for example of the boiler o~ a heating plant.
' ~ . .
r,,~, According to the invention the end section of the metal form body 111 having high sonic intensity is shaped as ; a mechanical transformer, where a transformation from i a source side, large oscillating area, namely the cross section of thc metal body 111, which is oscillating ~ith a relati~-ely small amplitude, to a small area oscillating ~ith a lar~e amplitude, namely the side ` ~all 106 of the cup shaped oscillator 10~, is achieved.
;l The excitation of the side ~alls 106 is caused by the : . , . ' . . .
~ ~ 19 -''' :
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- : . . : -. :.. .
10-~79~a4 .
.
metal bocly 111 in tho form Or lon~Ltudlnal w~v~s and beca~se Or the slnall cross scction of the side walls 106 transverse ~aves develop at the same time which are radiated into the space 100 and ~enerate standing waves therein. Depending on the dimensions and on the fre-~uency used a number of anti,no~es and nodes are developedalong the wall 106 and a corresponding oscillat'ion pat-tern also results in the space 100 enclosed by the wall 106. It is ensured by means of the nozzle 103, that the oil sprayed out under a given pressure impinges on the wall 106 of the oscillating body 102 and an exchange of energy occurs thereat which is sufficient to over-come the cohesive forces of the oil droplets and to vaporize or to gasify these. Immediately after this the gas or the eventual still existing fine droplets con-taining oil spray enters into an air flow entering through the passa~es 107 ~hich are directed in such a ~anner, that a swirling effect occurs in the space 100.
This on one hand causes a centrifugal force to be de-~eloped 9 whereby the still heavy parts in the form of -il droplets are thrown against the wall 106, and on i,he other hand the length of travel in the carburetion ace 100 is increased such that the probability of i~pingement of the droplets on the wall 106 is in-creased, ~fter the gas is mixed with the inflowing air this mixed flow passes the electrodes 127 and 128 ~here an ignition spark occurs therebetween and continuously i~nites the mixture.
~: .
,,.
Figure 11 shows a further embodiment of the invention.
~ The cup shaped oscillator 102 in this is integral with ,,~,; ~he metal body 111. Three alternative mountings are sho~n by fig1lre 11 of hich only one is used optionally.
'~i', The first type o~ mounting corresponds to the mounting ,,, of figure 10 by means of a metal disk 115, which is :
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,.
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~0~794~
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joincd and prestre9s~d ~ h ~llO oselllator dovlc~ by mcans of tho bolt 113 ~nd ~s attachod to the flange 125 of the alr channel onclosure, A further mounting arran~e-ment of the oseillator device is obtained by a flange 131 secured to the lower metal body 112 with a flange con-nection to a corresponding counter flange on the air channel enclosure 124, '~;, ; The third mo11ntin~ arrangement results from a three-point suspension, each point being an oscillation nodal point on one of the metal bodies 111 or 112, As a result ;~ of the choice of a nodal point for the mounting only a `~ relatively small damping of the oscillator device occurs.
~.~
:
In figure 12 a cup shaped oscillator body 102 is schematically shown having a cup bottom 105 which is formed as a flexural bending mode oscillator, The cup shaped oscillator 102 is attached to the metal body 111 for example by means of screws or using a cement, There-vre, a cup shaped oscillating body is acoustieally c~ uled to the metal body 111 having high sonic in-t~n~ity, wherein the cup bottom 105 is excited to plate wa~e ~scillations, Therefore, the cup shaped oscillator body 102 represents a flexural bending mode oscillator excited from its periphery, The exeitation ta~es place from the metal body 111 which oscillates in form of longitudinal waves in the direction of its major axis.
The area 133 of the metal body 111 is bordered by air, so that here substantially total reflection occurs, since the impact wave resistances of metals on one hand and of air on the other hand differ very strongly, namely by several orders of magnitude, so that the reflection coefficient becomes nearly one, Thereby the smaller area 134 becomes the radiating area which is acoustically coupled with the eup shaped body 102, For this purpose .
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, ;; the cup shapod osclllator ~ody 102 is ~oltQ~l to the metal body 111.
~i~u~ 13 sho~s an cmbodim~nt of the in~ention similar to the one in figure 12; ho~ever, in this several fuel . injection noz7.1es are provided in the cup bottom Of .~ the oscillator 102 as ~ell as in its sidè wall 106.
:i ~igure 14 shot~s the ~eometrical arrangement of the fuel injectlon nozzles 103.
;j-i~; In fi~ures 15 and 16 a cup shaped oscillator body 10Z
j is shown in a further embodiment and is an integral !~`, part of the metal body 111. In this embodiment several it'' air supply nozzles 107 are arranged above each other .~, ., ,~ in the wall 106. The central axes of the air supply nozzles 107 in this form an angle of 45 with the central axis 109 of the cup bottom of the oscillator 102.
~' .
For the purpose of generating a turbulent flow or s1irl in the combustion chamber 100 the central axes of the . r.
air sup~ly nozzles 107 may also be directed onto a line section extending from the central axis 109 to the .all 106. In case of an equal direction of all central axes 108 a sin~le turbulent flow is ~enerated. ~Io~ever, it is also possible to direct the central a~es 108 of t~o air supply nozzles in each instance in such a manner, that a nu~er of turbulent flo~s corresponding to the number of pairs of nozzles are established.
By using a cup shaped oscillator relatively large oscil-lating areas ~ith lar~e oscillating amplitudes for the oil droplets in the space enclosed bv the cup shaped oscillator are developed and simultaneously the portion of those oscillations radiated into this space and formin~ standin~ ~aves therein is also utilized, Thus, .~
; - 22 -..
