CA1083268A - Power measurement system with dynamic correction - Google Patents
Power measurement system with dynamic correctionInfo
- Publication number
- CA1083268A CA1083268A CA283,622A CA283622A CA1083268A CA 1083268 A CA1083268 A CA 1083268A CA 283622 A CA283622 A CA 283622A CA 1083268 A CA1083268 A CA 1083268A
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- Prior art keywords
- rate
- change
- measurement
- temperature
- heat transfer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C7/00—Control of nuclear reaction
- G21C7/36—Control circuits
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The accuracy of monitoring a process involving heat exchange, as in the case of monitoring the "instantaneous"
power output of a nuclear reactor may be improved by reading the steady state rate from the heat transfer indicated by the coolant, and obtaining a second reading representative of the rate of change in power level, using a neutron flux read out from one or more selected reaction zones to provide a fast response value for the rate of change. Integration of this rate value gives an accurate value for the extent of power rate change, which can be added to the first, steady state thermal read out, to give a power reading of short response time and acceptable accuracy. The dynamic error resulting from the flow time of coolant in passing through the process is also corrected by introducing a time delay allowance which reduces the coolant quantity and temper-ature parameter readings to a common datum.
The accuracy of monitoring a process involving heat exchange, as in the case of monitoring the "instantaneous"
power output of a nuclear reactor may be improved by reading the steady state rate from the heat transfer indicated by the coolant, and obtaining a second reading representative of the rate of change in power level, using a neutron flux read out from one or more selected reaction zones to provide a fast response value for the rate of change. Integration of this rate value gives an accurate value for the extent of power rate change, which can be added to the first, steady state thermal read out, to give a power reading of short response time and acceptable accuracy. The dynamic error resulting from the flow time of coolant in passing through the process is also corrected by introducing a time delay allowance which reduces the coolant quantity and temper-ature parameter readings to a common datum.
Description
Ca~e 2317 1083~8 The present invention relates to the improvement of the dynamic accuracy ofthe measurement of thermal power t:ransferred within a process, ~here one determination of power measurement is based upon the product OL temperature c:hange and mass flow rate of a heat transport medium flowing through the process in power transfer relation.
In the operation of power transfer processes it is usually desirable and necessary to monitor the state of the process, by determining as accurately as possible the actual power conditions prevailing within the process.
In many instances involving coolants in a constant phase, such as a liquid, where the size and/or complexity of the actual process preclude or make prohibitive the direct measurement of power transfer parameters within the actual process zone, it is common practice to monitor the rate of mass flow of coolant through the process and the change in temperature of the coolant between the inlet and the outlet whereby the change thus determined in thermal energy content of the coolant flowing through the actual process zone is a
In the operation of power transfer processes it is usually desirable and necessary to monitor the state of the process, by determining as accurately as possible the actual power conditions prevailing within the process.
In many instances involving coolants in a constant phase, such as a liquid, where the size and/or complexity of the actual process preclude or make prohibitive the direct measurement of power transfer parameters within the actual process zone, it is common practice to monitor the rate of mass flow of coolant through the process and the change in temperature of the coolant between the inlet and the outlet whereby the change thus determined in thermal energy content of the coolant flowing through the actual process zone is a
2~ direct measure of the power transfer in the process. Such coolant monitoring is generally effected outside the process zone, and while the distances involved may introduce slight temperature errors, under substantially constant power conditions - these methods are generally acceptable.
However, in cases where the power transfer level ~-; is not constant, then the inaccuracies introduced by this prior manner of monitoring may prove unacceptable~
:;
The present invention provides for improved monitoring of a power transfer process, comprising the steps 3Q of monitoring at least one process-sensitive primary parameter to provide a slow-response output of primary accuracy as a first value for the steady state power transfer ~ 4 Case 2317 level ; monitoring a second process-sensitive parameter to provide a readout of the rate of change of the power transfer level, integrating the fast-response readout to provide an approximate up-dated value of the change in power transfer level, as a second value, and combining the first and second values to give a reasonably accurate, fast-response value of the power transfer level, suitable for controlling the operation of the process. It may well be that the second process-sensitive parameter may be monitored by way of a fast-readout of secondary accuracy, which yet permits of sufficient accuracy of power change determination.
In the implementation of the subject invention there is provided, in combination with a power transfer process, a first power transfer responsive means responsive to a first set of primary parameters of the process at least one of which is a slow-response parameter, to provide a first output proportional to the steady state power transfer level; a second power transfer responsive means responsive to at least one other parameter to give an approximate but fast-response second output proportional to the rate of change of power transfer level ; means to integrate the second output to provide a third fast-response output approximately proportional to the change in the power transfer level, and signal combining means to combine the first and third outputs to provide a reliable fast-response output representative of the instantaneous value of power transfer level.
There is further provided time delay meanS to bring to an equivalent base datu~ sensor outputs which monitor parameters at different locations within or relative to the process to permit appropriate compensation being applied to one or more of the sensed outputs, to effect reduction in dynamic error.
Case 2317 Conventional practice and the shortcomings thereof, as well as the practice of the present invention and the aclvantages thereof, will best be understood from the following descriptions read with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein;
Figure 1 is a diagramatic illustration of a typical process and measurement system involving heat transfer, with thermal power measurement being made according to conventional practice.
la Figure 2 is a diagramatic illustration of a system as in Figure 1 but modified to include means for carrying out the invention herein disclosed;
Figure 3 is an illustration of the physical significance of a compensatory correction signal according to the system of Figure 2; and Figure 4 is an alternative arrangement to that illustrated by Figure 2, for carrying out the invention herein di.sclosed.
~eferring to Figure 1 there is shown a proeess 10 involving process power symbolized by Q being generated or absorbed within the process as designated by 13. A heat transport medium, for example a fluid, is cireulated through the proeess 10 via the inlet and outlet eonduits 11 and 12 respeetively. Under steady state eonditions the proeess power Q is in balanee with the rate at whieh heat is transported from or to the process 1~ by means of the heat transport medium flowi.ng in conduits 11 and 12.
Sensing and signal generating means 1~, 16 and 18 are employed to produce signals 15, 17 and 19 which correspond respectively to:
a) the temperature 'To' of the heat transport medium leaving the process la , (item 14; signal 15~;
case 2317 b) the temperature 'Ti' of t]-e heat transport medium entering the process 10, (item 16; signal 17;) c) the mass flow rate 'F' of the heat transport medium flowing through the process 10, (item 18; signal 19).
A difference detector 2Q receives the temperature signals 15 and 17, and produces an output signal 21 corresponding to the change in temperature experienced by the heat transport medium upon flowing through the process 10. This output signal 21 is then supplied as an input to a multiplier 22 along with the flow signal 19. The multiplier 22 produces an output signal 23 which represents the product of the temperature difference signal 21 and the flow signal 19, being therefore representative of and directly proportional to the process power Q.
Thus, under steady state conditions, the signal 23 represents the power added to or removed from the process 10 - by the aforementioned heat transport medium. There i5 shown an additional block 24 to represent the typical application of a scaling factor such that the final output signal 25, designated P, is a conveniently scaled version of the aforementioned 2Q signal 23. This scaling block 24 may include provision for applying correction factors such as a function of the temperature signal 15 or 17; or 15 and 17; to improve the accuracy of the power measurement output signal 25 for wide ranges of temperatures as represented by the signals 15 and 17.
It should be noted that simplifications and variations of the provisions illustrated in Fig. 1 are often adopted. For example, if the mass flow rate of the heat transport medium is known to remain substantially constant, then the flow measurement 18 and the multiplier 22 may be 3Q omitted. Similarly if one or other of the inlet or outlet temperatures is known to remain substantially constant, the corresponding temperature measurement 16 or 14 may be omitted, Case 2317 along with the di~ference detector 20. One variation of the aforementioned use of signals 15 or 17; or 15 and 17; is the modification of signal generating means 14 and 16 by the scaling block 24 such that the output signal 21 from diffexence detector 20 corresponds to enthalpy change of the heat transport medium rather than temperature change as previously described.
The conventional thermal power measurement in accordance with the prior art as described above represents the power delivered to or removed from a region such as that illustrated by Fig. 1 as comprising a process 10 together with those portions of conduits 11 and 12 which convey the process heat transfer fluid, and which extend from the process to the locations 40 and 41 where the inlet and outlet temperature measurements Ti and To are ta~en. Thus under steady state conditions the process power Q is in balance with the rate at which heat is transported from or to the region by the heat transport medium flowing in conauits 11 and 12; that is with the thermal power represented by P. Accordingly, P serves as an accurate steady state measure of Q. However, under transient conditions, P, being a measure of the power transported from or to the process region, is no longer an accurate measure of Q
because Q refers to a local phenomenon within the actual process region, whereas the influence of Q upon P is subject to retarding effects of the relevant heat capacities within the process 10 and the flow time and other delays associated with the flow of the heat transport medium between locations 40 and 41. Moreover, if a temperature change due to an external influence occurs in the heat transport medium supplied to the process, the measurement of Ti obtained by means of conventional temperature measuring element 16 will respond before any resultant change of temperature can occur at point Case 2317 41; conse~uently P will temporarily register a spurious change in a manner actually inconsistent with ~, and therefore will register a spurious indication of a change of Q.
The present invention largely overcomes the above-noted shortcomings of conventional practice. The invention and its advantages will best be understood by reading the following description of Figure 2 with reference to Figure 1.
The elements shown in Fig. 2 are similar to those of Fig. 1 with the exceptions that elements 32, 30, 26 and 28 have been added.
The element 32 comprises a time delay; the element 30 comprises a summing device; the element 26 comprises a power measuring sensor, and the element 28 comprises a computing means for measuring a variable power signal and applying a scale factor thereto.
Time delay element 32 acts to delay the response of the inlet temperature signal 17 by a time function providing compensation for:
a) the transport time for a given particle of fluid flowing from point 40 through process 10 to point 41, b) the response time delay effects due to the heat capacities of the process 10 together with those portions of conduits 11 and 12 that extend between points 40 and 41, which must be overcome before the effect of an inlet fluid temperature change is accurately registered at the outlet point 41, c) the delay due to thermal mixing effects that may take place within the process 10 and the aforementioned portions of conduits 11 and 12, before an accurate value of temperature change will reach outlet point 41.
That is, time delay 32 operates upon the value output for inlet temperature Ti in a manner which simulates at least approximately all time delay and thermal delay influences to Case 2317 which the neat transport medium is subject in its transport from point ~lO through process lO and thence to point 41 exclusive of any effects from Q.
The time delay also includes time compensation in an increasing or diminishing sense for any significant difference in the responsiveness of element 16 from that of element 14 in terms of a time base.
In the general case, the time delay compensation provided by delay element 32 includes a function of the mass flow rate of the heat transport medium as represented by an input to delay element 32 of the flow measurement signal 19 provided by flow sensor 18. In many instances, however, the effects of flow variations are not so great as to require such readjustment with respect to flow.
The physical and practical significance of the action of delay element 32 is explained as follows. A
temperature change of the heat transport medium flowing past point 40 will ev~ntually evoke a corresponding change in the signal 34; the temperature change will also eventually produce a change in temperature at location 41 and accordingly in the signal li. ~ssuming that Q has remained constant, and that element 32 performs accurately in the manner prescribed above, then the signals 34 and 15 will change simultaneously, by equal amounts and in the same increasing or decreasing sense, with the result that the computed power measurement P will remain unchanged, and will therefore continue to constitute a correct measurement of the actual power Q.
From the preceding explanations it is to be under-stood that signal 36 of Fig. 2 is similar to signal 25 of Fig. 1 in serving as an accurate steady state measure of Q.
However, whereas signal 25 would be in error as a result of Case 2317 arbitrary changes in temperature of the in-coming heat transport medium supplied to the process 10, the signal 36 would suffer little or no such error, due to the delay time compensation provided. It is similarly to be understood that through modi ication of signal generating means 14 and 16 the output signal 31 from difference detector 20 may correspond to enthalpy changes of the heat transport medium rather than temperature changes as previously described.
It is further to be understood that the signal generating lQ means 14 and 16 may involve weighted averaging of the outputs of a plurality of sensors at differing locations.
Despite the above described improvement in dynamic accuracy of output signal 36 of Fig. 2 over that afforded by output signal 25 of Fig. 1 both signals 36 and 25 remain inaccurate measures of Q whenever Q itself is changing. The present invention therefore in addition provides dynamic correction to signal 36 by means of a summing device 30 which adds a correction signal 29 to the aforementioned signal 36, so giving an output signal 37 designated P' which 2Q serves as a more accurate measure of Q even while Q itself is changing ~and despite incidental changes in temperature of the heat transport medium supplied via conduit 11 to the process 10).
The generation of the correction signal 29 is described as follows.
There is shown in Fig. 2 a sensor system 26; this may be any one or more transducer devices which together produce a signal 27 corresponding at least approximately to Q. The main requirements of signal 27 are that 3a a) it should change with little delay in response to a change O f Q, and b) it should change by an amount that corresponds Case 2317 ~083Z68 with at least ~air accuracy to the change o F Q .
That is, signal 27 represents a measurement of the change in the value of power ~, having a characteristically fast response, but with a steady state accuracy which may be relatively poor by comparison with the steady state thermal power measurement P achieved by the apparatus of Fig. 1 ~ specific example of the kind of power signal represented by signal 27, in the case of a nuclear reactor for instance, is the neutron power measurement obtained by means of an ion chamber or chambers or in-core neutron flux detectors (with suitable amplifiers), arranged to monitor the reactor.
Such neutron power measurement provision would normally "see" only one or more portions of the overall reactor, and so would not serve as an accurate measure of total reactor power change. Nevertheless such an ion chamber arrangement can respond with fair accuracy and with fast response in measuring one or more characteristic local changes of reactor power.
This arrangement thus permits a sensor system 26 to initiate a weighted average signal 27 which is reasonably representative of the total reactor power change.
Thus the signal 27 may typically represent a totalized power change measurement, taken from within the reactor per se, and exhibiting fast response but poor steady state accuracy in representing a power such as the aforemention process power Q. By comparison, again with reference to the nuclear reactor example, conventional thermal power measurements as illustrated by Fig. 1 can exhibit good steady state accuracy, but are understandably quite inaccurate in the representation of Q during changes of Q, due to the existance of significant heat capacities within the process 10, and significant coolant transport time from within the process 10 to the downstream measurement point 41 of Figure 2. The provision of a computing Case 2317 10~13Z68 element 28 to receive the totalized power change signal 27, having an output 29 representing the change in power of the total process, which output 29 includes a scaling factor and is added in the summing device 30. Thus the presented arrange-ment provides a thermal power measurement P' which includes a fast response component 29 of power change, thereby producing a totalized power measurement representing Q and exhibiting both good accuracy and fast response.
Computing element 28 comprises means for measuring only the time varying portion of signal 27. The resulting internal signal ~ which thus represents the change in power for a definite time is then multiplied by a scale factor K2, which factor may be ~ept constant or may be automatically readjusted in accordance with a suitable externally supplied eompensating signal 35, which does not form part of the present invention. Thus the product of R and K2 is a measure of the effective change of Q for the relevant period scaled in accordance with the po~er measurement units used for P'.
As will be seen in a later description of signal 29, the product of R and K2 is utilized direetly and is also retarded, time wise, in aeeordance with a time transfer function D2, whieh compensates for:
a) the time delay effects whieh the heat eapacities of the proeess apparatus impose upon the prompt response to ehanges in power generated, or power removed from the process, in transference to the heat transport medium (that is, the retarding effeet eorresponding to the thermal time eonstants or delays assoeiated with the heat transfer proeess linking Q
and ehanges in Q to the heat transport medium); and b) the transport time for a given partiele of heat transport medium flowing through eonduit 12 from the proeess apparatus 10 to outlet temperature measuring point 41, and Case 2317 c) the time delay which arises and may be attributed to mixing effects that take place in the heat transport medium within the process 10 and that portion of conduit 12 ex1ending from the process 10 to point ~1.
For optimum accuracy the value of transfer function D2 requires to be corrected for changes in mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid, in that D2 should vary inversely with changes in the mass flow rate of the heat transport medium. This correction is effected in the illustrated arrangement by including the flow signal 19 as an input to computing element 28 for the purpose of automatically readjusting D2 inversely as a function of signal 19.
The retarded product of R and K2 is subtracted from the direct product to yield the final dynamic output correction signal 29. (It will now be recognized that the overall function of computing element 28 is to generate a signal 29 which can be defined as R* K2* (1-D2) where * denotes multiplication.
The relative significance of signal 29 is explained with reference to Fig. 3 as follows:
The illustrative power producing process is initially operating until time Tl, at an effectively constant power level.
Consider that power generation Q increases suddenly at instant Tl as shown in Fig. 3.
Some time later, this generated change affects the measured value P. The difference between P and Q constitutes the dynamic error that occurs if P alone is used as a measure of Q. Signal 29 of Fig. 2 serves as a measure of this dynamic error; this error measurement can then be added to P to yield
However, in cases where the power transfer level ~-; is not constant, then the inaccuracies introduced by this prior manner of monitoring may prove unacceptable~
:;
The present invention provides for improved monitoring of a power transfer process, comprising the steps 3Q of monitoring at least one process-sensitive primary parameter to provide a slow-response output of primary accuracy as a first value for the steady state power transfer ~ 4 Case 2317 level ; monitoring a second process-sensitive parameter to provide a readout of the rate of change of the power transfer level, integrating the fast-response readout to provide an approximate up-dated value of the change in power transfer level, as a second value, and combining the first and second values to give a reasonably accurate, fast-response value of the power transfer level, suitable for controlling the operation of the process. It may well be that the second process-sensitive parameter may be monitored by way of a fast-readout of secondary accuracy, which yet permits of sufficient accuracy of power change determination.
In the implementation of the subject invention there is provided, in combination with a power transfer process, a first power transfer responsive means responsive to a first set of primary parameters of the process at least one of which is a slow-response parameter, to provide a first output proportional to the steady state power transfer level; a second power transfer responsive means responsive to at least one other parameter to give an approximate but fast-response second output proportional to the rate of change of power transfer level ; means to integrate the second output to provide a third fast-response output approximately proportional to the change in the power transfer level, and signal combining means to combine the first and third outputs to provide a reliable fast-response output representative of the instantaneous value of power transfer level.
There is further provided time delay meanS to bring to an equivalent base datu~ sensor outputs which monitor parameters at different locations within or relative to the process to permit appropriate compensation being applied to one or more of the sensed outputs, to effect reduction in dynamic error.
Case 2317 Conventional practice and the shortcomings thereof, as well as the practice of the present invention and the aclvantages thereof, will best be understood from the following descriptions read with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein;
Figure 1 is a diagramatic illustration of a typical process and measurement system involving heat transfer, with thermal power measurement being made according to conventional practice.
la Figure 2 is a diagramatic illustration of a system as in Figure 1 but modified to include means for carrying out the invention herein disclosed;
Figure 3 is an illustration of the physical significance of a compensatory correction signal according to the system of Figure 2; and Figure 4 is an alternative arrangement to that illustrated by Figure 2, for carrying out the invention herein di.sclosed.
~eferring to Figure 1 there is shown a proeess 10 involving process power symbolized by Q being generated or absorbed within the process as designated by 13. A heat transport medium, for example a fluid, is cireulated through the proeess 10 via the inlet and outlet eonduits 11 and 12 respeetively. Under steady state eonditions the proeess power Q is in balanee with the rate at whieh heat is transported from or to the process 1~ by means of the heat transport medium flowi.ng in conduits 11 and 12.
Sensing and signal generating means 1~, 16 and 18 are employed to produce signals 15, 17 and 19 which correspond respectively to:
a) the temperature 'To' of the heat transport medium leaving the process la , (item 14; signal 15~;
case 2317 b) the temperature 'Ti' of t]-e heat transport medium entering the process 10, (item 16; signal 17;) c) the mass flow rate 'F' of the heat transport medium flowing through the process 10, (item 18; signal 19).
A difference detector 2Q receives the temperature signals 15 and 17, and produces an output signal 21 corresponding to the change in temperature experienced by the heat transport medium upon flowing through the process 10. This output signal 21 is then supplied as an input to a multiplier 22 along with the flow signal 19. The multiplier 22 produces an output signal 23 which represents the product of the temperature difference signal 21 and the flow signal 19, being therefore representative of and directly proportional to the process power Q.
Thus, under steady state conditions, the signal 23 represents the power added to or removed from the process 10 - by the aforementioned heat transport medium. There i5 shown an additional block 24 to represent the typical application of a scaling factor such that the final output signal 25, designated P, is a conveniently scaled version of the aforementioned 2Q signal 23. This scaling block 24 may include provision for applying correction factors such as a function of the temperature signal 15 or 17; or 15 and 17; to improve the accuracy of the power measurement output signal 25 for wide ranges of temperatures as represented by the signals 15 and 17.
It should be noted that simplifications and variations of the provisions illustrated in Fig. 1 are often adopted. For example, if the mass flow rate of the heat transport medium is known to remain substantially constant, then the flow measurement 18 and the multiplier 22 may be 3Q omitted. Similarly if one or other of the inlet or outlet temperatures is known to remain substantially constant, the corresponding temperature measurement 16 or 14 may be omitted, Case 2317 along with the di~ference detector 20. One variation of the aforementioned use of signals 15 or 17; or 15 and 17; is the modification of signal generating means 14 and 16 by the scaling block 24 such that the output signal 21 from diffexence detector 20 corresponds to enthalpy change of the heat transport medium rather than temperature change as previously described.
The conventional thermal power measurement in accordance with the prior art as described above represents the power delivered to or removed from a region such as that illustrated by Fig. 1 as comprising a process 10 together with those portions of conduits 11 and 12 which convey the process heat transfer fluid, and which extend from the process to the locations 40 and 41 where the inlet and outlet temperature measurements Ti and To are ta~en. Thus under steady state conditions the process power Q is in balance with the rate at which heat is transported from or to the region by the heat transport medium flowing in conauits 11 and 12; that is with the thermal power represented by P. Accordingly, P serves as an accurate steady state measure of Q. However, under transient conditions, P, being a measure of the power transported from or to the process region, is no longer an accurate measure of Q
because Q refers to a local phenomenon within the actual process region, whereas the influence of Q upon P is subject to retarding effects of the relevant heat capacities within the process 10 and the flow time and other delays associated with the flow of the heat transport medium between locations 40 and 41. Moreover, if a temperature change due to an external influence occurs in the heat transport medium supplied to the process, the measurement of Ti obtained by means of conventional temperature measuring element 16 will respond before any resultant change of temperature can occur at point Case 2317 41; conse~uently P will temporarily register a spurious change in a manner actually inconsistent with ~, and therefore will register a spurious indication of a change of Q.
The present invention largely overcomes the above-noted shortcomings of conventional practice. The invention and its advantages will best be understood by reading the following description of Figure 2 with reference to Figure 1.
The elements shown in Fig. 2 are similar to those of Fig. 1 with the exceptions that elements 32, 30, 26 and 28 have been added.
The element 32 comprises a time delay; the element 30 comprises a summing device; the element 26 comprises a power measuring sensor, and the element 28 comprises a computing means for measuring a variable power signal and applying a scale factor thereto.
Time delay element 32 acts to delay the response of the inlet temperature signal 17 by a time function providing compensation for:
a) the transport time for a given particle of fluid flowing from point 40 through process 10 to point 41, b) the response time delay effects due to the heat capacities of the process 10 together with those portions of conduits 11 and 12 that extend between points 40 and 41, which must be overcome before the effect of an inlet fluid temperature change is accurately registered at the outlet point 41, c) the delay due to thermal mixing effects that may take place within the process 10 and the aforementioned portions of conduits 11 and 12, before an accurate value of temperature change will reach outlet point 41.
That is, time delay 32 operates upon the value output for inlet temperature Ti in a manner which simulates at least approximately all time delay and thermal delay influences to Case 2317 which the neat transport medium is subject in its transport from point ~lO through process lO and thence to point 41 exclusive of any effects from Q.
The time delay also includes time compensation in an increasing or diminishing sense for any significant difference in the responsiveness of element 16 from that of element 14 in terms of a time base.
In the general case, the time delay compensation provided by delay element 32 includes a function of the mass flow rate of the heat transport medium as represented by an input to delay element 32 of the flow measurement signal 19 provided by flow sensor 18. In many instances, however, the effects of flow variations are not so great as to require such readjustment with respect to flow.
The physical and practical significance of the action of delay element 32 is explained as follows. A
temperature change of the heat transport medium flowing past point 40 will ev~ntually evoke a corresponding change in the signal 34; the temperature change will also eventually produce a change in temperature at location 41 and accordingly in the signal li. ~ssuming that Q has remained constant, and that element 32 performs accurately in the manner prescribed above, then the signals 34 and 15 will change simultaneously, by equal amounts and in the same increasing or decreasing sense, with the result that the computed power measurement P will remain unchanged, and will therefore continue to constitute a correct measurement of the actual power Q.
From the preceding explanations it is to be under-stood that signal 36 of Fig. 2 is similar to signal 25 of Fig. 1 in serving as an accurate steady state measure of Q.
However, whereas signal 25 would be in error as a result of Case 2317 arbitrary changes in temperature of the in-coming heat transport medium supplied to the process 10, the signal 36 would suffer little or no such error, due to the delay time compensation provided. It is similarly to be understood that through modi ication of signal generating means 14 and 16 the output signal 31 from difference detector 20 may correspond to enthalpy changes of the heat transport medium rather than temperature changes as previously described.
It is further to be understood that the signal generating lQ means 14 and 16 may involve weighted averaging of the outputs of a plurality of sensors at differing locations.
Despite the above described improvement in dynamic accuracy of output signal 36 of Fig. 2 over that afforded by output signal 25 of Fig. 1 both signals 36 and 25 remain inaccurate measures of Q whenever Q itself is changing. The present invention therefore in addition provides dynamic correction to signal 36 by means of a summing device 30 which adds a correction signal 29 to the aforementioned signal 36, so giving an output signal 37 designated P' which 2Q serves as a more accurate measure of Q even while Q itself is changing ~and despite incidental changes in temperature of the heat transport medium supplied via conduit 11 to the process 10).
The generation of the correction signal 29 is described as follows.
There is shown in Fig. 2 a sensor system 26; this may be any one or more transducer devices which together produce a signal 27 corresponding at least approximately to Q. The main requirements of signal 27 are that 3a a) it should change with little delay in response to a change O f Q, and b) it should change by an amount that corresponds Case 2317 ~083Z68 with at least ~air accuracy to the change o F Q .
That is, signal 27 represents a measurement of the change in the value of power ~, having a characteristically fast response, but with a steady state accuracy which may be relatively poor by comparison with the steady state thermal power measurement P achieved by the apparatus of Fig. 1 ~ specific example of the kind of power signal represented by signal 27, in the case of a nuclear reactor for instance, is the neutron power measurement obtained by means of an ion chamber or chambers or in-core neutron flux detectors (with suitable amplifiers), arranged to monitor the reactor.
Such neutron power measurement provision would normally "see" only one or more portions of the overall reactor, and so would not serve as an accurate measure of total reactor power change. Nevertheless such an ion chamber arrangement can respond with fair accuracy and with fast response in measuring one or more characteristic local changes of reactor power.
This arrangement thus permits a sensor system 26 to initiate a weighted average signal 27 which is reasonably representative of the total reactor power change.
Thus the signal 27 may typically represent a totalized power change measurement, taken from within the reactor per se, and exhibiting fast response but poor steady state accuracy in representing a power such as the aforemention process power Q. By comparison, again with reference to the nuclear reactor example, conventional thermal power measurements as illustrated by Fig. 1 can exhibit good steady state accuracy, but are understandably quite inaccurate in the representation of Q during changes of Q, due to the existance of significant heat capacities within the process 10, and significant coolant transport time from within the process 10 to the downstream measurement point 41 of Figure 2. The provision of a computing Case 2317 10~13Z68 element 28 to receive the totalized power change signal 27, having an output 29 representing the change in power of the total process, which output 29 includes a scaling factor and is added in the summing device 30. Thus the presented arrange-ment provides a thermal power measurement P' which includes a fast response component 29 of power change, thereby producing a totalized power measurement representing Q and exhibiting both good accuracy and fast response.
Computing element 28 comprises means for measuring only the time varying portion of signal 27. The resulting internal signal ~ which thus represents the change in power for a definite time is then multiplied by a scale factor K2, which factor may be ~ept constant or may be automatically readjusted in accordance with a suitable externally supplied eompensating signal 35, which does not form part of the present invention. Thus the product of R and K2 is a measure of the effective change of Q for the relevant period scaled in accordance with the po~er measurement units used for P'.
As will be seen in a later description of signal 29, the product of R and K2 is utilized direetly and is also retarded, time wise, in aeeordance with a time transfer function D2, whieh compensates for:
a) the time delay effects whieh the heat eapacities of the proeess apparatus impose upon the prompt response to ehanges in power generated, or power removed from the process, in transference to the heat transport medium (that is, the retarding effeet eorresponding to the thermal time eonstants or delays assoeiated with the heat transfer proeess linking Q
and ehanges in Q to the heat transport medium); and b) the transport time for a given partiele of heat transport medium flowing through eonduit 12 from the proeess apparatus 10 to outlet temperature measuring point 41, and Case 2317 c) the time delay which arises and may be attributed to mixing effects that take place in the heat transport medium within the process 10 and that portion of conduit 12 ex1ending from the process 10 to point ~1.
For optimum accuracy the value of transfer function D2 requires to be corrected for changes in mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid, in that D2 should vary inversely with changes in the mass flow rate of the heat transport medium. This correction is effected in the illustrated arrangement by including the flow signal 19 as an input to computing element 28 for the purpose of automatically readjusting D2 inversely as a function of signal 19.
The retarded product of R and K2 is subtracted from the direct product to yield the final dynamic output correction signal 29. (It will now be recognized that the overall function of computing element 28 is to generate a signal 29 which can be defined as R* K2* (1-D2) where * denotes multiplication.
The relative significance of signal 29 is explained with reference to Fig. 3 as follows:
The illustrative power producing process is initially operating until time Tl, at an effectively constant power level.
Consider that power generation Q increases suddenly at instant Tl as shown in Fig. 3.
Some time later, this generated change affects the measured value P. The difference between P and Q constitutes the dynamic error that occurs if P alone is used as a measure of Q. Signal 29 of Fig. 2 serves as a measure of this dynamic error; this error measurement can then be added to P to yield
3~ P' which is a dynamically corrected version of P and so constitutes a dynamically good measurement of Q. Signal 29 comprises two parts. The first part namely R*K2, is simply a Case 2317 measurement of the change of Q scaled in terms of the units of measurement o~ P, so that P + R*IC2 = Q (approximately) at least temporarily. Eventually the thermal response to the change of Q will cause a change in P; this change must be predicted and subtracted from R*K2 if P + Signal 29 is to remain an accurate measure of Q. Such prediction is simply the measured change R*K2 retarded by a delay function D2 which effectively simulates the delay function characterizing the delayed response of P to Q.
In total then, Signal 29 = R*K2 - R*K2*D2 Further elucidation of the present invention can be given to experts in the control systems field by expressing Dl and D2 of Fig. 2 as transfer functions using Laplace transform notation.
In general, Dl can be defined, using transfer function notation, as follows:
Dl = Ga*Gb*Gc*Gd (1) where * denotes arithmetic or operational multiplication, and Ga = e-(Tr*s/F) (2) _ ~l+Ta*s~ * ~l+Tc*s~
(l+Tb*s) * (l+Td*sl (~x (3) (l+Te*s) (l+Tf*s) * (l+Tg*s) (4) (l+Th*s) Gd = (l+Ti*s~ (5) s = Laplacian operator (sec 1~ (6) e = 2.718281828 ~i.e. Naperian constant) (7) Tr = time interval (seconds) between the arrival (8) at point 40 (ref. Fig. 2) of the leading edge of a temperature change of the heat transport medium and the arrival at point 41 of the 3a leading edge of the temperature change induced Case 2317 at point 41 by the change initially detected at point 40, assuming F = 100% rated flow.
F = mass flow rate of the heat transport medium, (~) as a fraction of the nominal rated flow.
Ta, Tb, Tc, Td, = time constants (seconds) chosen such (10) that Gb represents approximately the smoothing effects which the heat capacities of conduits 11 and 12 (ref. Fig. 2), and of the process 10, exert on a temperature disturbance in the heat transport medium during the propagation of the disturbance from point 40 to point 41.
Exponent X = chosen such that Gb remains approximately (11) correct despite variations of F.
Te, Tf, Tg = time constants (seconds) chosen such that (12) Gc represents approximately the smoothing effects which hydrualic mixing exerts on a temperature disturbance in the heat transport medium during propagation of the disturbance from point 40 to point 41.
Th, Ti = time constants tseconds) chosen such that (13) Gd represents approximately the compensation which must be applied to signal 17 so that element 16 together with the time compensation exhibit timely responsiveness comparable to that exhibited by element 14.
It should be noted that equation (2) can be approximated by Ga =
(l:+Tl*s1~(1+T2*s)...*(l+Tn*s) (14) F F F
where Tl+T2...+Tn = Tr (15) It should also be noted that simplied forms of Dl are usually adequate. For example Case 2317 Dl 2' (l+Tx*s) (16) (l+Tw~s)*(l+Ty*s)*(l+Tz*sj where Tw, Tx, Ty, Tz = chosen such that Dl as defined by equation 16 exhibits frequency response characteristics suitably similar to the frequency response characterisitcs of Dl as defined by equation (1).
In general, Signal 29 can be defined as Signal 29 = R*K2-R*K2*D2 (17) ~*K2* ~1--D2) where ~ = s*(Signal 27) (18) In practice, Equation (18) is unsuita~le because it permits R to retain large steady state errors. This disadvantage can be overcome by using R _ ~*S*(Signal 27) (l+L*s) (19) wherebyR will always tend towards zero in the steady state.
L must be sufficiently large that in terms of frequency response (l+L*s) T L~ 2Q~
for the lowest frequencies at which D2 departs significantly from unity as a function of frequency.
D2 can be defined as D2 = Ge*Gf*Gg*Gh C21 where Ge = (l+Tk*sl*(l+Tm*s) (22 CF~Y
i.e. F to the exponent Y
Gf = e-(T*S/F) (23) G - (l+Tn*sJ*~l+Tp*s~ (24 g (l+To*s)*(l+Tq*s) Gh - (l+Tt*s) (25) (l+Tu*sl * ~l+Tv*s~
.
Case 2317 where Tj, Tk, Tm/(F)Y = time constants (seconds) chosen (26) such that Ge represents approximately the thermal delays to which heat addition to or removal from the process 10 (ref. Fig. 2) by the heat transport medium is subject in responding to and establishing a balance for a change of Q.
Exponent y = chosen such that Ge remains approximately (27) correct despite variations of F.
T = time interval (seconds) between a temperature (28) change of the heat transport medium due to heat transfer within the process 10 and the arrival at point 41 of the leading edge of the temperature change induced at point 41 by the temperature change within the process 10.
Tn, To, Tp, Tq = time constants (seconds) chosen such that (29) Gg represents approximately the smoothing effects which the heat capacities of conduit 12 (ref.
Fig. 2) and that part of process 10 which is downstream of the point at which the aforementioned heat transfer within the process 10 effectively takes place, exert on a temperature disturbance in the heat transport medium during the propagation of the disturbance from the effective heat transfer point in the process 10 to point 41.
Tt, Tu, Tv = time constants (seconds) chosen such (30) that Gh represents approximately the smoothing effects ~hich hydraulic mixing exerts on a temperature disturbance in the heat transport medium during the propagation of the disturbance between the points described under 29 above.
It should be noted that D2 may be simplified in ' ' ' :
Case 2317 10~33268 the same manner previously described Eor the simplification of Dl.
It should also be noted that Dl and D2 may contrain common factors, the aggregate of which can be denoted as D3.
In this event, the arrangement of the present invention as shown by Fig. 2 may be altered to that shown by Fig. 4 wherein Dl' Dl and D2 D2' = -(Note also that D3 may vary as a function of the mass flow rate F oi the heat transport medium).
It is understood that the realization of thermalpower measurement according to the present invention may involve the use of any or all of pneumatic, electronic analog, or digital computation, or like means.
.
~ , . -
In total then, Signal 29 = R*K2 - R*K2*D2 Further elucidation of the present invention can be given to experts in the control systems field by expressing Dl and D2 of Fig. 2 as transfer functions using Laplace transform notation.
In general, Dl can be defined, using transfer function notation, as follows:
Dl = Ga*Gb*Gc*Gd (1) where * denotes arithmetic or operational multiplication, and Ga = e-(Tr*s/F) (2) _ ~l+Ta*s~ * ~l+Tc*s~
(l+Tb*s) * (l+Td*sl (~x (3) (l+Te*s) (l+Tf*s) * (l+Tg*s) (4) (l+Th*s) Gd = (l+Ti*s~ (5) s = Laplacian operator (sec 1~ (6) e = 2.718281828 ~i.e. Naperian constant) (7) Tr = time interval (seconds) between the arrival (8) at point 40 (ref. Fig. 2) of the leading edge of a temperature change of the heat transport medium and the arrival at point 41 of the 3a leading edge of the temperature change induced Case 2317 at point 41 by the change initially detected at point 40, assuming F = 100% rated flow.
F = mass flow rate of the heat transport medium, (~) as a fraction of the nominal rated flow.
Ta, Tb, Tc, Td, = time constants (seconds) chosen such (10) that Gb represents approximately the smoothing effects which the heat capacities of conduits 11 and 12 (ref. Fig. 2), and of the process 10, exert on a temperature disturbance in the heat transport medium during the propagation of the disturbance from point 40 to point 41.
Exponent X = chosen such that Gb remains approximately (11) correct despite variations of F.
Te, Tf, Tg = time constants (seconds) chosen such that (12) Gc represents approximately the smoothing effects which hydrualic mixing exerts on a temperature disturbance in the heat transport medium during propagation of the disturbance from point 40 to point 41.
Th, Ti = time constants tseconds) chosen such that (13) Gd represents approximately the compensation which must be applied to signal 17 so that element 16 together with the time compensation exhibit timely responsiveness comparable to that exhibited by element 14.
It should be noted that equation (2) can be approximated by Ga =
(l:+Tl*s1~(1+T2*s)...*(l+Tn*s) (14) F F F
where Tl+T2...+Tn = Tr (15) It should also be noted that simplied forms of Dl are usually adequate. For example Case 2317 Dl 2' (l+Tx*s) (16) (l+Tw~s)*(l+Ty*s)*(l+Tz*sj where Tw, Tx, Ty, Tz = chosen such that Dl as defined by equation 16 exhibits frequency response characteristics suitably similar to the frequency response characterisitcs of Dl as defined by equation (1).
In general, Signal 29 can be defined as Signal 29 = R*K2-R*K2*D2 (17) ~*K2* ~1--D2) where ~ = s*(Signal 27) (18) In practice, Equation (18) is unsuita~le because it permits R to retain large steady state errors. This disadvantage can be overcome by using R _ ~*S*(Signal 27) (l+L*s) (19) wherebyR will always tend towards zero in the steady state.
L must be sufficiently large that in terms of frequency response (l+L*s) T L~ 2Q~
for the lowest frequencies at which D2 departs significantly from unity as a function of frequency.
D2 can be defined as D2 = Ge*Gf*Gg*Gh C21 where Ge = (l+Tk*sl*(l+Tm*s) (22 CF~Y
i.e. F to the exponent Y
Gf = e-(T*S/F) (23) G - (l+Tn*sJ*~l+Tp*s~ (24 g (l+To*s)*(l+Tq*s) Gh - (l+Tt*s) (25) (l+Tu*sl * ~l+Tv*s~
.
Case 2317 where Tj, Tk, Tm/(F)Y = time constants (seconds) chosen (26) such that Ge represents approximately the thermal delays to which heat addition to or removal from the process 10 (ref. Fig. 2) by the heat transport medium is subject in responding to and establishing a balance for a change of Q.
Exponent y = chosen such that Ge remains approximately (27) correct despite variations of F.
T = time interval (seconds) between a temperature (28) change of the heat transport medium due to heat transfer within the process 10 and the arrival at point 41 of the leading edge of the temperature change induced at point 41 by the temperature change within the process 10.
Tn, To, Tp, Tq = time constants (seconds) chosen such that (29) Gg represents approximately the smoothing effects which the heat capacities of conduit 12 (ref.
Fig. 2) and that part of process 10 which is downstream of the point at which the aforementioned heat transfer within the process 10 effectively takes place, exert on a temperature disturbance in the heat transport medium during the propagation of the disturbance from the effective heat transfer point in the process 10 to point 41.
Tt, Tu, Tv = time constants (seconds) chosen such (30) that Gh represents approximately the smoothing effects ~hich hydraulic mixing exerts on a temperature disturbance in the heat transport medium during the propagation of the disturbance between the points described under 29 above.
It should be noted that D2 may be simplified in ' ' ' :
Case 2317 10~33268 the same manner previously described Eor the simplification of Dl.
It should also be noted that Dl and D2 may contrain common factors, the aggregate of which can be denoted as D3.
In this event, the arrangement of the present invention as shown by Fig. 2 may be altered to that shown by Fig. 4 wherein Dl' Dl and D2 D2' = -(Note also that D3 may vary as a function of the mass flow rate F oi the heat transport medium).
It is understood that the realization of thermalpower measurement according to the present invention may involve the use of any or all of pneumatic, electronic analog, or digital computation, or like means.
.
~ , . -
Claims (10)
1. In a method for measuring the rate of a process having a heat transfer loop significantly associated with the process, wherein changes in the rate of the process result in changes in the rate of heat transfer, as evidenced by changes in the temperature difference between heat transfer fluid entering and heat transfer fluid leaving the process, obtained by measuring the inlet temperature at a respective point upstream of the process and measuring the outlet temperature at a point downstream of the process to represent process heat transfer fluid inlet and outlet effective temperature, the additional step of explicitly introducing a time delay in relation to reading said inlet temperature relative to said outlet temperature to compensate for substantially all time delay and thermal delay influences acting on said fluid, except heat transfer effects due to variations in the rate of said process to which the heat transfer medium is subject on passing through the process, whereby inaccuracies resulting from changes in the temperature of the inflowing fluid independent of a process change are substantially eliminated and said rate of the process may thereby be more accurately determined.
2. In a method for measuring the rate of a process having a heat transfer loop significantly associated with the process, wherein the steady state rate of the process is measured by first means as a direct function of the temperature difference between heat transfer fluid entering and heat transfer fluid leaving the process, the additional step of measuring the change in the rate of the process by a second means; initially integrating the value of said rate of change measurement to provide a preliminary measurement of the change from the steady state rate of the process; introducing a time delay to said preliminary measurement to compensate substan-tially for the time delay and thermal delay effects to which changes in the rate of the process are subject in effecting changes in said heat transfer fluid output temperature as measured at a point downstream of the process; subtracting said time-delayed preliminary measurement from said preliminary measurement to provide an interim measurement of the change in the rate of the process; and combining said interim measurement with the steady state measurement of the rate of the process as obtained by said first means to provide a fast-response measure of the rate of the process.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said measurement of the steady state rate of the process possesses an inherent slow response characteristic in providing an accurate value of the process rate, and wherein said step of measuring the change in the rate of said process possesses an inherent fast response characteristic to provide by an integration step a less-than-accurate but rapidly obtained value of the change in the rate of the process.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, including the steps of measuring the mass flow rate of said heat transfer fluid using rapid response means, and modifying said introduced time delay in relation to said measured mass flow rate to maintain said compensation substantially correct for said time delay and said thermal delay influences despite variations of said mass flow rate.
5. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said initial measurement of change in the rate of the process has a variable scale factor applied thereto to provide scaling of said measurement in accordance with the scaling of said first means of measuring the rate of the process.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said scale factor is constant.
7. The method as claimed in claim 2 wherein said second measuring step is effected using a plurality of sensors and signal conversion means to provide a fast response measure-ment representative of the change of the total rate of the process in weighted average relation to the rates of the process in several representative regions of the process.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said temperature difference is a weighted average based on a plurality of temperatures as measured at a plurality of points upstream and a plurality of points downstream of the process.
9. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said process involves the operation of a nuclear reactor, said second measuring means including a plurality of neutron power sensing and signal conversion means to provide a fast response measurement representative of the change of the total reactor power in weighted average relation to several representative regions of the reactor core.
10. Apparatus for monitoring the rate of a thermal process which has a heat transfer loop conveying a heat transfer fluid in heat exchanging relation with the process, including first means for measuring the flow rate of said fluid, first temperature measuring means located upstream of said process and second temperature measuring means located downstream of said process, to measure respective inlet and outlet temperatures of said fluid adjacent said process, time delay means to delay said first temperature measurement in a predetermined manner to provide functional correlation between the delayed value of said inlet temperature and said outlet temperature, temperature difference detecting means to provide a delay-corrected value of the difference between said inlet
10. Apparatus for monitoring the rate of a thermal process which has a heat transfer loop conveying a heat transfer fluid in heat exchanging relation with the process, including first means for measuring the flow rate of said fluid, first temperature measuring means located upstream of said process and second temperature measuring means located downstream of said process, to measure respective inlet and outlet temperatures of said fluid adjacent said process, time delay means to delay said first temperature measurement in a predetermined manner to provide functional correlation between the delayed value of said inlet temperature and said outlet temperature, temperature difference detecting means to provide a delay-corrected value of the difference between said inlet
Claim 10 continued:
and said outlet temperature, multiplying means to provide a product of said corrected temperature difference and said flow rate, said product representing a quasi-steady-state measurement of the rate of said thermal process; second monitoring means having relatively rapid response rates to measure rates of change of the thermal state of the process, integrating means to integrate said rates of change to provide an intermediate output signal proportional to the change of said thermal state, time delay means to delay said intermediate output signal in a predetermined manner to compensate for the thermal, transport, and mixing delays to provide correlation between changes in the rate of said thermal process and corresponding changes in said measured outlet temperature, subtracting means to provide a difference signal between said delayed and undelayed values of said intermediate output signal, scaling means to make said difference signal compatible with the aforementioned quasi-steady-state measurement, and summing means to add said quasi-state measurement and said difference signal to provide a substantially accurate and rapidly responsive value for said heat transfer rate, including apparatus whereby the said delays applied to said inlet temperature measurement and to said intermediate output signal are varied in accordance with said flow rate so that said delays remain substantially correct despite variations in said flow rate.
and said outlet temperature, multiplying means to provide a product of said corrected temperature difference and said flow rate, said product representing a quasi-steady-state measurement of the rate of said thermal process; second monitoring means having relatively rapid response rates to measure rates of change of the thermal state of the process, integrating means to integrate said rates of change to provide an intermediate output signal proportional to the change of said thermal state, time delay means to delay said intermediate output signal in a predetermined manner to compensate for the thermal, transport, and mixing delays to provide correlation between changes in the rate of said thermal process and corresponding changes in said measured outlet temperature, subtracting means to provide a difference signal between said delayed and undelayed values of said intermediate output signal, scaling means to make said difference signal compatible with the aforementioned quasi-steady-state measurement, and summing means to add said quasi-state measurement and said difference signal to provide a substantially accurate and rapidly responsive value for said heat transfer rate, including apparatus whereby the said delays applied to said inlet temperature measurement and to said intermediate output signal are varied in accordance with said flow rate so that said delays remain substantially correct despite variations in said flow rate.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA283,622A CA1083268A (en) | 1977-07-27 | 1977-07-27 | Power measurement system with dynamic correction |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA283,622A CA1083268A (en) | 1977-07-27 | 1977-07-27 | Power measurement system with dynamic correction |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1083268A true CA1083268A (en) | 1980-08-05 |
Family
ID=4109216
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA283,622A Expired CA1083268A (en) | 1977-07-27 | 1977-07-27 | Power measurement system with dynamic correction |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1083268A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0065155A2 (en) * | 1981-05-13 | 1982-11-24 | INTERATOM Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Method and arrangement to determine and indicate failures in the cooling system in a fuel element of a reactor core |
| DE3119045A1 (en) * | 1981-05-13 | 1982-12-23 | Interatom Internationale Atomreaktorbau Gmbh, 5060 Bergisch Gladbach | Method and arrangement for detecting and reporting cooling disturbances in reactor cores |
| FR2542493A1 (en) * | 1983-03-11 | 1984-09-14 | Framatome Sa | DEVICE FOR RAPID AND ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF THE POWER OF A PRESSURIZED WATER NUCLEAR REACTOR |
| US6493412B1 (en) * | 2000-10-11 | 2002-12-10 | Westinghouse Electric Company Llc | Method of calibrating exit thermocouples in a nuclear reactor |
| CN113470839A (en) * | 2021-07-15 | 2021-10-01 | 中广核研究院有限公司 | Reactor core online protection method |
| CN115531661A (en) * | 2022-10-28 | 2022-12-30 | 巨翊医疗科技(苏州)有限公司 | Anti-interference venous transfusion flow velocity measurement method, device and system |
-
1977
- 1977-07-27 CA CA283,622A patent/CA1083268A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0065155A2 (en) * | 1981-05-13 | 1982-11-24 | INTERATOM Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Method and arrangement to determine and indicate failures in the cooling system in a fuel element of a reactor core |
| DE3119045A1 (en) * | 1981-05-13 | 1982-12-23 | Interatom Internationale Atomreaktorbau Gmbh, 5060 Bergisch Gladbach | Method and arrangement for detecting and reporting cooling disturbances in reactor cores |
| EP0065155A3 (en) * | 1981-05-13 | 1983-01-12 | Interatom Internationale Atomreaktorbau Gmbh | Method and arrangement to determine and indicate failures in the cooling system in reactor cores |
| FR2542493A1 (en) * | 1983-03-11 | 1984-09-14 | Framatome Sa | DEVICE FOR RAPID AND ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF THE POWER OF A PRESSURIZED WATER NUCLEAR REACTOR |
| EP0122172A1 (en) * | 1983-03-11 | 1984-10-17 | Framatome | Device for fast and accurate power determination of a pressurised water nuclear reactor |
| US6493412B1 (en) * | 2000-10-11 | 2002-12-10 | Westinghouse Electric Company Llc | Method of calibrating exit thermocouples in a nuclear reactor |
| CN113470839A (en) * | 2021-07-15 | 2021-10-01 | 中广核研究院有限公司 | Reactor core online protection method |
| CN113470839B (en) * | 2021-07-15 | 2024-03-01 | 中广核研究院有限公司 | Core online protection method |
| CN115531661A (en) * | 2022-10-28 | 2022-12-30 | 巨翊医疗科技(苏州)有限公司 | Anti-interference venous transfusion flow velocity measurement method, device and system |
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