CA1079754A - Method for production of expansive cement - Google Patents
Method for production of expansive cementInfo
- Publication number
- CA1079754A CA1079754A CA280,536A CA280536A CA1079754A CA 1079754 A CA1079754 A CA 1079754A CA 280536 A CA280536 A CA 280536A CA 1079754 A CA1079754 A CA 1079754A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cement
- expansive
- expansion
- strength
- production
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Landscapes
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE:
A method for the production of cement ordinary Portland cement and an expansive admixture, wherein Portland cement and an expansive admixture containing, in weight percent based on the total weight of the cement composition, 2 to 8%
bialuminium pentahydroxychloride, 4 to 15% gypsum and, optionally, up to 7% lime are dry mixed and homogenized. According to this simple method, the expansion comes to an end at the early stage of hardening, thus resulting in volume stability and high strength.
A method for the production of cement ordinary Portland cement and an expansive admixture, wherein Portland cement and an expansive admixture containing, in weight percent based on the total weight of the cement composition, 2 to 8%
bialuminium pentahydroxychloride, 4 to 15% gypsum and, optionally, up to 7% lime are dry mixed and homogenized. According to this simple method, the expansion comes to an end at the early stage of hardening, thus resulting in volume stability and high strength.
Description
10'70'75~
This invention relates to a method for production of expansive cement on the basis of por~land cement and expansive admixture which can be applied for filling in join-ts,for floor, road and other coverings with reduced joints, for various con-structions and elements in the monolithic, prefabricated, hydro-technical and other types of building requiring higher crack and water resistance of concrete.
Various methods of expansive cement production are known, whereby the expansion is due to the increased quantity of calcium trisulphoaluminate hydrate (ettringite) contained in the cement stone. By these methods the necessary aluminate ions are obtained from aluminate cement, sulphoaluminate clinker, thermally activat-ed alunites etc., as well as from sulphoalumisilicate product (Certificate of Authorship No. 366164 of USSR).
Most oE thesc methods requi~e complicated tcchnoloyy to produce the expansive admlxtures - precise dosaye of selected raw materials, followed by crushing, yrinding and burning at high tem-perature within close tolerance of the prescribed regimes. The admixture is then added to aluminate or high quality clinker port-land cement and the admixture after thorough homogenization is ground to a certain granulimetric composition.
The imperfection of the known methods for expansive cement production is that the expansive admix-ture is prepared according to a complicated kechnology requiring selected raw mate-rials. It also requires precise dosage of the components followed by burning and grinding. Besides is the produced cement very sen-sitive to deviations of the initial raw material compositionS and of the technological parameters resulting in its expansion and strength characteristics making control and adjus-tments difficult.
Another defect results from the ~act that due to the low solubility and effectiveness of the components used to produce the aluminate ions, their quantity comes up to 10-40~ of the total ~L~7975~ ~
weight of the expansive cement. Compared to such great quantity, the expansion yielded is small.
Furthermore, -the known methods for expansive cement production call for high quality aluminates or clinker Portland cements, which together with the expansive admixture must be ground ~o certain fineness, as fluctuations of the granuli- `
metric composition have unfavorable effect on expansion.
Another de~ect of the known methods is that the cements thus produced stabilize a-t hardening their volume after 7-10 and more days, particularly cements of greater expansion.
Bearing in mind both -the great quantity of gypsum in the expansive cements (10-30~) and the low activity o~ the component produciny aluminate ions, the remaining considerable quan-tities oE free gypsum make the hardened expansive cements very vuln~rable to out~r inEluences and volume instab.ility, reduction of i-ts strength and cause cracking.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for the production of an expansive cement composition rom ordinary Portland cement and an expansive admixture of a simplified technology whereby its expansion comes to an end at the early s-tage of hardening resultin~ in volume stability and high strength with the passage oE time.
This object is achieved, :in accordance with the invention~ by~dry mixing an~ homogenizing Portland cement and - an expansive admixture containing, in percent based on the total weight of the cement composition, 2 to 8% bialuminium penta-hydroxychloride hydrate, 4 to 15% gypsum and, optionally, up to 7% lime.
The bialuminium pentahydroxychloride (A12OH5C12.5H2O) is a source of aluminate ions, necessary for the formation of an increased quantity of ettringite. It solves well (more than 50%) and has a high content of active bialuminium tri.oxide .
~about 46%), has low content of chlorine (about 16%) and is not , ' .
. : .
~0~797~
hygroscopic. The lime component is not obligatory, depending on the desire to have greater expansion and lower s-trength (no lime) or less expansion and greater strength (lime added).
When using portland cement of greater activity (mark "450") the expansion is less and the strength higher, while when using portland cement of lower activity (mark "3';0" and "250") the expansion is greater and the strength lower.
The mixing of the components can be effected either at grinding of the portland cement or after grinding of the components of the expansive cement bu-t in a way providing complete homogenization. At dry mixing the ettringi-te forms in the already started process of cement hardening which causes expansion of the cement stone. If the admixture is added beEorehand to the water for the cement mix, the ettrin~ite ~orms at the very beginniny oE cement binding whereby eXpAnSiOn is about 10 times smaller or does not result at all.
An advantage of this inven-tion is that the methods for expansive cement production is of simplified technology whereby the operations of grinding and burning of the expansive admixture raw materials are not required any more. As the content of active (soluble) bialuminium trioxide in the aluminium salt is constant, the quantity o~ -the ettringite and the resulting expansion can be regulated and controlled with precision, and hence the strength of the cement.
Another advantage is that because of the high solubi-lity and effectiveness of the aluminium salt as source of aluminate ions, its content is 2 to 8~ of the total weight of the expansive cement.
Furthermore, the production of the expansive cement is based on ordinary portland cement without specific require-ments for its composition and grain size .
~07~75~
, An additional advantage is that stabiliza-tion of the cement stone respectively of its volume occurs a-fter l to 2 days and remains steady with the passage o time preserv-ing its high strength. The gypsum in the cement stone binds practically completely, i.e., no ~ree gypsum remains and none of the defects caused by it are to be observed.
The invention is elucidated in detail with the following example.
EXAMPLE
The expansive cements are based on portland cements of marks "450", "350" (pure clinker), "350" and "250". The components of the expansive admixture - crystalline bialuminium pentahydroxychloride, gypsum semihydrate and hydrated lime -are homogenized with the por-tland cemen-t in a periodic action ball mill for 15-20 minutes. The expansive c~ments thus produced are mixed with ~uartz sand in a ratio cement:sand =
1:3 and water/cement ratio 0.5. Demolding takes place after 6-8 hours, after which the hardening proceeds further in the open air or under water. The semi-sand mortar, as well as ~;
the cement stone expand in the very l and 2 days, preserv.ing their volume with the passage of time (90, 180 and more days).
Table I shows the ~ree expansion of the cement-sand mortar (4/4/16 cm prisms) with water/cement ratio o 0.5 and its strength a~t various ways o hardening.
Table II contains date of cement stone with a water/cement ratio of 0.33 and the same size of the test samples. Table III refers to restrained expansion and strength o cement-sand mortar with water/cement ratio of 0.5.
~LO~975'1 .
TABLE I - Fre~ expansion and strength of cemen-t-sand mortar with ratio cement/sand = 1/3 and water/cement = 0.5 of expansive cements Composition of Expansion ~ Flexural Compressive expansive cements Strength Strength in weight % kgf/cm kg~/cm2 .
~ day 3 28 1 28 1 28 (16-18 days days day days day days hours) .
