CA1084638A - Method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal in flotation concentrations - Google Patents
Method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal in flotation concentrationsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1084638A CA1084638A CA283,873A CA283873A CA1084638A CA 1084638 A CA1084638 A CA 1084638A CA 283873 A CA283873 A CA 283873A CA 1084638 A CA1084638 A CA 1084638A
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- coal
- oxidized
- promoter
- weight
- flotation
- Prior art date
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Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal or coal from surface or strip mines by about 23-30% by weight where said coal particles are concentrated by froth flotation. The method consists of utilizing as a promoter or frothing aid about 0.03 - 0.09 lbs/ton of said coal of a water-soluble anionic linear addition polymer of a polymerizable monoethylenically unsaturated compound having an average molecular weight of about 100,000 to 1,000,000 or more with a preferred range of 1,000,000 or more. This method is also utilized where oxidized coal is admixed with a major amount of deep coal amounting up to 80 - 95% and greater by weight of the mixture. A
preferred promoter or frothing aid for oxidized coal is sodium polyacrylate and the promoter or frothing aid is used in an aqueous solution or dispersion in preferred operable percentiles of .5 - 1.5% by weight of the solution or dispersion.
A method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal or coal from surface or strip mines by about 23-30% by weight where said coal particles are concentrated by froth flotation. The method consists of utilizing as a promoter or frothing aid about 0.03 - 0.09 lbs/ton of said coal of a water-soluble anionic linear addition polymer of a polymerizable monoethylenically unsaturated compound having an average molecular weight of about 100,000 to 1,000,000 or more with a preferred range of 1,000,000 or more. This method is also utilized where oxidized coal is admixed with a major amount of deep coal amounting up to 80 - 95% and greater by weight of the mixture. A
preferred promoter or frothing aid for oxidized coal is sodium polyacrylate and the promoter or frothing aid is used in an aqueous solution or dispersion in preferred operable percentiles of .5 - 1.5% by weight of the solution or dispersion.
Description
10~ 3~
The present invention relates to a method of increas-ing the yield of oxidized coal where said coal or coal particles are subjected to concentrations by froth flotation.
Coal generally is mined in this country and elsewhere ; from two different sources. A first source of great importance to retrieval of coal presently is coal mined from so-called strip mines where the coal is near or at the surface of the ground and the veins are stripped therefrom. During this stripping process and before the coal is actually retrieved, the surface veins of coal are subjected to a significant amount - of air oxidation which apparently changes the characteristics -~ of the particles so that the results obtained in a concentration , by froth flotation are different from concentration of the I coal from the other source which is mined underground generally at a depth of greater than 100 feet from the surface and where ~? there is less oxidation as in the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania Z~ and West Virginia.
,~ It is further noted that coal is readily oxidized in air and this process sometimes even gives rise to spontaneous ~0 combustion in the coal and results in weathering or loss of calorific value and coking power during storage in the open.
As is known, flotation is a process for separating 1 finely ground minerals such as coal particles from their 'i~ associate waste or gangue by means of~the affinity of surfaces of these particles for air bubbles, which is a method for con-i centrating coal particles. In the flotation process a hydro-phobiç coating i5 placed on the particles which acts as a bridge ~ so that the particles may attach to the air bubble and be :1 , .'. .
.~ .
~' , ~ ' ~ ' ', ' ' ' ' 101~;38 floated, since the air bubble will not normally adhere to a clean mineral surface such as coal.
In froth flotation of coal a froth is formed as afore-said by introducing air into a so-called pulp which contains the ~ -impure finely divided coal particles and water containing a frothing agent. The flotation separation of coal from the residue or gangue depends upon the relative wettability of surfaces and the contact angle, which is the angle created by the solid air bubble interface.
In the development of flo~ation to da*eJ three general classes of reagents have been utilized: (1) collectors or promoters, ~2) modifiers, and ~3) frothers.
The collectors may be selected from such compounds, among others, as primary amines, quaternary ammonium salts, xanthatesJ fatty acid soapsJ alkyl sulfatesJ etc. A typical listing of commercial collectors is given in Kirk-OthmerJ -Encyclopedia of Chemical TechnologyJ IIJ Vol. 9J page 384, Table 2.
, Modifiers are such regulating agents as pH regulatorsJ
~~ activatorsJ depressantsJ dispersantsJ and flocculants.
-~ 20 A frothing assistant is utilized to provide a stable flotation froth persistent enough to facilitate the coal separation but not so persistent that it cannot be broken to allow subsequent handling. Examples of commonly used frothing agents are pine oilJ creosoteJ cresylic acidJ and alcohols such as 4-methyl-2-pentanol.
,: :
The present treating agents which are water-soluble anionic linear addition polymers of a polymerizable mono-ethylenically unsaturated compound are useful as promoters and ;-frothing aids.
The present invention relates to a method of increas-ing the yield of oxidized coal where said coal or coal particles are subjected to concentrations by froth flotation.
Coal generally is mined in this country and elsewhere ; from two different sources. A first source of great importance to retrieval of coal presently is coal mined from so-called strip mines where the coal is near or at the surface of the ground and the veins are stripped therefrom. During this stripping process and before the coal is actually retrieved, the surface veins of coal are subjected to a significant amount - of air oxidation which apparently changes the characteristics -~ of the particles so that the results obtained in a concentration , by froth flotation are different from concentration of the I coal from the other source which is mined underground generally at a depth of greater than 100 feet from the surface and where ~? there is less oxidation as in the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania Z~ and West Virginia.
,~ It is further noted that coal is readily oxidized in air and this process sometimes even gives rise to spontaneous ~0 combustion in the coal and results in weathering or loss of calorific value and coking power during storage in the open.
As is known, flotation is a process for separating 1 finely ground minerals such as coal particles from their 'i~ associate waste or gangue by means of~the affinity of surfaces of these particles for air bubbles, which is a method for con-i centrating coal particles. In the flotation process a hydro-phobiç coating i5 placed on the particles which acts as a bridge ~ so that the particles may attach to the air bubble and be :1 , .'. .
.~ .
~' , ~ ' ~ ' ', ' ' ' ' 101~;38 floated, since the air bubble will not normally adhere to a clean mineral surface such as coal.
In froth flotation of coal a froth is formed as afore-said by introducing air into a so-called pulp which contains the ~ -impure finely divided coal particles and water containing a frothing agent. The flotation separation of coal from the residue or gangue depends upon the relative wettability of surfaces and the contact angle, which is the angle created by the solid air bubble interface.
In the development of flo~ation to da*eJ three general classes of reagents have been utilized: (1) collectors or promoters, ~2) modifiers, and ~3) frothers.
The collectors may be selected from such compounds, among others, as primary amines, quaternary ammonium salts, xanthatesJ fatty acid soapsJ alkyl sulfatesJ etc. A typical listing of commercial collectors is given in Kirk-OthmerJ -Encyclopedia of Chemical TechnologyJ IIJ Vol. 9J page 384, Table 2.
, Modifiers are such regulating agents as pH regulatorsJ
~~ activatorsJ depressantsJ dispersantsJ and flocculants.
-~ 20 A frothing assistant is utilized to provide a stable flotation froth persistent enough to facilitate the coal separation but not so persistent that it cannot be broken to allow subsequent handling. Examples of commonly used frothing agents are pine oilJ creosoteJ cresylic acidJ and alcohols such as 4-methyl-2-pentanol.
,: :
The present treating agents which are water-soluble anionic linear addition polymers of a polymerizable mono-ethylenically unsaturated compound are useful as promoters and ;-frothing aids.
-2-' : ' .. . . . .. . .
., ,. . . , , ,, , , . :
,''"" '-"''" ".' , " ' ' ', ' , .
10~ 31~
In United States Patent Serial No. 2,740,522 (Aimone et al, April 7, 1953), the patentee utilizes water-soluble polymers in amounts .001 lbs/ton to 1.0 lbs/ton with a preferred amount of 0.01 lbs/ton to 0.2 lbs/ton.
Example 16 (column 7) shows the flotation of Pennsylvania anthracite coal fines conditioned with 0.2 lbs/ton of the sodium salt of hydrolyzed poly-acrylonitrile to produce a rougher concentrate. A second portion of the example utilizes 0.5 lbs/ton of polymer. This patent appears equivalent to British 749,213.
In United States Patent Serial No. 3,572,504 (DeCuyper, October 21, 1969), the patentee uses in the flotation of minerals and ores wi~h a calcareous and dolomitic gangue such as oxidized ores or copper, a gangue-modifying product "comprising the polymers of acrylic acid, their derivatives and their equivalents which are soluble in water."
In United States Patent Serial No. 3,929,629 (~riffith et al, February 21, 1974), the patentee uses homopolymers or copolymers with acrylic or methacrylic acid or salts thereof in flotation of mineral ores.
United States Patents Serial Nos. 3,458,044 ~Moss et al, September 8, ~' 1965) and 3,696,923 (Miller, July 28, 1970) concern the concentration of coal ~', by flotation.
In the above prior art, none of the patents noted dealt with the problems envisaged with the attempts to use flotation concentration on oxid-ized coal as from strip mines.
It was faund that in attempting to float oxidized coal there were serious problems o flooding, stoppages of equipment, and unsatisfactory yield and this was true where a majority blend of deep mine coal was mixed . :
' with strip coal where 80% deep mine coal was utilized in the mixture.
'~ Accordingly, this invention provides for a method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal by about 23-30% by weight by concentration using froth flotation which consists in utilizing as a promoter or frothing aid about 0.03 - 0.09 lbs/ton of coal of a water-soluble anionic linear addition polymer of a polymerizable monoethylenically unsaturated compound having an average molecular weight of about 100,000 to 1,000,000 or more.
., ,. . . , , ,, , , . :
,''"" '-"''" ".' , " ' ' ', ' , .
10~ 31~
In United States Patent Serial No. 2,740,522 (Aimone et al, April 7, 1953), the patentee utilizes water-soluble polymers in amounts .001 lbs/ton to 1.0 lbs/ton with a preferred amount of 0.01 lbs/ton to 0.2 lbs/ton.
Example 16 (column 7) shows the flotation of Pennsylvania anthracite coal fines conditioned with 0.2 lbs/ton of the sodium salt of hydrolyzed poly-acrylonitrile to produce a rougher concentrate. A second portion of the example utilizes 0.5 lbs/ton of polymer. This patent appears equivalent to British 749,213.
In United States Patent Serial No. 3,572,504 (DeCuyper, October 21, 1969), the patentee uses in the flotation of minerals and ores wi~h a calcareous and dolomitic gangue such as oxidized ores or copper, a gangue-modifying product "comprising the polymers of acrylic acid, their derivatives and their equivalents which are soluble in water."
In United States Patent Serial No. 3,929,629 (~riffith et al, February 21, 1974), the patentee uses homopolymers or copolymers with acrylic or methacrylic acid or salts thereof in flotation of mineral ores.
United States Patents Serial Nos. 3,458,044 ~Moss et al, September 8, ~' 1965) and 3,696,923 (Miller, July 28, 1970) concern the concentration of coal ~', by flotation.
In the above prior art, none of the patents noted dealt with the problems envisaged with the attempts to use flotation concentration on oxid-ized coal as from strip mines.
It was faund that in attempting to float oxidized coal there were serious problems o flooding, stoppages of equipment, and unsatisfactory yield and this was true where a majority blend of deep mine coal was mixed . :
' with strip coal where 80% deep mine coal was utilized in the mixture.
'~ Accordingly, this invention provides for a method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal by about 23-30% by weight by concentration using froth flotation which consists in utilizing as a promoter or frothing aid about 0.03 - 0.09 lbs/ton of coal of a water-soluble anionic linear addition polymer of a polymerizable monoethylenically unsaturated compound having an average molecular weight of about 100,000 to 1,000,000 or more.
- 3 -. ~,. . ~"., '.'. ', ~ , ~0~
The treating agent for the present invention which may be ~ -defined as a promoter or frothing aid is a water-soluble anionic linear addition polymer of a polymerizable monoethyllnically unsaturated compound having an average molecular weight of about 100,000 to 1,000,000 and more, with a preferred molecular weight of about 1,000,000 or more.
Preferred polymers include acrylic acid and copolymers that contain at least 20-40% of acrylate. Also preferred are the acrylamide/acrylate copolymers, the acrylamide/maleic anhydride, acrylamide/itaconic acid, and acrylamide/fumaric acid copolymers.
A specially preferred promoter or frothing aid is an alkall metal polyacrylate such as sodium polyacrylate. The utilization of such a treating agent in the range applied at 0.03 - 0.09 lbs/ton of oxidized coal has resulted in a 23-30% increase in recovery of oxidized coal. `
In these figures an increase in recovery of 23% has been noted where -mixtures of deep coal/strip or oxidized coal are utilized in a ratio of 80-95% : 20-5%. The higher percentage of 30% increase of recovery has been noted for runs in which strip or oxidized coal was used without admixture with deep coal.
A treatment dosage aqueous of .5 - 1.5% of solution or , 20 dispersion of the treating agent as, for example, of potassium poly-acrylate has been utilized. It has also been found that a treatment percentile above 1.5, as 2.0%, may suffer from lack of solubility or dispersibility af the polymer.
. :
.~ . ' .
:.
The treating agent for the present invention which may be ~ -defined as a promoter or frothing aid is a water-soluble anionic linear addition polymer of a polymerizable monoethyllnically unsaturated compound having an average molecular weight of about 100,000 to 1,000,000 and more, with a preferred molecular weight of about 1,000,000 or more.
Preferred polymers include acrylic acid and copolymers that contain at least 20-40% of acrylate. Also preferred are the acrylamide/acrylate copolymers, the acrylamide/maleic anhydride, acrylamide/itaconic acid, and acrylamide/fumaric acid copolymers.
A specially preferred promoter or frothing aid is an alkall metal polyacrylate such as sodium polyacrylate. The utilization of such a treating agent in the range applied at 0.03 - 0.09 lbs/ton of oxidized coal has resulted in a 23-30% increase in recovery of oxidized coal. `
In these figures an increase in recovery of 23% has been noted where -mixtures of deep coal/strip or oxidized coal are utilized in a ratio of 80-95% : 20-5%. The higher percentage of 30% increase of recovery has been noted for runs in which strip or oxidized coal was used without admixture with deep coal.
A treatment dosage aqueous of .5 - 1.5% of solution or , 20 dispersion of the treating agent as, for example, of potassium poly-acrylate has been utilized. It has also been found that a treatment percentile above 1.5, as 2.0%, may suffer from lack of solubility or dispersibility af the polymer.
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;38 EXAMPLE
In 1976 a frother aid trial was run using sodium polyacrylate at a southeastern United States coal preparation plant.
This plant processes both deep mine and oxidized strip mine coal. Due to the difficulty in efficiently floating oxidized coal in the frother support, this company must feed a blend of these coals in which the oxidized constituent makes up only 10-20% of the total input. Primary difficulty in processing oxidized coal is that in the froth banks the coarser portion of the oxidized size (probably 100 x 28 mesh) does not readily float and con-sequently, the majority of oxidized coal particles in the froth - -~; are very fine. When this froth is fed to vacuum disk filters, where the clean coal is recovered, the high proportion of ~ -oxidized, 0 x 100 mesh, coal particles blinds off the filters and reduces cake thickness and ultimate recovery. Further, - ~
this situation causes a significant increase in filter overflow, ~ ~-which is fed to a centrifuge sump prior to contrifugation. ~ ~
:, ~ '': :' .
Normally, when oxidized coal feed is increased to about 20% of - ~ -the plant input for about an hour, the attendant reduction in vacuum filter efficiency causes the centrifuge sump to become swamped to a point where it overflows onto the plant floor.
` This conditian is further aggravated by the physical nature of the froth. When the oxidized coal feed is high, the float bubbles become large and extremely stable, resulting in a foamy mass having such integrity that it remains intact on the surface of the filtration tank. Ultimately it is discharged onto the '1: ~ .
plant floor ~Ihen the centrifuge sump overflows. In this ~ situation, plant procedure is to reduce or shutdown all oxidized j~ -5-",~
'~
, .,,, ~,,,, ,,- , , , : ' ' ~" , , ~ ,. .
,, ~
3~
coal until filter efficiency can be improved by running on a 90% to 100% deep mine input. Fairly often, the above-mentioned upset is so severe that total coal feed to the plant must be completely shut down. ~ -A further difficulty is due to the low level of oxidized coal utilization; the plant depletes its deep mine coal stocks approximately every five or six hours. This requires ; the plant to shut dot~n until sufficient deep mine coal is received for another five or six hour period of operation. This ~ -10 down time delay typically lasts from two to four hours.
Sodium polyacrylate was added to the slurry launder ` prior to the distribution box which feeds the nine flotation banks. The feed slurry of -28 mesh material came from a series of sieve bends which all discharge into the common launder. The ~-sodium polyacrylate was added at a point of high turbulence.
^ The treated feed slurry drops by gravity into the distribution , box which also exhibits high turbulence.
Conclusions Referring to Table 1, it is noted that set 2 versus 20 set 1 indicates as 23.5% increase in flotation solids recovery where sodium polyacrylate was utilized at dosages of 0.075 to 0 088 lbs/ton of coal. The procedure at the coal plant was to utilize a standard collector and frother and process line similar j to that taught in United States Patent 3,696,923 Miller. A sub-sequent comparison of set 5 against set 4 did not produce a difference in percent solids~ However, the percent solid input in ~ is higher and the set 5 feed ash is greater than for set ~.
It is noted that, in the operating procedure to obtain the results - . . .
l .
.
.
.. . . .. . ..
~': ,, .' ,, ' ,, ' , , . :
10~ 3~3 in sample set 5, these were taken after severe plant upsets had occurred where maximum float quality and filter efficiency could not be re-established. Additional examples not in the table showed that the increase in recovery of the float solids varies from about 20-30% or 23-30%.
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;38 EXAMPLE
In 1976 a frother aid trial was run using sodium polyacrylate at a southeastern United States coal preparation plant.
This plant processes both deep mine and oxidized strip mine coal. Due to the difficulty in efficiently floating oxidized coal in the frother support, this company must feed a blend of these coals in which the oxidized constituent makes up only 10-20% of the total input. Primary difficulty in processing oxidized coal is that in the froth banks the coarser portion of the oxidized size (probably 100 x 28 mesh) does not readily float and con-sequently, the majority of oxidized coal particles in the froth - -~; are very fine. When this froth is fed to vacuum disk filters, where the clean coal is recovered, the high proportion of ~ -oxidized, 0 x 100 mesh, coal particles blinds off the filters and reduces cake thickness and ultimate recovery. Further, - ~
this situation causes a significant increase in filter overflow, ~ ~-which is fed to a centrifuge sump prior to contrifugation. ~ ~
:, ~ '': :' .
Normally, when oxidized coal feed is increased to about 20% of - ~ -the plant input for about an hour, the attendant reduction in vacuum filter efficiency causes the centrifuge sump to become swamped to a point where it overflows onto the plant floor.
` This conditian is further aggravated by the physical nature of the froth. When the oxidized coal feed is high, the float bubbles become large and extremely stable, resulting in a foamy mass having such integrity that it remains intact on the surface of the filtration tank. Ultimately it is discharged onto the '1: ~ .
plant floor ~Ihen the centrifuge sump overflows. In this ~ situation, plant procedure is to reduce or shutdown all oxidized j~ -5-",~
'~
, .,,, ~,,,, ,,- , , , : ' ' ~" , , ~ ,. .
,, ~
3~
coal until filter efficiency can be improved by running on a 90% to 100% deep mine input. Fairly often, the above-mentioned upset is so severe that total coal feed to the plant must be completely shut down. ~ -A further difficulty is due to the low level of oxidized coal utilization; the plant depletes its deep mine coal stocks approximately every five or six hours. This requires ; the plant to shut dot~n until sufficient deep mine coal is received for another five or six hour period of operation. This ~ -10 down time delay typically lasts from two to four hours.
Sodium polyacrylate was added to the slurry launder ` prior to the distribution box which feeds the nine flotation banks. The feed slurry of -28 mesh material came from a series of sieve bends which all discharge into the common launder. The ~-sodium polyacrylate was added at a point of high turbulence.
^ The treated feed slurry drops by gravity into the distribution , box which also exhibits high turbulence.
Conclusions Referring to Table 1, it is noted that set 2 versus 20 set 1 indicates as 23.5% increase in flotation solids recovery where sodium polyacrylate was utilized at dosages of 0.075 to 0 088 lbs/ton of coal. The procedure at the coal plant was to utilize a standard collector and frother and process line similar j to that taught in United States Patent 3,696,923 Miller. A sub-sequent comparison of set 5 against set 4 did not produce a difference in percent solids~ However, the percent solid input in ~ is higher and the set 5 feed ash is greater than for set ~.
It is noted that, in the operating procedure to obtain the results - . . .
l .
.
.
.. . . .. . ..
~': ,, .' ,, ' ,, ' , , . :
10~ 3~3 in sample set 5, these were taken after severe plant upsets had occurred where maximum float quality and filter efficiency could not be re-established. Additional examples not in the table showed that the increase in recovery of the float solids varies from about 20-30% or 23-30%.
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Claims (5)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED IS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal by about 23-30%
by weight by concentration using froth flotation which consists in utilizing as a promoter or frothing aid about 0.03 - 0.09 lbs/ton of coal of a water-soluble anionic linear addition polymer of a polymerizable monoethylenically unsaturated compound having an average molecular weight of about 100,000 to 1,000,000 or more.
by weight by concentration using froth flotation which consists in utilizing as a promoter or frothing aid about 0.03 - 0.09 lbs/ton of coal of a water-soluble anionic linear addition polymer of a polymerizable monoethylenically unsaturated compound having an average molecular weight of about 100,000 to 1,000,000 or more.
2. The method according to claim l wherein the oxidized coal is admixed with a major percentile of deep coal of up to 80-95% by weight of the mixture.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the promoter is an alkali metal polyacrylate.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the promoter is sodium polyacrylate.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the promoter is utilized in aqueous solution or dispersion in a concentration of about .5-1.5% by weight of solution.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA283,873A CA1084638A (en) | 1977-08-02 | 1977-08-02 | Method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal in flotation concentrations |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA283,873A CA1084638A (en) | 1977-08-02 | 1977-08-02 | Method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal in flotation concentrations |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1084638A true CA1084638A (en) | 1980-08-26 |
Family
ID=4109251
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA283,873A Expired CA1084638A (en) | 1977-08-02 | 1977-08-02 | Method of increasing the yield of oxidized coal in flotation concentrations |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1084638A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4830740A (en) * | 1988-04-19 | 1989-05-16 | The Dow Chemical Company | Pyrite depressants useful in the separation of pyrite from coal |
| CN106669981A (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2017-05-17 | 中国矿业大学 | Oxidized coal slime separation method based on CO2 air bubbles |
-
1977
- 1977-08-02 CA CA283,873A patent/CA1084638A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4830740A (en) * | 1988-04-19 | 1989-05-16 | The Dow Chemical Company | Pyrite depressants useful in the separation of pyrite from coal |
| CN106669981A (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2017-05-17 | 中国矿业大学 | Oxidized coal slime separation method based on CO2 air bubbles |
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