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.
not only an cnergy transfer is obtainod by thc dlrcct contact betl~een the oll droplets and tho walls, but the fine oil spray and the oil droplets in passing the space 1 pass the antinodes of the standinc t~a~es and are forced into an exchan~e of ener~y thereat. In this manner an extremely advanta~eous carburetion of the liquid fuels is obtained, ~hereby the efficiency of the device for carburetion or gasification of liquid fuels is con-siderably increased.
The invention can be used for the carburetion of all liquid fuels and is not only suitable for use ~ith ~- stationary or mobile combustion devices, but also for ,~ spark ignition engines and Diesel engines.
:
i, r.
en crude oil and used oils may be used,`as resulting flom the lubrication of machines. The solid residues , present in used oil must be removed by filtering.
:
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:
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Claims (9)
1. A device for carburetion of liquid fuels comprising: an airflow tube; an oscillatory body disposed within said tube, said body terminating in a cup-shaped portion opening toward the down-stream end of said airflow tube, said cup-shaped portion having at least one air inlet opening through the side wall thereof; an elec-tro-mechanical transducer coupled to said oscillatory body; a fuel supply nozzle disposed in the bottom of said cup-shaped portion for spraying fuel onto the inner walls thereof; means affording connection of said nozzle to a source of liquid fuel under pressure;
and means for connecting said transducer to a source of electrial energy.
and means for connecting said transducer to a source of electrial energy.
2. A device as defined by claim 1 in which said transducer is a piezo-electric ceramic body formed as a flexural bending mode oscillator.
3. A device as defined by claim 1 in which the air inlet openings in the side wall of said cup-shaped portion have their axes disposed at an angle to the plane of the cup bottom of about 45°.
4. A device as defined by claim 1 in which the axes of the air openings through the side wall of said cup-shaped portion are angularly disposed with respect to each other to produce a swirling motion of air within said portion.
5. A device as defined by claim 1 in which the air openings through the side wall of said cup-shaped portion are so positioned with respect to said fuel supply nozzle that the fuel is first gasified by oscillatory energy from said body and then mixed with air.
6. A device as defined by claim 1 in which said transducer is a modified lead-zirconate-titanate and said body is metallic.
7. A device as defined by claim 1 in which said body com-prises a solid cylindrical portion and a cup-shaped portion, said cylindrical portion with the larger cross-sectional area oscillating at a small amplitude and said smaller cross-sectional area cup-shaped portion oscillating with a large amplitude.
8. A device as defined by claim 1 in which said oscillatory body comprises a solid cylinder and a cylindrical cup threadedly joined in an integral structure.
9. A device as defined by claim 1 in which said oscillatory body comprises a solid cylinder and a cylindrical cup which are integrally formed.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2419340A DE2419340A1 (en) | 1974-04-22 | 1974-04-22 | Fuel-air mixer with fuel injector - providing complete mixing in mixing pipe uses fuel sprayed in under pressure |
| DEP2419340.6 | 1974-04-22 | ||
| DE19752507495 DE2507495A1 (en) | 1975-02-21 | 1975-02-21 | Liquid fuel carburation system - has jets aimed at ultrasonic vibrating baffle surfaces for energy exchange with droplets |
| DEP2507495.7 | 1975-02-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1087944A true CA1087944A (en) | 1980-10-21 |
Family
ID=25767016
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA225,210A Expired CA1087944A (en) | 1974-04-22 | 1975-04-22 | Device for carburetion of liquid fuels |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5110434A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1087944A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH594133A5 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK162975A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2268168B3 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1512722A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1028802B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7504727A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7504667L (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5342591A (en) * | 1976-09-29 | 1978-04-18 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Langevin type ultrasonic vibrator unit |
| DE2804985A1 (en) * | 1978-02-06 | 1979-08-09 | Geimuplast Mundt Kg Peter | ROLLED FILM CASSETTE |
| DE3524701A1 (en) * | 1985-07-11 | 1987-01-15 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | ULTRASONIC SPRAYER NOZZLE |
| DE3713253A1 (en) * | 1986-07-23 | 1988-02-04 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | ULTRASONIC SPRAYER |
| FR2672340B1 (en) * | 1991-02-05 | 1995-12-22 | Horia Dan Georgescu | ULTRASONIC NEBULIZER FOR THE NEBULIZATION OF FUEL IN COMBUSTION ENGINES. |
| EP1132610A1 (en) * | 2000-03-08 | 2001-09-12 | Lombardini S.R.L. | Device for regulating the degree of atomization of the fuel droplets in internal combustion engines |
-
1975
- 1975-04-16 DK DK162975A patent/DK162975A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-04-21 IT IT09400/75A patent/IT1028802B/en active
- 1975-04-21 FR FR7512398A patent/FR2268168B3/fr not_active Expired
- 1975-04-22 GB GB16655/75A patent/GB1512722A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-22 NL NL7504727A patent/NL7504727A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-04-22 CA CA225,210A patent/CA1087944A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-22 SE SE7504667A patent/SE7504667L/en unknown
- 1975-04-22 JP JP50048266A patent/JPS5110434A/ja active Pending
- 1975-04-22 CH CH513075A patent/CH594133A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DK162975A (en) | 1975-10-23 |
| GB1512722A (en) | 1978-06-01 |
| JPS5110434A (en) | 1976-01-27 |
| CH594133A5 (en) | 1977-12-30 |
| FR2268168A1 (en) | 1975-11-14 |
| IT1028802B (en) | 1979-02-10 |
| SE7504667L (en) | 1975-10-23 |
| FR2268168B3 (en) | 1978-11-10 |
| NL7504727A (en) | 1975-10-24 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |