CA1068918A - Heat pump frost control system - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present invention relates to a self-contained air conditioning unit including a reversible refrigeration system and more particularly to a control system having a plurality of sensing means that are effective in main-taining operation of the unit in a heat pump mode when the ambient and the surface temperature of selected refrigeration components are above a preselected frosting temperature.

Description

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Self-contained air conditioning units of the reversible type which are adapted to be mounted in the outer wall of an -`
enclosure and utilized for heating the air from the en-closure during the winter and cooling the air from the enclosure during the summer comprises a housing divided into an indoor section and an outdoor section. An indoor hea~ exchanger is disposed in the indoor section while an -outdoor heat exchanger and usually the compressor are located in the outdoor section. The compressor is re- `
10 versibly connected to the heat exchangers so that the in- `
door heat exchanger functions as an evaporator when the unit is operating on the cooling cycle and the outdoor heat exchanger functions as the evaporator on the heating cycle.
Suitable independent fan means are provided for circulating indoor air oVer the indoor heat exchanger and outdoor air over the outdoor heat exchanger during operation of the system on either the heating or cooling cycle.
Under certain operating conditions, the outdoor heat exchanger functioning as the evaporator may operate at such a low temperature as to cause the accumulation of a coating or layer of frost thereon. Since such a frost layer operated as a barrier to heat transfer between the evaporator and the air being circulated over the evaporator, the efficiency of the unit is markedly reduced. Also, unless means are provided for interrupting this accumula-tion of frost, the evaporator can become completely filled with a layer of frost which may eventually cause motor or other damage to the unit.
Accordingly, by the present invention, there is provided a self-contained heat pump including control circuitry including a pair of thermostats comprising sensing elements subjected to both ambient and selected component surface -- ,. ~, .

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temperature whereby the operation of the heat pump is maintained as long as the temperature sensed by the ther-mostate is above a preselected frosting level and is in-terrupted by the coldest preselected temperature sensed by the elements.
U.S. Patent 3,159,981 dated December 8, 1964 - Huskey, assigned to the General Electric Company, assignee of the present invention, discloses a self-contained air condition-ing unit including a reversible refrigeration system and a control circuitry designed to interrupt the operation of the refrigeration system whenever either the outdoor - or indoor heat exchanger attains a frosting temperature and to supply auxiliary heat to an enclosure whenever the operation of the refrigeration system is thus interrupted during a heating cycle. The frost control switch includes a vapor-filled bellows and capillary tube sensing element connected to the bellows. The tube is arranged with a first portion in contact with one of the heat exchangers ~ t and a second portion in contact with the other heat ex-changer whereby the bellows operated switch will stop the compressor when either heat exchanger attains a frosting temperature.
Another prior art attempt at solving the frosting of the outdoor heat exchanger when in the heating cycle it is ~
operating as an evaporator, is disclosed in U.S. patent ~ ~;
3,466,888 dated September 16, 1969 - Kyle. The control circuitry includes a first thermistor in heat exchange contact with the outdoor coil and a second thermistor is ~;
exposed to the temperature of the outdoor air. The two ~ ;
thermistors are connected in series. When frost forms on the surface of the outdoor heat exchanger, the tempera-ture of the refrigerant therein decreases, and the voltage :.:: : .: :: , . :.
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at the junction of the thermistor changes, and operates a control circuit which stops the fan of the outdoor ;` ~;
coil, and reverses the flow of refrigerant so that the outdoor coil operates as a condenser coil to melt the frost.
U.S. patent 3,348,607 dated June 10, 1969 - Cootey ~ `
discloses a split-bulb or dual-bulb thermostat wherein a sensing element is located in the path of return air and the other in the outdoor or ambient air. The sensing 10 elements are proportioned in size relative to each other -and both elements transmit motion to a single power element in response to changes in the temperature of the air affecting the elements.
The present invention is an improvement of the ~ ~-control system disclosed in Canadian Patent Application :
Serial No. 276,629 - William J. McCarty, dated May 2],1977 ~-and assigned to the General Electric Company, the assignee -~
of the present invention, and relates to a self-contained air conditioning unit for heating and cooling an enclosure. `-- 20 The refrigeration system includes an outdoor heating ex-changer, an indoor heat exchanger, a compressor, a valve `
for selectively connecting the compressor to the heat ~
exchangers whereby the outdoor heat exchanger functions - ~i as an evaporator during operation of the unit on the heating cycle and the indoor heat exchanger functions as an evaporator during operation of the unit on the cooling cycle, and air circulating fans including a fan for moving enclosure air . . ~ .
through the indoor heat exchanger and a fan for moving outdoor ambient air through the outdoor heat exchanger. ~
More particularly, the invention relates to an air con- ~ ;
dition heating cycle control for preventing excessive -frosting of the outdoor heat exchanger by selectively con-:
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trolling the operation of the refrigeration system, and for energizing auxiliary heating means when the refrigeration heat pump system cannot maintain a selected comfort level.
The control system includes a first thermostat having a vapor filled bellows and a capillary tube sensing element connected to the bellows. One portion of the element is exposed to the surface temperature of the outdoor heat ex-changer and another portion of the element is exposed to the outdoor condensate drain area. A switch operable by the bellows is effective in de-energizing the compressor when either of the portion's elements sense a preselected frosting temperature.
A second thermostat similar to the first thermostat has a portion of its element exposed to refrigerant line temperature adjacent the reversing valve tube which is on the suction side during heating and another portion of the element exposed to the ambient outdoor temperature.
A switch operable if ether of the elements senses a pre-" selected frosting temperature is effective to control operation of the outdoor fan through the first thermostatwhen the switch of the first thermostat is positioned to de-energize the compressor and to control operating of the fan independent of the first thermostat when the ;
ambient and sensed refrigerant line temperature are above a preselected frosting temperature.
The first and second thermostats are operable through a two-stage room termostat that is effective in placing the unit in the heat mode and energizing the compressor at a predetermined temperature in one stage and for de-energizing the compressor and energizing a heating meansat a second predetermined temperature in the second stage.
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a self-contained , - .

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heat pump air conditioner unit embodying this invention; and Figure 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of electrical control circuitry adapted to control the unit in accordance with the present invention.
Referring to Figure 1 of the drawing, there is shown schematically an air conditioning refrigeration system of the reversible or heat pump type divided by means of a partition 10 into an outdoor section 11 and an indoor section 12. A reverse cycle refrigeration system com- ' prises a compressor 14 and an outdoor heat exchanger 16 mounted within the outdoor section 11 and an indoor heat exchanger 18 mounted within the indoor section 12. The outdoor heat exchanger 16 and indoor heat exchanger 18 ;-are connected by means of a suitable flow restriction means such as a capillary tube 19 while the compressor is connected to the heat exchangers through a reversing valve 20 operated by a solenoid 21 so that the indoor heat ex-changer 18 can be connected to the compressor either as an evaporator or as the condenser component of a refrigera-tion system.
During operation of the system as a heat pump or in heating cycle, the reversing valve 20 directs the flow ~ -of high temperature refrigerant gas from the discharge line 22 of compressor 14 through a line 23 into the in-door heat exchanger 18 which then functions as a condenser to warm the air to be conditioned, and to condense the re- -frigerant gas into liquid form. The refrigerant is partially or completely condensed by the air circulated through the indoor heat exchanger 18 by fan 26. The refrigerant then flows through line 25 including expansion device 19 to the outdoor heat exchanger which is now functioning as an evaporator and then back through valve 61~91~

20, suction line 27, and into the compressor 14.
During operation of the system in the cooling cycle, high pressure refrigerant gas is directed by the reversing valve 20 into the outdoor heat exchanger 16 through a line 28 where the high pr~ssure refrigerant gas is condensed by the air circulated through heat exchanger 16 by fan 29.
The refrigerant then flows through line 25 including ex-pansion device 19 to the indoor heat exchanger 18 which is now functioning as an evaporator and then back through line 23, valve 2Q, suction line 27 and into the compressor 14.
An auxiliary heater in the form of an electrical re-sistance heat 30 is preferably provided in the indoor section in the path of air flowing through the indoor heat exchanger 18 for the purpose of supplying heat to the airstream under certain operating conditions when heat supplied by the indoor heat exchanger 18 operating as a condenser cannot satisfactorily maintain the enclosure being heated at a preselected temperature.
Positioned within the unit at some point in the airstream upstream from the heat exchanger 18 is a staged thermostat 32 which controls the operation of the unit on either the heating or the cooling cycle. This thermo-stat 32 is of the type well known in the art and, as employed in the present embodiment of the inven-tion, in-cludes sensing means 33 responsive to the temperature of the indoor air for actuating switching means 57 and 58 in the control circuit in a manner to be fully explained hereinafter. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, this temperature responsive means 33 is arranged in the air-stream flowing from the enclosure and into the indoor section.

The unit is also provided with a main or selector switch 34 (Figure 2) through which electrical supply from supply lines 9~ :

36-37 is connected to the unit and by means of which the operator of the unit may select operation thereof of the i~
unit on either the heating or the cooling cycle.
In accordance with the present invention, the unit also includes a pair of frost control thermostats or switches 38 and 30 which may be conveniently mounted on the outdoor section 11 and which are activated by a vapor-filled bellows 41, 42 respectively, and include capillary tube sensing elements 43, 44 connected to the bellows 41, 42 respectively.
The sensing element 43 of switch 38 is arranged to maintain operation of the refrigeration system compressor 14 energized in the heat pump mode when the drain area and surface temperature of heat exchanger 16 are both above a preselected frost accumulation level, and to interrupt the operation of the compressor 14 whenever either heat exchanger 16 or the drain area temperature indicates an excessive frosting condition or temperature during operating of the unit on the heating cycle. To this end, the capilla~y sensing element 46 is arranged so that it includes a first portion 46 which continuously senses the temperature of the outdoor heat exchanger 16 and a second portion 47 which continuously senses the drain area temperature, and more particularly the presence of ice.
The sensing element 44 of switch 40 is arranged to maintain operation of the outdoor fan motor 28 when the -temperature of the relatively cold line 28 in the heating mode and the ambient outdoor temperature are both above the freezing range, and to interrupt operation oE the fan 29 when either line 28 or the ambient temperature is below freezing temperature, when the unit is on in the heating cycle and control 38 has interrupted operation of the compressor 14. To this end, the capillary sensing element 44 is arranged `

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so that it includes a first portion 48 which continuously senses the outdoor or ambient temperature and a second portion 49 which continuously senses the temperature of ; . , the line 28 adjacent the reversing valve 20.
As is well known, a vapor-filled capillary-bellows type of thermostat has the characteristic of controlling from the coldest point of the bellows-capillary system due to the fact that a vapor-liquid boundary is formed at the coldest point and this boundary establishes the vapor pressure of the capillary-bellows system. Hence, the operation of the frost control switch 38 will be controlled by either of its sensing portions 46, 47 de-pending on which is colder, while the operation of the frost control 40 will be controlled by either of its sensing portions 48, 49 depending on which is colder. ;~
While in the preferred embodiment of the invention dis-closed, vapor-filled capillary-bellows type thermostat controls have been used successfully, it should be under- `
stood that other controls and components may be employed that provide control from the coldest point sensed.
Generally, during repeated defrosting cycles, ice will re-form in the drain area quickly since it is the last place to melt or leave the drain area. Accordingly, positioning portion 41 adjacent the drain will, since ;
switch member 61 does not trip until 35F. is sensed, assure that all of the ice has melted from the drain area and in fact water is running through the drain. However, it may be possible that other points or areas of the unit could provide adequate temperature readings relative to ice or frost accumulation; for example, any area where ice or frost would normally accumulate in a unit.
For a more complete understanding of the control circuitry, ~ 8 -:, ,, and the manner in which frost buildup is controlled, reference is made to the wiring diagram shown in Figure

2 of the drawing. As mentioned hereinbefore, the main or .~
selector switch 34 allows energization of the air condition-ing unit, and selects the operation thereof on either the heating or cooling cycle. Switch 34 includes a plurality of switching means 51 movable between a cooling contact 52 and a heatlng contact 53 by which the operation of the unit on either the cooling cycle or the heating cycle can be selected. Switch 34 also provides a circuit through its contacts 54 to selectively operate the indoor fan motor 26 on high or low fan speed. -In operation with the selector switch 34 in the heat position, a circuit is completed from line 36 through contact 53, solenoid 21 to activate the reversing valve 20 thereby placing the refrigeration system in the heat pump mode. Cooling contact 52 and heating contact 43 of ;
selector switch are connected to cooling and heating con-tacts 55, 56 respectively, of thermostat 32. Accordingly, the switching means 57 of thermostat 32 is arranged to supply power to the remaining control circuit through contact 55 in the cooling mode with contact 56 in the heating mode. Thermostat 32 is also provided with switching means 58 electrically connected to switching means 57 which are movable between a contact 59 which controls operation of the compressor 14 and outdoor fan motor 29 through ~-controls 38 and/or 40, and a contact 60 which controls operation of heater 30.
Power from supply line 36 passes through switch means 58 and contact 59 of thermostat 32 to the switching means ~ `~
61 of the frost control 38 whose contacts are arranged to be closed above a preselected temperature and open below a ~, _ g _ ?
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preselected temperature. It should be noted that the indoor fan 26 will run continuously at its preselected speed during operation of the unit on either the heating or the cooling cycle. The switching means 62 of frost control ~0 which controls the operation of the outdoor fan motor 29 is ar-ranged to move between an upper temperature contact 63 and a lower temperature contact 64. Accordingly, power is supplied to contact 63 through switching means 58 from contact 59 of thermostat 32 through line 65, while contact 64 receives power from contact 66 of control 38 through line 67.
In operation, when the drain area sensed by portion -47, and the surface temperature of heat exchanger 16 sensed by portion 46 of capillary 43 are both above a preselected upper or frost accumulation temperature, a circuit is completed through control 38, switch means 61, contact 66, line 68, and compressor 14, to energize the refrigeration system in the heat pump mode. In the event that the ambient or outdoor temperature sensed by portion 48 and ;~
the temperature of the line 28 adjacent the valve 29 sensed by portion 49 of capillary 44 are both above a preselected upper or frost producing temperature, a circuit is com-pleted from line 65, contact 63, switch means 62, fan speed selector 69, to energize the outdoor fan motor 29. While the present embodimen`t of the control circuit includes a fan speed selector 69 capable of modulating between a high and low fan speed, determined by compressor outlet line temperature, it whould be noted that the frost control system of the present invention is not dependent on modulat-ing the outdoor fan speed and, accordingly, the use of a fan speed selector switch is optional. ~-In the event either portion 46 or 47 of capillary 43 j, - 1 0 -.

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~6~g~8 senses a predetermined frost accumulation temperature in .. ::~
the heating mode, the bellows 41 will cause the switching :
means 61 to move from contact 66 to the open position.
The circuit to the compressor 14 will be broken, thereby de-energizing the refrigeration circuit to prevent addi-tional frost from forming on heat exchanger 16. If, during the time the control 38 is positioned by a frosting tem- :
perature to de-energize the compressor 14, either of the portions 48, 49 of capillary 44 sense a low frost producing temperature, the bellows 42 will cause switching means 62 of switch 4Q to move from contact 63 to contact 64, so that the outdoor fan will be de-energized.
It should be noted that the surface temperature of .~
the heat exchanger 16 and line 28 adjacent the valve 20 ~-will normally be colder than ambient when the unit is operating in the heat pump mode. Accordingly, portions 46 and 49 will sense the frost producing temperature and :~
in effect be the controlling point. With regard to the operation of outdoor fan motor 29, the portion 49 sensing .~ ~;
the colder temperature of line 28 has caused switching means 62 to de-energized the fan motor 29. In this ~ .
situation, the relatively ~arm operating temperatures of .
the discharge line 22 of the compressor 14 will migrate ;~
or be transferred through the reversing valve 20 to the portion of the line 28 that is provided with element 49, so that the temperature sensed by portion 49 will very ~ quickly be above the frost producing level, causing switch : means 62 to switch to contact 63, provided portion 48 is above preselected temperature, and one again energize ~ .
fan motor 29 to raise the temperature of heat exchanger 16 . relative to ambient to eliminate any frost that may have collected on the surface of heat exchanger 16. The operation , ':

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of the outdoor fan 29 at this time is beneficial in that by raising the surface temperature of the heat exchanger so that the surface temperature of heat exchanger 16 is once again above the preselected frost producing temperature, causing switch means 61 to move to contact 66 so that the compressor 14 will be energized and the refrigeration system will operate in the heat pump mode to maintain the com-fort level selected by the thermostat 32. Operation of, or energization of, heater 30 is controlled by switching 10 means 58 through its contact 60 as will be explained fully -~
after the compressor is de-energized. -While operation of the control circuit of the present invention is controlled by the upper and lower temperatures -~
sensed by the capillaries 43 and 44, it should be noted however that the exact temperatures selected may vary depending on several factors, including geographic location of the unit and the exact location of the portions 46 and 49 relative to the refrigeration components. The frost control system of the present invention has been success-fully carried out when the temperature range of control 38 was between a high 35F. and a low of 10F. with a temperature s~ing of 25F., and the temperature range of control 40 was between a high of 35F~, and a low of 20F., with a temperature swing of 5 F.
In summary, the switching means 61 will complete a circuit through contact 66 when both the surface temperature of heat exchanger 16 and the ambient air are above 3SF.
and will switch to open the contacts to de-energize the ~ r compressor if either gets down to 10F., keeping in mind, ; 30 however, that the surface temperature of heat exchanger 16 will be lower than ambient. With regard to switching means 62, a circuit to the fan motor 29 will be completed ,. :
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through contact 63 when both the surface temperature of line 28 and the ambient are above 350F. and will switch to contact 64 if either gets down to 25F. to deenergize the fan motor 29 only if control 38 has sensed a frost producing 10F. temperature. If control 38 has not sensed a frost producing temperature then the fan motor will continue to operate through line 67. ~~`
In operation, regarding the function of the two-stage thermostat 32 when the temperature of the enclosure being heated in the heat mode reaches a predetermined comfort level switching means 57 moves away from contact 56 while switching means 61 remains in contact with 59 as shown in Figure 2. In this situation, the circuit to the compressor 14 is open and the heating operation is interrupted. In the event the temperature drops below the predetermined comfort level, the switching means 57 will engage contact 56 energizing compressor 14 to supply heat in the heat pump mode.
If the temperature of the area being heated drops while the compressor is energized, then switching means 58 will move from control 59 to de-energize the compressor ; 14 and close a circuit through contact 60 thereby energizing heater 30. The above operation or heating cycle is re-peated in reverse as the temperature in the are to be heated rises, switching member 58 will move from contact 60 to de-energized heater 30 and close on contact 59 to energize the compressor 14. A further rise in temperature to the predetermined comfort level will move switching means 57 from contact 56 to contact 55 to de-energize the compressor 14.
The above operation, with the use of a two-stage thermostat provides fully automatic switch over from heat ,, .

8~8 pump refrigerant mode to electric resistance heat during .
those times that the system in the heat pump mode cannot provide sufficient heat to satisfy the room thermostat set at a predetermined comfort level.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art `:
that the embodiment described heretofore is considered to be the presently preferred form of this invention. In accordance with the patent statutes, changes may be made in the disclosed apparatus and the manner in which it is used without actually departing from the true spirit and ..
scope of this invention.
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Claims (5)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. In a self-contained air conditioning unit for heating and cooling an enclosure, a refrigerant circuit including an outdoor heat exchanger and indoor heat ex-changer, a compressor, a reversing valve for selectively connecting said compressor to said heat exchangers whereby said outdoor heat exchanger functions as an evaporator during operation of said unit on the heating cycle and said indoor heat exchanger functions as an evaporator during operation of said unit on the cooling cycle, fan means for moving enclosure air through said indoor heat exchanger, fan means for moving outdoor ambient air through said out-door heat exchanger, an air conditioner heating cycle control system comprising:
a frost control means including a sensing element having one portion being exposed to the surface temperature of said outdoor heat exchanger and a second portion being exposed to the drain area temperature, means under control of said portions for maintaining operation of said compressor in the heating cycle when drain area and said heat ex-changer surface temperature sensed by said portions are above a preselected frost accumulation level and to de-energize said compressor when either of said portions senses a preselected frost accumulation level.
a second control including a sensing element having one portion being exposed to the line surface temperature of a portion of said refrigerant circuit connecting said outdoor heat exchanger and said reversing valve, and a second portion being exposed to said ambient outdoor tem-perature, means under control of said portions for maintain-ing operation of said outdoor fan independent of said first
1. Claim 1 Cont'd control when both ambient and the line surface temperature sensed by said portions are above a frost accumulation temperature and to complete a circuit to said fan through said first control if either of the portions of said second control senses a preselected frosting temperature to de-energize said outdoor fan when said compressor is de-energized;
   a thermostat means having a first switching means operable for energizing said compressor in said heating cycle when the temperature of said enclosure is a predeter-mined comfort level, and a second switching means operable for de-energizing said compressor when the temperature of said enclosure drops to a second lower predetermined level during the operation of said compressor in said heating cycle; and a heating means arranged in the path of air through said indoor heat exchanger being energized by said second switching means when the temperature of said enclosure drops to the second lower preselected temperature.
2. 2. A self-contained air conditioning unit is recited in Claim 1, wherein said first control means includes a vapor-filled bellows and a capillary tube sensing element connected to said bellows having one portion of the capillary being exposed to the surface temperature of the outdoor heat exchanger and a second portion of the capil-lary being exposed to drain area.
   3. A self-contained air conditioning unit as recited in Claim 2 wherein said second control means includes a vapor-filled bellows and a capillary tube sensing element connected to said bellows having one portion of the capil-lary being exposed to the surface temperature of a portion of said refrigerant circuit adjacent said reversing valve, and a second portion of the capillary being exposed to
3. Claim 3 Cont'd ambient outdoor temperature.
4. 4. A self-contained air conditioning unit as recited in Claim 3 wherein said first control means includes a switch means operable by said bellows to a first position for maintaining operation of said compressor and to a second position for de-energizing said compressor.
5. 5. A self-contained air conditioning unit as recited in Claim 4 wherein said second control means includes a switch means operable by said bellows to a first position to maintain operation of said outdoor fan independent of said first control and a second position for operating said fan through said first control means when its switch means is in its second position.