CA1086551A - Method of producing albumin containing nutrient compositions - Google Patents
Method of producing albumin containing nutrient compositionsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1086551A CA1086551A CA273,342A CA273342A CA1086551A CA 1086551 A CA1086551 A CA 1086551A CA 273342 A CA273342 A CA 273342A CA 1086551 A CA1086551 A CA 1086551A
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- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- albumin
- aqueous medium
- blood
- nutrient composition
- gel
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
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Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A process is provided for producing nutrient composition which includes adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5 and thereafter heating the aqueous medium at a temperature effective to form albumin containing gels. The gels so produced can then be dried to form particulate nutrient feed compositions. The process provides for significant reduction of odors comonly associated with albumin containing materials, such as blood, and thus represents a pollution control measure. The nutrient composition can be used as animal feed supplements and plant fertilizer.
1.
A process is provided for producing nutrient composition which includes adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5 and thereafter heating the aqueous medium at a temperature effective to form albumin containing gels. The gels so produced can then be dried to form particulate nutrient feed compositions. The process provides for significant reduction of odors comonly associated with albumin containing materials, such as blood, and thus represents a pollution control measure. The nutrient composition can be used as animal feed supplements and plant fertilizer.
1.
Description
~01!3GSSl - BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a process for producing albumin containing nutrient composition. In one aspect this invention relates to a process for producing feed supplements containing albumin and other proteinaceous materials. Further-more this invention relates to a process for utilizing protein-aceous substances containing albumin such as animal blood and milk whey. In addition, this invention relates to fertili-zer compositions produced from albumin containing substances.
In another aspect, this invention relates to novel feed supplemets for ruminant animals comprising albumin and/or other proteinaceous materials which, when ingested by a rumi-nant, passes readily through the rumen of the animal so that the nutrients of such feed supplements are assimilated within ;
the abomasum and lower gut of the animal. -In another aspect, the invention relates to elimina-ting the odors associated with the conventional processing of animal blood.
Animal blood obtained in a typical slaughterhouse 20 operation is usually processed by drying or the blood is e~pel- ;
led as an effluent. More specifically, liquid blood obtained as a byproduct in a slaughterhouse operation is a low value ma-terial and is often dumped because no market exists for the ma-terial. Some meat packing facilities have dryers and dry the blood to form a meal which is sold mainly as a fertilizer or animal feedstuff. In general, the bloodmeal is processed into a dry form on or near the slaughterhouse premises. Typically, blood is collected in holding vessels and periodically, when a sufficiént quantity is collected, it is subjected to one of several possible heating processes which in effect dries the
This invention relates to a process for producing albumin containing nutrient composition. In one aspect this invention relates to a process for producing feed supplements containing albumin and other proteinaceous materials. Further-more this invention relates to a process for utilizing protein-aceous substances containing albumin such as animal blood and milk whey. In addition, this invention relates to fertili-zer compositions produced from albumin containing substances.
In another aspect, this invention relates to novel feed supplemets for ruminant animals comprising albumin and/or other proteinaceous materials which, when ingested by a rumi-nant, passes readily through the rumen of the animal so that the nutrients of such feed supplements are assimilated within ;
the abomasum and lower gut of the animal. -In another aspect, the invention relates to elimina-ting the odors associated with the conventional processing of animal blood.
Animal blood obtained in a typical slaughterhouse 20 operation is usually processed by drying or the blood is e~pel- ;
led as an effluent. More specifically, liquid blood obtained as a byproduct in a slaughterhouse operation is a low value ma-terial and is often dumped because no market exists for the ma-terial. Some meat packing facilities have dryers and dry the blood to form a meal which is sold mainly as a fertilizer or animal feedstuff. In general, the bloodmeal is processed into a dry form on or near the slaughterhouse premises. Typically, blood is collected in holding vessels and periodically, when a sufficiént quantity is collected, it is subjected to one of several possible heating processes which in effect dries the
- 2 --~08~55~
volatile constituents therefrom and thus the blood solids are recovered. This is conventionally accomplished in a batch type blood cooker, a ring dryer or a spray drying operation. ~hese various drying processes utilize relatively large quantities of energy and produce obnoxious odors which are released into the atmosphere and surrounding environment. In addition, refrige-ration of the blood may be required in the case of some spray drying operations. Substantial quantities of the nutrients in the blood are normally lost through bio-degradation which re-sults during the typical storage and transit conditions of theanimal blood. Furthermore, substantial degradation of the nutrient value of blood solids is typical when the blood is exposed to the high temperatures associated with blood cooker ' operations~ Specifically, such processes will render substan-tial quantities of the blood protein undigestible to animals.
A more efficient process for the utilization of blood obtained from slaughterhouses is needed, i.e., a method of processing - blood into a usable and thus saleable commodity is needed which ~ ~' , can,,be carried out without an undue expenditure of energy and 20 without polluting the environment with obnoxious odors and ~ ' efflUentS ~
; Earlier researchers have discovered the value of proteinaceous material bypassing the rumen of ruminant animals in order to improve'the effectiveness of the proteinaceous material and its assimilation by the animal. For example, U.S.
Patents 3,619,200 and 3,829,564 disclose various methods for encapsulating proteinaceous materials in order to effect bypass of such proteinaceous materials through the rumen of the rumi-nant animal. Recently, a process has been developed which ,, 1~86i55~
encapsulates nutrient lipids in a protective protein-aldehyde o~lex coating. This process is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,925,560, issued December 9, 1975. The protein-aldehyde coating covering the lipid is not susceptible to breakdown in the rumen but i5 susceptible to breakdown in the abomasum and lower gut. This process includes finely dividing a lipid material into discrete particles or globules and forming an aqueous emulsion of the finely divided lipid and a proteinaceous material~ The aqueous emulsion can then be reacted with an aldehyde such that the 10 finely divided lipid particles are encapsulated in a protein-aldehyde complex. The emulsion is treated with aldehyde and dried to form a coated particulate solid. Thus, this encapsula-tion process requires an aldehyde reactant to react with the pro-teinaceous material to form the ruminant resistant coating over the lipid material.
An effective method for-producing feed supplements which are not susceptible to breakdown in the rumen but which are susceptible to breakdown in the abomasum and lower gut without resorting to the use of exogenous chemicals is desirable. ?
~l086SS~
SUMMARY OF T~l~ INVENTION
__ _ According to the invention, a novel albumin containing nutrient eed supplement for animals and plants is provided. Further according to the invention, a novel nutrient feed supplement for animals and plants is provided which comprises albumin and other proteinaceous materials.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the above novel compositions are produced by: adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5; heating said aqueous medium at a temperature effective to form an albumin containing gel;
and recovering said gel.
When desired, the gel can be dried to form a paeticulate feed supplement containing albumin. -In accordance with preferred embodiments of the subject invention, the aqueous medium containing albumin is heated to a temperature within the range of from about 40C to about 100C. The gel can be dried by any suitable manner to a moisture content of below about 13 weight percent thereof to form the particulate compositions of the subject invention.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, from about 100 to 500 weight percent of another proteinaceous material based on the weight of the albumin, can be admixed with the aqueous albumin medium to provide an improved proteinaceous containing feed supplement.
6~1 ,.
. ' , ' , , , 36S5~
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The subject invention makes possible a more efficient utilization of albumin containing products, such as animal blood and milk whey for use as a nutrient food for animals and plants, or if manufactured under acceptable standards of hygiene, for human foods or food addit;ves. These products can be manufactured at the meat packing plants where ingred-ients, such as animal blood, are available. Thus, such feed supplements can be made utilizing some of the existing equipment and facilities found at meat packing plants and little additional processing equipment is required.
The term "albumin" as used herein is understood to be a protein found in milk whey and occurring in blood, lyrnph, chyle, and many other animal and vegetable tissues and fluids which has substantially a neutral pH in its natural ~-occurring state. Albumin is soluble in water, coagulates on heating, and is readily hydrolyzed to a number of amino acids. One readily available source of albumin is animal blood, e.g., the whole animal blood. Such is collected in ~o large quantities during killing operations in meat packing plants, slaughterhouses, and the like. The blood so col-lected can vary in blood solid contents dependent upon the amount of dilution it receives Erom the wash water used to clean the kill floor. A solids content of from about 12~ to about 21% can be employed for the aqueous blood mixture of the present invention. Such solids content is believed to comprise about 50% albumin and about 50~ other blood proteins. Thus~ as used herein, blood contains from about 6 to 10.5 weight percent albumin and from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent other blood proteins.
In accordance with the process o~ the subject invention, 6.
~ 1 ' . '::
, '. .' ' ' ' ~' ' ' ~ ' ' : ' "
. , ~ , S5~
an aqueous solution containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin is contacted with an effec-tive amount of base consti-tuent to provide a pH of the aqueous solution of from about 9.6 to about 12.5. It is noted, that when utilizing animal blood as the albumin source, the base should be added thereto before su~stantial bacterial degradation occurs. Generally, the pH of the blood should be adjusted to a value in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5 within about 24 hours from the time it is drawn from the animals. Furthermore the pH adjusted blood should be maintained at ambient temperatures, e.g., at temperatures above about 0C and below about 40C, for a period of time effective to begin formation of a gel. In general, the pH adjusted blood should be maintained at least about 12 hours at ambient temperature before it is heated to form the gel. In general, it is preferred that the heating occur within one to three days after its pH has been adjusted as set forth above.
Thereafter, the aqueous solution is heated to a tempe-rakure effective to form an albumin containing gel. Generally the aqueous solution is heated to a temperature within the range 20 of from about 40C to about 100C until the entire solution gels. ~;
The gel so formed can then be employed as the plant or animal feed supplement or the gel can be dried to a particulate composition as will be described in detail hereinafter. The term "gel" is to be understood to mean a cross-linked three dimensional network of fibers of albumin which binds water with-in th~ network. It should be noted that in producing the feed supplements of the present invention one must employ at least about 6 weight percent albumin. Additional albumin can be employed, the only limitation being the solubility of the albumin within the aqueous medium.
8655~
Any suitable base can be employed to adjust the pH of the aqueous medium containing the albumin. ~or example, the base can be an alkali metal hydroxide or an alkaline earth metal hydroxide. Especially desirable ~esults have been ob-tained wherein alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydro-xide, have been employed. Care must be exercised in adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution to maintain the pH within the desired range of 9.6 to about 12.5. Also, it should be noted that often the pH tends to decline after the pH of the aqueous solution has been initially adjusted so that one may be required to employ additional base to maintain the aqueous solution within the described pH range.
In producing animal feed supplements it is often desirable to incorporate other proteinaceous materials into the aqueous medium containing the albumin. The amount of protein-aceous material employed can vary widely but is generally -preferred that it be used in an amount at least equivalent to ~
the amount of albumin initially solubilized. Desirable results ~;
can be obtained when the proteinaceous material is incorporated 20 into the aqueous medium in an amount of from about 100% to 500~, based on the weight of albumin initially placed therewithin.
Further, any suitable proteinaceous material which is readily soluble within the aqueous medium can be employed. Typical of such proteinaceous materials are casein, soy meal, sunflower ; ;
meal, safflower meal, and mixtures of the same.
As previously stated, the aqueous medium containing the albumin, and when desired, the proteinaceous material, is heated to a temperature effective to form an albumin containing gel. While the particular temperature employed can vary widely, ;
especially desirable results are obtained when the aqueous medium . .
., , , .',' :' ' ,: :
i5~L
is heated to a temperature in the range of from about 40C to about 100C for a period of time effective to form the desired albumin containing gel. After the gel is formed, it can be dried in any conventional agricultural dehydrator or dryer to a moisture content of less than about 13 weight percent there-of and generally to a moisture content in the range of from about 8 to about 13 weight percent thereof. The drying opera-tion can occur in a conventional manner in a conventional drying apparatus. A preferred drying apparatus is a rotary drum type agricultural dryer. It should be noted that when desired, the albumin containing gel can be employed as an animal or plant feed supplement without the requirement of drying to the parti-culate form.
In order to more fully describe the present invention the following examples are set forth. However, it is to be understood,that the examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as unduly limiting the scope of the present invention. ;, ss~
EXAMPLE I
Initially, 800 gallons of an aqueous blood containing solution obtained from a slaughter house was pretreated with an effective amount of sodium hydroxide to yield an aqueous soiution having a pH of about 10Ø The aqueous solution contained about 16 weight percent blood solids of which about 50 percent, e.g., about 8 weight percent, was albumin. A
4 liter aliquot of the base treated aqueous solution was further treated with sodium hydroxide to yield a resultant ~-~
10 aqueous solution having a pH of about 10~5. The resultant ~ ;
aqueous solution was allowed to stand at room temperature ~or about 18 hours. Thereafter, the pH of the solution was again measured and it was noted that the pH of the solution had dropped to about 10Ø The aqueous solution was further divided into four 1 liter aliquots. The aliquots were then diluted with an effective amount of deionized water to provide aqueous solutions having the following blood solids contents.
Aliquot I - 16~ blood solids (about 8% albumin) no dilution Aliquot II - 14% blood solids (about 7% albumin) ;~
Aliquot III - 12% blood solids (about 6~ albumin) ~ , Aliquot IV - 10% blood solids (about 5% albumin) ~ ~
~.
Each of the above four solutions was then employed to provide nine 100 ml samples.
.
An effective amount of sodium hydroxide was then incorporated into each sample so that samples having the following pH values were obtained:
(1) 10.0 (4) 11.0 (7) 12.0 (2) 10.3 (5) 11.3 (8) 12.5
volatile constituents therefrom and thus the blood solids are recovered. This is conventionally accomplished in a batch type blood cooker, a ring dryer or a spray drying operation. ~hese various drying processes utilize relatively large quantities of energy and produce obnoxious odors which are released into the atmosphere and surrounding environment. In addition, refrige-ration of the blood may be required in the case of some spray drying operations. Substantial quantities of the nutrients in the blood are normally lost through bio-degradation which re-sults during the typical storage and transit conditions of theanimal blood. Furthermore, substantial degradation of the nutrient value of blood solids is typical when the blood is exposed to the high temperatures associated with blood cooker ' operations~ Specifically, such processes will render substan-tial quantities of the blood protein undigestible to animals.
A more efficient process for the utilization of blood obtained from slaughterhouses is needed, i.e., a method of processing - blood into a usable and thus saleable commodity is needed which ~ ~' , can,,be carried out without an undue expenditure of energy and 20 without polluting the environment with obnoxious odors and ~ ' efflUentS ~
; Earlier researchers have discovered the value of proteinaceous material bypassing the rumen of ruminant animals in order to improve'the effectiveness of the proteinaceous material and its assimilation by the animal. For example, U.S.
Patents 3,619,200 and 3,829,564 disclose various methods for encapsulating proteinaceous materials in order to effect bypass of such proteinaceous materials through the rumen of the rumi-nant animal. Recently, a process has been developed which ,, 1~86i55~
encapsulates nutrient lipids in a protective protein-aldehyde o~lex coating. This process is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,925,560, issued December 9, 1975. The protein-aldehyde coating covering the lipid is not susceptible to breakdown in the rumen but i5 susceptible to breakdown in the abomasum and lower gut. This process includes finely dividing a lipid material into discrete particles or globules and forming an aqueous emulsion of the finely divided lipid and a proteinaceous material~ The aqueous emulsion can then be reacted with an aldehyde such that the 10 finely divided lipid particles are encapsulated in a protein-aldehyde complex. The emulsion is treated with aldehyde and dried to form a coated particulate solid. Thus, this encapsula-tion process requires an aldehyde reactant to react with the pro-teinaceous material to form the ruminant resistant coating over the lipid material.
An effective method for-producing feed supplements which are not susceptible to breakdown in the rumen but which are susceptible to breakdown in the abomasum and lower gut without resorting to the use of exogenous chemicals is desirable. ?
~l086SS~
SUMMARY OF T~l~ INVENTION
__ _ According to the invention, a novel albumin containing nutrient eed supplement for animals and plants is provided. Further according to the invention, a novel nutrient feed supplement for animals and plants is provided which comprises albumin and other proteinaceous materials.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the above novel compositions are produced by: adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5; heating said aqueous medium at a temperature effective to form an albumin containing gel;
and recovering said gel.
When desired, the gel can be dried to form a paeticulate feed supplement containing albumin. -In accordance with preferred embodiments of the subject invention, the aqueous medium containing albumin is heated to a temperature within the range of from about 40C to about 100C. The gel can be dried by any suitable manner to a moisture content of below about 13 weight percent thereof to form the particulate compositions of the subject invention.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, from about 100 to 500 weight percent of another proteinaceous material based on the weight of the albumin, can be admixed with the aqueous albumin medium to provide an improved proteinaceous containing feed supplement.
6~1 ,.
. ' , ' , , , 36S5~
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The subject invention makes possible a more efficient utilization of albumin containing products, such as animal blood and milk whey for use as a nutrient food for animals and plants, or if manufactured under acceptable standards of hygiene, for human foods or food addit;ves. These products can be manufactured at the meat packing plants where ingred-ients, such as animal blood, are available. Thus, such feed supplements can be made utilizing some of the existing equipment and facilities found at meat packing plants and little additional processing equipment is required.
The term "albumin" as used herein is understood to be a protein found in milk whey and occurring in blood, lyrnph, chyle, and many other animal and vegetable tissues and fluids which has substantially a neutral pH in its natural ~-occurring state. Albumin is soluble in water, coagulates on heating, and is readily hydrolyzed to a number of amino acids. One readily available source of albumin is animal blood, e.g., the whole animal blood. Such is collected in ~o large quantities during killing operations in meat packing plants, slaughterhouses, and the like. The blood so col-lected can vary in blood solid contents dependent upon the amount of dilution it receives Erom the wash water used to clean the kill floor. A solids content of from about 12~ to about 21% can be employed for the aqueous blood mixture of the present invention. Such solids content is believed to comprise about 50% albumin and about 50~ other blood proteins. Thus~ as used herein, blood contains from about 6 to 10.5 weight percent albumin and from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent other blood proteins.
In accordance with the process o~ the subject invention, 6.
~ 1 ' . '::
, '. .' ' ' ' ~' ' ' ~ ' ' : ' "
. , ~ , S5~
an aqueous solution containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin is contacted with an effec-tive amount of base consti-tuent to provide a pH of the aqueous solution of from about 9.6 to about 12.5. It is noted, that when utilizing animal blood as the albumin source, the base should be added thereto before su~stantial bacterial degradation occurs. Generally, the pH of the blood should be adjusted to a value in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5 within about 24 hours from the time it is drawn from the animals. Furthermore the pH adjusted blood should be maintained at ambient temperatures, e.g., at temperatures above about 0C and below about 40C, for a period of time effective to begin formation of a gel. In general, the pH adjusted blood should be maintained at least about 12 hours at ambient temperature before it is heated to form the gel. In general, it is preferred that the heating occur within one to three days after its pH has been adjusted as set forth above.
Thereafter, the aqueous solution is heated to a tempe-rakure effective to form an albumin containing gel. Generally the aqueous solution is heated to a temperature within the range 20 of from about 40C to about 100C until the entire solution gels. ~;
The gel so formed can then be employed as the plant or animal feed supplement or the gel can be dried to a particulate composition as will be described in detail hereinafter. The term "gel" is to be understood to mean a cross-linked three dimensional network of fibers of albumin which binds water with-in th~ network. It should be noted that in producing the feed supplements of the present invention one must employ at least about 6 weight percent albumin. Additional albumin can be employed, the only limitation being the solubility of the albumin within the aqueous medium.
8655~
Any suitable base can be employed to adjust the pH of the aqueous medium containing the albumin. ~or example, the base can be an alkali metal hydroxide or an alkaline earth metal hydroxide. Especially desirable ~esults have been ob-tained wherein alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydro-xide, have been employed. Care must be exercised in adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution to maintain the pH within the desired range of 9.6 to about 12.5. Also, it should be noted that often the pH tends to decline after the pH of the aqueous solution has been initially adjusted so that one may be required to employ additional base to maintain the aqueous solution within the described pH range.
In producing animal feed supplements it is often desirable to incorporate other proteinaceous materials into the aqueous medium containing the albumin. The amount of protein-aceous material employed can vary widely but is generally -preferred that it be used in an amount at least equivalent to ~
the amount of albumin initially solubilized. Desirable results ~;
can be obtained when the proteinaceous material is incorporated 20 into the aqueous medium in an amount of from about 100% to 500~, based on the weight of albumin initially placed therewithin.
Further, any suitable proteinaceous material which is readily soluble within the aqueous medium can be employed. Typical of such proteinaceous materials are casein, soy meal, sunflower ; ;
meal, safflower meal, and mixtures of the same.
As previously stated, the aqueous medium containing the albumin, and when desired, the proteinaceous material, is heated to a temperature effective to form an albumin containing gel. While the particular temperature employed can vary widely, ;
especially desirable results are obtained when the aqueous medium . .
., , , .',' :' ' ,: :
i5~L
is heated to a temperature in the range of from about 40C to about 100C for a period of time effective to form the desired albumin containing gel. After the gel is formed, it can be dried in any conventional agricultural dehydrator or dryer to a moisture content of less than about 13 weight percent there-of and generally to a moisture content in the range of from about 8 to about 13 weight percent thereof. The drying opera-tion can occur in a conventional manner in a conventional drying apparatus. A preferred drying apparatus is a rotary drum type agricultural dryer. It should be noted that when desired, the albumin containing gel can be employed as an animal or plant feed supplement without the requirement of drying to the parti-culate form.
In order to more fully describe the present invention the following examples are set forth. However, it is to be understood,that the examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as unduly limiting the scope of the present invention. ;, ss~
EXAMPLE I
Initially, 800 gallons of an aqueous blood containing solution obtained from a slaughter house was pretreated with an effective amount of sodium hydroxide to yield an aqueous soiution having a pH of about 10Ø The aqueous solution contained about 16 weight percent blood solids of which about 50 percent, e.g., about 8 weight percent, was albumin. A
4 liter aliquot of the base treated aqueous solution was further treated with sodium hydroxide to yield a resultant ~-~
10 aqueous solution having a pH of about 10~5. The resultant ~ ;
aqueous solution was allowed to stand at room temperature ~or about 18 hours. Thereafter, the pH of the solution was again measured and it was noted that the pH of the solution had dropped to about 10Ø The aqueous solution was further divided into four 1 liter aliquots. The aliquots were then diluted with an effective amount of deionized water to provide aqueous solutions having the following blood solids contents.
Aliquot I - 16~ blood solids (about 8% albumin) no dilution Aliquot II - 14% blood solids (about 7% albumin) ;~
Aliquot III - 12% blood solids (about 6~ albumin) ~ , Aliquot IV - 10% blood solids (about 5% albumin) ~ ~
~.
Each of the above four solutions was then employed to provide nine 100 ml samples.
.