Mark "450" - hardening under water 88C+3A+6G+3W 0.07 0.07 0.07 31 74 166 502 91C+3A+6G 0.09 0.10 0.10 26 73 148 514 82C+4,5A+9G+4,5W 0.2g 0.31 0.31 28 68 19~ 469 76C+6A+12Gi6W 0.89 0.91 0.92 10 37 92 284 Mark "450" - hardening in the open air 82C+4,5A+9G~4,5W 0.05 0.03 0.01 - 83 - 464 76C+6A+12G+6W 0.13 0.12 0.09 - 87 - 491 Mark "350" (cllnker) - hardcning under water 88C~3~6G~3W 0.50 0.73 0.73 12 66 53 ~10 82C~4,6A~9G-~,5W 1.59 1.98 1.98 6 37 30 209 76C~6A~J.2G-~6W ~ L 4.11 4.11 - 18 10 86 Mark "350" (clinker) hardening in the open air 82C+4,5A+9G+4,5W 0.32 0,30 0.27 21 55 92 332 76C+6A+12G+6W 0.50 0.46 0.44 25 54 122 313 Mark "350" - hardening under water ;
88C+3A+6G+3W 0.33 0.36 0.3612 69 58 392 82C+4,5A+9G+4,5W 1.19 1.19 1.20 11 38 48 236 76C+6A+12G+6W 1.84 2.21 2.21 6 28 29 190 Mark "250" - hardening under water 88C~3A+6G-~3W 1.28 1.56 1.56 5 58 16 291 91C-~3A-~6G 3.40 3.~3 3.44 - 19 6 136 Mark "250" - hardenin~ in the open air 88C~3A-~6G-~3W ~ 0.14 0.180.14 - 55 - 267 91C+3A+6G 0.37 0.340.29 - 51 - 264 -- . .
:. :
- ::
Note: Abbreviations in the Tables:
C - Portland cement A - A12(0H)5Cl 2 5H2 G - CaSO4Ø5H2O
W - Ca(OH)2 ~7975~
T~BLE II - Free expansion and strength of cementstone with water/cement ratio of 0.33 of expansive cements Composition Expansion ~ Flexural Compressive expansive cements Strength Strength in weight % kgf/cm2 kgf/cm2 .
1 day 3 28 1 28 1 28 18 days days day days day days hours Mark "450" - hardening under wa-ter 88C+3A~6G+3W 0~31 0.42 0~44 44 84168 818 91C~3A+6G 0.44 0.49 0.52 42 93170 808 82C+4,5A+9G~4,5W 0.43 1.20 1.26 45 30 182 795 Mark ''350" - hardenlng under water 82C+4,5A+9G+4,5W 1.44 15.06 15.06 12 13 37 98 86,5C+4,5A+9G 15.90 15.94 15.94 - 6 - 65 Mark "250" - hardenina under water ., 88C~3A+6G+3W 3.82 5.96 6.09 6 66 22 389 91C-~3A+6G 7.49 9.89 9.90 - 41 7 218 Mark "250" - h~rdcnincJ in ~he op~n air 88C-~3~6G-~3W 0.~9 0.66 0.49 - 37 - 438 91C-~3A~6G 1-11 1.58 1.35 - 50 - 393 , ABLE III - Restrained expansion and strength of cement-sand mortar with cement/sand ratio of 1:3 and water/
cement ratio of 0.5 of expansive cements Composition Expansion % Flexural Compressive of expansive Strength Strength cements ~ kgf/cm kgf/cm2 s~eel % from 1 3 28 1 28 1 28 section (RS~) day days days day days day days Mark "450" - hardening under water 76C+6A+12G+6W -RS 0,20% 0.22 0.23 0.23 15 62 115 375 RS 0,44% 0.10 0.12 0~12 19 74 129 406 RS 1,23% 0.14 0.04 0.04 23 66 136 384 Mark "350" - hardenin~ under water 82C+4,SA+9G+4,5W
RS 0,44~ 0-07 0.08 0.08 14 63 63 282
This invention relates to a method for production of expansive cement on the basis of por~land cement and expansive admixture which can be applied for filling in join-ts,for floor, road and other coverings with reduced joints, for various con-structions and elements in the monolithic, prefabricated, hydro-technical and other types of building requiring higher crack and water resistance of concrete.
Various methods of expansive cement production are known, whereby the expansion is due to the increased quantity of calcium trisulphoaluminate hydrate (ettringite) contained in the cement stone. By these methods the necessary aluminate ions are obtained from aluminate cement, sulphoaluminate clinker, thermally activat-ed alunites etc., as well as from sulphoalumisilicate product (Certificate of Authorship No. 366164 of USSR).
Most oE thesc methods requi~e complicated tcchnoloyy to produce the expansive admlxtures - precise dosaye of selected raw materials, followed by crushing, yrinding and burning at high tem-perature within close tolerance of the prescribed regimes. The admixture is then added to aluminate or high quality clinker port-land cement and the admixture after thorough homogenization is ground to a certain granulimetric composition.
The imperfection of the known methods for expansive cement production is that the expansive admix-ture is prepared according to a complicated kechnology requiring selected raw mate-rials. It also requires precise dosage of the components followed by burning and grinding. Besides is the produced cement very sen-sitive to deviations of the initial raw material compositionS and of the technological parameters resulting in its expansion and strength characteristics making control and adjus-tments difficult.
Another defect results from the ~act that due to the low solubility and effectiveness of the components used to produce the aluminate ions, their quantity comes up to 10-40~ of the total ~L~7975~ ~
weight of the expansive cement. Compared to such great quantity, the expansion yielded is small.
Furthermore, -the known methods for expansive cement production call for high quality aluminates or clinker Portland cements, which together with the expansive admixture must be ground ~o certain fineness, as fluctuations of the granuli- `
metric composition have unfavorable effect on expansion.
Another de~ect of the known methods is that the cements thus produced stabilize a-t hardening their volume after 7-10 and more days, particularly cements of greater expansion.
Bearing in mind both -the great quantity of gypsum in the expansive cements (10-30~) and the low activity o~ the component produciny aluminate ions, the remaining considerable quan-tities oE free gypsum make the hardened expansive cements very vuln~rable to out~r inEluences and volume instab.ility, reduction of i-ts strength and cause cracking.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for the production of an expansive cement composition rom ordinary Portland cement and an expansive admixture of a simplified technology whereby its expansion comes to an end at the early s-tage of hardening resultin~ in volume stability and high strength with the passage oE time.
This object is achieved, :in accordance with the invention~ by~dry mixing an~ homogenizing Portland cement and - an expansive admixture containing, in percent based on the total weight of the cement composition, 2 to 8% bialuminium penta-hydroxychloride hydrate, 4 to 15% gypsum and, optionally, up to 7% lime.
The bialuminium pentahydroxychloride (A12OH5C12.5H2O) is a source of aluminate ions, necessary for the formation of an increased quantity of ettringite. It solves well (more than 50%) and has a high content of active bialuminium tri.oxide .
~about 46%), has low content of chlorine (about 16%) and is not , ' .
. : .
~0~797~
hygroscopic. The lime component is not obligatory, depending on the desire to have greater expansion and lower s-trength (no lime) or less expansion and greater strength (lime added).
When using portland cement of greater activity (mark "450") the expansion is less and the strength higher, while when using portland cement of lower activity (mark "3';0" and "250") the expansion is greater and the strength lower.
The mixing of the components can be effected either at grinding of the portland cement or after grinding of the components of the expansive cement bu-t in a way providing complete homogenization. At dry mixing the ettringi-te forms in the already started process of cement hardening which causes expansion of the cement stone. If the admixture is added beEorehand to the water for the cement mix, the ettrin~ite ~orms at the very beginniny oE cement binding whereby eXpAnSiOn is about 10 times smaller or does not result at all.
An advantage of this inven-tion is that the methods for expansive cement production is of simplified technology whereby the operations of grinding and burning of the expansive admixture raw materials are not required any more. As the content of active (soluble) bialuminium trioxide in the aluminium salt is constant, the quantity o~ -the ettringite and the resulting expansion can be regulated and controlled with precision, and hence the strength of the cement.
Another advantage is that because of the high solubi-lity and effectiveness of the aluminium salt as source of aluminate ions, its content is 2 to 8~ of the total weight of the expansive cement.
Furthermore, the production of the expansive cement is based on ordinary portland cement without specific require-ments for its composition and grain size .
~07~75~
, An additional advantage is that stabiliza-tion of the cement stone respectively of its volume occurs a-fter l to 2 days and remains steady with the passage o time preserv-ing its high strength. The gypsum in the cement stone binds practically completely, i.e., no ~ree gypsum remains and none of the defects caused by it are to be observed.
The invention is elucidated in detail with the following example.
EXAMPLE
The expansive cements are based on portland cements of marks "450", "350" (pure clinker), "350" and "250". The components of the expansive admixture - crystalline bialuminium pentahydroxychloride, gypsum semihydrate and hydrated lime -are homogenized with the por-tland cemen-t in a periodic action ball mill for 15-20 minutes. The expansive c~ments thus produced are mixed with ~uartz sand in a ratio cement:sand =
1:3 and water/cement ratio 0.5. Demolding takes place after 6-8 hours, after which the hardening proceeds further in the open air or under water. The semi-sand mortar, as well as ~;
the cement stone expand in the very l and 2 days, preserv.ing their volume with the passage of time (90, 180 and more days).
Table I shows the ~ree expansion of the cement-sand mortar (4/4/16 cm prisms) with water/cement ratio o 0.5 and its strength a~t various ways o hardening.
Table II contains date of cement stone with a water/cement ratio of 0.33 and the same size of the test samples. Table III refers to restrained expansion and strength o cement-sand mortar with water/cement ratio of 0.5.
~LO~975'1 .
TABLE I - Fre~ expansion and strength of cemen-t-sand mortar with ratio cement/sand = 1/3 and water/cement = 0.5 of expansive cements Composition of Expansion ~ Flexural Compressive expansive cements Strength Strength in weight % kgf/cm kg~/cm2 .
~ day 3 28 1 28 1 28 (16-18 days days day days day days hours) .
Mark "450" - hardening under water 88C+3A+6G+3W 0.07 0.07 0.07 31 74 166 502 91C+3A+6G 0.09 0.10 0.10 26 73 148 514 82C+4,5A+9G+4,5W 0.2g 0.31 0.31 28 68 19~ 469 76C+6A+12Gi6W 0.89 0.91 0.92 10 37 92 284 Mark "450" - hardening in the open air 82C+4,5A+9G~4,5W 0.05 0.03 0.01 - 83 - 464 76C+6A+12G+6W 0.13 0.12 0.09 - 87 - 491 Mark "350" (cllnker) - hardcning under water 88C~3~6G~3W 0.50 0.73 0.73 12 66 53 ~10 82C~4,6A~9G-~,5W 1.59 1.98 1.98 6 37 30 209 76C~6A~J.2G-~6W ~ L 4.11 4.11 - 18 10 86 Mark "350" (clinker) hardening in the open air 82C+4,5A+9G+4,5W 0.32 0,30 0.27 21 55 92 332 76C+6A+12G+6W 0.50 0.46 0.44 25 54 122 313 Mark "350" - hardening under water ;
88C+3A+6G+3W 0.33 0.36 0.3612 69 58 392 82C+4,5A+9G+4,5W 1.19 1.19 1.20 11 38 48 236 76C+6A+12G+6W 1.84 2.21 2.21 6 28 29 190 Mark "250" - hardening under water 88C~3A+6G-~3W 1.28 1.56 1.56 5 58 16 291 91C-~3A-~6G 3.40 3.~3 3.44 - 19 6 136 Mark "250" - hardenin~ in the open air 88C~3A-~6G-~3W ~ 0.14 0.180.14 - 55 - 267 91C+3A+6G 0.37 0.340.29 - 51 - 264 -- . .
:. :
- ::
Note: Abbreviations in the Tables:
C - Portland cement A - A12(0H)5Cl 2 5H2 G - CaSO4Ø5H2O
W - Ca(OH)2 ~7975~
T~BLE II - Free expansion and strength of cementstone with water/cement ratio of 0.33 of expansive cements Composition Expansion ~ Flexural Compressive expansive cements Strength Strength in weight % kgf/cm2 kgf/cm2 .
1 day 3 28 1 28 1 28 18 days days day days day days hours Mark "450" - hardening under wa-ter 88C+3A~6G+3W 0~31 0.42 0~44 44 84168 818 91C~3A+6G 0.44 0.49 0.52 42 93170 808 82C+4,5A+9G~4,5W 0.43 1.20 1.26 45 30 182 795 Mark ''350" - hardenlng under water 82C+4,5A+9G+4,5W 1.44 15.06 15.06 12 13 37 98 86,5C+4,5A+9G 15.90 15.94 15.94 - 6 - 65 Mark "250" - hardenina under water ., 88C~3A+6G+3W 3.82 5.96 6.09 6 66 22 389 91C-~3A+6G 7.49 9.89 9.90 - 41 7 218 Mark "250" - h~rdcnincJ in ~he op~n air 88C-~3~6G-~3W 0.~9 0.66 0.49 - 37 - 438 91C-~3A~6G 1-11 1.58 1.35 - 50 - 393 , ABLE III - Restrained expansion and strength of cement-sand mortar with cement/sand ratio of 1:3 and water/
cement ratio of 0.5 of expansive cements Composition Expansion % Flexural Compressive of expansive Strength Strength cements ~ kgf/cm kgf/cm2 s~eel % from 1 3 28 1 28 1 28 section (RS~) day days days day days day days Mark "450" - hardening under water 76C+6A+12G+6W -RS 0,20% 0.22 0.23 0.23 15 62 115 375 RS 0,44% 0.10 0.12 0~12 19 74 129 406 RS 1,23% 0.14 0.04 0.04 23 66 136 384 Mark "350" - hardenin~ under water 82C+4,SA+9G+4,5W
RS 0,44~ 0-07 0.08 0.08 14 63 63 282
Claims (2)
1. A method for the production of an expansive cement composition from Portland cement and an expansive admixture, which comprises dry mixing and homogenizing Portland cement and an expansive admixture containing, in weight percent based on the total weight of the cement composition, 2 to 8% bialuminium pentahydroxychloride and 4 to 15% gypsum.
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the expansive admixture further contains up to 7% lime.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA280,536A CA1079754A (en) | 1977-06-14 | 1977-06-14 | Method for production of expansive cement |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA280,536A CA1079754A (en) | 1977-06-14 | 1977-06-14 | Method for production of expansive cement |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1079754A true CA1079754A (en) | 1980-06-17 |
Family
ID=4108885
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA280,536A Expired CA1079754A (en) | 1977-06-14 | 1977-06-14 | Method for production of expansive cement |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1079754A (en) |
-
1977
- 1977-06-14 CA CA280,536A patent/CA1079754A/en not_active Expired
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Blezard | The history of calcareous cements | |
| Shannag et al. | Properties of pastes, mortars and concretes containing natural pozzolan | |
| Hawkins et al. | The use of limestone in Portland cement: a state-of-the-art review | |
| KR0150209B1 (en) | Enhanced blended and portland cement compositions | |
| Elkhadiri et al. | Mechanical behaviour of various mortars made by combined fly ash and limestone in Moroccan Portland cement | |
| Ismail et al. | Effect of rice husk ash on high strength concrete | |
| US6695910B2 (en) | Sulfoaluminous clinker without iron and without free lime, its process of preparation and its use in white binders | |
| EP1719742B2 (en) | Hydraulic binder | |
| US20030233962A1 (en) | Pozzolan modified portland cement compositions and admixtures therefor | |
| JP2018172948A (en) | Cement milk for semiflexible paving material, manufacturing method for the same, and construction method for semiflexible paving material | |
| Robalo et al. | Enhanced mechanical and durability performances of low cement concrete with natural pozzolan addition | |
| KR100498760B1 (en) | An expanding agent, a self-stressing cement mixed with an expanding agent, and a method for allowing self-stress to cement | |
| Al-Khaiat et al. | Long-term strength development of concrete in arid conditions | |
| US4076546A (en) | Method for production of expansive cement | |
| WO2020203490A1 (en) | Cement composition and method for producing cement composition | |
| JP4982332B2 (en) | Quick-hardening cement composition admixture, quick-hardening cement composition containing the same, quick-hardening cement kneaded material and spraying material | |
| EP0063232A1 (en) | Self-levelling mortar composition | |
| CA1079754A (en) | Method for production of expansive cement | |
| DE3726903A1 (en) | Self-levelling, hydraulically curing castable flooring based on blast furnace slag | |
| KR0120942B1 (en) | Process for the preparation of concrete | |
| JP2006016543A (en) | Grouting material | |
| Chowdhury et al. | Strength-cementitious material-water relationship for proportioning of fly ash-based concrete | |
| JP2005060154A (en) | Quick-hardening material and quick-hardening cement composition | |
| CA1279332C (en) | Volume-stable hardened hyraulic cement | |
| Al-Anbori et al. | Some mechanical properties of concrete by using manufactured blended cement with grinded local rocks |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |