CA1082133A - Cathode-structure for electrolysis - Google Patents
Cathode-structure for electrolysisInfo
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- CA1082133A CA1082133A CA260,662A CA260662A CA1082133A CA 1082133 A CA1082133 A CA 1082133A CA 260662 A CA260662 A CA 260662A CA 1082133 A CA1082133 A CA 1082133A
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Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A cathode-structure and electrolysis, process using same, the cathode-structure for liquid-phase electrolysis comprising a cathode and a polymer containing a cation exchange group, said polymer being laminated in the form of a film on one surface of said cathode. The cathode structure provides an electrolytic cell operable at low voltages and can be utilised with electrodes of curved configuration.
Description
lOB~ 3 This invention relates to a cathode-structure for electrolysis. Commercial production of alkali metal hydroxide, halogen gas or oxygen and hydrogen by electro-lysis of aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts, especially an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, has previously relied both on a mercury method and a diaphragm method. ~ecause of the consequent pollution by mercury, however, the mercury-method electrolysis has recently tended to go out of operation, and to be superseded by the diaphragm method. Water_permeable neutral diaphragms made of a~estos are generally used in the diaphragm-method electrolysis, and various suggestions of the diaphragm-method electrolysis have been made in recent years in which to use porous neutral diaphragms composed 15 of fluorine-containing polymers, or porous diaphragms ~ ~
having cation-exchangeability. ~he neutral diaphragm means ~-a water-permeable diaphragm having no ion exchange group, and all references to neutral diaphragms in the following description are those to such diaphragms.
The present invention relates to a novel cathode structure in an electrolysis apparatus using ion-exchange membranes that are characterized by affor~ing high purity sodium hydroxide.
It is an object of this invention to support a membrane stably, make it possible to operate an electrolytic cell at low voltages, and to prolong the lifetimes of the membrane and a cathode.
~ he invention is also characterized in that it can be applied to electrodes of wavy and other forms c .
1082~33 in a finger-type electrolytic cell having curved electrodes and permitting a high output per unit volume of the cell.
~he invention brings about good results in increasing the current efficiency and the purity of hydrogen generated at the cathode.
~ he present invention pro~ides a cathode-structure for liquid-phase electrolysis comprising a cathode and a polymer containing a cation exchange group, said polymer being laminated in the ~orm of a film on one surface of said cathode.
~ he invention also provides an electrolytic apparatus including the above cathode-structure and a method for electrolysis carried out using the above cathode-structure.
The "lamination of the polymer containing a cation exchange group" means that the polymer is laminated in the form of a film to one surface of the cathode using various techniques such as adhesion, melt-adhesion, -polymerization, condensation or curing treatment either directly or indirectly through a suitable medium.
Generally, in conventional electrolytic devices using cation exchange membranes, the cathode is completely separated from the cation exchange membranes. ~he cation ;~
exchange membranes are merely disposed at suitable positions between the anode and the cathode, or are merely placed in juxtaposition with the anode or cathode in a parallel relation. Since the cation exchange membranes having shorter lives than the anode and cathode, there has been no concept of laminating them into a unitary - --, , ' ' ~ ' ' ,, :,' ':~.. , .
iO8Z133 structure.
~ he lamination gives a stable support to the diaphragm. When the cathode and the membrane are merely placed in juxtaposition, a gas stays in the interstices of the network structure or lattice structure that makes up the cathode (tlle formation of a "gas pocket"), and `
electric resistance attributable to bubbles of the staying gas and electric resistance by the rising of a part of the gas between the cathode and the membrane cause an increase in voltage. According to the present invention, however, the membrane naturally enters the interstices of the network structure or lattice structure that makes up the cathode, and consequently, no gas pocket occurs.
In other words, there is no staying of gas bubbles, but the gas generated easily rises along the back surface of the cathode. As a result, the cell voltage can be decreased by about 150 to 200 mV as compared with the case of mere juxtaposition of the cathode and the membrane.
~he reduction of the cell voltage directly affects the operating cost, and is exceedingly significant in reducing the cost of production.
The present invention also offers an advantage of prolonging the life of the membrane and the cathode.
As a result of lamination, the membrane and the cathode are free from damages which normally occur by friction between them when they are merely juxtaposed to each other. ~urthermore, the cathode-structure of the invention is free from the phenomenon that hazardous materials present in the gas pocket adhere to the -'' ;' ; ' membrane to reduce its function. When the cathode and the diaphragm are merely placed side by side, slight vibration occurs in the diaphragm during operation, but as a result of lamination, such vibration is prevented. Accordingly, this brings about unexpected superior results in increasing the life of the membrane.
Usually, the lamination increases the life of the membrane by about 20 to 3~/0. ~he increase of the life of membrane which are expensive is not only economically advantageous, but also significant in that electrolysis can be carried out continuously over prolonged periods of time and the frequency of membrane exchanging operations can be re-duced.
Another characteristic feature of the cathode-structure of the invention is that it can be applied tocathodes of any desired shapes.
Generally, ion exchange membranes have a defect ~ ~ -of lacking flexibility. ~his defect imposes a great restriction on the building of an electrolytic cell.
In general, in diaph~agm-method electrolytic cells using asbestos, various improvements have been attempted in order to increase the area of electrodes, and cells using so-called finger type electrodes are in widespread use. - -This results in the increased amount of current which 25 can be flown per electrolytic cell, and therefore in the ~ -markedly increased output per cellO This also offers an advantage of reducing the floor space required.
When it is desired to build a finger-type electrolytic cell using as ion exchange membrane, it is ~08Z133 difficult to adhere the ion exchange membrane uniformly to a finger-type cathode because of the lack of the flexibility of the ion exchange membrane or because of the difficulty of adhesion between the membrane and the electrode. Generally, when it is attempted to adhere an ion-exchange membrane in a sheet form intimately to a finger-type cathode, the ion-exchange membrane sometimes breaks or develops pinholes or cracks, thus losing its function as an elec-trolytic membrane~ In other words, ion-exchange membranes fabricated in a flat sheet form are generally effective only when it is used in a flat condition, and it is generally not desirable to use it in a deformed state, for example, in a curved for~. Hence, a separate method should be devised in order to place an ion-exchange membrane in intimate a&esion to an electrode having no planar structure, for example, a finger-type electrode.
~ he present invention can be easily applied to the formation of a laminated membrane not only on such a finger-type cathode but on other cathodes having any desired shapes.
~ he cathode-structure of this invention is now described in greater detail.
The polymer having a cation exchange group used in this invention may be any of known polymers containing a cation exchange group~ Preferred polymer are generally those which contain known cation exchange groups and are feasibly oxidation- and reduction-resistant to gases generated in the anode and cathode compartments. Specific examples of the oxidation-resistant polymers containing a . - .- ~ .
,.
... . . .
cation exchange ~roup are a sulfonated polymer of ~
trifluorostyrene, and a hydrolyzate of a membrane of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonyl fluoride) CF2=C~OCF2C~(C~)OC~2CF2. The cation exchange groups may be possessed by the polymer itself, or introduced into the polymer before or after the lamination.
Corrosion-resistant cathodes known heretofore to be usable in electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt can be used in the present invention.
Generally, iron, nickel, various types of stainless steel, and iron or mild steel coated with nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, etcO (particularly, nickel)~for example,can be used with good results as materials for the electrodes.
~he shape of the cathode is not at all limited, but any -desired shapes, such as a network, lattice, porous sheet, rod, cylinder or wickerwork can be used.
~hat surface of the cathode to which the polymer -~
having a cation exchange group is to be laminated in film form is preferably inactivated beforehead to sub-stantially avoid electrolysis. ~he inactivating treatment can be carried out by coating the surface with a resin, or a paint, for example. Or that surface of the cathode to which the polymeric film is not laminated may be activated with, for example, a nickel coating-so as to render the opposite surface inactive relativelyO If the inactivanting treatment is performed, the separation of the polymeric film from the cathode can be prevented.
~ he greatest feature of the present invention is that the polymer having a cation exchange group is laminated in the form of a film on one surface of the cathode. As previously stated, the term "lamination of the polymer containing a cation exchange group" means that the polymer is laminated in the form of a film to one surface of the cathode using various techni~ues such as adhesion, melt-adhesion, polymerization, condensation or curing treatment either directly or indirectly through a suitable medium.
In laminating the polymer onto the cathode, any methods which ensure the firm adhesion of the polymerie film to the surface of the cathode can be used. ~xamples inelude a method which eomprises polymerizing or eondensing monomers containing a polymerizable or eondensable function-al group or a monomeric composition consisting of the monomer, a plastieizer, a backing material, a soluble polymer, etc. on the surfaee of a cathode to form a polymerie film on the cathode surface; a method which comprises adhering a powdery polymer to the surface of a eathode by, for example, electrostatie attraction, and melting it into a film and fixing it to the surfaee of the eathode; a method whieh eomprises mixing a powdery polymer having an ion exehange group or an inorganie ion exehanger with a taeky binder, eoating the mixture on the surfaee of a eathode, and eementing the mixture to the eathode surface utilizing a solidifying action of the binder; a method whieh eomprises dissolving a polymer in a solvent, eoating the solution ~ - -on the surfaee of a eathode, and removing the solvent to - . . . .
form a film and adhere it to the cathode; a method which comprises melting a polymer, coating it in the form of a film onto the surface of a cathode, and solidifying it by cooling thereby to adhere it to the cathode surface;
and a method which comprises coating a polymeric composition composed mainly of a liquid or plastic polymer on the surface of a cathode, and subjecting the coating to a crosslinking treatment to harden it and adhere it to the cathode surfaceO Preferred embodiments can be achieved by a me-thod which comprises forming an organic or inorganic substance into a film form on the surface of -~ -a cathode and at the same time fixing it to the cathode.
Electrolytic cathode-structures in which a polymer containing a cation exchange group is laminated in film form is quite novel in the technical field to which the invention pertains and in which large quantities of bases and other substances are generated by the electroly-sis of aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts, for example.
It has previously been suggested to use a wire gauze as a reinforcing material for ion exchange resin membranes. But this merely serves to retain the mechanical strength of the membranes. ~he wire gauze is present within the resin membrane, and is not intended for elèctrode reaction.
Some specific examples of the laminating technique ~
are given belowO : . -(1) In order to laminate a heterogeneous cation ex-change membrane onto the surface of a cathode, a fine powder of a polymerized or condensed cation exchange resin _ 9 -.
,'' ~ . . . ~ '. ' ' or an inorganic ion exchanger is uniformly mixed with a suitable thermoplastic polymer, and the mixture is adhered to a metal as a cathode (sometimes referred to simply as an electrode)O Alternatively, the fine powder of ion exchange resin is uniformly dispersed in a viscous solution of a linear polymer, and the dispersion is adhered uniformly to the electrode by coating, dipping, or spraying, etcO, followed by evaporating off the solvent.
In still another embodiment, the inorganic ion exchanger is mixed with cement, and the mixture is adhered to the electrodeO In this way, the polymer can be laminated on the cathode by utilizing conventional techniques used for the production of heterogeneous ion exchange membranes.
having cation-exchangeability. ~he neutral diaphragm means ~-a water-permeable diaphragm having no ion exchange group, and all references to neutral diaphragms in the following description are those to such diaphragms.
The present invention relates to a novel cathode structure in an electrolysis apparatus using ion-exchange membranes that are characterized by affor~ing high purity sodium hydroxide.
It is an object of this invention to support a membrane stably, make it possible to operate an electrolytic cell at low voltages, and to prolong the lifetimes of the membrane and a cathode.
~ he invention is also characterized in that it can be applied to electrodes of wavy and other forms c .
1082~33 in a finger-type electrolytic cell having curved electrodes and permitting a high output per unit volume of the cell.
~he invention brings about good results in increasing the current efficiency and the purity of hydrogen generated at the cathode.
~ he present invention pro~ides a cathode-structure for liquid-phase electrolysis comprising a cathode and a polymer containing a cation exchange group, said polymer being laminated in the ~orm of a film on one surface of said cathode.
~ he invention also provides an electrolytic apparatus including the above cathode-structure and a method for electrolysis carried out using the above cathode-structure.
The "lamination of the polymer containing a cation exchange group" means that the polymer is laminated in the form of a film to one surface of the cathode using various techniques such as adhesion, melt-adhesion, -polymerization, condensation or curing treatment either directly or indirectly through a suitable medium.
Generally, in conventional electrolytic devices using cation exchange membranes, the cathode is completely separated from the cation exchange membranes. ~he cation ;~
exchange membranes are merely disposed at suitable positions between the anode and the cathode, or are merely placed in juxtaposition with the anode or cathode in a parallel relation. Since the cation exchange membranes having shorter lives than the anode and cathode, there has been no concept of laminating them into a unitary - --, , ' ' ~ ' ' ,, :,' ':~.. , .
iO8Z133 structure.
~ he lamination gives a stable support to the diaphragm. When the cathode and the membrane are merely placed in juxtaposition, a gas stays in the interstices of the network structure or lattice structure that makes up the cathode (tlle formation of a "gas pocket"), and `
electric resistance attributable to bubbles of the staying gas and electric resistance by the rising of a part of the gas between the cathode and the membrane cause an increase in voltage. According to the present invention, however, the membrane naturally enters the interstices of the network structure or lattice structure that makes up the cathode, and consequently, no gas pocket occurs.
In other words, there is no staying of gas bubbles, but the gas generated easily rises along the back surface of the cathode. As a result, the cell voltage can be decreased by about 150 to 200 mV as compared with the case of mere juxtaposition of the cathode and the membrane.
~he reduction of the cell voltage directly affects the operating cost, and is exceedingly significant in reducing the cost of production.
The present invention also offers an advantage of prolonging the life of the membrane and the cathode.
As a result of lamination, the membrane and the cathode are free from damages which normally occur by friction between them when they are merely juxtaposed to each other. ~urthermore, the cathode-structure of the invention is free from the phenomenon that hazardous materials present in the gas pocket adhere to the -'' ;' ; ' membrane to reduce its function. When the cathode and the diaphragm are merely placed side by side, slight vibration occurs in the diaphragm during operation, but as a result of lamination, such vibration is prevented. Accordingly, this brings about unexpected superior results in increasing the life of the membrane.
Usually, the lamination increases the life of the membrane by about 20 to 3~/0. ~he increase of the life of membrane which are expensive is not only economically advantageous, but also significant in that electrolysis can be carried out continuously over prolonged periods of time and the frequency of membrane exchanging operations can be re-duced.
Another characteristic feature of the cathode-structure of the invention is that it can be applied tocathodes of any desired shapes.
Generally, ion exchange membranes have a defect ~ ~ -of lacking flexibility. ~his defect imposes a great restriction on the building of an electrolytic cell.
In general, in diaph~agm-method electrolytic cells using asbestos, various improvements have been attempted in order to increase the area of electrodes, and cells using so-called finger type electrodes are in widespread use. - -This results in the increased amount of current which 25 can be flown per electrolytic cell, and therefore in the ~ -markedly increased output per cellO This also offers an advantage of reducing the floor space required.
When it is desired to build a finger-type electrolytic cell using as ion exchange membrane, it is ~08Z133 difficult to adhere the ion exchange membrane uniformly to a finger-type cathode because of the lack of the flexibility of the ion exchange membrane or because of the difficulty of adhesion between the membrane and the electrode. Generally, when it is attempted to adhere an ion-exchange membrane in a sheet form intimately to a finger-type cathode, the ion-exchange membrane sometimes breaks or develops pinholes or cracks, thus losing its function as an elec-trolytic membrane~ In other words, ion-exchange membranes fabricated in a flat sheet form are generally effective only when it is used in a flat condition, and it is generally not desirable to use it in a deformed state, for example, in a curved for~. Hence, a separate method should be devised in order to place an ion-exchange membrane in intimate a&esion to an electrode having no planar structure, for example, a finger-type electrode.
~ he present invention can be easily applied to the formation of a laminated membrane not only on such a finger-type cathode but on other cathodes having any desired shapes.
~ he cathode-structure of this invention is now described in greater detail.
The polymer having a cation exchange group used in this invention may be any of known polymers containing a cation exchange group~ Preferred polymer are generally those which contain known cation exchange groups and are feasibly oxidation- and reduction-resistant to gases generated in the anode and cathode compartments. Specific examples of the oxidation-resistant polymers containing a . - .- ~ .
,.
... . . .
cation exchange ~roup are a sulfonated polymer of ~
trifluorostyrene, and a hydrolyzate of a membrane of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonyl fluoride) CF2=C~OCF2C~(C~)OC~2CF2. The cation exchange groups may be possessed by the polymer itself, or introduced into the polymer before or after the lamination.
Corrosion-resistant cathodes known heretofore to be usable in electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt can be used in the present invention.
Generally, iron, nickel, various types of stainless steel, and iron or mild steel coated with nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, etcO (particularly, nickel)~for example,can be used with good results as materials for the electrodes.
~he shape of the cathode is not at all limited, but any -desired shapes, such as a network, lattice, porous sheet, rod, cylinder or wickerwork can be used.
~hat surface of the cathode to which the polymer -~
having a cation exchange group is to be laminated in film form is preferably inactivated beforehead to sub-stantially avoid electrolysis. ~he inactivating treatment can be carried out by coating the surface with a resin, or a paint, for example. Or that surface of the cathode to which the polymeric film is not laminated may be activated with, for example, a nickel coating-so as to render the opposite surface inactive relativelyO If the inactivanting treatment is performed, the separation of the polymeric film from the cathode can be prevented.
~ he greatest feature of the present invention is that the polymer having a cation exchange group is laminated in the form of a film on one surface of the cathode. As previously stated, the term "lamination of the polymer containing a cation exchange group" means that the polymer is laminated in the form of a film to one surface of the cathode using various techni~ues such as adhesion, melt-adhesion, polymerization, condensation or curing treatment either directly or indirectly through a suitable medium.
In laminating the polymer onto the cathode, any methods which ensure the firm adhesion of the polymerie film to the surface of the cathode can be used. ~xamples inelude a method which eomprises polymerizing or eondensing monomers containing a polymerizable or eondensable function-al group or a monomeric composition consisting of the monomer, a plastieizer, a backing material, a soluble polymer, etc. on the surfaee of a cathode to form a polymerie film on the cathode surface; a method which comprises adhering a powdery polymer to the surface of a eathode by, for example, electrostatie attraction, and melting it into a film and fixing it to the surfaee of the eathode; a method whieh eomprises mixing a powdery polymer having an ion exehange group or an inorganie ion exehanger with a taeky binder, eoating the mixture on the surfaee of a eathode, and eementing the mixture to the eathode surface utilizing a solidifying action of the binder; a method whieh eomprises dissolving a polymer in a solvent, eoating the solution ~ - -on the surfaee of a eathode, and removing the solvent to - . . . .
form a film and adhere it to the cathode; a method which comprises melting a polymer, coating it in the form of a film onto the surface of a cathode, and solidifying it by cooling thereby to adhere it to the cathode surface;
and a method which comprises coating a polymeric composition composed mainly of a liquid or plastic polymer on the surface of a cathode, and subjecting the coating to a crosslinking treatment to harden it and adhere it to the cathode surfaceO Preferred embodiments can be achieved by a me-thod which comprises forming an organic or inorganic substance into a film form on the surface of -~ -a cathode and at the same time fixing it to the cathode.
Electrolytic cathode-structures in which a polymer containing a cation exchange group is laminated in film form is quite novel in the technical field to which the invention pertains and in which large quantities of bases and other substances are generated by the electroly-sis of aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts, for example.
It has previously been suggested to use a wire gauze as a reinforcing material for ion exchange resin membranes. But this merely serves to retain the mechanical strength of the membranes. ~he wire gauze is present within the resin membrane, and is not intended for elèctrode reaction.
Some specific examples of the laminating technique ~
are given belowO : . -(1) In order to laminate a heterogeneous cation ex-change membrane onto the surface of a cathode, a fine powder of a polymerized or condensed cation exchange resin _ 9 -.
,'' ~ . . . ~ '. ' ' or an inorganic ion exchanger is uniformly mixed with a suitable thermoplastic polymer, and the mixture is adhered to a metal as a cathode (sometimes referred to simply as an electrode)O Alternatively, the fine powder of ion exchange resin is uniformly dispersed in a viscous solution of a linear polymer, and the dispersion is adhered uniformly to the electrode by coating, dipping, or spraying, etcO, followed by evaporating off the solvent.
In still another embodiment, the inorganic ion exchanger is mixed with cement, and the mixture is adhered to the electrodeO In this way, the polymer can be laminated on the cathode by utilizing conventional techniques used for the production of heterogeneous ion exchange membranes.
(2) ~ikewise, uniform cation exchange membranes can be laminated to the cathode by applying various conventional techniques heretofore suggested for the production of homogeneous ion-exchange membranes.
Some specific embodiments are given below.
(a) One embodiment comprises adhering a monomer containing a polymerizable functional group such as vinyl or allyl to the electrode either directly or through a -backing placed on the electrode by such means as coating, -dipping or spraying, and heating the assembly to polymerize the monomerD Where it is necessary to prevent sagging of the material solution, the viscosity of the material is adjusted according to the shape of the cathode, or it is - convered with a suitable film such as Cellophane.
Usable vinyl and allyl monomers are those which have heretogore been knownO Specific examples , .:
, .
-: , : . . . . . . . .
- - : : . . :
include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ~-phenylacrylic ~ :
acid, ~-ethylacrylic acid, ~-halogenoacrylic acids, maleic acid, itaconic acid, ~-butylacrylic acid, vinylbenzoic acids, a monomer resulting from the bonding of a vinyl group and a carboxyl group to the naphthalene ring, styrene, vinyltoluenes, methacrylate esters, acrylate esters, acrylonitrile, ~inylpyridines, N-vinylpyrrolidones, vinylimidazoles, butadienes, isoprenes, chloroprenes, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrolein, methylvinyl ketone, chloromethylstyrenes, monochlorostyrenes, polychlorostyrenes, .
a-fluorostyrene, ~ -trifluorostyrene, ~-methylstyrene, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, chloromethylstyrenes, vinylsulfonic acid and its salts and esters, styrenesulfonic acid and its salts and esters, allylsulfonic acid and its salts and esters, vinyl-phosphonic acid and its salts and esters, styrenephosphonic acid and its salts and esters, styrenephosphinic acid and its salts and esters, vinylphosphinic acid and its salts and esters, vinylphenols and their salts and esters, ~
20 tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, ethylvinylbenzenes, ~: .
. . .
maleate esters, itaconate esters, and vinyl bromide.
Polyvinyl compounds used as a crosslinking agent include o-, m-, and p-divinylbenzene and their mixtures, divinylpyridines, tribinylbenzenes, divinylnaph-thalenes, trivinylphthalenes, isoprene, chloroprene, ,.:
butadiene, divinylchlorobenzenes, divinylethylbenzenes, :
bimethallyl, biallyl, divinyl ether, divinyl acetylene, ~:~
divinyl sulfone, 2,3-diethylbutadiene, and halobutadienes. .~ ~
Radical polymerization initiators can also be ~ -'' ".., ' used as desired, and include, for example, benzoyl per-oxide, ~,~-a~oisobutyronitrile, lauryl peroxide, tert-butyl peracetate, tert-butylperbenzoate, 2,5-dimethyl (2,5-dibenzoyl peroxy) hexane, 2,5-dimethyl(2,5-dibenzoyl-perox~)hexene-3, p-menthanehydroperoxide, diisopropyl benzenehydroperoxide, ~t~'-di(tert-butyl peroxy)diisopropyl benzene, cyclohexanone peroxide, tert-butyl peroxyiso-propyl carbonate, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene, tert-butylperoxy laurate, di-tert-butyl-diperoxy-phthalate, l,1'-di-(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1'-di-(tert-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, methyl-ethyl peroxide, methylisobutyl ketone peroxide, tert-butyl-hydroperoxide, di-tert-amyl peroxide, tert-butylcumyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butyl peroxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy) hexene-3, and initiators having a decomposition temperature of at least 135C and a half life of at least 10 hours, such -:
as cumene hydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydroperoxy-hexane, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydroperoxy hexene-30 -Furthermore, if desired, linear polymers may be dissolved or dispersed in the above mixture. Examples of such polymers are a styrene/butadiene copolymer, polystyrene, a poly(acrylic acid ester), chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polychloroprene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, 25 polypropylene, polyvinyl halides, polyvinylidene halides, ~
polytetrafluoroethylene, polytrifuloroethylene, halogenated ~ .
- polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polypropylene, and halogenated polypropylene.
The above ingredients are suitably mixed with ;
~082133 each other to form a viscous composition. ~he composition is adhered to the electrode by suitable means such as coating, dipping or spraying, and heat-polymerized at elevated pressures or at atmospheric pressure to obtain the structure of this inventionO If desired, the structure may be subjected further to sulfonation, hydro-lysis or other known means for introduction of cation exchange groups or conversion to cation exchange groups.
(b) A method using a linear polyelectrolyte can also be cited. Generally, it involves dissolving a linear polymer or linear polyelectrolyte containing a cation exchangeable functional group and/or a functonal group capable of introducing a cation exchangeable functional group easily, such as polystyrenesulfonic acid or its salts and esters, polyacrylic acid or its salts and esters, or polymethacrylic acid or its salts and esters, in a suitable solvent, adhering the solution to an electrode support, and then driving off the solvent, followed, if desired, by introduction of a crosslinkage and then by introduction or conversion of ion exchange groups. If a vinyl or allyl monomer having appropriate ~-crosslinkability, especially a bifunctional monomer, is added in the polyelectrolyte solution, and subjected to heat-treatment or radiation treatment, it is especially 25 effective for insolubilizing the polymeric electrolyte. -~
There can also be used a method in which an inert soluble polymer and an anionic polyelectrolyte are adhered in solution form and the solvent evaporated off -as in the production of an interpolymer membr~ne, or a : :, .
- . , . -~O~Z133 method in which the adhered membrane is further subjected to a crosslinking treatment.
~ xamples of effective methods are a method which comprises dissolving high-molecular-weight poly (sodium acrylate) in water, dissolving high-molecular-weight polyvinyl alcohol in it, fully deaerating the resu]ting viscous aqueous solution of the polymer, adhering the solution to the electrode by such means as dipping, rapidly drying it so that no bubble is formed, and then subjecting the adhered polymer to a crosslinking treatment using, for example, formaldehyde, glyoxal, crotonaldehyde, or acrolein to make it insoluble~ -thereby to form the structure of this invention, and a method which comprises dissolving high-molecular-weight polymethacrylic acid and a polyepoxy compound such as diepoxycompounds in an alcohol such as methanol to form a viscous solution, adhering the solution to, for example, a mesh electrode, dipping the assembly in a suit-able solvent which does not dissolve the adhered polymer, for example, diamines and polyamines such as meta-phenyl-enediamine, ethylenediamine or pentaethylenehexamine to react the amine with the epoxy compound to form a three-dimensional structure. In this case, the amine compound is selected from the standpoint of the reactivity of the epoxy compound and the stability of the amine com-pound in the formation of a three-dimensional structure.
Another effective method comprises heating a linear thermoplastic polyelectrolyte or a thermoplastic polymer which are convertible to a linear polyelectrolyte - 14 _ .
1082~33 by a simple means such as hydrolysis and are insoluble in water, salts, or acidic or basic aqueous solutions used, and thus melt-adhering it to the electrode, and if required, introducing an ion exchange group~
~xpecially preferred linear polymers o~ this kind are expressed by the ~ollowing formula - CF _ CF2 - [ CF2 - CF2 3n 1 .' O m CF2-C:E`2S02X .; , .
wherein m and n are positive integers, ~is O or a positive integer, and X is halogen, _OH or -OR (R is an alkyl group).
(c) There is also a method in which to use an inert polymeric compound. ~his method involves ~
20 adhering a thermoplastic polymer, such as polyethylene, -polypropylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(trifluorochloroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, a styrene/butadiene rubber, polychloroprene, copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinylethers, polyisoprene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinylidene chloride, to a mesh electrode by heat fabrication to form a thin membrane, and introducing an ion exchange group into the membrane by some method. ~her-e is no particular restriction on the method of adhering the -. - . . ~ - ~ . . , --polymer. Effective methods include, for example, a method which comprises dissolving or dispersing at least one of the polymeric compounds, dipping the electrode in the -solution or dispersion, and then driving off the solvent;
a method which comprises coating or spraying the solution or dispersion on the electrode, and then driving off the solvent; a method which comprises electrostatically : -charging a fine powder of the above polymeric compound, charging the electrode to an opposite polarity to adhere the fine powder electrostatically to the electrode, and then heating the fine powder to melt-adhere the polymer thereto in the form of a film; a method which comprises melting the polymer at high temperatures which do not cause its heat decomposition, and dipping a mesh electode, for example, in the molten polymer to adhere it to the electrode; and a method which comprises fabricating the polymer using a mesh electrode as a coreO These methods :.
are selected according to the type and properties, such ~ ~ .
as molecular weight, of the polymers used, and the material, : :
shape and purpose of use of the electrode~
An ion exchange group must be introduced into the polymeric compound adhered. Where the polymer :.
adhered permits the introduction of ion exchange groups, it is treated directly with ion exchange group in-troducing reagents which do not markedly corrode the material of the electrodeO
Alternatively, the polymeric compound adhered ~:
is impregnated with a polymerizable vinyl or allyl compound at room temperature or at an elevated temperature, and in : ~
:. :, - 16 - ~
- . , . , - . . .
.
10~3Z133 the presence of a radical polymerization initiator, it is heated at elevated pressures to polymerize it under con- ~ -ditions which do not dissipate the impregnated compound.
In this case, a crosslinkable polyvinyl compound may be caused to be copresent to form a three-dimensional structure.
~he polymerization means is not limited to radical poly-merization, but cationic polymerization, anionic polymeri-zation, and redox polymerization may also be employed.
Where it is noticed that too large a quantity of vinyl or allyl compound is impregnated in the pol~Jmer to cause a considerab]e dimensional change or render its mechanical strength weaker, a suitable solvent is added to the im-pregnating bath to dilute it and thus reduce the amount of the compound to be impregna-tedv Where the amount of the vinyl or allyl compound to be impregnated is small, the polymer film adhered may be first swollen with a solvent, and then dipped in the above monomer. ~he amount of impregnation can of course be increased by heating.
lnstead of the method described above, a vinyl or allyl monomer may be graft-copolymerized with the adher-ing polymer by ionizing radiation, for example. In this case, ionizing radiation may be carried out on the -polymer adhered thereby to form radicals and then the assembly dipped in the monomer or monomeric mixture.
Or the adhered polymer may be subjected to ionizing radia-tion while being dipped in the monomer or monomeric mixture.
Alternatively the polymer may be radiated after having been dipped in the monomeric compoundO An optimal method may be chosen among these method according, for - 17 _ .
example, to the purpose of usin~ the electrode structure, the type of tht adhered polymer9 and the shape and material ~-of the electrodeO For example, there can be used a method which comprises melt-adhering a sheet of vinylidene fluoride resin to an electrode by heating, dipping the assembly in acI~lic acid or a mixture of acrylic acid with styrene and diviny~ benzene, and then graft-copolymerizing the monomer to the vinylidene fluoride polymer sheet by ionizing radiation, or a method which comprises heating polylyethylene and melt-adhering it to an electrode, dip-ping the assembly in a heated solution composed of methacrylic acid, divinylbenzene and benzoyl peroxide to impregnate it thoroughly in the polyethylene, and heat-polymerizing the monomers with the polyethylene at high pressures in an autoclave. Alternatively, styrenesulfonic acid, or its esters or salts, styrenesulfonyl halides or acrylic acid, etc. is graft-copolymerized to a fine powder of polyethylene, etc., and the graft-copolymer is applied to a mesh electrode, and adhered to it by heating. In this case, an ion-exchange group may be introduced, if desired, by such means as hydrolysis.
(d) ~here can also be used a method in which to use a mold. The method comprises adding a crosslinking agent such as divinylbenzene to acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, a styrenesulfonic acid ester, or a vinylsulfonic acid ester, etc., further adding a radical polymerization initiator, if desired uniformly mixing them with other additives such as a solvent as a diluent, a linear polymer, or a finely divided crosslinked polymer, and pouring the , ,. .: .
_ 18 -- . ~ , .
. . . . . :. . : :.... . ~
~OP~Z133 resulting monomeric mixture solution into a mold in which an electrode has been inserted as a core, and heat polymeriz-ing the monomersO
Some examples of producing the electrode structure of this invention have been described hereinabove, but it should be understood that thc present invention is in no way limited by the above exemplification. Basically, any structures resulting from the lamination of a cation exchange membrane on an electrode by some method are within the scope of the present inventionO For example, it is possible to melt-adhere a membrane containing -S02F or _S02Cl, such as NAFION (a trademark for a product made by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co~) to an electrode, and then hydrolyze it to render the group cation-exchangeable, for example, -S03H. Where a monomer is to be polymerized or copolymerized on an electrode, it is sometimes desirable to cover one or both sides of the electrode with a sheet of flexible polymers, for example, Cellophane, Vinylon, or a fluorine-containing polymer, etc. so as to prevent the monomer from volatilization or being present non-uniformly, and also prevent the occurrence of pinholes, and holes, etc. ~urthermore, the polymerization can be performed while rotating the electrode in an autoclave to prevent the unbalanced distribution of the resin components.
Another essential constituent element of the invention is that the polymer containing an ion exchange ~-group is laminated in the form of a film to one surface of the electrode. In other words, one surface of the electrode is covered with tne polymer film having a k cation exchange group, and the other surface is always exposed. ~his well serves to remove gases generated by electrolysis. In order to perform good electrolysis, that surface of the electrode which is coated with the poly-meric film containing a cation exchange group should notcontain any fine cracks nor pinholesO ~ssentially, the polymeric film aclhered should have a water-impermeability about the same as that of an ordinary ion-exchange resin membrane. In order to expose one surface of the electrode, the polymer containing a cation exchange group is laminated in the form of a film to only one surface of the electrodeO
~or example, it is effective to cover one surface of the electrode with a material not permeable to the monomers and readily strippable after film formation, such as a sheet of polytetrafluoroethylene (~eflon~, cellulose (Cellophane) or polyvinylidene chloride (Saran). ~owever, some of the methods of lamination described above cannot ensure the application of the polymeric film only to one surface of the electrode. In such a case, the film on the other surface is mechanically removed, or where a solvent capable of dissolving the polymeric film is avail-able, the film on the other surface of the electrode may ~ ~ -be removed by dissolving with the solvent.
When the electrode structure of this invention is used for electrolysis of alkali metal salts, a thin anion-exchangeable layer or a thin neutral layer may be present at least on one surface or interior of the cation --exchange membrane in order to increase the current efficiency of the alkali metal hydroxide formed~ It is especially -~7rqJc /~rk preferred in this case that the thin layer be crosslinked and compact. The presence of the anion exchangeable or neutral thin la~Jer may be obtained by physical or chemical adhesion or adsorption, or by an ionic bond, covalent bond or coordination bond. Alternatively, the cation resin part and the thin layer may be bonded to each other at their interface by the entanglement between the polymer matrix of the membrane and the treating polymeric agent which is formed on the thin layerO Or the thin layer may be present in the form of a layer on the cation exchange resin part; or it may be present also in the surface layer of the cation exchange resin toward its interior as a result of some suitable chemical reactionO
Any known functional groups which yiela a nega-tive charge in aqueous solutions may be used in the presentinvention as the ion exchange groups of the cation exchangeable resin partO ~hey include, for example, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a sulfate ester group, a phosphate ester group, a phosphite ester group, a phenolic hydroxyl group, a thiol group, a boric acid group, a silicic acid group, an acid amide bond having dissociable hydrogen, and a stannic acid groupO ~hese ion exchange groups may be present to such as exten-t that the polymer to be laminated to the cathode in the form o~ a film functions as an ion exchange membrane.
When the electrode structure of this invention -is used for electrolyzing alkali metal salts, the cathode structure may further to treated by various methods in - 21 _ . .
:.. _ . .: . . . : . . .
. ,. ...... . , ... : .. . .
- . , . .: , ~ -order to increase the current efficiency of the alkali metal hydroxides formedO One of such methods involves forming an anion-exchangeable thin layer uniformly or in layers on the surface of the membrane or in the interior of the membraneO ~or example, an amino compound containing a primary or secondary amino group is chemically bonded to a membrane of a sulfonyl halide or carboxylic acid halide. Specifically, this procedure comprises bonding a secondary amino such as dipropylamine or diethylamine, a monoalkylamine such as methylamine or laurylamine, or an ethylene polyamine such as ethylenediamine or diethyl- -enetriamine to the halide membrane mentioned above thereby to decrease the number of cation exchange groups such as sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid groups in the surface layer of the membrane or in its interior, or to form a crosslinked structure by an acid amide linkage. Where the resulting thin layer is unstable to oxidizing agents, it is deslrable to fluorinate or chlorinate the thin layer by a desired method using, for example, a fluorine or chlorine gas, a fluorinating reagent such as cobalt fluoride, or by electrolyzing fluorination. Most preferably, the amine treatment in this case should be carried out on the cathode-side surface of the membrane to such an extent that the electric resistance of the membrane does not markedly increase~ However, in view of the durability of the membrane, it may be carried out in the part ranging from the surfact to the interior of the membrane, or in the interior of the membrane in layer form, or on the back surface of the membrane uniformly or with gradient. In these althernative cases, too, the increase of the electric resistance of the membrane should be avoided as much as possible.
~he formation of a crosslinkage or the partial inactivation of cation exchange groups by the formation of an ester linkage using a mono- or poly-hydric alcohol is also effectiveO It is also effective to form a sulfone linkage with an aromatic compound or partially inactivate cation exchange groupsO ~urthermore~ membranes impregnated with polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, a copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, or a nonionic surface active agent having these compounds bonded therein, a cationic surface active agent, or an anionic surface active agent, or membranes obtained by rendered the impregenated compounds of the resulting membranes in-capable of dissolving out of the membranes are also effective for obtaining alkali metal hydroxides with extremely high current efficiencies.
As described above, when alkali metal hydroxides 20 are to be obtained by using the cathode structure of this ~-invention, various known means used to increase current efficiency in electrolysis with conventional cation exchange membranes can be applied also to the cathoae structure of this invention in order to increase its performance.
In order to increase the strength of the polymeric film layer to be formed on the electrode, a woven fabric, a non-woven fabric, staple fibers, or continuous filaments may be present. Desirably, the fibrous materials are - 2~
.. . . , . . , -composed of, for example, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene chloride, glass fibers, polyesters, polyacrylonitrile, and fluorine-containing polymers (e.g., polytetrafluoro-ethylene)O
~ he cathode-structure for electrolysis according to this invention which is obtained by laminating the poly-meric film containing a cation exchange group on one surface of a cathode can be used in any desired modes for electrolysis together with an anode as a pair in a system in which an anolyte solution does not mix with a catholyte solution and selective permeation of cations is required.
For example, it is effective for organic electrolytic reactions, or an electrolytic dimerization reaction of acrylonitrle. It can also be utilized for electrolysis of solutions of a wide range of inorganic electrolytes in addition to the electrolysis of alkali metal salts. ~he cathode-structure of this invention is especially effectively appIicable to the electrolyzing process disclosed in United States Pattent ~o. 3,773,634.
~he cathode-structure of the invention, never-theless, is most effective for the electrolysis of alkali metal salts, for example, halides, sulfates, nitrates, and phosphates of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. It can be used also for electrolysis of acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid.
Generally, it is preferred to use fluorine-containing polymers having oxidation resistance as the .'. ~:
108~33 polymer to be laminated on the cathode. When the electrode structure of this invention contains a cation exchange resin portion which is made of a ma-terial having resist-ance to oxidizing agents, such as fluorine-containing materials and inorganic materials, they may be used as a pair with an anode. When the cation exchange resin portion is made of a hydrocarbon-type material having no oxidation resistance, and an oxidizing substance is generated from the anode at the time o~ electrolysis, a neutral electrical-ly conductive diaphragm may be disposed in order toprevent the oxidative degradation of the resin portion.
Or a cation exchange membrane having oxidation resistance may be disposed for this purposeO Where an alkali metal salt is to be electrolyzed, the alkaili metal salt may be ~illed in a space between the diaphragm and the electrode structure of this invention, or an alkali metal hydroxide solution may be filled in that space.
Accordingly to this invention, there can be provided a cathode-structure in which the polymeric film is laminated intimately onto the cathode having a freely curved structure. ~y building an electrolytic cell ~ -using the c~thode-structure of this invention, the membrane can be maintained stable, and the electrolytic --cell can be operated at low cell voltages. It is also possible to prolong the lives of the membrane and the anode. Furthermore, by applying the electrode structure to a finger-type electrode, there can be built an electrolytic cell which has a higher output and gives purer sodium hydroxide than with electrolytic cells of -' ~
- 25 - ~
.
- . : : . ... ~ . .
::
the same volumer The following Examples illustrate the present invention in greater detail. It should be understood that these Examples do not limit the invention in any way.
Exam~le 1 A plain weave fabric of polytetrafluoroethylene was interposed between two 5-mil thick films of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonyl fluoride) l^~hich has an ion exchange capacity corresponding to Oo91 meq/g of dry membrance (H+
type, 1100 equivalent weight) in the hydrolyzed state, and by melt-adhesion under heat, made into a single film structure.
~urthermore, a 1.5 mil thick film of the same copolymer having an ion exchange capacity corresponding to 0.67 meq/g of dry weight (H+ type, 1500 equivalent weight) in the hydrolyzed state was superimposed on the resulting structure and melt-adhered to form a single polymeric membranous product.
One surface of a mild steel lath material was mechanically roughened, and a dispersion of polytetra-fluoroethylene was coated on the roughened surface, followed by air drying and heating at 350C. ~he coated mil steel material wad dipped in an aqueous solution containing nickel rhodanide ~Ni(SCN)2] to plate the uncoated surface with nickel by electrolysis.
~ hat side of the resulting polymeric membranous product which had a lower exchange capacity was pressed into the cathode by heating, whereby the mild steel lath electrode entered the polymeric membranous product.
', , ' . ' ' :' ,,. ' ,'' ' , ..
lOl~Z133 ~he assembly was immersed in an 8% methanol of potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature for 4~ hours to convert the sul~onyl fluoride group to a potassium sulfonate group to form a cation exchange membrane and thus make the cathode-structure of this invention.
A two-compartment electrolytic cell was built by combining this structure with an anode composed of a titanium lath material coated with ruthenium dioxide and tita-.~ium dioxide~ In this case~ that side of the cathode-structure which was covered with the polymeric film was placed facing the anode, and the distance between the cathode and the anode was adjusted to 3 mm.
saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride was fed into an anode compartment, and electrolyzed at a decomposi-tion rate of 35%. Pure water was fed into the cathodeso that 6.0N NaOH could be steadily obtained from the cathode compartmentO ~he electrolysis temperature was maintained at 85C, and the current density was 30 A/dm2.
Separately, a woven fabric of polytetrafluoroethy-lene was interposed between two polymeric films, 5 mil . ~. .
thick and the same as those used hereinabove, having an ~
. .
ion exchange capacity of 0.91 meq/g of dry membrane ~ -(H+ type), and melt-adhered under heat. ~ 1~5-mil thick -.:
polymeric film having an-ion exchange capacity of 0.67 meq/g of dry membrane (H+ type) was melt-adhered under heat to the resulting assembly to form a single polymeric membranous productO The resulting product was immersed in an 8% methanol solution of potassium hydroxide to hydrolyze it and obtain a potassium sulfonate acid-type cation - -' :
''':
. . . - . ., . - :, ,'' :. ' .: . . . . . . :
1~8Z133 exchange membrane. The resulting cation exchange membrane was disposed between the same mild steel lath material as used in producing the cathode structure, which was nickel-plated all over the surface in this case and the same anode as used above so that the side having a lower exchange capacity faced the cathode and made contact with it. Using the resulting cell, a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride was fed, a electrolyzed at a decomposition rate of 35%. ~he distance between the anode and the cathode was adjusted to 3 mm, and the current density and the electrolyzing temperature were adjusted to the same values as in electrolysis using the above-mentioned film-cathode structure. ~his electrolysis was continued for 3 months while maintaining the conditions as identical as possible.
In all cases, the effective area of current flowing was 1 dm ~ he cell voltage, the current efficiency and sodium chloride concentration in the sodium hydroxide 20 obtained were measured, and the results are shown in ~ -~able 1.
.
:,:
108Z:133 Table 1 _ ; Current Amount ¦ Cell effici- (ppm) of voltage ency NaCl in (V) (%) NaOH
(edlonlat 48% NaOH) . . ___ When the cathode_struct_ at the 85 38 3.65 invention was used __ 3 months 84 37 When the at the 83 85 3 95 filter-press outset .
ype cell as used 3 months 80 110 4.15 Example ?
A 0.3-mm thick polymeric film of the following structural formula ~~~ 2 CF2 )n ( - C~2 ~ CF
~2 CO:F
wherein n and m are positive integers (a mixture of ~=1, 2 and 3) was laminated to a cathode ;
25 to build a laminated cathode-structure in accordance with -~
the present invention. ~he membrane was hydrolyzea to convert _CO~ to _COOX. The hydrolyzed product had an ion exchange capacity of 0.833 meq/g of dry membrane (H+
type) (1200 equivalent weight). The cathode used was 1082~33 built by plating one surface of a mild steel lath material with nickel using a bath containing nickel rhodanide,coating the other side with a dispersion of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (Neoflon Dispersion ND_1~ a trademark for a product of Daikin Kogyo K~Ko)~ air-drying the coating and then heat-treating it at 300C. The carboxylic acid halide-type pol~meric film was melt~adhered under heat to the copolymer-coated surface of the cathode to produce the cathode-structure of this invention. In this case, the polymeric film did not melt-adhere to the nickel-plated surface of the cathode, but melt-adhered to that surface which was coated with a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.
Furthermore, a part of the electrode surface coated with ~ -the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropy-lene remained uncovered with the carboxylic acid halide-type film after its melt-adhesion Using the resulting cathode-structure and an anode composed of a titanium lath material coated with ruthenium dioxide and titanium dioxide, a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride was electrolyzed.
The distance between the anode and the cathode was adjusted to 3 mm, and the current density was 30 A/dm2.
~he decomposition rate of the sodium chloride solution at the anode was 60%. Pure water was fed into the cathode compartment so that 8.2 N sodium hydroxide could be obtained steadily. During the electrolysis, the temp-erature within the cathode compartment was maintained at 90C.
- - 30 _ - ' . :
.... .-.. . ...
Separately, for comparison, a saturated aqueous solutio~ of sodium chloride was electrolyzed using a filter press type elec-trolytic cell including a 0.3 mm thick cation exchange membrane of a carboxylic acid type tetrefluoroethylene/perfluoro carboxylic acid copolymer having the above-given chemical structure. In this case, the anode was the same as set forth above and produced by coating a titanium lath material with ruthenium dioxide and titanium dioxideD The cathode used was the same as that used for producing the cathode-structure which was produced by nickel-plating the entire surface of a mild steel lath material. The cation exchange membrane was brought into contact with the cathode by applying a pressure of 200 mm (water pressure) 15 to the anode side. The electrolyzing temperature, the -utilization ratio of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, and the current density were quite the same as in the case of using the cathode-structure of the invention. In either case, the effective area of current flowing was adausted ~ -to 3 dm2 (5o x 600 mm)O The electrolytic cell was construct- ~ ;
ed in a vertically elongated shape, and the effect of bub-bles generated at the electrodes on the cell voltage was ~
examined. The electrolysis was performed for about 3 -months under the same conditionsO
The cell voltage, the current efficiency and the sodium chloride concentration in the sodium hydroxide -obtained were measured, and the results are shown in ~able 2.
--- 31 _ Table .?
. . .
Current Amount Cell effici- (ppm) of voltage ency NaCl in (V) (') (calculat- .
ed on 48%
NaOH) When the at the 92 20 ~ _ _ .
cathode-struc outset 3~48 ture of the _ __ invention 3 months 2 O 2 was used later 9 2 3.5 :~:
. _ _ _ _. . .
When the filter at the 91 45 3 72 press type outset electrolytic _ used _ _ _ _ _ 50 3~88 . :
Exam~le 3 ~wo 2-mil thick films of a copolymer of tetra- :
fluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonyl fluoride) having an ion exchange capacity corresponding to 0.91 meq/g of dry membrane (H type, -:.
1100 equivalent weight) in the hydrolyzed state were -melt-adhered under heat to form a single polymeric film structure. A 2-mil thick film of the same copolymer having an ion exchange capacity corresponding to 0.67 meq/g of dry membrane (H+ type, 1500 equivalent weight) in the hydrolyzed state was superimposed on it and melt adhered thereto to form a single polymeric membraneous productO ~ -The outside surface of a finger-type mesh cathode of mild steel was roughened and the roughened surface w~s coated with an emulsion of polyvinylidene fluoride, 1082~33 air dried, and heated at 250C to coat the polyvinylidene fluoride on one surface only. The opposite back surface was nickel-plated by electrolysis using a nickel rhodanide bathO That surface of the polymeric membraneous product obtained above which had a lower exchange capacity was melt-adhered by heating to the surface coated with polyvinylidene fluoride to produce the cathode-structure of this invention. ~he structure was then dipped in a mixed solution composed of 10 parts of ethylenediamine and 10 parts of water at 50C for 1.0 hour, and then heated at 180C for 1 hour to bond ethylene diamine to the membranous product by an acid amide linkageO Simultaneously, a crosslinkage was formed partially in the membranous product. ~he product was dipped in a 8% methanol solution ~ ;
15 of potassium hydroxide at room temperature for 24 hours ~ -to convert the remaining sulfonyl fluoride group to ;~
a potassium sulfonate group. Using the resulting cathode- ~ -structure as a pair with a finger-type anode made by coating a titanium lath material with ruthenium dioxide and titanium dioxide with the distance between them being adjusted to 3mm, a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride was fed into the anode compartment, and electrolyzed at a decomposition ratio of 45%. Pure water was fed into the cathode compartment so that 7O0 N sodium hydroxide ~ ". ~ . .. .
could be steadily obtainedO
For comparison, an anode produced by applying a coating of the same noble metal oxide mixture as used above to the entire surface of a titanium lath material of the same shape, and a cathode made by nickel-plating "~:
~08f~33 the entire surface of -the same mild steel mesh as used above were employed. The distance between them was adjusted to 3 mm, and a cation exchange membrane of the perfluorosulfonic acid type treated by ethylenediamine under the same conditions was disposed between them so that it was urged against the cathode surface by applying a water pressure. Electrolysis was carried out under the same conditions as in the case of using the above-mentioned cathode-structure. The cation exchange membrane used in this case was the same as that used in the example of this invention given immediately preceding this paragraph. That side of the cation --exchange membrane which faced the cathode had a lower exchange capacity.
The current density was about 30 A/dm , and the actual effective area of the membrane was 5 dm2 in either case. The temperature within the electrolytic cell was about 90C, In the comparison run where the cathode and the membrane did not form a unitary structure, the membrane contacted the cathode, and a part of it also made contact with the anode during the electrolysis. ~urthermore, it swelled during electrolysis, and gases generated stayed between the electrodes and the membraneO
The cell voltage, the current efficiency and the sodium chloride concentration were measured, and the results are shown in Table 3.
-- 34 -- . -108~133 Table ~
... .. ___ Current Amount Cell : . .
efficien- (ppm) of voltage .~:
cy NaCl in (V) (%) NaOH
(calculat NaOH) ... . .. _ _ . . ., ._.. _ , When the t :
laminated a the 94 35 3.60 cathode struc- outse ture of the . _ _ invention later 94 35 3.68 when the catho- . h -~ - .
de and the at t e 94 80 4.21 :.
membrane . . ~-were used in the separated 3 montlls 93 85 5.01 Example 4 . .. .
Using the same finger-type cathode-structure :. -as produced in Example 3 in pair with the same finger-type anode resulting from the coating of a titanium lath material with Ru02 and TiO2 as used in Example 3, electrolysis was carried out at a current density of 30 20 A/dm so that the average concentration of sodium chloride : .
solution within the anode compartment was 1.0 N. ~re water was not fed into the cathode compartment.
As a result, a 34% solution of sodium hydroxide :
could be recovered from the cathode compartment at a current efficiency of 92%. The cell voltage was 3.75V.
For comparison, electrolysis was carried out under the same conditions using a cation exchange membrane of the perfluoro-sulfonic acid type treated with ethylene diamine disposed betweeen the finger-type .
. ' ' .
- 35 - . ~:
~ , , ,,; . . .
anode and the same finger-type cathode shown aboveO As a result, a 34% solution of sodium hydroxide was obtained at a current efficiency of 90%O ~he cell voltage was 4.82V~ The cell voltage tended to increase with timeO
Exam~le 5 A styrene/butadiene rubber was uniformly dissolved in 20 parts of methyl methacrylate, 20 parts of styrene, 10 parts of divinylbenzene (purity 55%) and 20 parts of stearyl methacrylate, and 1%, based on the entire monomers, of benzoyl peroxide was added to form a viscous paste mixtureO
~he mixture was uniformly coated on a Vinylon (polyvinyl alcohol) woven cloth one surface of which was covered with Cellophane.
Then, the woven cloth was capped on a finger-type mesh cathode with the Cellophane-free surface placed inwardly so that it conformed to the shape of the cathode. ~he assembly was heated at 80C for 24 hours to form a polymeric film adhered firmly to the curved surface of the cathode. ~he assembly was then dipped in a 4N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide for 24 hours to produce a cathode structure in which the cation exchnage membrane was laminated.
The ion exchange membrane obtained above was found to have an electric resistance of 12 ohms-cm2 in a 0.5 N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at 25C.
Using this cathode structure, sodium chloride was electrolyzed in a three-compartment electrolytic cell. The current efficiency to obtain 6.0 N sodium ~ -hydroxide was as good as 94%. The sodium chloride ' :.
concentration, calculated on 48% NaOH, in the resulting caustic was as low as 70 ppmO
~xample 6 A monomeric mixture consisting of 28 parts of methyl vinyl ketone~ 14 parts of styrene and 3 parts of divinylbenæ~ne (purity 50%) was heated with stirring at 65C for 1 hour in the presence of azoisobutyronitrile as a pol~merization catalyst to form a viscous polymer~
~he polymer was coated uniformly on a cathode having a complex curved surface. ~he shape of the coated polymer was adjusted b~ covering a framework of polypropylene fabricated in a shape symmetrical to the cathode in a little bit larger sizeO
~he assembly was heated at 70 C for 6 hours to advance the polymerization reaction to form a polymeric membrane integrated with the cathode. ~he resulting structure was dipped in a mixture (1:2) of phosphorus trichloride and dioxane in a moisture-free condition at ~ -room temperature for about 40 hours. ~urthermore, the structure was dipped in glacial acetic acid at room temp-erature for 20 hours, and then washed thoroughly with water.
~ he resulting ion exchange membrane was ~ound to have an electric resistance of 5 ohms-cm2 in a 0.5N
aqueous solution of sodium chloride, and superior alkali resistance. ~ -Example 7 20 parts of sodium m-phenolsulfonate, 18 parts of phenol and 6 parts of formaldehyde were heated at 100C
'. " .
. . .
.
.. . .
.
for 50 minutes in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst to form a red brown viscous precondensate.
The product obtained was coated on a Vinylon woven cloth, and then bonded to a finger~type cathodeO The assembly was heated at 75 C for 30 minutes to condense the precondensate.
The resulting polymeric membrane had an electric resistance of 4 ohms-cm and an exchange capacity of 1.6 meq/g of dry membraneO
Example 8 A Teflon sheet was bonded to one outside surface of a finger-type nickel mesh used for conventional sodium chloride electrolysis, and a 0.3 mm thick sheet of a thermoplastic polymer of the following structural formula was melt-adhered to the other surfaceO
2 ~ CF2)n (C~2_ ~F )m O
bF2 CF CF
Some specific embodiments are given below.
(a) One embodiment comprises adhering a monomer containing a polymerizable functional group such as vinyl or allyl to the electrode either directly or through a -backing placed on the electrode by such means as coating, -dipping or spraying, and heating the assembly to polymerize the monomerD Where it is necessary to prevent sagging of the material solution, the viscosity of the material is adjusted according to the shape of the cathode, or it is - convered with a suitable film such as Cellophane.
Usable vinyl and allyl monomers are those which have heretogore been knownO Specific examples , .:
, .
-: , : . . . . . . . .
- - : : . . :
include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ~-phenylacrylic ~ :
acid, ~-ethylacrylic acid, ~-halogenoacrylic acids, maleic acid, itaconic acid, ~-butylacrylic acid, vinylbenzoic acids, a monomer resulting from the bonding of a vinyl group and a carboxyl group to the naphthalene ring, styrene, vinyltoluenes, methacrylate esters, acrylate esters, acrylonitrile, ~inylpyridines, N-vinylpyrrolidones, vinylimidazoles, butadienes, isoprenes, chloroprenes, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrolein, methylvinyl ketone, chloromethylstyrenes, monochlorostyrenes, polychlorostyrenes, .
a-fluorostyrene, ~ -trifluorostyrene, ~-methylstyrene, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, chloromethylstyrenes, vinylsulfonic acid and its salts and esters, styrenesulfonic acid and its salts and esters, allylsulfonic acid and its salts and esters, vinyl-phosphonic acid and its salts and esters, styrenephosphonic acid and its salts and esters, styrenephosphinic acid and its salts and esters, vinylphosphinic acid and its salts and esters, vinylphenols and their salts and esters, ~
20 tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, ethylvinylbenzenes, ~: .
. . .
maleate esters, itaconate esters, and vinyl bromide.
Polyvinyl compounds used as a crosslinking agent include o-, m-, and p-divinylbenzene and their mixtures, divinylpyridines, tribinylbenzenes, divinylnaph-thalenes, trivinylphthalenes, isoprene, chloroprene, ,.:
butadiene, divinylchlorobenzenes, divinylethylbenzenes, :
bimethallyl, biallyl, divinyl ether, divinyl acetylene, ~:~
divinyl sulfone, 2,3-diethylbutadiene, and halobutadienes. .~ ~
Radical polymerization initiators can also be ~ -'' ".., ' used as desired, and include, for example, benzoyl per-oxide, ~,~-a~oisobutyronitrile, lauryl peroxide, tert-butyl peracetate, tert-butylperbenzoate, 2,5-dimethyl (2,5-dibenzoyl peroxy) hexane, 2,5-dimethyl(2,5-dibenzoyl-perox~)hexene-3, p-menthanehydroperoxide, diisopropyl benzenehydroperoxide, ~t~'-di(tert-butyl peroxy)diisopropyl benzene, cyclohexanone peroxide, tert-butyl peroxyiso-propyl carbonate, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene, tert-butylperoxy laurate, di-tert-butyl-diperoxy-phthalate, l,1'-di-(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1'-di-(tert-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, methyl-ethyl peroxide, methylisobutyl ketone peroxide, tert-butyl-hydroperoxide, di-tert-amyl peroxide, tert-butylcumyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butyl peroxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy) hexene-3, and initiators having a decomposition temperature of at least 135C and a half life of at least 10 hours, such -:
as cumene hydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydroperoxy-hexane, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydroperoxy hexene-30 -Furthermore, if desired, linear polymers may be dissolved or dispersed in the above mixture. Examples of such polymers are a styrene/butadiene copolymer, polystyrene, a poly(acrylic acid ester), chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polychloroprene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, 25 polypropylene, polyvinyl halides, polyvinylidene halides, ~
polytetrafluoroethylene, polytrifuloroethylene, halogenated ~ .
- polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polypropylene, and halogenated polypropylene.
The above ingredients are suitably mixed with ;
~082133 each other to form a viscous composition. ~he composition is adhered to the electrode by suitable means such as coating, dipping or spraying, and heat-polymerized at elevated pressures or at atmospheric pressure to obtain the structure of this inventionO If desired, the structure may be subjected further to sulfonation, hydro-lysis or other known means for introduction of cation exchange groups or conversion to cation exchange groups.
(b) A method using a linear polyelectrolyte can also be cited. Generally, it involves dissolving a linear polymer or linear polyelectrolyte containing a cation exchangeable functional group and/or a functonal group capable of introducing a cation exchangeable functional group easily, such as polystyrenesulfonic acid or its salts and esters, polyacrylic acid or its salts and esters, or polymethacrylic acid or its salts and esters, in a suitable solvent, adhering the solution to an electrode support, and then driving off the solvent, followed, if desired, by introduction of a crosslinkage and then by introduction or conversion of ion exchange groups. If a vinyl or allyl monomer having appropriate ~-crosslinkability, especially a bifunctional monomer, is added in the polyelectrolyte solution, and subjected to heat-treatment or radiation treatment, it is especially 25 effective for insolubilizing the polymeric electrolyte. -~
There can also be used a method in which an inert soluble polymer and an anionic polyelectrolyte are adhered in solution form and the solvent evaporated off -as in the production of an interpolymer membr~ne, or a : :, .
- . , . -~O~Z133 method in which the adhered membrane is further subjected to a crosslinking treatment.
~ xamples of effective methods are a method which comprises dissolving high-molecular-weight poly (sodium acrylate) in water, dissolving high-molecular-weight polyvinyl alcohol in it, fully deaerating the resu]ting viscous aqueous solution of the polymer, adhering the solution to the electrode by such means as dipping, rapidly drying it so that no bubble is formed, and then subjecting the adhered polymer to a crosslinking treatment using, for example, formaldehyde, glyoxal, crotonaldehyde, or acrolein to make it insoluble~ -thereby to form the structure of this invention, and a method which comprises dissolving high-molecular-weight polymethacrylic acid and a polyepoxy compound such as diepoxycompounds in an alcohol such as methanol to form a viscous solution, adhering the solution to, for example, a mesh electrode, dipping the assembly in a suit-able solvent which does not dissolve the adhered polymer, for example, diamines and polyamines such as meta-phenyl-enediamine, ethylenediamine or pentaethylenehexamine to react the amine with the epoxy compound to form a three-dimensional structure. In this case, the amine compound is selected from the standpoint of the reactivity of the epoxy compound and the stability of the amine com-pound in the formation of a three-dimensional structure.
Another effective method comprises heating a linear thermoplastic polyelectrolyte or a thermoplastic polymer which are convertible to a linear polyelectrolyte - 14 _ .
1082~33 by a simple means such as hydrolysis and are insoluble in water, salts, or acidic or basic aqueous solutions used, and thus melt-adhering it to the electrode, and if required, introducing an ion exchange group~
~xpecially preferred linear polymers o~ this kind are expressed by the ~ollowing formula - CF _ CF2 - [ CF2 - CF2 3n 1 .' O m CF2-C:E`2S02X .; , .
wherein m and n are positive integers, ~is O or a positive integer, and X is halogen, _OH or -OR (R is an alkyl group).
(c) There is also a method in which to use an inert polymeric compound. ~his method involves ~
20 adhering a thermoplastic polymer, such as polyethylene, -polypropylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(trifluorochloroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, a styrene/butadiene rubber, polychloroprene, copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinylethers, polyisoprene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinylidene chloride, to a mesh electrode by heat fabrication to form a thin membrane, and introducing an ion exchange group into the membrane by some method. ~her-e is no particular restriction on the method of adhering the -. - . . ~ - ~ . . , --polymer. Effective methods include, for example, a method which comprises dissolving or dispersing at least one of the polymeric compounds, dipping the electrode in the -solution or dispersion, and then driving off the solvent;
a method which comprises coating or spraying the solution or dispersion on the electrode, and then driving off the solvent; a method which comprises electrostatically : -charging a fine powder of the above polymeric compound, charging the electrode to an opposite polarity to adhere the fine powder electrostatically to the electrode, and then heating the fine powder to melt-adhere the polymer thereto in the form of a film; a method which comprises melting the polymer at high temperatures which do not cause its heat decomposition, and dipping a mesh electode, for example, in the molten polymer to adhere it to the electrode; and a method which comprises fabricating the polymer using a mesh electrode as a coreO These methods :.
are selected according to the type and properties, such ~ ~ .
as molecular weight, of the polymers used, and the material, : :
shape and purpose of use of the electrode~
An ion exchange group must be introduced into the polymeric compound adhered. Where the polymer :.
adhered permits the introduction of ion exchange groups, it is treated directly with ion exchange group in-troducing reagents which do not markedly corrode the material of the electrodeO
Alternatively, the polymeric compound adhered ~:
is impregnated with a polymerizable vinyl or allyl compound at room temperature or at an elevated temperature, and in : ~
:. :, - 16 - ~
- . , . , - . . .
.
10~3Z133 the presence of a radical polymerization initiator, it is heated at elevated pressures to polymerize it under con- ~ -ditions which do not dissipate the impregnated compound.
In this case, a crosslinkable polyvinyl compound may be caused to be copresent to form a three-dimensional structure.
~he polymerization means is not limited to radical poly-merization, but cationic polymerization, anionic polymeri-zation, and redox polymerization may also be employed.
Where it is noticed that too large a quantity of vinyl or allyl compound is impregnated in the pol~Jmer to cause a considerab]e dimensional change or render its mechanical strength weaker, a suitable solvent is added to the im-pregnating bath to dilute it and thus reduce the amount of the compound to be impregna-tedv Where the amount of the vinyl or allyl compound to be impregnated is small, the polymer film adhered may be first swollen with a solvent, and then dipped in the above monomer. ~he amount of impregnation can of course be increased by heating.
lnstead of the method described above, a vinyl or allyl monomer may be graft-copolymerized with the adher-ing polymer by ionizing radiation, for example. In this case, ionizing radiation may be carried out on the -polymer adhered thereby to form radicals and then the assembly dipped in the monomer or monomeric mixture.
Or the adhered polymer may be subjected to ionizing radia-tion while being dipped in the monomer or monomeric mixture.
Alternatively the polymer may be radiated after having been dipped in the monomeric compoundO An optimal method may be chosen among these method according, for - 17 _ .
example, to the purpose of usin~ the electrode structure, the type of tht adhered polymer9 and the shape and material ~-of the electrodeO For example, there can be used a method which comprises melt-adhering a sheet of vinylidene fluoride resin to an electrode by heating, dipping the assembly in acI~lic acid or a mixture of acrylic acid with styrene and diviny~ benzene, and then graft-copolymerizing the monomer to the vinylidene fluoride polymer sheet by ionizing radiation, or a method which comprises heating polylyethylene and melt-adhering it to an electrode, dip-ping the assembly in a heated solution composed of methacrylic acid, divinylbenzene and benzoyl peroxide to impregnate it thoroughly in the polyethylene, and heat-polymerizing the monomers with the polyethylene at high pressures in an autoclave. Alternatively, styrenesulfonic acid, or its esters or salts, styrenesulfonyl halides or acrylic acid, etc. is graft-copolymerized to a fine powder of polyethylene, etc., and the graft-copolymer is applied to a mesh electrode, and adhered to it by heating. In this case, an ion-exchange group may be introduced, if desired, by such means as hydrolysis.
(d) ~here can also be used a method in which to use a mold. The method comprises adding a crosslinking agent such as divinylbenzene to acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, a styrenesulfonic acid ester, or a vinylsulfonic acid ester, etc., further adding a radical polymerization initiator, if desired uniformly mixing them with other additives such as a solvent as a diluent, a linear polymer, or a finely divided crosslinked polymer, and pouring the , ,. .: .
_ 18 -- . ~ , .
. . . . . :. . : :.... . ~
~OP~Z133 resulting monomeric mixture solution into a mold in which an electrode has been inserted as a core, and heat polymeriz-ing the monomersO
Some examples of producing the electrode structure of this invention have been described hereinabove, but it should be understood that thc present invention is in no way limited by the above exemplification. Basically, any structures resulting from the lamination of a cation exchange membrane on an electrode by some method are within the scope of the present inventionO For example, it is possible to melt-adhere a membrane containing -S02F or _S02Cl, such as NAFION (a trademark for a product made by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co~) to an electrode, and then hydrolyze it to render the group cation-exchangeable, for example, -S03H. Where a monomer is to be polymerized or copolymerized on an electrode, it is sometimes desirable to cover one or both sides of the electrode with a sheet of flexible polymers, for example, Cellophane, Vinylon, or a fluorine-containing polymer, etc. so as to prevent the monomer from volatilization or being present non-uniformly, and also prevent the occurrence of pinholes, and holes, etc. ~urthermore, the polymerization can be performed while rotating the electrode in an autoclave to prevent the unbalanced distribution of the resin components.
Another essential constituent element of the invention is that the polymer containing an ion exchange ~-group is laminated in the form of a film to one surface of the electrode. In other words, one surface of the electrode is covered with tne polymer film having a k cation exchange group, and the other surface is always exposed. ~his well serves to remove gases generated by electrolysis. In order to perform good electrolysis, that surface of the electrode which is coated with the poly-meric film containing a cation exchange group should notcontain any fine cracks nor pinholesO ~ssentially, the polymeric film aclhered should have a water-impermeability about the same as that of an ordinary ion-exchange resin membrane. In order to expose one surface of the electrode, the polymer containing a cation exchange group is laminated in the form of a film to only one surface of the electrodeO
~or example, it is effective to cover one surface of the electrode with a material not permeable to the monomers and readily strippable after film formation, such as a sheet of polytetrafluoroethylene (~eflon~, cellulose (Cellophane) or polyvinylidene chloride (Saran). ~owever, some of the methods of lamination described above cannot ensure the application of the polymeric film only to one surface of the electrode. In such a case, the film on the other surface is mechanically removed, or where a solvent capable of dissolving the polymeric film is avail-able, the film on the other surface of the electrode may ~ ~ -be removed by dissolving with the solvent.
When the electrode structure of this invention is used for electrolysis of alkali metal salts, a thin anion-exchangeable layer or a thin neutral layer may be present at least on one surface or interior of the cation --exchange membrane in order to increase the current efficiency of the alkali metal hydroxide formed~ It is especially -~7rqJc /~rk preferred in this case that the thin layer be crosslinked and compact. The presence of the anion exchangeable or neutral thin la~Jer may be obtained by physical or chemical adhesion or adsorption, or by an ionic bond, covalent bond or coordination bond. Alternatively, the cation resin part and the thin layer may be bonded to each other at their interface by the entanglement between the polymer matrix of the membrane and the treating polymeric agent which is formed on the thin layerO Or the thin layer may be present in the form of a layer on the cation exchange resin part; or it may be present also in the surface layer of the cation exchange resin toward its interior as a result of some suitable chemical reactionO
Any known functional groups which yiela a nega-tive charge in aqueous solutions may be used in the presentinvention as the ion exchange groups of the cation exchangeable resin partO ~hey include, for example, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a sulfate ester group, a phosphate ester group, a phosphite ester group, a phenolic hydroxyl group, a thiol group, a boric acid group, a silicic acid group, an acid amide bond having dissociable hydrogen, and a stannic acid groupO ~hese ion exchange groups may be present to such as exten-t that the polymer to be laminated to the cathode in the form o~ a film functions as an ion exchange membrane.
When the electrode structure of this invention -is used for electrolyzing alkali metal salts, the cathode structure may further to treated by various methods in - 21 _ . .
:.. _ . .: . . . : . . .
. ,. ...... . , ... : .. . .
- . , . .: , ~ -order to increase the current efficiency of the alkali metal hydroxides formedO One of such methods involves forming an anion-exchangeable thin layer uniformly or in layers on the surface of the membrane or in the interior of the membraneO ~or example, an amino compound containing a primary or secondary amino group is chemically bonded to a membrane of a sulfonyl halide or carboxylic acid halide. Specifically, this procedure comprises bonding a secondary amino such as dipropylamine or diethylamine, a monoalkylamine such as methylamine or laurylamine, or an ethylene polyamine such as ethylenediamine or diethyl- -enetriamine to the halide membrane mentioned above thereby to decrease the number of cation exchange groups such as sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid groups in the surface layer of the membrane or in its interior, or to form a crosslinked structure by an acid amide linkage. Where the resulting thin layer is unstable to oxidizing agents, it is deslrable to fluorinate or chlorinate the thin layer by a desired method using, for example, a fluorine or chlorine gas, a fluorinating reagent such as cobalt fluoride, or by electrolyzing fluorination. Most preferably, the amine treatment in this case should be carried out on the cathode-side surface of the membrane to such an extent that the electric resistance of the membrane does not markedly increase~ However, in view of the durability of the membrane, it may be carried out in the part ranging from the surfact to the interior of the membrane, or in the interior of the membrane in layer form, or on the back surface of the membrane uniformly or with gradient. In these althernative cases, too, the increase of the electric resistance of the membrane should be avoided as much as possible.
~he formation of a crosslinkage or the partial inactivation of cation exchange groups by the formation of an ester linkage using a mono- or poly-hydric alcohol is also effectiveO It is also effective to form a sulfone linkage with an aromatic compound or partially inactivate cation exchange groupsO ~urthermore~ membranes impregnated with polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, a copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, or a nonionic surface active agent having these compounds bonded therein, a cationic surface active agent, or an anionic surface active agent, or membranes obtained by rendered the impregenated compounds of the resulting membranes in-capable of dissolving out of the membranes are also effective for obtaining alkali metal hydroxides with extremely high current efficiencies.
As described above, when alkali metal hydroxides 20 are to be obtained by using the cathode structure of this ~-invention, various known means used to increase current efficiency in electrolysis with conventional cation exchange membranes can be applied also to the cathoae structure of this invention in order to increase its performance.
In order to increase the strength of the polymeric film layer to be formed on the electrode, a woven fabric, a non-woven fabric, staple fibers, or continuous filaments may be present. Desirably, the fibrous materials are - 2~
.. . . , . . , -composed of, for example, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene chloride, glass fibers, polyesters, polyacrylonitrile, and fluorine-containing polymers (e.g., polytetrafluoro-ethylene)O
~ he cathode-structure for electrolysis according to this invention which is obtained by laminating the poly-meric film containing a cation exchange group on one surface of a cathode can be used in any desired modes for electrolysis together with an anode as a pair in a system in which an anolyte solution does not mix with a catholyte solution and selective permeation of cations is required.
For example, it is effective for organic electrolytic reactions, or an electrolytic dimerization reaction of acrylonitrle. It can also be utilized for electrolysis of solutions of a wide range of inorganic electrolytes in addition to the electrolysis of alkali metal salts. ~he cathode-structure of this invention is especially effectively appIicable to the electrolyzing process disclosed in United States Pattent ~o. 3,773,634.
~he cathode-structure of the invention, never-theless, is most effective for the electrolysis of alkali metal salts, for example, halides, sulfates, nitrates, and phosphates of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. It can be used also for electrolysis of acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid.
Generally, it is preferred to use fluorine-containing polymers having oxidation resistance as the .'. ~:
108~33 polymer to be laminated on the cathode. When the electrode structure of this invention contains a cation exchange resin portion which is made of a ma-terial having resist-ance to oxidizing agents, such as fluorine-containing materials and inorganic materials, they may be used as a pair with an anode. When the cation exchange resin portion is made of a hydrocarbon-type material having no oxidation resistance, and an oxidizing substance is generated from the anode at the time o~ electrolysis, a neutral electrical-ly conductive diaphragm may be disposed in order toprevent the oxidative degradation of the resin portion.
Or a cation exchange membrane having oxidation resistance may be disposed for this purposeO Where an alkali metal salt is to be electrolyzed, the alkaili metal salt may be ~illed in a space between the diaphragm and the electrode structure of this invention, or an alkali metal hydroxide solution may be filled in that space.
Accordingly to this invention, there can be provided a cathode-structure in which the polymeric film is laminated intimately onto the cathode having a freely curved structure. ~y building an electrolytic cell ~ -using the c~thode-structure of this invention, the membrane can be maintained stable, and the electrolytic --cell can be operated at low cell voltages. It is also possible to prolong the lives of the membrane and the anode. Furthermore, by applying the electrode structure to a finger-type electrode, there can be built an electrolytic cell which has a higher output and gives purer sodium hydroxide than with electrolytic cells of -' ~
- 25 - ~
.
- . : : . ... ~ . .
::
the same volumer The following Examples illustrate the present invention in greater detail. It should be understood that these Examples do not limit the invention in any way.
Exam~le 1 A plain weave fabric of polytetrafluoroethylene was interposed between two 5-mil thick films of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonyl fluoride) l^~hich has an ion exchange capacity corresponding to Oo91 meq/g of dry membrance (H+
type, 1100 equivalent weight) in the hydrolyzed state, and by melt-adhesion under heat, made into a single film structure.
~urthermore, a 1.5 mil thick film of the same copolymer having an ion exchange capacity corresponding to 0.67 meq/g of dry weight (H+ type, 1500 equivalent weight) in the hydrolyzed state was superimposed on the resulting structure and melt-adhered to form a single polymeric membranous product.
One surface of a mild steel lath material was mechanically roughened, and a dispersion of polytetra-fluoroethylene was coated on the roughened surface, followed by air drying and heating at 350C. ~he coated mil steel material wad dipped in an aqueous solution containing nickel rhodanide ~Ni(SCN)2] to plate the uncoated surface with nickel by electrolysis.
~ hat side of the resulting polymeric membranous product which had a lower exchange capacity was pressed into the cathode by heating, whereby the mild steel lath electrode entered the polymeric membranous product.
', , ' . ' ' :' ,,. ' ,'' ' , ..
lOl~Z133 ~he assembly was immersed in an 8% methanol of potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature for 4~ hours to convert the sul~onyl fluoride group to a potassium sulfonate group to form a cation exchange membrane and thus make the cathode-structure of this invention.
A two-compartment electrolytic cell was built by combining this structure with an anode composed of a titanium lath material coated with ruthenium dioxide and tita-.~ium dioxide~ In this case~ that side of the cathode-structure which was covered with the polymeric film was placed facing the anode, and the distance between the cathode and the anode was adjusted to 3 mm.
saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride was fed into an anode compartment, and electrolyzed at a decomposi-tion rate of 35%. Pure water was fed into the cathodeso that 6.0N NaOH could be steadily obtained from the cathode compartmentO ~he electrolysis temperature was maintained at 85C, and the current density was 30 A/dm2.
Separately, a woven fabric of polytetrafluoroethy-lene was interposed between two polymeric films, 5 mil . ~. .
thick and the same as those used hereinabove, having an ~
. .
ion exchange capacity of 0.91 meq/g of dry membrane ~ -(H+ type), and melt-adhered under heat. ~ 1~5-mil thick -.:
polymeric film having an-ion exchange capacity of 0.67 meq/g of dry membrane (H+ type) was melt-adhered under heat to the resulting assembly to form a single polymeric membranous productO The resulting product was immersed in an 8% methanol solution of potassium hydroxide to hydrolyze it and obtain a potassium sulfonate acid-type cation - -' :
''':
. . . - . ., . - :, ,'' :. ' .: . . . . . . :
1~8Z133 exchange membrane. The resulting cation exchange membrane was disposed between the same mild steel lath material as used in producing the cathode structure, which was nickel-plated all over the surface in this case and the same anode as used above so that the side having a lower exchange capacity faced the cathode and made contact with it. Using the resulting cell, a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride was fed, a electrolyzed at a decomposition rate of 35%. ~he distance between the anode and the cathode was adjusted to 3 mm, and the current density and the electrolyzing temperature were adjusted to the same values as in electrolysis using the above-mentioned film-cathode structure. ~his electrolysis was continued for 3 months while maintaining the conditions as identical as possible.
In all cases, the effective area of current flowing was 1 dm ~ he cell voltage, the current efficiency and sodium chloride concentration in the sodium hydroxide 20 obtained were measured, and the results are shown in ~ -~able 1.
.
:,:
108Z:133 Table 1 _ ; Current Amount ¦ Cell effici- (ppm) of voltage ency NaCl in (V) (%) NaOH
(edlonlat 48% NaOH) . . ___ When the cathode_struct_ at the 85 38 3.65 invention was used __ 3 months 84 37 When the at the 83 85 3 95 filter-press outset .
ype cell as used 3 months 80 110 4.15 Example ?
A 0.3-mm thick polymeric film of the following structural formula ~~~ 2 CF2 )n ( - C~2 ~ CF
~2 CO:F
wherein n and m are positive integers (a mixture of ~=1, 2 and 3) was laminated to a cathode ;
25 to build a laminated cathode-structure in accordance with -~
the present invention. ~he membrane was hydrolyzea to convert _CO~ to _COOX. The hydrolyzed product had an ion exchange capacity of 0.833 meq/g of dry membrane (H+
type) (1200 equivalent weight). The cathode used was 1082~33 built by plating one surface of a mild steel lath material with nickel using a bath containing nickel rhodanide,coating the other side with a dispersion of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (Neoflon Dispersion ND_1~ a trademark for a product of Daikin Kogyo K~Ko)~ air-drying the coating and then heat-treating it at 300C. The carboxylic acid halide-type pol~meric film was melt~adhered under heat to the copolymer-coated surface of the cathode to produce the cathode-structure of this invention. In this case, the polymeric film did not melt-adhere to the nickel-plated surface of the cathode, but melt-adhered to that surface which was coated with a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.
Furthermore, a part of the electrode surface coated with ~ -the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropy-lene remained uncovered with the carboxylic acid halide-type film after its melt-adhesion Using the resulting cathode-structure and an anode composed of a titanium lath material coated with ruthenium dioxide and titanium dioxide, a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride was electrolyzed.
The distance between the anode and the cathode was adjusted to 3 mm, and the current density was 30 A/dm2.
~he decomposition rate of the sodium chloride solution at the anode was 60%. Pure water was fed into the cathode compartment so that 8.2 N sodium hydroxide could be obtained steadily. During the electrolysis, the temp-erature within the cathode compartment was maintained at 90C.
- - 30 _ - ' . :
.... .-.. . ...
Separately, for comparison, a saturated aqueous solutio~ of sodium chloride was electrolyzed using a filter press type elec-trolytic cell including a 0.3 mm thick cation exchange membrane of a carboxylic acid type tetrefluoroethylene/perfluoro carboxylic acid copolymer having the above-given chemical structure. In this case, the anode was the same as set forth above and produced by coating a titanium lath material with ruthenium dioxide and titanium dioxideD The cathode used was the same as that used for producing the cathode-structure which was produced by nickel-plating the entire surface of a mild steel lath material. The cation exchange membrane was brought into contact with the cathode by applying a pressure of 200 mm (water pressure) 15 to the anode side. The electrolyzing temperature, the -utilization ratio of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, and the current density were quite the same as in the case of using the cathode-structure of the invention. In either case, the effective area of current flowing was adausted ~ -to 3 dm2 (5o x 600 mm)O The electrolytic cell was construct- ~ ;
ed in a vertically elongated shape, and the effect of bub-bles generated at the electrodes on the cell voltage was ~
examined. The electrolysis was performed for about 3 -months under the same conditionsO
The cell voltage, the current efficiency and the sodium chloride concentration in the sodium hydroxide -obtained were measured, and the results are shown in ~able 2.
--- 31 _ Table .?
. . .
Current Amount Cell effici- (ppm) of voltage ency NaCl in (V) (') (calculat- .
ed on 48%
NaOH) When the at the 92 20 ~ _ _ .
cathode-struc outset 3~48 ture of the _ __ invention 3 months 2 O 2 was used later 9 2 3.5 :~:
. _ _ _ _. . .
When the filter at the 91 45 3 72 press type outset electrolytic _ used _ _ _ _ _ 50 3~88 . :
Exam~le 3 ~wo 2-mil thick films of a copolymer of tetra- :
fluoroethylene and perfluoro(3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonyl fluoride) having an ion exchange capacity corresponding to 0.91 meq/g of dry membrane (H type, -:.
1100 equivalent weight) in the hydrolyzed state were -melt-adhered under heat to form a single polymeric film structure. A 2-mil thick film of the same copolymer having an ion exchange capacity corresponding to 0.67 meq/g of dry membrane (H+ type, 1500 equivalent weight) in the hydrolyzed state was superimposed on it and melt adhered thereto to form a single polymeric membraneous productO ~ -The outside surface of a finger-type mesh cathode of mild steel was roughened and the roughened surface w~s coated with an emulsion of polyvinylidene fluoride, 1082~33 air dried, and heated at 250C to coat the polyvinylidene fluoride on one surface only. The opposite back surface was nickel-plated by electrolysis using a nickel rhodanide bathO That surface of the polymeric membraneous product obtained above which had a lower exchange capacity was melt-adhered by heating to the surface coated with polyvinylidene fluoride to produce the cathode-structure of this invention. ~he structure was then dipped in a mixed solution composed of 10 parts of ethylenediamine and 10 parts of water at 50C for 1.0 hour, and then heated at 180C for 1 hour to bond ethylene diamine to the membranous product by an acid amide linkageO Simultaneously, a crosslinkage was formed partially in the membranous product. ~he product was dipped in a 8% methanol solution ~ ;
15 of potassium hydroxide at room temperature for 24 hours ~ -to convert the remaining sulfonyl fluoride group to ;~
a potassium sulfonate group. Using the resulting cathode- ~ -structure as a pair with a finger-type anode made by coating a titanium lath material with ruthenium dioxide and titanium dioxide with the distance between them being adjusted to 3mm, a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride was fed into the anode compartment, and electrolyzed at a decomposition ratio of 45%. Pure water was fed into the cathode compartment so that 7O0 N sodium hydroxide ~ ". ~ . .. .
could be steadily obtainedO
For comparison, an anode produced by applying a coating of the same noble metal oxide mixture as used above to the entire surface of a titanium lath material of the same shape, and a cathode made by nickel-plating "~:
~08f~33 the entire surface of -the same mild steel mesh as used above were employed. The distance between them was adjusted to 3 mm, and a cation exchange membrane of the perfluorosulfonic acid type treated by ethylenediamine under the same conditions was disposed between them so that it was urged against the cathode surface by applying a water pressure. Electrolysis was carried out under the same conditions as in the case of using the above-mentioned cathode-structure. The cation exchange membrane used in this case was the same as that used in the example of this invention given immediately preceding this paragraph. That side of the cation --exchange membrane which faced the cathode had a lower exchange capacity.
The current density was about 30 A/dm , and the actual effective area of the membrane was 5 dm2 in either case. The temperature within the electrolytic cell was about 90C, In the comparison run where the cathode and the membrane did not form a unitary structure, the membrane contacted the cathode, and a part of it also made contact with the anode during the electrolysis. ~urthermore, it swelled during electrolysis, and gases generated stayed between the electrodes and the membraneO
The cell voltage, the current efficiency and the sodium chloride concentration were measured, and the results are shown in Table 3.
-- 34 -- . -108~133 Table ~
... .. ___ Current Amount Cell : . .
efficien- (ppm) of voltage .~:
cy NaCl in (V) (%) NaOH
(calculat NaOH) ... . .. _ _ . . ., ._.. _ , When the t :
laminated a the 94 35 3.60 cathode struc- outse ture of the . _ _ invention later 94 35 3.68 when the catho- . h -~ - .
de and the at t e 94 80 4.21 :.
membrane . . ~-were used in the separated 3 montlls 93 85 5.01 Example 4 . .. .
Using the same finger-type cathode-structure :. -as produced in Example 3 in pair with the same finger-type anode resulting from the coating of a titanium lath material with Ru02 and TiO2 as used in Example 3, electrolysis was carried out at a current density of 30 20 A/dm so that the average concentration of sodium chloride : .
solution within the anode compartment was 1.0 N. ~re water was not fed into the cathode compartment.
As a result, a 34% solution of sodium hydroxide :
could be recovered from the cathode compartment at a current efficiency of 92%. The cell voltage was 3.75V.
For comparison, electrolysis was carried out under the same conditions using a cation exchange membrane of the perfluoro-sulfonic acid type treated with ethylene diamine disposed betweeen the finger-type .
. ' ' .
- 35 - . ~:
~ , , ,,; . . .
anode and the same finger-type cathode shown aboveO As a result, a 34% solution of sodium hydroxide was obtained at a current efficiency of 90%O ~he cell voltage was 4.82V~ The cell voltage tended to increase with timeO
Exam~le 5 A styrene/butadiene rubber was uniformly dissolved in 20 parts of methyl methacrylate, 20 parts of styrene, 10 parts of divinylbenzene (purity 55%) and 20 parts of stearyl methacrylate, and 1%, based on the entire monomers, of benzoyl peroxide was added to form a viscous paste mixtureO
~he mixture was uniformly coated on a Vinylon (polyvinyl alcohol) woven cloth one surface of which was covered with Cellophane.
Then, the woven cloth was capped on a finger-type mesh cathode with the Cellophane-free surface placed inwardly so that it conformed to the shape of the cathode. ~he assembly was heated at 80C for 24 hours to form a polymeric film adhered firmly to the curved surface of the cathode. ~he assembly was then dipped in a 4N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide for 24 hours to produce a cathode structure in which the cation exchnage membrane was laminated.
The ion exchange membrane obtained above was found to have an electric resistance of 12 ohms-cm2 in a 0.5 N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at 25C.
Using this cathode structure, sodium chloride was electrolyzed in a three-compartment electrolytic cell. The current efficiency to obtain 6.0 N sodium ~ -hydroxide was as good as 94%. The sodium chloride ' :.
concentration, calculated on 48% NaOH, in the resulting caustic was as low as 70 ppmO
~xample 6 A monomeric mixture consisting of 28 parts of methyl vinyl ketone~ 14 parts of styrene and 3 parts of divinylbenæ~ne (purity 50%) was heated with stirring at 65C for 1 hour in the presence of azoisobutyronitrile as a pol~merization catalyst to form a viscous polymer~
~he polymer was coated uniformly on a cathode having a complex curved surface. ~he shape of the coated polymer was adjusted b~ covering a framework of polypropylene fabricated in a shape symmetrical to the cathode in a little bit larger sizeO
~he assembly was heated at 70 C for 6 hours to advance the polymerization reaction to form a polymeric membrane integrated with the cathode. ~he resulting structure was dipped in a mixture (1:2) of phosphorus trichloride and dioxane in a moisture-free condition at ~ -room temperature for about 40 hours. ~urthermore, the structure was dipped in glacial acetic acid at room temp-erature for 20 hours, and then washed thoroughly with water.
~ he resulting ion exchange membrane was ~ound to have an electric resistance of 5 ohms-cm2 in a 0.5N
aqueous solution of sodium chloride, and superior alkali resistance. ~ -Example 7 20 parts of sodium m-phenolsulfonate, 18 parts of phenol and 6 parts of formaldehyde were heated at 100C
'. " .
. . .
.
.. . .
.
for 50 minutes in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst to form a red brown viscous precondensate.
The product obtained was coated on a Vinylon woven cloth, and then bonded to a finger~type cathodeO The assembly was heated at 75 C for 30 minutes to condense the precondensate.
The resulting polymeric membrane had an electric resistance of 4 ohms-cm and an exchange capacity of 1.6 meq/g of dry membraneO
Example 8 A Teflon sheet was bonded to one outside surface of a finger-type nickel mesh used for conventional sodium chloride electrolysis, and a 0.3 mm thick sheet of a thermoplastic polymer of the following structural formula was melt-adhered to the other surfaceO
2 ~ CF2)n (C~2_ ~F )m O
bF2 CF CF
3~
~CF2CF2$02F
~he Teflon sheet was removed, and the assembly was dipped in a 5.0N aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide at 80C for 24 hours to convert-a sulfonyl fluoride group to a potassium sulfonate group. It was then dipped in nitric acid to convert the polymer to the hydrogen ion type, and further dipped in sodium hydroxide to convert it to the sodium typeO When this sheet was melt-adhered to one surface of the cathode mesh, it entered the interstices of the mesh. ~hat part of the sheet which .
- '' , ' , ' : - : ' ' ' extended to the other surface of the mesh was shaved o~f to expose the electrode. Freedom from water leakage was ascertained by applying a water pressure of 10 m (water ~- -column) from outside the mesh. Using this cathode-structure as a pair with an insoluble anode made by coating a titanium mesh with titanium oxide and ruthenium oxide, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride was electrolyzed at a current density of 20A/dm20 A 6~ ON aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was steadily obtained from the cathode.
At this time, the interelectrode voltage was 3O85V at 60C~ ~he current efficiency for the formation of sodium -hydroxide was 65%o ~he amount of sodium chloride in the 50% sodium hydroxide was 660 ppm.
Example 9 ~he cathode structure made in Example 8 in which the perfluoro polymer was of the sulfonyl fluoride type was dipped in each of the baths shown in ~able 4 for the periods indicated and the residual sulfonyl fluoride was hydrolyzed out by a usual method. Using each of the resulting structures, the same sodium chloride electrolysis as in Example 8 was performed at a temperature of 60C. The results are shown in ~able 40 -~
Table 4 Reaction Dipping Concent- Current ¦NaCl in ¦Voltage ath periods ration of effi- INaOH (ppm, between (hours) NaOH ciency calculated the obtained (%) on 500/O elec-Diiso- (N) NaOH3 trodes propyl- 2~0 600 94 250 4~02 amine _ _ DiethylloO 5~9 C4 260 4.10 . _ .
Tetra_ pentamine:
water=2400 6.2 95 230 4.12 (weight ratio) zine 1~5 5.8 93 300 4.00 _ -Propyl amine: -(weight3.0 57 88 420 3.98 ratio) . I . ~ , .
xample 10 A linear polymer having a molecular weight of about 300,000 was obtained by solution polymerization~ ~;
of p-hydroxystyrene in a customary manner. ~he polymer ~-was dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and paraformaldehyde and iminodiacetic acid were added.
The mixture was heated to bond the iminodiacetic acid to the poly(p-hydroxystyrene) and thus to form an amphoteric polyelectrolyte containing a carboxylic acid and a tertiary ~mine. The polyelectrolyte and polyvinyl alcohol in a weight ratio of 2 : 1 were dissoLved in an . ~
.: . . . , . : , .
.
10~2133 aqueous solution of ~n alkali to form a viscous aqueous solution of the polymers. A structure made by bonding a ~eflon sheet to the inside surface of a cylindrical stainless steel wire gauze (200 mesh) with a diameter of 10 cm was dipped in the polymeric solutionO It was withdrawn, air-dried, and then dipped in a bath consisting of a mixed solution of Glauber's salt, sulfuric acid and formaldehyde at 60C for 1 hour, and the ~eflon sheet was removed. Using this cathode-structure and a cylindrical graphite as an anode placed in a concentric relation~ an aqueous solution of potassium chloride was electrol-~zed on a small scale. Potassium hydroxide was obtained in a concentration of 600N from the cathode side, and the current efficiency was 96%o ~he amount of -potassium chloride in the potassium hydroxide was about 250 ppm calculated on 5~/0 KOEo ~ ~-Example 11 ~ he cathode-structure of this invention producea in Example 1 was dipped at 70C for 2 hours in a 1%
aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 1,500, and washed with water. Using the treated cathode-structure in pair with the same anode as used in Example 1, an aqueous solution of sodium chIoride was electrolyzed under the same conditions as in Example 1. 600~ sodium hydroxide was obtained steadily from the cathode. ~he current efficiency was 95%, and the cell voltage was 3.75V. ;
Separately, without using the cathode-structure of this invention, the same electrolysis was performed , :
. .
. , . ', , ~ . . ~ : ' 188~133 in an ordinary clamped-type electrolytic cell using the same perfluorosulfonic acid-type membrane treated with polyethylene oxideO 600N sodium hydroxide was obtainedO The current efficiency was 93%, and the cell volta~e was 3.90 V0 _ 42 -
~CF2CF2$02F
~he Teflon sheet was removed, and the assembly was dipped in a 5.0N aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide at 80C for 24 hours to convert-a sulfonyl fluoride group to a potassium sulfonate group. It was then dipped in nitric acid to convert the polymer to the hydrogen ion type, and further dipped in sodium hydroxide to convert it to the sodium typeO When this sheet was melt-adhered to one surface of the cathode mesh, it entered the interstices of the mesh. ~hat part of the sheet which .
- '' , ' , ' : - : ' ' ' extended to the other surface of the mesh was shaved o~f to expose the electrode. Freedom from water leakage was ascertained by applying a water pressure of 10 m (water ~- -column) from outside the mesh. Using this cathode-structure as a pair with an insoluble anode made by coating a titanium mesh with titanium oxide and ruthenium oxide, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride was electrolyzed at a current density of 20A/dm20 A 6~ ON aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was steadily obtained from the cathode.
At this time, the interelectrode voltage was 3O85V at 60C~ ~he current efficiency for the formation of sodium -hydroxide was 65%o ~he amount of sodium chloride in the 50% sodium hydroxide was 660 ppm.
Example 9 ~he cathode structure made in Example 8 in which the perfluoro polymer was of the sulfonyl fluoride type was dipped in each of the baths shown in ~able 4 for the periods indicated and the residual sulfonyl fluoride was hydrolyzed out by a usual method. Using each of the resulting structures, the same sodium chloride electrolysis as in Example 8 was performed at a temperature of 60C. The results are shown in ~able 40 -~
Table 4 Reaction Dipping Concent- Current ¦NaCl in ¦Voltage ath periods ration of effi- INaOH (ppm, between (hours) NaOH ciency calculated the obtained (%) on 500/O elec-Diiso- (N) NaOH3 trodes propyl- 2~0 600 94 250 4~02 amine _ _ DiethylloO 5~9 C4 260 4.10 . _ .
Tetra_ pentamine:
water=2400 6.2 95 230 4.12 (weight ratio) zine 1~5 5.8 93 300 4.00 _ -Propyl amine: -(weight3.0 57 88 420 3.98 ratio) . I . ~ , .
xample 10 A linear polymer having a molecular weight of about 300,000 was obtained by solution polymerization~ ~;
of p-hydroxystyrene in a customary manner. ~he polymer ~-was dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and paraformaldehyde and iminodiacetic acid were added.
The mixture was heated to bond the iminodiacetic acid to the poly(p-hydroxystyrene) and thus to form an amphoteric polyelectrolyte containing a carboxylic acid and a tertiary ~mine. The polyelectrolyte and polyvinyl alcohol in a weight ratio of 2 : 1 were dissoLved in an . ~
.: . . . , . : , .
.
10~2133 aqueous solution of ~n alkali to form a viscous aqueous solution of the polymers. A structure made by bonding a ~eflon sheet to the inside surface of a cylindrical stainless steel wire gauze (200 mesh) with a diameter of 10 cm was dipped in the polymeric solutionO It was withdrawn, air-dried, and then dipped in a bath consisting of a mixed solution of Glauber's salt, sulfuric acid and formaldehyde at 60C for 1 hour, and the ~eflon sheet was removed. Using this cathode-structure and a cylindrical graphite as an anode placed in a concentric relation~ an aqueous solution of potassium chloride was electrol-~zed on a small scale. Potassium hydroxide was obtained in a concentration of 600N from the cathode side, and the current efficiency was 96%o ~he amount of -potassium chloride in the potassium hydroxide was about 250 ppm calculated on 5~/0 KOEo ~ ~-Example 11 ~ he cathode-structure of this invention producea in Example 1 was dipped at 70C for 2 hours in a 1%
aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 1,500, and washed with water. Using the treated cathode-structure in pair with the same anode as used in Example 1, an aqueous solution of sodium chIoride was electrolyzed under the same conditions as in Example 1. 600~ sodium hydroxide was obtained steadily from the cathode. ~he current efficiency was 95%, and the cell voltage was 3.75V. ;
Separately, without using the cathode-structure of this invention, the same electrolysis was performed , :
. .
. , . ', , ~ . . ~ : ' 188~133 in an ordinary clamped-type electrolytic cell using the same perfluorosulfonic acid-type membrane treated with polyethylene oxideO 600N sodium hydroxide was obtainedO The current efficiency was 93%, and the cell volta~e was 3.90 V0 _ 42 -
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An electrode-structure for liquid-phase electrolysis comprising an electrode which includes nickel on a surface thereof and a polymer containing a cation exchange group, said polymer being laminated in the form of a film on one surface of said electrode.
2. The electrode-structure of claim 1 wherein said polymer is a fluorine-containing ion exchange resin.
3. The electrode-structure of claim 1 wherein the surface of the electrode is curved.
4. The electrode-structure of claim 1 wherein the electrode is a finger-type electrode.
5. The electrode-structure of claim 1 wherein one surface of the electrode is electrochemically inactive and the polymer is laminated in the form of a film on the inactive surface of said electrode.
6. The electrode-structure of claim 1 wherein the polymer is laminated on the electrode by melt-adhesion of the polymer.
7. The electrode-structure of claim 1 wherein the polymer is laminated by directly forming a film of the polymer on one surface of the electrode.
8. An electrolytic cell equipped with the electrode-structure of claim 1.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA260,662A CA1082133A (en) | 1976-09-07 | 1976-09-07 | Cathode-structure for electrolysis |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA260,662A CA1082133A (en) | 1976-09-07 | 1976-09-07 | Cathode-structure for electrolysis |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1082133A true CA1082133A (en) | 1980-07-22 |
Family
ID=4106801
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA260,662A Expired CA1082133A (en) | 1976-09-07 | 1976-09-07 | Cathode-structure for electrolysis |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1082133A (en) |
-
1976
- 1976-09-07 CA CA260,662A patent/CA1082133A/en not_active Expired
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