An effective amount of sodium hydroxide was then incorporated into each sample so that samples having the following pH values were obtained:
(1) 10.0 (4) 11.0 (7) 12.0 (2) 10.3 (5) 11.3 (8) 12.5
(3) 10.7 (6) 11.7 (9) 13.0 Each of the samples was then heated to a temperature sufficien~t to allow gel formation, e.g., from about 70 to about 85C. Each sample was stirred continuously during the -~
heating of same. The results of the above experiment are tabulated as follows:
' Aliquot I - samples containing 16% blood solids (about 8% albumin): Within a pH
range of from about 10.7 to about 12.5 a satisfactory gel was obtained.
Aliquot II - samples containing 14% blood solids (about 7% albumin): Within a pH
range of from about 10.7 to about 12.5 a satisfactory gel was obtained.
Aliquot III - samples containing 12% blood solids (about 6% albumin): Within a pH
range of from about 11.7 to 12.0 a satisfactory gel was obtained.
Aliquot ~V - samples containing 10% blood ~olids ~about 5% albumin): No satisfactory gels were obtained at any pH within the range tested.
~86SS~L
The term "satisfactory gel" as used hereinabove is to be understood to mean a gel of firm consistancy which can readily be dried to a particulate composition within an agricultural-type dehydrator.
EXAMPLE II
~' ' .
An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of delactosed dry whey powder as the source -of albumin to produce the compositions of the present in~
vention. Initially 40 grams of delactosed whey powder* was ;~
admixed with 59 ml of water to form an aqueous albumin containing solution. One gram of sodium hydroxide pellets was then dissolved in the aqueous solution to form a solution having a pH of about 11Ø The pH adjusted aqueous solution was then passed through a laboratory stone mill and the mill was adjusted to a fine gap. The mixture was passed through ;
the mill until a smooth, homogeneous product was obtained.
The pH of the homogeneous product was determined to be 10.7.
The homogeneous product was then heated in a water bath. At .: ~ .
about 70C the product started to gel. Heating was continued ~ ;
until a firm gel resulted at a temperature of about 85C.
* The delactosed whey contained about 24% by weight albumin. Thus, the aqueous solution contained about 9 by weight albumin.
~o~s~
While this invention has been described in relation to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will now be apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the specification, and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
~36S5~
SUPPLEMENTARY DISCLOSURE
- This invention permits more efficient utilization of protein-containingruminant feed materials. Proteinaceous materials suitable for use include soymeal, sunflower meal, safflower meal, lupines, meat and bone meal, blood meal, blood, lymph, chyle, milk whey, egg albumin, other animal or vegetable tissues and fluids, and mixtures thereof. Proteinaceous ruminant feedstuffs generally have a protein content ranging from about 80% to about 95% on a dry matter basis. Consequently, they are often utilized to upgrade the protein content of cereal grain based ruminant rations. Cereal rations ordinarily contain ~ ;
only 8% to 10% protein whereas the requirement for beef cattleand ~ -lactating dairy cattle is in the range of 14% to 20% protein. To ;~
upgrade the protein content of the ruminant animals' diet, feed-stuffs containing from about 30% to about 95% protein arecommonly added to cereal rations in amounts ranging from about 5% to about 20% of the total feed. Where the amount of protein in the total feed exceeds about 20%, protein in excess of 20% will generally not be effective in increasing meat, fat and milk production.
Proteinaceous feedstuffs are usually produced as by-products from other industries and are utilized in ruminant rations on the basis of cost, protein content and amino acid com-position. These protein by-products can occur in either liquid o~
solid form. The novel feeding method of this invention will permit more efficient utilization of such protein.
According to the present invention, ruminant animals are fed a special feed supplement in addition to forage cellulose ordinarily ingested during grazing. The special feed supplement .
' , ~ ' 16SSl comprises a nutritionally effective amount of a proteinaceous material that resists biodegradation in the rumen but is readily assimilable within the abomasum and lower gut. For purposes of this invention, a nutritionally effective amount of the pro-teinaceous material is a quantity that will increase the protein content of the total feed above the 8% to 10% level ordinarily found in cereal grain based ruminant rations, thereby increasing meat, fat and milk production. In some cases, the protein content of a nutritionally e~fective amount can exceed 20% by weight of total feed. Dietary proteins from either animal or vegetable sources can be used in accordance with the present invention.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the pro-teinaceous matter used in the feed supplement is whole animal blood collected during killing operations in meat packing plants, slaughterhouses,and the like. The solids content of blood col-lected in this manner can vary, depending upon the extent to which it is diluted by wash water used to clean the kill floor. A
solids content of from about 12% to about 21% can be employed for the aqueous blood mixture of the present invention. The solids content is believed to comprise about 50% albumin and about 50%
other blood proteins. Thus, as used here, blood contains from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent albumin and from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent other blood proteins. In other preferred embodiments, commercially available preparations of soymeal, meat and bone meal, and blood meal are utilized as the proteinaceous material.
1~36SSl ~ ccording to the method of the invention, the protein-aceous material is prepared Eor inclusion in the feed supplement by solubilizing it within an aqueous medium, adjusting the pH of the solubilized mixture to a level of from about 9 to about 13.5, and drying to a particulate composition. Where the proteinaceous material is obtained in a dry form,water must be added with mixing in order to solubilize the protein. Sufficient water is required to adequately penetrate the feed protein particles. A -~
1:1 ratio of water to proteinaceous material is ordinarily sufficient to effect such penetration. Furthermore, heating the aqueous solution to a temperature ranging from about 30 degrees C to about 80 degrees C will assist in solubilizing proteinaceous matter obtained in a dry form. Where a proteinaceous material such as animal blood is obtained in an aqueous ~orm, the admixing of additional water and heating are not required.
Any suitable alkaline agent can be employed to adjust the pH of the aqueous medium containing the protein to a level ~ ~ ~
ranging from about 9 to about 13.5. Suitable alakaline agents ~ -include nontoxic alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal 20 hydroxides. In a prèferred embodiment of the invention, -especially desirable results have been obtained where the alka= _ line agent is sodium hydroxide. Because the pH will often tend to decline after the pH of the aqueous solution has been adjusted initially, it may be necessary to employ additional quantities of the alkaline agent to maintain the aqueous solution within the prescribed pH range. The soIubilized proteinaceous mixture ~;
should be stirred during the addition of the alkaline agent to ensure it is e~Jenly d~stributed throughout the proteinaceous ' ~6SS~
material. The pH-adjusted mixture can also be heated to a temperature ranging from about 55 to about 85 degrees C to promote gelling of the mixture prior to drying.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the pH-adjusted proteinaceous material is maintained for a suffi-cient period to effect thickening of the solution. A period that has proven both effective and convenient is 12 hours.
Maintaining the pH-adjusted proteinaceous material for a suffi-cient time to allow thickening will facilitate the drying 10 operation.
When ful~ aqueous penetration of the protein feed particles has been achieved and the pH has been adjusted to a level within the prescribed range, the product can be dried in - ~ -any conventional dehydrator or dryer to a moisture content of less than about 20 weight percent of the proteinaceous solution.
A preferred drying apparatus is a rotary drum-type agricultural dryer. ;
EXAMPLE III
Initially 100 lb. batches of soymeal (minimum 49 protein solvent extract) were processed in the following manner:
To a 40 gallon capacity ribbon band mixer was added 10 gallons of water at a temperature of 40 degrees C. To the water was added 2.2 lbs. of sodium hydroxide in prill form. The mixer was activated until the sodium hydroxide had dissolved and then 100 lbs. of the soymeal was immediately added. The soymeal was mixed in the caustic solution for 5 minutes to ensure thor-ough mixing, after which it was emptied onto a concrete floor.
After the addition of the meal to the caustic solution a vlsible thickening of the wet meal became evident and a strong smell of ammonia arose. Several 100 lb. batches were processed in an identical manner. After 20 batches, the combined material was ~ ~ `
- 17 - ~
, , ~0~55~
dried in a Berk ring dryer with an inlet temperature of 600 :
degrees F and an outlet temperature of 180 degrees F. The final product resembled a fine dry meal. To act as a control for the process, an equal amount of product was produced in an identical manner but without the addition of sodium hydroxide. In the case of these control batches no visible thickening of the -.. ,, - . , material took place and no ammonia smell could be detected.
The formulation of the treated material was~
% of Dry ~ of % Material Protein Soymeal100 lbs. 49.5% 97.8%
Sodium Hydroxide 2.2 lbs. 1.1% 2.2% 4.5%
Water 100 lbs. 49.5% ~~
.. , .:
Total202.2 lbs. 100.1% ~ ~
, ' ' '~':
~:
., .
.
101~655:1 The pH of the alkali trea ~ wet material was 11.8. The treated wet material was 50.5% dry matter and dried very efficiently.
Analysis of the dried treatment and control soymeals revealed:
Alkali Treated Control _ _ _ Moisture 8.0% 8.0%
Protein (D.M.B.) 44.6% 46.3%
pH* 9.8 6.2 * 1:4 w/v dis~ersion is distilled water at 10 degrees C. ~!
EXAMPLE IV
Initially 10 gallons of 12% solids aqueous blood obtained from a slaughterhouse was pumped into a ribbon band mixer. To the blood was added 1 lb. of sodium hydroxide dis~
solved in .25 gallons of cold water. The alkali blood mixture was mixed for 5 minutes after which the pH rose to 11.0 and the material darkened in color, thickened in consistency and gave off a strong ammonia smell. To the alkali was added 40 lbs. of wheat bran and mixing continued for an additional 5 minutes.
The mixture stood on a concrete floor for 2 hours and was then dried in a Berk ring dryer. Several identical batches were processed.
The formulation of the treated material was:
% of Dry ~ of Blood Matter Protein (10 gallons of 12% solids aqueous blood) 12 lbs. blood solids 22.6 88 lbs. water Sodium Hydroxide 1 lb. 1.9% 8.4 Wheat bran40 lbs. 75.6%
Total 141 lbs. ~ -Total Solids53 lbs. ;
Total Solids % 38%
~' ' ' ' ~ ': ` :
.
S~
The addition of bran raised total solids to 28%, which allowed convenient drying. Analysis of the dried materials gave:
Moisture 10.5 Protein 32.1%
pH* 10.2 *1:4 w/v dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
EXAMPLE V
.... _ .............................. . ~ , Initially 110 lbs. of commercial meat and bone meal containing a minimum of 50% protein was treated in the following manner. 14 gallons of water at 65 degrees C was added to a ribbon band mixer. To the water was added 2.2 lbs. of sodium hydroxide which was mixed for 5 minutes. The meat and bone meal was then added to the alakli solution and mixing continued for an additional 5 minutes. During this mixing period the material thickened and gave off ammonia gas. At the end of the mixing period the treated meal was emptied onto a concrete floor and left overnight. It was dried the following morning in the Berk ring dryer. Several identical batches were produced. ~ ~
The formulation of the treated material was: ~ -~% of Dry % o~ -Matter_ Protein ~ ~-Meat and Bone Meal 110.0 lbs.
Sodium hydro~ide2.2 lbs. Z.0% 4.04 Water - 140~0 lbs.
Total 252.2 lbs.
Total Solids 112.2 lbs.
Total Solids %44 5%
~, - 20 -~655~
The treated wet material had a pH of 12Ø The treated wet material was 44.5~ dry matter and dried very efficiently.
Analysis of the dried treated meal was:
Moisture 11.7%
Protein 52.0%
pH* 10.4 *1:4 w/v dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C. ~-EXAMPLE VI ~!' . . .
A ribbon band mixer was filled with 16 gallons of water at a temperature of 40 degrees C. 3.3 lbs. of sodium hydroxide was added to the water and dissolved by mixing for 5 minutes. To the alkali water was added 155 lbs. of whole soybean meal containing 36% protein which had been prepared by passing whole soybean through a "Modern" ~ mix mill with a 3/16" screen. The ground soybean was mixed in the alkali water for 5 minutes during which time it thickened and gave off a strong ammonia smell. 18 hours later the mixture was trans~
ferred to a Berk ring dryer and dried. Several identical bat~
ches were prepared. Additional batches were prepared without . ~
the addition of sodium hydroxide. These batches provided controI material for the process. They did not thicken or give off ammonia. The formulation of the treated soybean was:
% of Dry % of ~ -Matter Protein Ground Whole Soybean 155.0 lbs. - -Sodium hydroxide3.3 lbs. 2.1% 5.9%
Water 160.0 lbs. `~
Total 318.3 lbs.
Total Solids158.3 lbs.
30 Total Solids ~ 49.7%
' 55~ ~
Analysis of the dried meal was~
Treatment Control Moisture 11.8% 10.9% -Protein 38.1% 39.7%
pH* 10.2 6.5 * 1:4 w/v dispersicn in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
EXAMPLE VII
A ribbon band mixer was filled with 16 gallons of water at 65 degrees C. To the water was added 110 lbs. of commercial blood meal containing 90% protein which was mixed in the water for 5 minutes. 4.4 lbs. of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 1 gallon of water was then added to the wetted blood meal and mixing continued for 5 minutes. On addition -~
of the alkali, the blood meal mixture thickened and gave off `
ammonia gas. The alkali treated blood meal was dried immedi-ately in the Berk ring dryer. Several identical batches were prepared. The formulation of the treated blood meal was~
% of Dry % of Matter Protein Blood Meal110.0 lbs.
Sodium Hydroxide 4.4 lbs. 4.0% 4.4 Water 170.0 lbs. -~~
Total 284.4 lbs.
Solids114.4 lbs.
Total Solids %40.2%
The treated wet material was 40.2% dr~ matter and dried easily.
Analysis of the dried treated material was:
~.;` ' :
~ - ~
655~L
Moisture 5.0~
Protein 87%
pH* 10.0 *1:4 w/v dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
EXAMPLE VIII
A ribbon band mixer was filled with 12 gallons of water at 65 degrees C to which was added 2.2 lbs. of sodium hydroxide and mixing allowed for 5 minutes. To the alkali water was then added 100 lbso of soymeal (49% protein solvent extract) which had previously been passed through a "Modern"
mix mill with a 3/16" screen. Mixing continued for a further 5 minutes during which time the material thickened and released ammonia gas. The alkali treated ground soymeal was then dried immediately. Several identical batches were processed.
The formulation of the treated ground soymeal was:
of Dry ~ of Matter Protein Ground Soymeal100.0 lbs.
Sodium Hydroxide 2.2 lbs. 2.2% 4.4%
Water120.0 lbs.
Total222.2 lbs.
Total Solids102.2 lbs.
Total Soiids %46.0 The treated material was 46% dry matter and dried without dif~
ficulty. Analysis of the dried material was~
Moisture 12%
Protein 47%
pH* 9.9 *1:4 w/Y dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
~6S5~
EXAMPLE IX
Alkali treated blood solids prepared by the process described in Example IV were pelleted into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5~ cane molasses. Thus the pellets contained approximately 20~ treated blood solids, 75% wheat bran and 5%
molasses. Four dairy cows in a commercial herd were split into two groups of two cows each and each group was fed with 10 lbs.
/head/day of the above treatment pellets or 10 lbs./head/day ~ ~.
of commercial dairy concentrate pellets containing 18.0% pro-tein. The two groups were fed their treatment or control rations for 14 days after which the rations changed over bet-ween the two groups and feeding continued for a further 14 days.
The pellets were fed once/day after morning milking.
For the purpose of analysis, data was used from the second `~
week of each feeding period as is customary with cross-over designs.
Average Milk Yield (lbsO/head/da~) Week II Week IV
Group I 54.1 (control) 57.4 (treatment) Group II 52.0 (treatment) 44~4 (control) Difference 2.1 13.0 .
The treatment effect is estimated as (13.0 - 2.1)/2 = +5.45 ;
lbs. or +11% increase. The difference is significant at the 1 % level by the F-test in the analysis of variance after removing group and period effects.
It is evident that the feeding of approximately 2 lbs./head/day of alkali treated blood solids prepared by the process of Example IV increased milk yield by 5.45 lbs.
or 11% as compared with 10 lbs. of a conventional dairy concentrate.
ss~ :
EXAMPLE X
Eighteen dairy cows in a dairy herd a-t an agricultu-ral college were fed 10 lbs./head/day of a commercial dairy concentrate pellet containing 18% protein. This pre-experimen-tal period lasted for 14 days. At the end of the pre-experi-mental period the cows were split into two groups of nine cows each, paired on the basis of calving date. One group (control) continued to receive the dairy pellets for a further 14 days while the other group (treatment) was fed 10 lbs./head /day of the alkali trated blood pellets described in Example IX and produced by the process of Example IV.
Milk yield and milk composition were recorded daily during the last 7 days of the pre-experimental period and the last 7 days of the experimental period. Butterfat percen- ~;
tage was r~asured by the "Milkotester", protein percentage by the "Pro-Milk" and non-~at solids percentage by the specified gravity method. Data in the experimental period was analyzed by the analysis of couariance using the data in the pre-experi~
mental period as covariates. Analysis of the adjusted means gave:
Adlusted ~eans (lbs./head/day) . , ~ . .
Treat- Differ- Signifi- %
Control ment ence cance Increase _ Milk Yield 49.47 55.82 +6.35 ** 12.8 Fat % 3.24 3.34 + .10 N.S. 3.1 Protein % 3.49 3.61 + .12 * 3.4 S.N.F. ~ 8.83 8.86 + .04 N.S~. .5 Fat Yield 1.607 1.843 + .236 ** 14.7 Protein Yield 1.733 2.002 + .269 ** 15.5 ~o S.N~F. Yield 4.356 4.938 + .582 ** 13.4 '.
.
": './ ! .; , ;.;, ~l~8~i5S~
** Significant at 1% level * Significant at 5~ level N.S. Not Significant It is evident that the feeding of approximately 2 lbs./head/day of a~ali treated blood solids from the process of Example IV, as compared with 10 lbs. of conventional dairy con-centrate, increased milk production by 6.35 lbs./head/day or 12.8~. Milk composition was not significantly changed with the r exception of a small increase in protein percentage. The yield 10of all milk components increased significantly, especially pro-tein yield. These results are similar to those reviewed ear- ~ ~
lier in reference to the direct infusion of casein into thé ~ ' post-rumen digestive tract.
EXAMPLE XI
Six dairy cows in a commercial herd were divided into two groups of three cows each by pairing on calving date, and fed either 5 lbs./head/day of alkali treated 49% protein solvent extract soymeal produced by the process of Example III and pel-letized into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5% molasses, or 205 lbs./head/day of 49% protein solvent extract soymeal produced by the process of Example III without the addition of alkali, and also pelletized into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5%
molasses. The cows were fed the treated or untreated soymeal pellets once a day after morning milking and then allowed to return to pasture. Individual milk yields were recorded at each -;
milking. The cows were fed in a double cross-over design with three periods of two weeks each. The design was:
; - 26 -~: .
~365~i~
Weeks 1 & 2 Weeks 3 & 4 Weeks 5 & 6 . . _ . . .
Group I Untreated Treated Untreated - Group II Treated Untreated Treated Two cows in Group I refused to eat the untreated ration at the first cross-ovèr and had to be removed from the trial. This left an unbalanced design for analysis with one cow in Group I and three cows in Group II. Data used for analysis was taken from the second week in each period as is customary for a cross-over design. The data was analyzed by the least squares 10 method of fitting constants for cows, periods and treatments, ~ -and the treatment difference tested for significance by the F-test after eliminating cow and period effects in the usual manner for nonorthogonal data. Least squares constants were~
Cow 1 59.85 lbs./head/day Cow 2 40.84 lbs.
Cow 3 35.60 lbs.
Cow 4 57.41 lbs.
Period 1 - 1.41 lbs. ;
Period 2 .0 lbs.
Period 3 - 4.45 lbs.
Untreated .0 lbs.
Treated 6.05 lbs. ** (SE = .72 lb.) ~ -** Significant at the 1% level The treated soymeal increased milk yield by +6.05 lbs. or ~12.5% over the cow average of 48.45 lbs. as compared with the untreated soymeal. ~ ;~
. .
S~
EXAMPLE XII
Alkali treated ground whole soybean produced by the process of Example VI and containing 36% protein and 18% oil was pelleted into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5% molas-ses. Ground whole soybean produced by the process of Example VII but without the addition of alkali was also pelleted into ~`
1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5% molasses.
Eighteen dairy cows in a dairy herd at an agricultu-ral college were divided into three groups of six cows each on the basis of matching calving dates. All 18 cows were fed
heating of same. The results of the above experiment are tabulated as follows:
' Aliquot I - samples containing 16% blood solids (about 8% albumin): Within a pH
range of from about 10.7 to about 12.5 a satisfactory gel was obtained.
Aliquot II - samples containing 14% blood solids (about 7% albumin): Within a pH
range of from about 10.7 to about 12.5 a satisfactory gel was obtained.
Aliquot III - samples containing 12% blood solids (about 6% albumin): Within a pH
range of from about 11.7 to 12.0 a satisfactory gel was obtained.
Aliquot ~V - samples containing 10% blood ~olids ~about 5% albumin): No satisfactory gels were obtained at any pH within the range tested.
~86SS~L
The term "satisfactory gel" as used hereinabove is to be understood to mean a gel of firm consistancy which can readily be dried to a particulate composition within an agricultural-type dehydrator.
EXAMPLE II
~' ' .
An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of delactosed dry whey powder as the source -of albumin to produce the compositions of the present in~
vention. Initially 40 grams of delactosed whey powder* was ;~
admixed with 59 ml of water to form an aqueous albumin containing solution. One gram of sodium hydroxide pellets was then dissolved in the aqueous solution to form a solution having a pH of about 11Ø The pH adjusted aqueous solution was then passed through a laboratory stone mill and the mill was adjusted to a fine gap. The mixture was passed through ;
the mill until a smooth, homogeneous product was obtained.
The pH of the homogeneous product was determined to be 10.7.
The homogeneous product was then heated in a water bath. At .: ~ .
about 70C the product started to gel. Heating was continued ~ ;
until a firm gel resulted at a temperature of about 85C.
* The delactosed whey contained about 24% by weight albumin. Thus, the aqueous solution contained about 9 by weight albumin.
~o~s~
While this invention has been described in relation to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will now be apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the specification, and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
~36S5~
SUPPLEMENTARY DISCLOSURE
- This invention permits more efficient utilization of protein-containingruminant feed materials. Proteinaceous materials suitable for use include soymeal, sunflower meal, safflower meal, lupines, meat and bone meal, blood meal, blood, lymph, chyle, milk whey, egg albumin, other animal or vegetable tissues and fluids, and mixtures thereof. Proteinaceous ruminant feedstuffs generally have a protein content ranging from about 80% to about 95% on a dry matter basis. Consequently, they are often utilized to upgrade the protein content of cereal grain based ruminant rations. Cereal rations ordinarily contain ~ ;
only 8% to 10% protein whereas the requirement for beef cattleand ~ -lactating dairy cattle is in the range of 14% to 20% protein. To ;~
upgrade the protein content of the ruminant animals' diet, feed-stuffs containing from about 30% to about 95% protein arecommonly added to cereal rations in amounts ranging from about 5% to about 20% of the total feed. Where the amount of protein in the total feed exceeds about 20%, protein in excess of 20% will generally not be effective in increasing meat, fat and milk production.
Proteinaceous feedstuffs are usually produced as by-products from other industries and are utilized in ruminant rations on the basis of cost, protein content and amino acid com-position. These protein by-products can occur in either liquid o~
solid form. The novel feeding method of this invention will permit more efficient utilization of such protein.
According to the present invention, ruminant animals are fed a special feed supplement in addition to forage cellulose ordinarily ingested during grazing. The special feed supplement .
' , ~ ' 16SSl comprises a nutritionally effective amount of a proteinaceous material that resists biodegradation in the rumen but is readily assimilable within the abomasum and lower gut. For purposes of this invention, a nutritionally effective amount of the pro-teinaceous material is a quantity that will increase the protein content of the total feed above the 8% to 10% level ordinarily found in cereal grain based ruminant rations, thereby increasing meat, fat and milk production. In some cases, the protein content of a nutritionally e~fective amount can exceed 20% by weight of total feed. Dietary proteins from either animal or vegetable sources can be used in accordance with the present invention.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the pro-teinaceous matter used in the feed supplement is whole animal blood collected during killing operations in meat packing plants, slaughterhouses,and the like. The solids content of blood col-lected in this manner can vary, depending upon the extent to which it is diluted by wash water used to clean the kill floor. A
solids content of from about 12% to about 21% can be employed for the aqueous blood mixture of the present invention. The solids content is believed to comprise about 50% albumin and about 50%
other blood proteins. Thus, as used here, blood contains from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent albumin and from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent other blood proteins. In other preferred embodiments, commercially available preparations of soymeal, meat and bone meal, and blood meal are utilized as the proteinaceous material.
1~36SSl ~ ccording to the method of the invention, the protein-aceous material is prepared Eor inclusion in the feed supplement by solubilizing it within an aqueous medium, adjusting the pH of the solubilized mixture to a level of from about 9 to about 13.5, and drying to a particulate composition. Where the proteinaceous material is obtained in a dry form,water must be added with mixing in order to solubilize the protein. Sufficient water is required to adequately penetrate the feed protein particles. A -~
1:1 ratio of water to proteinaceous material is ordinarily sufficient to effect such penetration. Furthermore, heating the aqueous solution to a temperature ranging from about 30 degrees C to about 80 degrees C will assist in solubilizing proteinaceous matter obtained in a dry form. Where a proteinaceous material such as animal blood is obtained in an aqueous ~orm, the admixing of additional water and heating are not required.
Any suitable alkaline agent can be employed to adjust the pH of the aqueous medium containing the protein to a level ~ ~ ~
ranging from about 9 to about 13.5. Suitable alakaline agents ~ -include nontoxic alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal 20 hydroxides. In a prèferred embodiment of the invention, -especially desirable results have been obtained where the alka= _ line agent is sodium hydroxide. Because the pH will often tend to decline after the pH of the aqueous solution has been adjusted initially, it may be necessary to employ additional quantities of the alkaline agent to maintain the aqueous solution within the prescribed pH range. The soIubilized proteinaceous mixture ~;
should be stirred during the addition of the alkaline agent to ensure it is e~Jenly d~stributed throughout the proteinaceous ' ~6SS~
material. The pH-adjusted mixture can also be heated to a temperature ranging from about 55 to about 85 degrees C to promote gelling of the mixture prior to drying.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the pH-adjusted proteinaceous material is maintained for a suffi-cient period to effect thickening of the solution. A period that has proven both effective and convenient is 12 hours.
Maintaining the pH-adjusted proteinaceous material for a suffi-cient time to allow thickening will facilitate the drying 10 operation.
When ful~ aqueous penetration of the protein feed particles has been achieved and the pH has been adjusted to a level within the prescribed range, the product can be dried in - ~ -any conventional dehydrator or dryer to a moisture content of less than about 20 weight percent of the proteinaceous solution.
A preferred drying apparatus is a rotary drum-type agricultural dryer. ;
EXAMPLE III
Initially 100 lb. batches of soymeal (minimum 49 protein solvent extract) were processed in the following manner:
To a 40 gallon capacity ribbon band mixer was added 10 gallons of water at a temperature of 40 degrees C. To the water was added 2.2 lbs. of sodium hydroxide in prill form. The mixer was activated until the sodium hydroxide had dissolved and then 100 lbs. of the soymeal was immediately added. The soymeal was mixed in the caustic solution for 5 minutes to ensure thor-ough mixing, after which it was emptied onto a concrete floor.
After the addition of the meal to the caustic solution a vlsible thickening of the wet meal became evident and a strong smell of ammonia arose. Several 100 lb. batches were processed in an identical manner. After 20 batches, the combined material was ~ ~ `
- 17 - ~
, , ~0~55~
dried in a Berk ring dryer with an inlet temperature of 600 :
degrees F and an outlet temperature of 180 degrees F. The final product resembled a fine dry meal. To act as a control for the process, an equal amount of product was produced in an identical manner but without the addition of sodium hydroxide. In the case of these control batches no visible thickening of the -.. ,, - . , material took place and no ammonia smell could be detected.
The formulation of the treated material was~
% of Dry ~ of % Material Protein Soymeal100 lbs. 49.5% 97.8%
Sodium Hydroxide 2.2 lbs. 1.1% 2.2% 4.5%
Water 100 lbs. 49.5% ~~
.. , .:
Total202.2 lbs. 100.1% ~ ~
, ' ' '~':
~:
., .
.
101~655:1 The pH of the alkali trea ~ wet material was 11.8. The treated wet material was 50.5% dry matter and dried very efficiently.
Analysis of the dried treatment and control soymeals revealed:
Alkali Treated Control _ _ _ Moisture 8.0% 8.0%
Protein (D.M.B.) 44.6% 46.3%
pH* 9.8 6.2 * 1:4 w/v dis~ersion is distilled water at 10 degrees C. ~!
EXAMPLE IV
Initially 10 gallons of 12% solids aqueous blood obtained from a slaughterhouse was pumped into a ribbon band mixer. To the blood was added 1 lb. of sodium hydroxide dis~
solved in .25 gallons of cold water. The alkali blood mixture was mixed for 5 minutes after which the pH rose to 11.0 and the material darkened in color, thickened in consistency and gave off a strong ammonia smell. To the alkali was added 40 lbs. of wheat bran and mixing continued for an additional 5 minutes.
The mixture stood on a concrete floor for 2 hours and was then dried in a Berk ring dryer. Several identical batches were processed.
The formulation of the treated material was:
% of Dry ~ of Blood Matter Protein (10 gallons of 12% solids aqueous blood) 12 lbs. blood solids 22.6 88 lbs. water Sodium Hydroxide 1 lb. 1.9% 8.4 Wheat bran40 lbs. 75.6%
Total 141 lbs. ~ -Total Solids53 lbs. ;
Total Solids % 38%
~' ' ' ' ~ ': ` :
.
S~
The addition of bran raised total solids to 28%, which allowed convenient drying. Analysis of the dried materials gave:
Moisture 10.5 Protein 32.1%
pH* 10.2 *1:4 w/v dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
EXAMPLE V
.... _ .............................. . ~ , Initially 110 lbs. of commercial meat and bone meal containing a minimum of 50% protein was treated in the following manner. 14 gallons of water at 65 degrees C was added to a ribbon band mixer. To the water was added 2.2 lbs. of sodium hydroxide which was mixed for 5 minutes. The meat and bone meal was then added to the alakli solution and mixing continued for an additional 5 minutes. During this mixing period the material thickened and gave off ammonia gas. At the end of the mixing period the treated meal was emptied onto a concrete floor and left overnight. It was dried the following morning in the Berk ring dryer. Several identical batches were produced. ~ ~
The formulation of the treated material was: ~ -~% of Dry % o~ -Matter_ Protein ~ ~-Meat and Bone Meal 110.0 lbs.
Sodium hydro~ide2.2 lbs. Z.0% 4.04 Water - 140~0 lbs.
Total 252.2 lbs.
Total Solids 112.2 lbs.
Total Solids %44 5%
~, - 20 -~655~
The treated wet material had a pH of 12Ø The treated wet material was 44.5~ dry matter and dried very efficiently.
Analysis of the dried treated meal was:
Moisture 11.7%
Protein 52.0%
pH* 10.4 *1:4 w/v dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C. ~-EXAMPLE VI ~!' . . .
A ribbon band mixer was filled with 16 gallons of water at a temperature of 40 degrees C. 3.3 lbs. of sodium hydroxide was added to the water and dissolved by mixing for 5 minutes. To the alkali water was added 155 lbs. of whole soybean meal containing 36% protein which had been prepared by passing whole soybean through a "Modern" ~ mix mill with a 3/16" screen. The ground soybean was mixed in the alkali water for 5 minutes during which time it thickened and gave off a strong ammonia smell. 18 hours later the mixture was trans~
ferred to a Berk ring dryer and dried. Several identical bat~
ches were prepared. Additional batches were prepared without . ~
the addition of sodium hydroxide. These batches provided controI material for the process. They did not thicken or give off ammonia. The formulation of the treated soybean was:
% of Dry % of ~ -Matter Protein Ground Whole Soybean 155.0 lbs. - -Sodium hydroxide3.3 lbs. 2.1% 5.9%
Water 160.0 lbs. `~
Total 318.3 lbs.
Total Solids158.3 lbs.
30 Total Solids ~ 49.7%
' 55~ ~
Analysis of the dried meal was~
Treatment Control Moisture 11.8% 10.9% -Protein 38.1% 39.7%
pH* 10.2 6.5 * 1:4 w/v dispersicn in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
EXAMPLE VII
A ribbon band mixer was filled with 16 gallons of water at 65 degrees C. To the water was added 110 lbs. of commercial blood meal containing 90% protein which was mixed in the water for 5 minutes. 4.4 lbs. of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 1 gallon of water was then added to the wetted blood meal and mixing continued for 5 minutes. On addition -~
of the alkali, the blood meal mixture thickened and gave off `
ammonia gas. The alkali treated blood meal was dried immedi-ately in the Berk ring dryer. Several identical batches were prepared. The formulation of the treated blood meal was~
% of Dry % of Matter Protein Blood Meal110.0 lbs.
Sodium Hydroxide 4.4 lbs. 4.0% 4.4 Water 170.0 lbs. -~~
Total 284.4 lbs.
Solids114.4 lbs.
Total Solids %40.2%
The treated wet material was 40.2% dr~ matter and dried easily.
Analysis of the dried treated material was:
~.;` ' :
~ - ~
655~L
Moisture 5.0~
Protein 87%
pH* 10.0 *1:4 w/v dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
EXAMPLE VIII
A ribbon band mixer was filled with 12 gallons of water at 65 degrees C to which was added 2.2 lbs. of sodium hydroxide and mixing allowed for 5 minutes. To the alkali water was then added 100 lbso of soymeal (49% protein solvent extract) which had previously been passed through a "Modern"
mix mill with a 3/16" screen. Mixing continued for a further 5 minutes during which time the material thickened and released ammonia gas. The alkali treated ground soymeal was then dried immediately. Several identical batches were processed.
The formulation of the treated ground soymeal was:
of Dry ~ of Matter Protein Ground Soymeal100.0 lbs.
Sodium Hydroxide 2.2 lbs. 2.2% 4.4%
Water120.0 lbs.
Total222.2 lbs.
Total Solids102.2 lbs.
Total Soiids %46.0 The treated material was 46% dry matter and dried without dif~
ficulty. Analysis of the dried material was~
Moisture 12%
Protein 47%
pH* 9.9 *1:4 w/Y dispersion in distilled water at 10 degrees C.
~6S5~
EXAMPLE IX
Alkali treated blood solids prepared by the process described in Example IV were pelleted into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5~ cane molasses. Thus the pellets contained approximately 20~ treated blood solids, 75% wheat bran and 5%
molasses. Four dairy cows in a commercial herd were split into two groups of two cows each and each group was fed with 10 lbs.
/head/day of the above treatment pellets or 10 lbs./head/day ~ ~.
of commercial dairy concentrate pellets containing 18.0% pro-tein. The two groups were fed their treatment or control rations for 14 days after which the rations changed over bet-ween the two groups and feeding continued for a further 14 days.
The pellets were fed once/day after morning milking.
For the purpose of analysis, data was used from the second `~
week of each feeding period as is customary with cross-over designs.
Average Milk Yield (lbsO/head/da~) Week II Week IV
Group I 54.1 (control) 57.4 (treatment) Group II 52.0 (treatment) 44~4 (control) Difference 2.1 13.0 .
The treatment effect is estimated as (13.0 - 2.1)/2 = +5.45 ;
lbs. or +11% increase. The difference is significant at the 1 % level by the F-test in the analysis of variance after removing group and period effects.
It is evident that the feeding of approximately 2 lbs./head/day of alkali treated blood solids prepared by the process of Example IV increased milk yield by 5.45 lbs.
or 11% as compared with 10 lbs. of a conventional dairy concentrate.
ss~ :
EXAMPLE X
Eighteen dairy cows in a dairy herd a-t an agricultu-ral college were fed 10 lbs./head/day of a commercial dairy concentrate pellet containing 18% protein. This pre-experimen-tal period lasted for 14 days. At the end of the pre-experi-mental period the cows were split into two groups of nine cows each, paired on the basis of calving date. One group (control) continued to receive the dairy pellets for a further 14 days while the other group (treatment) was fed 10 lbs./head /day of the alkali trated blood pellets described in Example IX and produced by the process of Example IV.
Milk yield and milk composition were recorded daily during the last 7 days of the pre-experimental period and the last 7 days of the experimental period. Butterfat percen- ~;
tage was r~asured by the "Milkotester", protein percentage by the "Pro-Milk" and non-~at solids percentage by the specified gravity method. Data in the experimental period was analyzed by the analysis of couariance using the data in the pre-experi~
mental period as covariates. Analysis of the adjusted means gave:
Adlusted ~eans (lbs./head/day) . , ~ . .
Treat- Differ- Signifi- %
Control ment ence cance Increase _ Milk Yield 49.47 55.82 +6.35 ** 12.8 Fat % 3.24 3.34 + .10 N.S. 3.1 Protein % 3.49 3.61 + .12 * 3.4 S.N.F. ~ 8.83 8.86 + .04 N.S~. .5 Fat Yield 1.607 1.843 + .236 ** 14.7 Protein Yield 1.733 2.002 + .269 ** 15.5 ~o S.N~F. Yield 4.356 4.938 + .582 ** 13.4 '.
.
": './ ! .; , ;.;, ~l~8~i5S~
** Significant at 1% level * Significant at 5~ level N.S. Not Significant It is evident that the feeding of approximately 2 lbs./head/day of a~ali treated blood solids from the process of Example IV, as compared with 10 lbs. of conventional dairy con-centrate, increased milk production by 6.35 lbs./head/day or 12.8~. Milk composition was not significantly changed with the r exception of a small increase in protein percentage. The yield 10of all milk components increased significantly, especially pro-tein yield. These results are similar to those reviewed ear- ~ ~
lier in reference to the direct infusion of casein into thé ~ ' post-rumen digestive tract.
EXAMPLE XI
Six dairy cows in a commercial herd were divided into two groups of three cows each by pairing on calving date, and fed either 5 lbs./head/day of alkali treated 49% protein solvent extract soymeal produced by the process of Example III and pel-letized into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5% molasses, or 205 lbs./head/day of 49% protein solvent extract soymeal produced by the process of Example III without the addition of alkali, and also pelletized into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5%
molasses. The cows were fed the treated or untreated soymeal pellets once a day after morning milking and then allowed to return to pasture. Individual milk yields were recorded at each -;
milking. The cows were fed in a double cross-over design with three periods of two weeks each. The design was:
; - 26 -~: .
~365~i~
Weeks 1 & 2 Weeks 3 & 4 Weeks 5 & 6 . . _ . . .
Group I Untreated Treated Untreated - Group II Treated Untreated Treated Two cows in Group I refused to eat the untreated ration at the first cross-ovèr and had to be removed from the trial. This left an unbalanced design for analysis with one cow in Group I and three cows in Group II. Data used for analysis was taken from the second week in each period as is customary for a cross-over design. The data was analyzed by the least squares 10 method of fitting constants for cows, periods and treatments, ~ -and the treatment difference tested for significance by the F-test after eliminating cow and period effects in the usual manner for nonorthogonal data. Least squares constants were~
Cow 1 59.85 lbs./head/day Cow 2 40.84 lbs.
Cow 3 35.60 lbs.
Cow 4 57.41 lbs.
Period 1 - 1.41 lbs. ;
Period 2 .0 lbs.
Period 3 - 4.45 lbs.
Untreated .0 lbs.
Treated 6.05 lbs. ** (SE = .72 lb.) ~ -** Significant at the 1% level The treated soymeal increased milk yield by +6.05 lbs. or ~12.5% over the cow average of 48.45 lbs. as compared with the untreated soymeal. ~ ;~
. .
S~
EXAMPLE XII
Alkali treated ground whole soybean produced by the process of Example VI and containing 36% protein and 18% oil was pelleted into 1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5% molas-ses. Ground whole soybean produced by the process of Example VII but without the addition of alkali was also pelleted into ~`
1/4" pellets with the inclusion of 5% molasses.
Eighteen dairy cows in a dairy herd at an agricultu-ral college were divided into three groups of six cows each on the basis of matching calving dates. All 18 cows were fed
4.4 lbs./head/day of comrnercial dairy concentrate pellets con-taining 18% protein for a pre-experimental period of 14 days.
At the end of the pre-experimental period one group continued on 4.4 lbs. of dairy pellets, the second group received 4.4 lbs.
o~ untreated soybean pellets and the third group received 4.4 lbs. of treated soybean pellets. This experimental period continued for a further 14 days. Milk yield and milk composi-tion were individually recorded at each milking during the last seven days of the pre-experimental period and the last seven days of the experimental period. Butterfat percentage was measured by the "Milkotester", protein percentage by the "Pro-Milk" and SNF percentage by the specific gravity method.
Data in the treatment period was analyzed by the analysis;of covariance using data in the pre-experimental period as covariates. Mean differences betewen the three groups were tested for significance by the t-test based on the standard error of the difference between pairs of adjusted means. The following significant mean differences between adjusted means were obtained.
. . .
55~L
Treated- Untreated- Treated-Control Control Untreated Milk Yield (lbs./day) +3.75** +3.09* ~.66 NS
Total Solids (Ibs./day) + .507** ~ .337 NS -~.170 NS
Fat Yield (lbs./day) + .225** + .101 NS ~.121*
SNF Yield (lbs./day) ~ .291* + .238 NS +.953 NS
** Significant at the 1% level.
* Significant at the 5% level. ;;
NS Non-significant The treated soybean significantly increased milk yield, fat yield, SNF yield and total solids yield over those obtained with dairy concentrate pellets. The untreated soybean signifi- ;
cantly increased milk yield over the dairy pellets but not fat yield, SNF yield or total yield. Although the treated group outyielded the untreated group for milk yield, total solids yield, fat yield and SNF yield, only fat yield was significantly different. The transfer rate of oil into butterfat was 31%
for the treated soybean as compared with only 14~ for the ;~
untreated soybean.
EXAMPLE XIII
Alkali trea~ed solvent extract soymeal containing 49%
protein produced by the process of Example VIII was pelleted with the inclusion of 5~ molasses. An untreated ration consis-ting of commercial solvent extract 49~ protein soymeal also pelleted with the inclusion of 5% molasses.
Eighteen cows in a dairy herd at an agricultural col-lege were divided into six groups of three cows each and fed for 28 days according to the following design:
: ,. . ' ' ' . . ,; ': .: . ' . ' ;. ~ ., .~, ................ .
;55~
Perlod I (2 wks.) Period II (2 wks.) Group 1 P T
Group 2 P P
Group 3 U T
Group 4 U P
Group 5 T P
Group 6 T P
where P = 4.4 lbs./heads/day of 18% Protein Commercial Dairy Pellets U = 4.4 lbs./headjday of Untreated Soymeal Pellets T = 4.4 lbs./head/day of Treated Soymeal Pellets Individual milk yields fat percentage (Milkotester) and SNF per-centage (specific gravity method) were recorded daily during the second week of each period. Individual data from a previous pre-experimental period were used as covariates.
Data was analyzed by the least squares method of fitting constants for groups, periods, treatments and linear regression on the pre-experimental period. There were no significant dif-ferences for any milk component composition but milk fat and SNF yields were increased for treated soymeal.
~ - P U - P T - U
Milk Yield (lbs.) 2.14** 1.28 NS .86 NS
Fat Yield (lbs.) ,05* - .04 NS .09*
NSF Yield (lbs.) .19** .16 NS .02 NS
** Significant at 5% level.
* Significant at 10% level. ;~
NS Not Significant ' , , ,.:
,~,. ' ' ' ' ` ' .
J~0~;1655~
Although the increased milk yield due to the treat- ;
ment material is lower than in other trials, it must be noted that these cows were in the stage of falling production with summer pasture rapidly drying up.
EXAMPLE XIV
To demonstrate the equivalence of alkali treatment of protein feedstu~fs as a means of protection as compared with heat denaturation, the following trial was carried out.
Twenty-eight dairy cows in a herd at an agricultural college were milk recorded during a sever day pre-experimental period.
On the basis of individual milk production during this period, the cows were divided into four groups of seven cows each such that group means were similar. The four groups were then fed ;~
the following rations for a two-week period.
GROUP I 11 lbs./head /day, 18% protein commercial dairypellets GROUP II 11 lbs./head/day, untreated blood meal ration GROUP III 11 lbs./head/day, alkali-treated blood meal ration .
GROUP IV 11 lbs./head/day, alkali-treated blood solids rations The untreated blood meal ration consisted- of 22% com- -~
i~ .
mercial blood meal and 78% wheat bran, pelleted with 5% molasses.
The treated blood meal ration consisted of 22~ com-mercial blood meal treated by the process of Example VII and 78% wheat bran, pelleted with 5% molasses.
The treated blood solids ration consisted of 22% blood -solids treated by the process of Example III and 78% wheat bran, pelleted with 5% molasses.
Thus, all three blood protein rations were close to 100% protected as measured by the in-vitro method of Example XV, ~ :
3~865S~L
two were alkali-treated according to the process of the present invention and one was alkali-treated in a completely undenatured state.
During the treatment period, the cows were fed 6.6 lbs./head at morning milking and 4.4 lbs./head at evening milk-ing. Grazing was on low quality dry summer pasture.
Milk yield and samples were taken during the second week of the experimental period. Samples were analyzed for fat percentage (Milkotester), protein percentage (Pro-Milk), and acid SNF percentage (specific gravity method).
The data was analyzed by the method of analysis of covariance using pre-experimental data as covariates. Adjusted means were as follows: ;
Adjusted Means Milk Yield (lbs./head/day) Difference Unadju~sted Adjusted from Control Dairy Pellets 41.9 43.4 ---~ntreated Blood Meal 46.3 46.1 +2.7*
20 Treated Blood Meal 46.5 45.2 +1.6 NS ,~
Treated Blood Solids 47.6 46.3 +2.9* --* Significant at 5~ level.
NS Non-significant.
There were no significant differences between dairy pellets and blood meals for unadjusted and adjusted means for fat percen-tage, protein percentage and SNF percentage.
EXAMPLE XIII
To demonstrate the characteristics of proteins treated ~
by the process to show reduced biodegradation in the rumen, the ~--:
' ~ ' ' , : . . , ~1516SS~
following procedure was adopted. Approximately 2.0-2.5 g of either treated or untreated protein feedstuff which had been passed through a 850 micron mesh and held on a 250 micron mesh, were incubated anaerobically in fresh strained rumen fluid for a period of 20 hours at 39 degrees C. At the end of the incuba-tion a duplicate 1 ml sample of the liquor was removed from each incubation and used in the determination of ammonia according to the method of Conway 1950. That is, the ammonia released into the rumen fluid from microbial deamination of protein was absor-bed into boric acid solution and titrated directly with hydro~
chloric acid. To allow for ammonia production from the rumen liquor during incubation, a blank incubation was run with ~ ~ ?
rumen liquor only. As an example of a readily soluble form of protein, acid casein was also incubated.
Incubations were carried out with the followin~
materials~
: . .
(i) Acid casein ~
(ii) Untreated soybean produced by the process of Example ;~
VI without the addition of alkali.
20(iii) Treated soybean prod~ced by the process of Example ,~
VI.
(iv) Untre~ted soymeal produced by the process of Example ~-III without the addition of alkali.
(v) Treated soymeal produced by the process of Example -~
III. ~ ~ ;
(vi) Commercial solvent extract soymeal.
(vii) Treated soymeal produced by the pracess of Example ~ ;~
VIII. -~
(viii) Commercial meat and bone meal.
(ix) Treated meat and bone meal produced by the process of Example VIII.
' '' " ~
.: , . ::.
, ,. . : , , . :
: ' "' "" ' ' ~ ~ : . ' ' ss~
- (x) Commercial blood meal.
(xi) Treated blood meal produced by the process of Example VII.
(xii) Ground whole lupines.
All results are expressed as milligrams of recovered ammonia nitrogen (above the rumen liquor blank) per milligram of sample nitrogen added. The nitrogen content of the sample was -taken as .16 of dry matter protein. The results are shown in Table I.
Table I
Milligrams Recovered Ammonia Nitrogen (Above Blank)/Milligrams Nitrogen in Sample Incubation Number Sam~ I II III IV V VI VII Average (i) .186 .156 .243 .323 .278.261 .290 .248 (ii) .169 .043 .128 .113 (iii) .056 -.010 .058 .035 (iv) .114 .148 .131 (v) -.046 .029 -.008 20(vi) .125 .297 .192 .205 (vii) .029 .063 .032 (viii) .133 .091 .112 (ix) .080 .058 .069 (x) .030 .005 .015.OI7 ~ ;
(xi) .006 .016.011 (xii) .103.103 Note: (a) All ammonia nitrogen determinations in duplicate (b) Incubation No. IV is mean of four replicates.
(c) Incubation No. V is mean o~ two replicates.
.
iSSl (d) Incubation No. VI is mean of two replicates.
(e) Incubation No. VII is mean of three replicates.
The figures in Table I clearly show the substantial reduction in deamination of the treated materials compared with untreated materials. The results for (ii) versus (iii) and (iv) versus (v) also show that the reduced deamination is not due to the drying operation as both of these control materials were water treated (without alkali) and dried identically to the treated samples. The figures for untreated materials also demon-strate the well known effect of heat processing on the resistance to rumen deamination of various processed feedstuffs. Thus, ~ ~;
steam coagulated/dried commercial blood meal which is only 1-3 soluble is almost completely naturally protected, and only a negligible improvement due to alkali treatment is possible.
~ommercial meat and bone meal which has been dried by cooking shows a deamination level half that of casein as does dried soybean and redried soymeal, while solvent extract soymeal (not ~;~
redried) and lupines (unprocessed) show a deamination level ~0 approaching that of casein.
Clearly, the effect of the invention is greatest with those protein feedstuffs which have the lowest level of natural protection, although improvement is achieved in all examples. `
In Table II, the results in Table I are presented on ~;~
the basis of percentage protection relative to casein. This ~ -~
is obtained by taking the deamination figure for each sample as a percentage of that for casein and expressing as a differ~
ence from 100%. ;
. . .
, .:
, ' . ~
~36S5i~
Tahle II
Relative Protection (%) Incubation Sample I II III IV V VI VII Average (ii) 972 47 43 (iii) 70106 76 84 (iv) 27 47 37 (v) 129 90 109 (vi) 49 9 31 29 10(vii) 88 80 84 (viii) 45 65 55 (ix) 67 77 72 (x) 88 98 95 94 (xi) 95 9~ 94 96 (xii) 17 17 ;~
Thus the casein figure in each incubation is taken as 0% protected, and all other samples are expressed relative to this base. Table II shows that (relative to casein) treated materials are substantially protected from deamination, the lowest being lupines àt 64%, while untreated materials are substantially less than 50% protected, th exception being -blood meal which is known to be almost completely insoluble.
Following incubation, rumen liquor pH was checked in several samples to ensure that the pH of the treated material had not interfered with rumen fluid metabolism. Typical examples are:
. ~
:-- 36 - ~ ~ ~
~. ' . . .
.. ., ~
~ : , . ' ' ,' .. ' '',' ~: , Treated Untreated -Soymeal 6.55 6.62 6.60 6.60 ~-6.55 6.55 6.66 6.58 6.90 7.05 Lupines 5.5 5-9
At the end of the pre-experimental period one group continued on 4.4 lbs. of dairy pellets, the second group received 4.4 lbs.
o~ untreated soybean pellets and the third group received 4.4 lbs. of treated soybean pellets. This experimental period continued for a further 14 days. Milk yield and milk composi-tion were individually recorded at each milking during the last seven days of the pre-experimental period and the last seven days of the experimental period. Butterfat percentage was measured by the "Milkotester", protein percentage by the "Pro-Milk" and SNF percentage by the specific gravity method.
Data in the treatment period was analyzed by the analysis;of covariance using data in the pre-experimental period as covariates. Mean differences betewen the three groups were tested for significance by the t-test based on the standard error of the difference between pairs of adjusted means. The following significant mean differences between adjusted means were obtained.
. . .
55~L
Treated- Untreated- Treated-Control Control Untreated Milk Yield (lbs./day) +3.75** +3.09* ~.66 NS
Total Solids (Ibs./day) + .507** ~ .337 NS -~.170 NS
Fat Yield (lbs./day) + .225** + .101 NS ~.121*
SNF Yield (lbs./day) ~ .291* + .238 NS +.953 NS
** Significant at the 1% level.
* Significant at the 5% level. ;;
NS Non-significant The treated soybean significantly increased milk yield, fat yield, SNF yield and total solids yield over those obtained with dairy concentrate pellets. The untreated soybean signifi- ;
cantly increased milk yield over the dairy pellets but not fat yield, SNF yield or total yield. Although the treated group outyielded the untreated group for milk yield, total solids yield, fat yield and SNF yield, only fat yield was significantly different. The transfer rate of oil into butterfat was 31%
for the treated soybean as compared with only 14~ for the ;~
untreated soybean.
EXAMPLE XIII
Alkali trea~ed solvent extract soymeal containing 49%
protein produced by the process of Example VIII was pelleted with the inclusion of 5~ molasses. An untreated ration consis-ting of commercial solvent extract 49~ protein soymeal also pelleted with the inclusion of 5% molasses.
Eighteen cows in a dairy herd at an agricultural col-lege were divided into six groups of three cows each and fed for 28 days according to the following design:
: ,. . ' ' ' . . ,; ': .: . ' . ' ;. ~ ., .~, ................ .
;55~
Perlod I (2 wks.) Period II (2 wks.) Group 1 P T
Group 2 P P
Group 3 U T
Group 4 U P
Group 5 T P
Group 6 T P
where P = 4.4 lbs./heads/day of 18% Protein Commercial Dairy Pellets U = 4.4 lbs./headjday of Untreated Soymeal Pellets T = 4.4 lbs./head/day of Treated Soymeal Pellets Individual milk yields fat percentage (Milkotester) and SNF per-centage (specific gravity method) were recorded daily during the second week of each period. Individual data from a previous pre-experimental period were used as covariates.
Data was analyzed by the least squares method of fitting constants for groups, periods, treatments and linear regression on the pre-experimental period. There were no significant dif-ferences for any milk component composition but milk fat and SNF yields were increased for treated soymeal.
~ - P U - P T - U
Milk Yield (lbs.) 2.14** 1.28 NS .86 NS
Fat Yield (lbs.) ,05* - .04 NS .09*
NSF Yield (lbs.) .19** .16 NS .02 NS
** Significant at 5% level.
* Significant at 10% level. ;~
NS Not Significant ' , , ,.:
,~,. ' ' ' ' ` ' .
J~0~;1655~
Although the increased milk yield due to the treat- ;
ment material is lower than in other trials, it must be noted that these cows were in the stage of falling production with summer pasture rapidly drying up.
EXAMPLE XIV
To demonstrate the equivalence of alkali treatment of protein feedstu~fs as a means of protection as compared with heat denaturation, the following trial was carried out.
Twenty-eight dairy cows in a herd at an agricultural college were milk recorded during a sever day pre-experimental period.
On the basis of individual milk production during this period, the cows were divided into four groups of seven cows each such that group means were similar. The four groups were then fed ;~
the following rations for a two-week period.
GROUP I 11 lbs./head /day, 18% protein commercial dairypellets GROUP II 11 lbs./head/day, untreated blood meal ration GROUP III 11 lbs./head/day, alkali-treated blood meal ration .
GROUP IV 11 lbs./head/day, alkali-treated blood solids rations The untreated blood meal ration consisted- of 22% com- -~
i~ .
mercial blood meal and 78% wheat bran, pelleted with 5% molasses.
The treated blood meal ration consisted of 22~ com-mercial blood meal treated by the process of Example VII and 78% wheat bran, pelleted with 5% molasses.
The treated blood solids ration consisted of 22% blood -solids treated by the process of Example III and 78% wheat bran, pelleted with 5% molasses.
Thus, all three blood protein rations were close to 100% protected as measured by the in-vitro method of Example XV, ~ :
3~865S~L
two were alkali-treated according to the process of the present invention and one was alkali-treated in a completely undenatured state.
During the treatment period, the cows were fed 6.6 lbs./head at morning milking and 4.4 lbs./head at evening milk-ing. Grazing was on low quality dry summer pasture.
Milk yield and samples were taken during the second week of the experimental period. Samples were analyzed for fat percentage (Milkotester), protein percentage (Pro-Milk), and acid SNF percentage (specific gravity method).
The data was analyzed by the method of analysis of covariance using pre-experimental data as covariates. Adjusted means were as follows: ;
Adjusted Means Milk Yield (lbs./head/day) Difference Unadju~sted Adjusted from Control Dairy Pellets 41.9 43.4 ---~ntreated Blood Meal 46.3 46.1 +2.7*
20 Treated Blood Meal 46.5 45.2 +1.6 NS ,~
Treated Blood Solids 47.6 46.3 +2.9* --* Significant at 5~ level.
NS Non-significant.
There were no significant differences between dairy pellets and blood meals for unadjusted and adjusted means for fat percen-tage, protein percentage and SNF percentage.
EXAMPLE XIII
To demonstrate the characteristics of proteins treated ~
by the process to show reduced biodegradation in the rumen, the ~--:
' ~ ' ' , : . . , ~1516SS~
following procedure was adopted. Approximately 2.0-2.5 g of either treated or untreated protein feedstuff which had been passed through a 850 micron mesh and held on a 250 micron mesh, were incubated anaerobically in fresh strained rumen fluid for a period of 20 hours at 39 degrees C. At the end of the incuba-tion a duplicate 1 ml sample of the liquor was removed from each incubation and used in the determination of ammonia according to the method of Conway 1950. That is, the ammonia released into the rumen fluid from microbial deamination of protein was absor-bed into boric acid solution and titrated directly with hydro~
chloric acid. To allow for ammonia production from the rumen liquor during incubation, a blank incubation was run with ~ ~ ?
rumen liquor only. As an example of a readily soluble form of protein, acid casein was also incubated.
Incubations were carried out with the followin~
materials~
: . .
(i) Acid casein ~
(ii) Untreated soybean produced by the process of Example ;~
VI without the addition of alkali.
20(iii) Treated soybean prod~ced by the process of Example ,~
VI.
(iv) Untre~ted soymeal produced by the process of Example ~-III without the addition of alkali.
(v) Treated soymeal produced by the process of Example -~
III. ~ ~ ;
(vi) Commercial solvent extract soymeal.
(vii) Treated soymeal produced by the pracess of Example ~ ;~
VIII. -~
(viii) Commercial meat and bone meal.
(ix) Treated meat and bone meal produced by the process of Example VIII.
' '' " ~
.: , . ::.
, ,. . : , , . :
: ' "' "" ' ' ~ ~ : . ' ' ss~
- (x) Commercial blood meal.
(xi) Treated blood meal produced by the process of Example VII.
(xii) Ground whole lupines.
All results are expressed as milligrams of recovered ammonia nitrogen (above the rumen liquor blank) per milligram of sample nitrogen added. The nitrogen content of the sample was -taken as .16 of dry matter protein. The results are shown in Table I.
Table I
Milligrams Recovered Ammonia Nitrogen (Above Blank)/Milligrams Nitrogen in Sample Incubation Number Sam~ I II III IV V VI VII Average (i) .186 .156 .243 .323 .278.261 .290 .248 (ii) .169 .043 .128 .113 (iii) .056 -.010 .058 .035 (iv) .114 .148 .131 (v) -.046 .029 -.008 20(vi) .125 .297 .192 .205 (vii) .029 .063 .032 (viii) .133 .091 .112 (ix) .080 .058 .069 (x) .030 .005 .015.OI7 ~ ;
(xi) .006 .016.011 (xii) .103.103 Note: (a) All ammonia nitrogen determinations in duplicate (b) Incubation No. IV is mean of four replicates.
(c) Incubation No. V is mean o~ two replicates.
.
iSSl (d) Incubation No. VI is mean of two replicates.
(e) Incubation No. VII is mean of three replicates.
The figures in Table I clearly show the substantial reduction in deamination of the treated materials compared with untreated materials. The results for (ii) versus (iii) and (iv) versus (v) also show that the reduced deamination is not due to the drying operation as both of these control materials were water treated (without alkali) and dried identically to the treated samples. The figures for untreated materials also demon-strate the well known effect of heat processing on the resistance to rumen deamination of various processed feedstuffs. Thus, ~ ~;
steam coagulated/dried commercial blood meal which is only 1-3 soluble is almost completely naturally protected, and only a negligible improvement due to alkali treatment is possible.
~ommercial meat and bone meal which has been dried by cooking shows a deamination level half that of casein as does dried soybean and redried soymeal, while solvent extract soymeal (not ~;~
redried) and lupines (unprocessed) show a deamination level ~0 approaching that of casein.
Clearly, the effect of the invention is greatest with those protein feedstuffs which have the lowest level of natural protection, although improvement is achieved in all examples. `
In Table II, the results in Table I are presented on ~;~
the basis of percentage protection relative to casein. This ~ -~
is obtained by taking the deamination figure for each sample as a percentage of that for casein and expressing as a differ~
ence from 100%. ;
. . .
, .:
, ' . ~
~36S5i~
Tahle II
Relative Protection (%) Incubation Sample I II III IV V VI VII Average (ii) 972 47 43 (iii) 70106 76 84 (iv) 27 47 37 (v) 129 90 109 (vi) 49 9 31 29 10(vii) 88 80 84 (viii) 45 65 55 (ix) 67 77 72 (x) 88 98 95 94 (xi) 95 9~ 94 96 (xii) 17 17 ;~
Thus the casein figure in each incubation is taken as 0% protected, and all other samples are expressed relative to this base. Table II shows that (relative to casein) treated materials are substantially protected from deamination, the lowest being lupines àt 64%, while untreated materials are substantially less than 50% protected, th exception being -blood meal which is known to be almost completely insoluble.
Following incubation, rumen liquor pH was checked in several samples to ensure that the pH of the treated material had not interfered with rumen fluid metabolism. Typical examples are:
. ~
:-- 36 - ~ ~ ~
~. ' . . .
.. ., ~
~ : , . ' ' ,' .. ' '',' ~: , Treated Untreated -Soymeal 6.55 6.62 6.60 6.60 ~-6.55 6.55 6.66 6.58 6.90 7.05 Lupines 5.5 5-9
5.8 6.0 5.7 5.4 Blood Meal 6.3 6.4
6.2 6.8 -There is clearly no effect of sample pH on that of the incubated rumen liquor.
This invention therefore provides a novel method of feeding ruminant animals so as to promote meat, fat and milk -~
production, through more effective utilization of protein~
containing feedstuffs. Proteinaceous materials suitable for use in the subject invention are characterized by their sur-prising ability to substantially resist biodegradation in the rumen while being readily assimilable in the abomasum and lower gut.
As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the present disclosure, many alterationsj sub-.
stitutions and equivalents may be applicable to the various dis~closed embodiments of the invention. It is the intent, however, that the concepts disclosed herein be limited only by the appended claims.
This invention therefore provides a novel method of feeding ruminant animals so as to promote meat, fat and milk -~
production, through more effective utilization of protein~
containing feedstuffs. Proteinaceous materials suitable for use in the subject invention are characterized by their sur-prising ability to substantially resist biodegradation in the rumen while being readily assimilable in the abomasum and lower gut.
As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the present disclosure, many alterationsj sub-.
stitutions and equivalents may be applicable to the various dis~closed embodiments of the invention. It is the intent, however, that the concepts disclosed herein be limited only by the appended claims.
Claims (31)
1. A process for producing a nutrient composition comprising:
(a) adjusting the ph of an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5;
(b) heating said aqueous medium at a temperature effective to form an albumin containing gel; and (c) recovering said gel.
(a) adjusting the ph of an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5;
(b) heating said aqueous medium at a temperature effective to form an albumin containing gel; and (c) recovering said gel.
2. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the process of Claim 1.
3. The process of Claim 1 further comprising the step of drying said gel to form a particulate nutrient composition containing albumin.
4. The process of Claim 3 wherein said aqueous medium is heated at a temperature in the range of from about 40°C to about 100°C for a period of time effective to form said albumin containing gel.
5. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the process of Claim 4.
6. The process of Claim 3 wherein said pH is adjusted by admixing an effective amount of a base selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal hydroxides with said aqueous medium.
7. The process of Claim 6 which includes the step of admixing an effective additional amount of said base with said aqueous medium to maintain a pH of said aqueous medium in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5 during said heating.
8. The process of Claim 7 wherein said caustic constit-uent is sodium hydroxide.
9. The process of Claim 6 wherein said albumin is selected from the group consisting of animal blood, milk whey, and mixtures thereof.
10. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the process of Claim 9.
11. The process of Claim 9 further comprising the step of admixing at least about an equivalent amount of another proteinaceous material, based on the weight of said albumin, with said aqueous medium before said heating.
12. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the process of Claim 11.
13. The process of Claim 11 wherein said proteinaceous material is present in an amount of from about 100% to 500%, based on the weight of said albumin.
14. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced according to Claim 13.
15. The process of Claim 11 which includes the step of adjusting the pH of the resultant mixture to a pH in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5.
16. The process of Claim 11 wherein said other protein-aceous material is selected from the group consisting of casein, soy meal, sunflower meal, safflower meal, and mixtures of same.
17. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the process of Claim 16.
18. The process of Claim 9 wherein said albumin comprises animal blood and is present in said aqueous medium in an amount of about 6 weight percent thereof, said pH of said aqueous solution is from about 11.5 to 11.7 and said process further comprising the step of maintaining said pH
adjusted albumin containing aqueous medium at ambient temperature for a period of time effective to begin the formation of a gel containing said blood.
adjusted albumin containing aqueous medium at ambient temperature for a period of time effective to begin the formation of a gel containing said blood.
19. The process of Claim 18 wherein said aqueous medium is maintained under quiescent conditions for at least about 12 hours and thereafter heated to a temperature in the range of from about 70 to about 80°C.
20. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the process of Claim 19.
21. The process according to Claim 8 wherein said albumin is present in said aqueous medium in the amount of from about 6 to about 8 weight, said pH of said aqueous solution is from about 10 to about 12.5, and said aqueous medium is heated to a temperature in the range of from about 45 to about 80°C.
22. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the process of Claim 21.
23. A process for producing a nutrient composition comprising:
(a) adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least about 12% by weight blood protein to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5;
(b) maintaining the resulting aqueous medium at ambient temperature for a period of time effective to begin the formation of a gel containing said blood;
(c) heating the aqueous medium from step (b) at a temperature effective to form a gel; and (d) recovering said gel.
(a) adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least about 12% by weight blood protein to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5;
(b) maintaining the resulting aqueous medium at ambient temperature for a period of time effective to begin the formation of a gel containing said blood;
(c) heating the aqueous medium from step (b) at a temperature effective to form a gel; and (d) recovering said gel.
24. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the process of Claim 23.
25. The process of Claim 23 wherein said aqueous medium which has been adjusted to said pH is maintained at a temperature greater than 0° and less than 40°C for at least about 12 hours.
26. The process of Claim 25 wherein said heating is carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 40°C to about 100°C.
27. The process of Claim 25 wherein said pH is adjusted by admixing an effective amount of a basic constituent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal hydroxides with said aqueous medium.
28. The process of Claim 27 further comprising admixing an effective additional amount of said base with said aqueous medium to maintain a pH of said aqueous medium in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5 during said heating.
29. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the method of Claim 27.
30. The albumin containing nutrient composition produced by the method of Claim 28.
31. A process for producing a nutrient composition comprising:
(a) forming an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin, said aqueous medium having a basic pH level sufficient to form a gel;
(b) heating said aqueous medium at a temperature effective to form a gel; and, (c) drying said gel to form a particulate feed supplement containing albumin.
(a) forming an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin, said aqueous medium having a basic pH level sufficient to form a gel;
(b) heating said aqueous medium at a temperature effective to form a gel; and, (c) drying said gel to form a particulate feed supplement containing albumin.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US66500676A | 1976-03-08 | 1976-03-08 | |
| US665,006 | 1976-03-08 | ||
| US05/828,152 US4225620A (en) | 1977-08-26 | 1977-08-26 | Method for feeding ruminant animals |
| US828,152 | 1977-08-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1086551A true CA1086551A (en) | 1980-09-30 |
Family
ID=27099105
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA273,342A Expired CA1086551A (en) | 1976-03-08 | 1977-03-07 | Method of producing albumin containing nutrient compositions |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1086551A (en) |
-
1977
- 1977-03-07 CA CA273,342A patent/CA1086551A/en not_active Expired
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