CA1069404A - Solar collector - Google Patents
Solar collectorInfo
- Publication number
- CA1069404A CA1069404A CA255,546A CA255546A CA1069404A CA 1069404 A CA1069404 A CA 1069404A CA 255546 A CA255546 A CA 255546A CA 1069404 A CA1069404 A CA 1069404A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- solar energy
- fluid conduit
- energy collector
- conduit means
- disposed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N alstonine Natural products C1=CC2=C3C=CC=CC3=NC2=C2N1C[C@H]1[C@H](C)OC=C(C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C2 WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011494 foam glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001505295 Eros Species 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A solar energy collector for heating liquids such as water through absorption of the sun's energy. The solar energy collector comprising an enclosure structured to operatively house at least a pair of serpentine fluid conduits disposed in substantially parallel relationship relative to each other. The enclosure comprises a frame configured to operatively support a substantially transparent medium in parallel spaced relation relative to the pair of serpentine fluid conduits to intensify the sun's rays and a reflective back member in parallel spaced relation relative to the pair of serpentine fluid conduits on the opposite side from the substantially transparent medium.
A solar energy collector for heating liquids such as water through absorption of the sun's energy. The solar energy collector comprising an enclosure structured to operatively house at least a pair of serpentine fluid conduits disposed in substantially parallel relationship relative to each other. The enclosure comprises a frame configured to operatively support a substantially transparent medium in parallel spaced relation relative to the pair of serpentine fluid conduits to intensify the sun's rays and a reflective back member in parallel spaced relation relative to the pair of serpentine fluid conduits on the opposite side from the substantially transparent medium.
Description
B ~'KGROUND OF TIIE INVF:NTION
Fleld of -the Invention A solar energy collector for heating liquids such as wa~er through absorption of the sun's energy.
Description_of the Prior Art .
Over the years numerous e~forts have been made to harness solar energy into a useful state. Such efforts include con-verting solar energy into heating systems through isolar stoves, furnaces and the like. Unfortunately many are typified by ex-tremely large collector plates and large storage tanks Eor storing the liquid heated by collector plates. Unfortunately due to inefficiences there is an excessive heat loss w}len transferring -- . ;
~ the solar heat from the collector to the storage tank. Further-l more, due to siæe, these systems have not been capable of being -~
; easily installed in existing building struc-tures.
Generally solar energy collectors intercept sunli~ht perpen-dicular to the direction of the sun. To enhance energy absorp-I tion eleborate systems have been devised to track the sun by changing position during the day. This requires a driving mechanifim which makes the construction expensive with attendant operatlonal malfunctions. Flat-plate collectors, on ~hè other handt have not in the past generally produced high enough ,""tj,.~ t~ temperatures, to be useful-for the more desirable applicr~tions.
.: ' ~ . ' , ` ` ''' ' .
.~ ' ~ ', .
', . `
,, . ~ ` .
' ' Another Eorm of collector comprises a shallow chamber havinq the interior surface with a black coating, to absorb the sunlight passing through a transparent wall or cover. The con-ventional plate collector employs a transparent fluid such as air to be circulated through the chamber to transfer heat. ~he transparent cover reduced -the lo~s of heat by radiation and con-vection. Thus the temperature of the fluid i5 raised as it traverses the collector.
As expected the hi~h temperclture prevailing at the black interior surface of tlle collector res~lts in appreciable loss of heat by conduction through the back or bot~om of the collector chamber despite the insulation. ~s a result it has not been possible to heat the air stream traversing a collector to nearly as high a temperature for any ~iven flow rate per unit area as would be theoretically possible.
It is thus apparent that prior efforts have failed to combine the necessary structural elements to provide a highly efficient yet relatively inexpensive solar collector.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a solar energy collector.
More specifically the solar energy collec-tor comprises an enclo-sure structured to operatively house at least a pair of serpentine fluid conduits disposed in substantially parallel relation to each other.
The enclosure comprises a frame including ~n inner and outer frame member exten~ing about the perip}lery of thc solar collector to support the serpentine fluid conduits in parallel spaced relationship relative to a substantially transparent medium comprises magnifying pane having an inner smooth surface and an outer irregular surface to intercept the sun's rays. Disposed between the serpentine ~luid conduits and -the reflective back member is a substantially rigid water proof insula-tion means.
Alternately the insulator means may comprise foam glass insulation or the like.
In operation, the solar collector is coupled to an external fluid storage tank or reservoir by means of a pump~ When mounted to receive the sun's rays, fluid is pumped through the serpentine conduit. The combination of the substantially transparent medium and reflective back member raise the temperature significantly within the air space or heat transfer chamber to heat fluids as it passes through the serpentine conduits. Through the use of the parallel conduits it is possible to provide over thirty five square feet of heat transfer surfaces within a thrity four square solar collector. Thus an essentially simple, efficient .
collect is provided. f The invention accordingly comprises the features of con-struction, combination of elements, and arrangement of parts which will be exemplified in the construction hereinafter~set forth, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TIIE DRAWINGS
_ _ For a fuller understanding of the nature and objeets oE the invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in conneetion with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a top view of a solar collector.
FIG. 2 is a cross-seetional end view of the solar colleetor taken along line 2 - 2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a eross-seetional end view oE intermedia-te eross member taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 1.
Similar reference charaeters refer to similar parts through-out the several views oE the drawings.
t .
,'' ' ,, s -, :
__~__ "~
DETAI~ED ~13SCRI~TION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
As shown in Figures 1 an~ 2 the present invention relates to a solar collector generally indicated as 10. As described more fully hereinater, the solar collector 10 comprises an enclosure generally indicated as 12 confi~ured to operatlvely house a fluid conduit means generally indicated as 14, As shown the enclosure 12 comprises a frame including an inner and outer frame members 16 and 18 respectively together with a plurality of intermediate members 20. The enclosure 12 further in~ludes a substantially transparent medium 22 and reflective bac~ member 24 held in substantially parallel relationship by the frame members 16, 18 and 20 as more fully described hereina~ter. It should be noted that outside frame 18 is secured to inner frame 16 by fastening means 51. The inner member 16 comprises upper and lower substantially parallel coupling elements 26 and 28 respectively disposed i~ spaced relation relative to each other on the outside of interconnecting element 30. Disposed on the opposite side or inside of the inter-connecting element 30 are upper and lower substantially parallel support elements 32 and 34 respectively in spaced relation relative to each other. It should be noted that the lower support element 34 extends inwardly substantially ~urther than the upper support element 32~ The outer frame member 18 comprises upper and lower ~ ;
substantially parallel coupling elements 36 and 38 respectively disposed in spaced relation relative to each other on inter-connecting~-element 40. As best shown in Fig. 2, the relative distance between the upper and lower elemen~s`36 and 38 is -~ -sufficiently greater than the distance between the upper and lower elements 26 and 2B to permit the lntermediate member 20 and 0 the substantially transparent medium 22 to be press fitted -6~
. ~
betwe~n the upper supp~r~ element 32 and the upper ~lement 36 when the solar collector 10 is operatively assembled. Element 21 is a dead air space between the substantially transparent medium 22 and a second medium 23 thus forming a transparent thermo-pane, As best shown in Fig. 3 each of the plurality of inter-mediate member 20 comprises upper and lower elements 41 and 42 respectively held in fixed spaced substantially parallel xelation relative to each other by interconnecting element 44.
The substantially transparent medium 22 comprises a plurality`of magnifyin~ panes each indicated as 46, Each magnifying pane 46 comprises smooth inner surface 47 and a beaded or ridged outer surface 49 disposed to uniquely intercept the sun's rays at angles inclined A as well as perpendicular B
thereto. Thus the sun's rays are effectively absor~ed by the solar collector 10 during the early and late day light hours as well as during mid-day. It should be noted that the spacing between upper and lower elements 41 and 42 is such as to receive the edge of the panes 46 to securely interconnect adjacent panes 46. The reflective back member 24 is supported by lower coupling 20,- element 38/lsecur;ed to inner support 28 by fastening means 25. The reflective back member 24 may comprise any silver coating or the like on the inner surface 45 thereof.
As best shown in FigO 1, the fluid conduit means 14 comprises at least a pair of serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50 disposed in substantially parallel relation relative to each otherO The serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50 are coupled to an external fluid storage tank or reservoir by means of a pump (neither shown) through inlet and outlet ports 52 and 54 respectively~ The parallel circuiting of the serpentine ~luid conduits 48 and 50 reduce the radius of curvature to minimize friction and flow ~, . . . .
pressure~ while maximizing the area of heat transfer surface.
The serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50 (circular in cross-section) are operatively supported by a plurality o~ support members 56 securely attached to lower support element 34 by fastening means 58. Further the serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50 are coated with a non-reflective coating to enhance heat transfer.
Disposed between the support members 56 and the reflective back member 24 is a substantially riyid water-proof insuiation means 60. Of course, the insulation means60 may comprise foam glass insulation or the like. A heat transfer chamber 62 is thus cooperatively formed between the transparent medium 22 and the insulation means 60.
In operation, the solar collector lO is coupled to an external fluid storage tank or reservoir (not shown) by means of a pump (not shown) through parts 52 and 54. When mounted to receive the sun's rays A and B, fluid is pumped through the serpentine fluid conduit 48 and 50. The combination of the substantially transparent medium 22 and reflective back . .;.,.:: -membex 24 raise the temperature significantly within the heattransfer chamber 62 to heat the fluid as it passed through the serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50. Through the use of the parallel conduits it is possible to provide over thirty five square feet of heat transfer surfaces within a thirty four square foot solar collector. As a result it is possible to generate a flow rate of up to 8 gallons per minute in contrast to 3 to 4 gallons per minute typically expected. Thus the -.
essentially simple, highly efficient collector is provided.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description~ are efficiently attained, and since certain cha~ges may be made in carrying out the above method and article without departing ~om the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter con-tained in the above description shall be interpreted as illus~ra-tive and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all the generic and speci~ic ~eatures of the invention herei~ descri~ed, and all:~atements-~of~he SCOpE of the invention~ which, as a matter of language 9 might be said to fall therebetweenO
Now that the invention has been described.
~,
Fleld of -the Invention A solar energy collector for heating liquids such as wa~er through absorption of the sun's energy.
Description_of the Prior Art .
Over the years numerous e~forts have been made to harness solar energy into a useful state. Such efforts include con-verting solar energy into heating systems through isolar stoves, furnaces and the like. Unfortunately many are typified by ex-tremely large collector plates and large storage tanks Eor storing the liquid heated by collector plates. Unfortunately due to inefficiences there is an excessive heat loss w}len transferring -- . ;
~ the solar heat from the collector to the storage tank. Further-l more, due to siæe, these systems have not been capable of being -~
; easily installed in existing building struc-tures.
Generally solar energy collectors intercept sunli~ht perpen-dicular to the direction of the sun. To enhance energy absorp-I tion eleborate systems have been devised to track the sun by changing position during the day. This requires a driving mechanifim which makes the construction expensive with attendant operatlonal malfunctions. Flat-plate collectors, on ~hè other handt have not in the past generally produced high enough ,""tj,.~ t~ temperatures, to be useful-for the more desirable applicr~tions.
.: ' ~ . ' , ` ` ''' ' .
.~ ' ~ ', .
', . `
,, . ~ ` .
' ' Another Eorm of collector comprises a shallow chamber havinq the interior surface with a black coating, to absorb the sunlight passing through a transparent wall or cover. The con-ventional plate collector employs a transparent fluid such as air to be circulated through the chamber to transfer heat. ~he transparent cover reduced -the lo~s of heat by radiation and con-vection. Thus the temperature of the fluid i5 raised as it traverses the collector.
As expected the hi~h temperclture prevailing at the black interior surface of tlle collector res~lts in appreciable loss of heat by conduction through the back or bot~om of the collector chamber despite the insulation. ~s a result it has not been possible to heat the air stream traversing a collector to nearly as high a temperature for any ~iven flow rate per unit area as would be theoretically possible.
It is thus apparent that prior efforts have failed to combine the necessary structural elements to provide a highly efficient yet relatively inexpensive solar collector.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a solar energy collector.
More specifically the solar energy collec-tor comprises an enclo-sure structured to operatively house at least a pair of serpentine fluid conduits disposed in substantially parallel relation to each other.
The enclosure comprises a frame including ~n inner and outer frame member exten~ing about the perip}lery of thc solar collector to support the serpentine fluid conduits in parallel spaced relationship relative to a substantially transparent medium comprises magnifying pane having an inner smooth surface and an outer irregular surface to intercept the sun's rays. Disposed between the serpentine ~luid conduits and -the reflective back member is a substantially rigid water proof insula-tion means.
Alternately the insulator means may comprise foam glass insulation or the like.
In operation, the solar collector is coupled to an external fluid storage tank or reservoir by means of a pump~ When mounted to receive the sun's rays, fluid is pumped through the serpentine conduit. The combination of the substantially transparent medium and reflective back member raise the temperature significantly within the air space or heat transfer chamber to heat fluids as it passes through the serpentine conduits. Through the use of the parallel conduits it is possible to provide over thirty five square feet of heat transfer surfaces within a thrity four square solar collector. Thus an essentially simple, efficient .
collect is provided. f The invention accordingly comprises the features of con-struction, combination of elements, and arrangement of parts which will be exemplified in the construction hereinafter~set forth, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TIIE DRAWINGS
_ _ For a fuller understanding of the nature and objeets oE the invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in conneetion with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a top view of a solar collector.
FIG. 2 is a cross-seetional end view of the solar colleetor taken along line 2 - 2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a eross-seetional end view oE intermedia-te eross member taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 1.
Similar reference charaeters refer to similar parts through-out the several views oE the drawings.
t .
,'' ' ,, s -, :
__~__ "~
DETAI~ED ~13SCRI~TION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
As shown in Figures 1 an~ 2 the present invention relates to a solar collector generally indicated as 10. As described more fully hereinater, the solar collector 10 comprises an enclosure generally indicated as 12 confi~ured to operatlvely house a fluid conduit means generally indicated as 14, As shown the enclosure 12 comprises a frame including an inner and outer frame members 16 and 18 respectively together with a plurality of intermediate members 20. The enclosure 12 further in~ludes a substantially transparent medium 22 and reflective bac~ member 24 held in substantially parallel relationship by the frame members 16, 18 and 20 as more fully described hereina~ter. It should be noted that outside frame 18 is secured to inner frame 16 by fastening means 51. The inner member 16 comprises upper and lower substantially parallel coupling elements 26 and 28 respectively disposed i~ spaced relation relative to each other on the outside of interconnecting element 30. Disposed on the opposite side or inside of the inter-connecting element 30 are upper and lower substantially parallel support elements 32 and 34 respectively in spaced relation relative to each other. It should be noted that the lower support element 34 extends inwardly substantially ~urther than the upper support element 32~ The outer frame member 18 comprises upper and lower ~ ;
substantially parallel coupling elements 36 and 38 respectively disposed in spaced relation relative to each other on inter-connecting~-element 40. As best shown in Fig. 2, the relative distance between the upper and lower elemen~s`36 and 38 is -~ -sufficiently greater than the distance between the upper and lower elements 26 and 2B to permit the lntermediate member 20 and 0 the substantially transparent medium 22 to be press fitted -6~
. ~
betwe~n the upper supp~r~ element 32 and the upper ~lement 36 when the solar collector 10 is operatively assembled. Element 21 is a dead air space between the substantially transparent medium 22 and a second medium 23 thus forming a transparent thermo-pane, As best shown in Fig. 3 each of the plurality of inter-mediate member 20 comprises upper and lower elements 41 and 42 respectively held in fixed spaced substantially parallel xelation relative to each other by interconnecting element 44.
The substantially transparent medium 22 comprises a plurality`of magnifyin~ panes each indicated as 46, Each magnifying pane 46 comprises smooth inner surface 47 and a beaded or ridged outer surface 49 disposed to uniquely intercept the sun's rays at angles inclined A as well as perpendicular B
thereto. Thus the sun's rays are effectively absor~ed by the solar collector 10 during the early and late day light hours as well as during mid-day. It should be noted that the spacing between upper and lower elements 41 and 42 is such as to receive the edge of the panes 46 to securely interconnect adjacent panes 46. The reflective back member 24 is supported by lower coupling 20,- element 38/lsecur;ed to inner support 28 by fastening means 25. The reflective back member 24 may comprise any silver coating or the like on the inner surface 45 thereof.
As best shown in FigO 1, the fluid conduit means 14 comprises at least a pair of serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50 disposed in substantially parallel relation relative to each otherO The serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50 are coupled to an external fluid storage tank or reservoir by means of a pump (neither shown) through inlet and outlet ports 52 and 54 respectively~ The parallel circuiting of the serpentine ~luid conduits 48 and 50 reduce the radius of curvature to minimize friction and flow ~, . . . .
pressure~ while maximizing the area of heat transfer surface.
The serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50 (circular in cross-section) are operatively supported by a plurality o~ support members 56 securely attached to lower support element 34 by fastening means 58. Further the serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50 are coated with a non-reflective coating to enhance heat transfer.
Disposed between the support members 56 and the reflective back member 24 is a substantially riyid water-proof insuiation means 60. Of course, the insulation means60 may comprise foam glass insulation or the like. A heat transfer chamber 62 is thus cooperatively formed between the transparent medium 22 and the insulation means 60.
In operation, the solar collector lO is coupled to an external fluid storage tank or reservoir (not shown) by means of a pump (not shown) through parts 52 and 54. When mounted to receive the sun's rays A and B, fluid is pumped through the serpentine fluid conduit 48 and 50. The combination of the substantially transparent medium 22 and reflective back . .;.,.:: -membex 24 raise the temperature significantly within the heattransfer chamber 62 to heat the fluid as it passed through the serpentine fluid conduits 48 and 50. Through the use of the parallel conduits it is possible to provide over thirty five square feet of heat transfer surfaces within a thirty four square foot solar collector. As a result it is possible to generate a flow rate of up to 8 gallons per minute in contrast to 3 to 4 gallons per minute typically expected. Thus the -.
essentially simple, highly efficient collector is provided.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description~ are efficiently attained, and since certain cha~ges may be made in carrying out the above method and article without departing ~om the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter con-tained in the above description shall be interpreted as illus~ra-tive and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all the generic and speci~ic ~eatures of the invention herei~ descri~ed, and all:~atements-~of~he SCOpE of the invention~ which, as a matter of language 9 might be said to fall therebetweenO
Now that the invention has been described.
~,
Claims (6)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. A solar energy collector for heating fluids such as water from an external source through absorption of the sun's energy: said solar energy collector comprises an enclosure structured to operatively house a fluid conduit means, said fluid conduit means including an inlet port and an outlet port to couple said solar energy collector to the external source to circulate fluid between said fluid conduit means and the external source, said enclosure comprising a back member and a substantially transparent medium held in fixed spaced relation relative to each other by a frame, said frame comprises a pair of inner frame members disposed on opposite sides of said frame, each said inner frame member comprising an upper and lower coupling element held in fixed spaced relation relative to each other by an interconnecting element and upper and lower support elements held in fixed spaced relation relative to each other by said interconnecting element, and a pair of outer frame members disposed on opposite sides of said frame, each of said outer frame members comprising a further upper and lower coupling element held in fixed spaced relation relative to each other by a further interconnecting element, said lower coupling element of said outer frame member being disposed to operatively support said back member, said upper and lower coupling elements of said inner frame member disposed to engage said corresponding upper and lower coupling elements of said outer frame member to cooperatively form said frame, said upper support element being disposed relative to said corresponding upper coupling element of said outer frame member to secure said substantially t transparent medium therebetween, said solar energy collector further including a plurality of support members coupled between said lower support elements on said inner frame members to operatively support said fluid conduit means, said fluid conduit means being disposed in a heat exchange chamber cooperatively formed between said back member and said substan-tially transparent medium to intercept the sun's energy to raise the temperature within said heat exchange chamber to heat the fluid within said fluid conduit means to be fed to the external source.
2. The solar energy collector of claim 1 further including an insulation means disposed between said back member and said fluid conduit means.
3. The solar energy collector of claim 2 wherein said back member and said insulation means are secured between said lower coupling element of said outer member and said fluid conduit means.
4. The solar energy collector of claim 2 wherein said insulation means comprises a substantially rigid waterproof insulation means.
5. The solar energy collector of claim 1 wherein said back member comprises a reflective inner surface.
6. The solar energy collector of claim 1 wherein said fluid conduit means includes a non-reflective, energy absorbing surface.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA255,546A CA1069404A (en) | 1976-06-23 | 1976-06-23 | Solar collector |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA255,546A CA1069404A (en) | 1976-06-23 | 1976-06-23 | Solar collector |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1069404A true CA1069404A (en) | 1980-01-08 |
Family
ID=4106273
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA255,546A Expired CA1069404A (en) | 1976-06-23 | 1976-06-23 | Solar collector |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1069404A (en) |
-
1976
- 1976-06-23 CA CA255,546A patent/CA1069404A/en not_active Expired
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |