CA1083844A - Method and composition for controlling aquatic weeds - Google Patents
Method and composition for controlling aquatic weedsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1083844A CA1083844A CA266,115A CA266115A CA1083844A CA 1083844 A CA1083844 A CA 1083844A CA 266115 A CA266115 A CA 266115A CA 1083844 A CA1083844 A CA 1083844A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- weight
- aquatic weeds
- substrate
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Landscapes
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Aquatic weeds are controlled by a herbicidally active mixture of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetra-calcium aluminoferrite. The mixture may be applied by surface spreading, tilling, discing, or hydraulic injection.
Aquatic weeds are controlled by a herbicidally active mixture of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetra-calcium aluminoferrite. The mixture may be applied by surface spreading, tilling, discing, or hydraulic injection.
Description
The present invention relates to the control of weed growth. More particularly, the present invention relates to the control of submerged, aquatic weeds normally occurring at the bottom of fresh water reservoirs, irrigation ditches, drainage ditches, and the like.
Fresh water ponds, irrigation ditches, and similar like bodies of water having natural soil bottoms, while useful for water storage and trans-port, are a constant source of trouble due to the occurrenceon the bottom thereof of submerged, aquatic weed growth. Many industrial installations employ fresh water from such ponds to supply fresh water for plant heat exchangers, boilers, and other similar equipment. The presence of any sub-stantial growth of submerged aquatic weeds in ponds of this character serious-ly detracts from the usefulness of these ponds, as weeds constantly break off and enter the plant water system, causing pump failures, plugged water lines, and other~serious problems. Similarly, submerged aquatic weed growth in iT-rigation ditches, drainage ditches, and other like waterways causes fouling of lines, drains and pumping equipment. Weed growth on waterway bottoms seriously interferes with normal water flow rates. Water weeds deposit silt on the pond and waterway bottoms, often necessitating costly dredging operat-ions.
A variety of methods have been used for controlling weed growth involving several different herbicides.
United States Patent No. 3,761,238, to Errede, discloses aquatic pesticides consisting of inert particulate carriers, the surface of which have inherent or extrinsic ion-exchange characteristics, and a normally water-soluble toxicant reversibly adsorbed on ionic form on the surfaces of the particles for controlled release of toxicant.
United States Patents 3,324,127 to Teumac, and 3,634,061 to Geiger et al, teach the use of copper salts as aquatic herbicides. The copper salts must settle through the water t~ be deposited onto the plant to act as a herbicide. However, copper salts are known to be toxic to vertebrates.
.
'~ .
~' .
United States Patent No. 3,860,010 to Heinemann teaches the use of calcium hydroxide as an aquatic herbicide. The water must be drained from the body of water, and the calcium hydroxide must be worked into the soil on the bottom of the waterway to a depth of three to nine inches, resulting in loss of the use of the body of water during application of the aquatic herbi-cide.
It has now been discovered that a mixture of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite act synergistically to effectively control aquatic weeds, and that this mixture can conveniently be applied directly to the body of water without draining the water.
The herbicidal composition of the present invention has the follGw-ing composition:
% by Weight Tricalcium silicate 40-60 Dicalcium silicate 13-50 ; Tricalcium aluminate 4-11 Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 8-13 Magnesium oxide and sulfur trioxide impurities 0-7 A preferred composition is as follows:
% by Weight Tricalcium silicate 50 Dicalcium silicate 24 Tricalcium aluminate ll Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 8 Magnesium oxide and sulfur trioxide i~purities 7 0 0 %
The systemic herbicidal composition of the present invention has the further advantage of being extremely toxic to plants while being relativ-ely nontoxic to vertebrate animals. The composition of the invention i5 there-
Fresh water ponds, irrigation ditches, and similar like bodies of water having natural soil bottoms, while useful for water storage and trans-port, are a constant source of trouble due to the occurrenceon the bottom thereof of submerged, aquatic weed growth. Many industrial installations employ fresh water from such ponds to supply fresh water for plant heat exchangers, boilers, and other similar equipment. The presence of any sub-stantial growth of submerged aquatic weeds in ponds of this character serious-ly detracts from the usefulness of these ponds, as weeds constantly break off and enter the plant water system, causing pump failures, plugged water lines, and other~serious problems. Similarly, submerged aquatic weed growth in iT-rigation ditches, drainage ditches, and other like waterways causes fouling of lines, drains and pumping equipment. Weed growth on waterway bottoms seriously interferes with normal water flow rates. Water weeds deposit silt on the pond and waterway bottoms, often necessitating costly dredging operat-ions.
A variety of methods have been used for controlling weed growth involving several different herbicides.
United States Patent No. 3,761,238, to Errede, discloses aquatic pesticides consisting of inert particulate carriers, the surface of which have inherent or extrinsic ion-exchange characteristics, and a normally water-soluble toxicant reversibly adsorbed on ionic form on the surfaces of the particles for controlled release of toxicant.
United States Patents 3,324,127 to Teumac, and 3,634,061 to Geiger et al, teach the use of copper salts as aquatic herbicides. The copper salts must settle through the water t~ be deposited onto the plant to act as a herbicide. However, copper salts are known to be toxic to vertebrates.
.
'~ .
~' .
United States Patent No. 3,860,010 to Heinemann teaches the use of calcium hydroxide as an aquatic herbicide. The water must be drained from the body of water, and the calcium hydroxide must be worked into the soil on the bottom of the waterway to a depth of three to nine inches, resulting in loss of the use of the body of water during application of the aquatic herbi-cide.
It has now been discovered that a mixture of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite act synergistically to effectively control aquatic weeds, and that this mixture can conveniently be applied directly to the body of water without draining the water.
The herbicidal composition of the present invention has the follGw-ing composition:
% by Weight Tricalcium silicate 40-60 Dicalcium silicate 13-50 ; Tricalcium aluminate 4-11 Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 8-13 Magnesium oxide and sulfur trioxide impurities 0-7 A preferred composition is as follows:
% by Weight Tricalcium silicate 50 Dicalcium silicate 24 Tricalcium aluminate ll Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 8 Magnesium oxide and sulfur trioxide i~purities 7 0 0 %
The systemic herbicidal composition of the present invention has the further advantage of being extremely toxic to plants while being relativ-ely nontoxic to vertebrate animals. The composition of the invention i5 there-
- 2 -.
.
fore suitable for control of rooted aqua~ic plants found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and irrigation canals, particularly if the water is to be used for domestic or livestock water supplies.
A convenient source of the ingredients of the systemic herbicidal composition of the present invention is Portland cement, which contains the following compounds:
tricalcium silicate 3CaO-SiO2 dicalcium silicate 2CaO-SiO2 tricalcium aluminate 3CaO'A1203 tetracalcium alumino-ferrite 4CaO ~1203 Fe203 The herbicidalcomposition of the present invention is particul-arly effective as an aquatic herbicide, producing 90% kills at a concentrat-ion as low as 0.1~ by weight for a period of approximately two months, Longer term and permanent kills were obtained with concentrations of the composition varying from 0.2% to 0.5% by weight, depending on depth of substrate and method of application. The individual compounds of the composition were found to be not nearly as effective as the combination of compounds herein described.
When Portland cement is used as the source of the compounds, the 0.1% to 0.5%
of Portland cement necessary for herbicidal use is only 1~ to 5% of the con-centration of Portland cement necessary to make concrete.
- The composition has been found to be effective against the mos~
troublesome and commonly encountered ~uatic weeds and algae, Chara sp., Elodea sp., Mougeotia, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Potamogeton crispa. Kills of 100% were obtained even at the lowest concentration of the herbicidal compound used.
The high specific gravity of the herbicidal composition tapproxi-mately equal to that of sand) and low solubility prevents dispersion of the herbicide out of the area to be treated, or excessivedilution of the herbicide areas therefore allowing the herbicide to work in a localized area for a long period of time. The herbicide is effecti~e in two ways: the slowly ionizing chemicals may be absorbed by the foliage or stems of the weeds, or may be absorbed by root uptake and active transport. The latter produces the most effective results. The color of the composition is also compatible with most substrates.
The composition may be applied to the aquatic weeds by several con-ventional methods, including mechanical surface broadcasting. This method may involve spraying a slurry of the composition across the surface of the area being treated, broadcasting the composition by use of an agricultural type rotary seed or fertilizer spreader, or broadcasting by means of a pneu-atic herbicide and pesticide dusting equipment.
These conventional methods allow even dispersion of the composition, allowing it to settle and form a thin sediment encasement of the plant fol-iage. The plant then absorbs the toxins through the foliage and dies within 48 hours. Concentrations for this type of application are between 0.1% and 0.2%.
The conventional methods of application produced short term kills for Myriophyllum specatum. After approximately one month the ~oots of M.
specatum began to send up new shoots~ For the other species of aquatic weeds involved, this concentration produced a 100% kill and no regrowth. With these methods.the fish kills confined to the immediate area were because of the composition's coating the gills. In unconfined areas the fish left the area and returned after 48 hours with no apparent kills.
Another conventional method of application can be effected only during periods of low water or when the body of water can be easily drained.
This method requires spreading the composition onto dry land and tilling the composition into the root system and the seed bed.
Superior results were obtained with an injection method of applying the composition to the aquatic weeds. A hydraulic slurry of the herbicidal composition of the present invention is injected into the substrate, causing a roiling of the substrate and simultaneous mixing of substrate and herbicid- `
.,,~.. . . .
,.:
al composition to orm a uniform mixture of substrate and herbicidal compo-sition, consequently sterilizing the seed bed~ This method of application of the herbicidal composition of the present invention produced 100% kills of M, specatum and other rooted aquatics ~ith dosage rates of 0.2% to 0.5~ by weight with substrate depths of six inches to one footO After three months there was no growth or indication of living root material.
For heavily infested areas, it is preferable to prepare the body of water prior to injecting the herbicidal composition. This preparation can be effected by jetting, mechanical harvesting, or short-term killing by a pre-viously mentioned conventional method. This preparation allows a more even,unhindered, and effective application by the sub-surface hydraulic injection.
The slow dissolution of the compounds of the instant herbicidal composition along with active transport of the root systems provide a herblcidal effect.
The drawing shows the equipment used for sub-surface application.
A pontoon boat 10 with a motor 11 and two-stage impeller pump 12 were used for the application. The pressure pump lines 13 were connected to a spray bar 14 having the following measurements: 4 inches in diameter, 8 feet in length, with 32 one-quarter inch spray nozzles 15 spaced three inches apart. The bar was attached to the boat by two adjustable arms. The bar height was adjusted to approximately one foot above the substrate and at approximately 90 to the substrate. A high pressure stream (100-150 PSI) entered the bar from the pump along with a secondary jet containing a slurry of the herbicidal compo-sition, causing roiling of the substrate and mixing of the herbicideO The substrate and herbicide then settled to form a uniform mixture. Depth of penetration and concentration were controlled by varying the water pressure and/or rate of advance.
A desired penetration fox M~ specatum was found to be 6 to 12 inches.
The subsurface substrate injection method of application of the herbicidal composition of the present invention pro~ides a safe, long-term sterilization of the seed bed and a practical, economical method for control-ling rooted aquatic weeds.
.
fore suitable for control of rooted aqua~ic plants found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and irrigation canals, particularly if the water is to be used for domestic or livestock water supplies.
A convenient source of the ingredients of the systemic herbicidal composition of the present invention is Portland cement, which contains the following compounds:
tricalcium silicate 3CaO-SiO2 dicalcium silicate 2CaO-SiO2 tricalcium aluminate 3CaO'A1203 tetracalcium alumino-ferrite 4CaO ~1203 Fe203 The herbicidalcomposition of the present invention is particul-arly effective as an aquatic herbicide, producing 90% kills at a concentrat-ion as low as 0.1~ by weight for a period of approximately two months, Longer term and permanent kills were obtained with concentrations of the composition varying from 0.2% to 0.5% by weight, depending on depth of substrate and method of application. The individual compounds of the composition were found to be not nearly as effective as the combination of compounds herein described.
When Portland cement is used as the source of the compounds, the 0.1% to 0.5%
of Portland cement necessary for herbicidal use is only 1~ to 5% of the con-centration of Portland cement necessary to make concrete.
- The composition has been found to be effective against the mos~
troublesome and commonly encountered ~uatic weeds and algae, Chara sp., Elodea sp., Mougeotia, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Potamogeton crispa. Kills of 100% were obtained even at the lowest concentration of the herbicidal compound used.
The high specific gravity of the herbicidal composition tapproxi-mately equal to that of sand) and low solubility prevents dispersion of the herbicide out of the area to be treated, or excessivedilution of the herbicide areas therefore allowing the herbicide to work in a localized area for a long period of time. The herbicide is effecti~e in two ways: the slowly ionizing chemicals may be absorbed by the foliage or stems of the weeds, or may be absorbed by root uptake and active transport. The latter produces the most effective results. The color of the composition is also compatible with most substrates.
The composition may be applied to the aquatic weeds by several con-ventional methods, including mechanical surface broadcasting. This method may involve spraying a slurry of the composition across the surface of the area being treated, broadcasting the composition by use of an agricultural type rotary seed or fertilizer spreader, or broadcasting by means of a pneu-atic herbicide and pesticide dusting equipment.
These conventional methods allow even dispersion of the composition, allowing it to settle and form a thin sediment encasement of the plant fol-iage. The plant then absorbs the toxins through the foliage and dies within 48 hours. Concentrations for this type of application are between 0.1% and 0.2%.
The conventional methods of application produced short term kills for Myriophyllum specatum. After approximately one month the ~oots of M.
specatum began to send up new shoots~ For the other species of aquatic weeds involved, this concentration produced a 100% kill and no regrowth. With these methods.the fish kills confined to the immediate area were because of the composition's coating the gills. In unconfined areas the fish left the area and returned after 48 hours with no apparent kills.
Another conventional method of application can be effected only during periods of low water or when the body of water can be easily drained.
This method requires spreading the composition onto dry land and tilling the composition into the root system and the seed bed.
Superior results were obtained with an injection method of applying the composition to the aquatic weeds. A hydraulic slurry of the herbicidal composition of the present invention is injected into the substrate, causing a roiling of the substrate and simultaneous mixing of substrate and herbicid- `
.,,~.. . . .
,.:
al composition to orm a uniform mixture of substrate and herbicidal compo-sition, consequently sterilizing the seed bed~ This method of application of the herbicidal composition of the present invention produced 100% kills of M, specatum and other rooted aquatics ~ith dosage rates of 0.2% to 0.5~ by weight with substrate depths of six inches to one footO After three months there was no growth or indication of living root material.
For heavily infested areas, it is preferable to prepare the body of water prior to injecting the herbicidal composition. This preparation can be effected by jetting, mechanical harvesting, or short-term killing by a pre-viously mentioned conventional method. This preparation allows a more even,unhindered, and effective application by the sub-surface hydraulic injection.
The slow dissolution of the compounds of the instant herbicidal composition along with active transport of the root systems provide a herblcidal effect.
The drawing shows the equipment used for sub-surface application.
A pontoon boat 10 with a motor 11 and two-stage impeller pump 12 were used for the application. The pressure pump lines 13 were connected to a spray bar 14 having the following measurements: 4 inches in diameter, 8 feet in length, with 32 one-quarter inch spray nozzles 15 spaced three inches apart. The bar was attached to the boat by two adjustable arms. The bar height was adjusted to approximately one foot above the substrate and at approximately 90 to the substrate. A high pressure stream (100-150 PSI) entered the bar from the pump along with a secondary jet containing a slurry of the herbicidal compo-sition, causing roiling of the substrate and mixing of the herbicideO The substrate and herbicide then settled to form a uniform mixture. Depth of penetration and concentration were controlled by varying the water pressure and/or rate of advance.
A desired penetration fox M~ specatum was found to be 6 to 12 inches.
The subsurface substrate injection method of application of the herbicidal composition of the present invention pro~ides a safe, long-term sterilization of the seed bed and a practical, economical method for control-ling rooted aquatic weeds.
Claims (5)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method for controlling submerged aquatic weeds by applying a composition comprised of dicalcium silicate in an amount ranging from about 13% to 50% by weight, tricalcium silicate in an amount ranging from about 40% to 60% by weight, tricalcium aluminate in an amount ranging from about 4% to 11% by weight, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite in an amount ranging from about 8% to 13% by weight, to submerged aquatic weeds at the rate of 0.1 to 0.5% of the total composition by weight.
2. A method for controlling submerged aquatic weeds by applying a composition comprised of 50% by weight tricalcium silicate, 24% by weight dicalcium silicate, 11% by weight tricalcium aluminate, 8% by weight tetra-calcium aluminoferrite, and the remaining 7% made up of impurities, to submerged aquatic weeds at the rate of 0.1 to 0.5% of the total composition by weight.
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the said composition is applied by surface broadcasting the composition on the aquatic substrate.
4. A method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the said composition is applied by tilling the composition into the substrate in which the submerged aquatic weeds are rooted.
5. A method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the composition is applied by injecting the composition into the aquatic substrate at a rate of 0.2 to 0.5% of the total composition by weight.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US72759876A | 1976-09-28 | 1976-09-28 | |
| US727,598 | 1976-09-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1083844A true CA1083844A (en) | 1980-08-19 |
Family
ID=24923268
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA266,115A Expired CA1083844A (en) | 1976-09-28 | 1976-11-19 | Method and composition for controlling aquatic weeds |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1083844A (en) |
-
1976
- 1976-11-19 CA CA266,115A patent/CA1083844A/en not_active Expired
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |