CA1068536A - Growth-promoting fodder additive for domestic animals - Google Patents
Growth-promoting fodder additive for domestic animalsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1068536A CA1068536A CA239,397A CA239397A CA1068536A CA 1068536 A CA1068536 A CA 1068536A CA 239397 A CA239397 A CA 239397A CA 1068536 A CA1068536 A CA 1068536A
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- Prior art keywords
- feed
- cupric
- methionate
- ppm
- pigs
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Cupric methionate when administered orally to pigs in daily average amounts of 5 to 60 mg per kg of body weight over a period of several weeks increases the weight gain of the pigs and improves the rate at which feed is converted to body tissue. The cupric methionate is furnished preferably in feed rations containing 250 to 900 ppm cupric methionate in ad-dition to the necessary carbohydrates, protein, fat and trace minerals.
Cupric methionate when administered orally to pigs in daily average amounts of 5 to 60 mg per kg of body weight over a period of several weeks increases the weight gain of the pigs and improves the rate at which feed is converted to body tissue. The cupric methionate is furnished preferably in feed rations containing 250 to 900 ppm cupric methionate in ad-dition to the necessary carbohydrates, protein, fat and trace minerals.
Description
This invention relates to the feeding of domestic animals, and particularly to a growth enhancing supplement for the feed rations of pigs, and to a method of administering the supplement to the pigs.
The growth of domestic animals intended for slaughter has been enhanced by feed supplements including antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents common to human and vekerinary medicine, but such supplements have recently been found to be potentially injurious to humans consuming the meat of the ani-mals. Other growth promoting agents which have antimicrobial effects in animals only such as Nitrovin 11,5-bis-(5-nitro-2- `
furyl)-l,4-pentadiene-3-one-amidinehydrazone hydrochloride]
and Carbado [methyl-3-(2-quinoxalinylmethylene)-carbazate-Nl,N4-dioxide] have been proposed as substitutes for anti-microbial agents also effective in humans, but are of li~it-ed effect, and their safety for human consumption when present in the meat of the treated animals has not yet been fully established.
It is a common feature of the feed supplements ment-ioned above that they control microorganisms in the ~igest-ive tract of the animals and thereby make more nutrients avail-able for conversion to animal tissue. They also prevent in-testinal infections and thereby promote the growth of the anlmals .
It has now been found that cupric methionate (the copper salt of methionine which is practically insoluble in water) enhances the growth of domestic animals, particularly pigs, and improves the rate at which basic feed rations con-taining carbohydrates, protein, ~d fat are converted to body tissue of the animals when administered orally in daily l Q~
- 1 - .,.
`, `
average amounts of S to 60 mg per kg of body weight over peri- -ods of several weeks. The cupric methionate is most conveni-ently mixed with the basic feed rations in amounts of 250 to 900 ppm, best results being usually achieved with admixtures of 400 - 700 ppm. The improvement in the rate of conversion of the feed to body tissue of pigs is improved by approximately 15%, and the rate of weight increase is enhanced b~ a similar amount. Even greater improvement is achieved in very young pigs which consume more feed per kg of body weight than adult hogs.
Cupric methionate has no known or foreseeable side ef- -fects on humans consuming the meat of animals receiving the feed supplement. Its components, copper and methionine, are normal ingredients of nutrients for human use as well as of animal feed. It is known that oral doses of 540 mg cupric meth-ionate per kg of body weight do not produce toxic effects in pigs nor are such effects observed after intramuscular in-jection of 100 mg/kg [Chem. Abstracts 58 (1963) 13031c]. The amount of copper in the livers of swine fed rations supple-mented with cupric methionate is well within normal limits and not significantly different from that of swine livers produced in the absence of cupric methionate.
Quite surprisingly, cupric methionate is superior in its growth enhancing effects to equivalent mixtures of copper sulfate and methionine, and the reason for this difference is not understood at this time. While cupric methionate is a known antihelminthic for swine [Tamasaki, Jap. J. Vet. Sci.
24 (5) 309-313; 24 (6) 359/365; Chem. Abstracts 61 (1964) 6231h], there is no connection between the known therapeutic effect and the newly discovered growth promoting effect which 53:6 `
is observed in pLgs free from infection by intestinal worms.
Cupric methionate has no known antimicrobial effects, but ani-mals receiving cupric methionate as a feed supplement gener-ally are in better physical condition than animals not receiv-ing the supplement, and are thought to be naturally more re-sistant to disease. However, cupric methionate is entirely compatible with antimicrobial agents effective in controlling swine disease,and may be employed jointly with antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents.
For an equal weight gain, pigs receiving supplemental doses of cupric methionate consume less basic feed which sup-plies necessary amounts of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and trace minerals,and the savings amount on an average to 15% of basic feed weight.
Unexpectedly, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the fatback of hogs fed rations supplemented with cupric methionate is higher than in hogs fattened on otherwise ident-ical rations without cupric methionate. While this effect is of obvious value, it cannot be explained at this time.
Cupric methionate, when fed to growing pigs in effect-ive amounts, produces superior weight gain in the same time and also per unit weight of basic feed consumed as compared to the best known growth enhancing agents which are antimi-crobial antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents when such anti-biotics or agents are administered orally to the pigs in op-timum amounts.
The following Examples are further illustrative of this invention. All percentage values are by weight unless stated otherwise.
A herd of young pigs was divided into four matched groups of 13 animals averaging 20 kg each. The animals were provided with basic, commercial, pelletized feed of composit-ion A listed in Table 1 for six weeks, and thereafter with feed of composition B for two more weeks. Each metric ton of feed -~
was intimately mixed with 2 kg of a mineral supplement at a rate to fortify 1000 kg of the basic feed composition with 100 g Fe, 40 g Mn, 100 g Zn, 0.2 g Se, 0.8 g I, and 0.1 g Co.
The average weight of the animals in each group was determined after 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Thereafter, the three pigs of lowest weight were removed from each group, and the average weight of the ten remaining pigs was determined again after 6 weeks and ultimately after 8 weeks.
The rations of Group I serving as the control group were further fortified with 10 ppm Cu in the form of 28.5 g CuSO4.H2O per 1000 kg feed, Group II received 100 ppm Cu as the sulfate, Group III received 100 ppm Cu as 566 g cupric methionate per 1000 kg, and Group IV 150 ppm Cu in the form of 850 g cupric methionate per 1000 kg basic feed. The me-thionine content of 850 g cupric methionate is 700 g, and Groups I and II received this amount of methionine, Group III being given 234 g methionine per 1000 kg of basic feed to supplement the methionine content of 566 g inthe copper methionate.
Table 2 lists the difference in percent between the average weight gain of the pigs in Groups II, III, and IV as compared to Group I, the control group, and also lists the change in the rate of conversion of the rations supplied to pig's weight again with reference to the control Group I as 100%.
Each group was permitted to consume a tot~l of 6,000 kg basic feed. Groups III and IV grew significantly faster during . . .
the first four weeks of the test, but showed only minor advant-ages over the control group thereafter because their rations were not increased in proportion to their higher weight over the rations given to Groups I and II.
Feed composition, percent A B
Wheat 16.73 Barley 42.05 47.23 Oats 5.09 5 Q3 Corn 9.91 9.85 Legume seeds - 9.95 Wheat bran 5.02 6.93 Molasses 1.19 2.94 Soybean flour (44% protein) 5.07 10.02 Vitamines 0.60 0.60 Salt 0.51 0.51 Calcium carbonate - 0.76 Dicalcium phosphate 1.48 1.03 Herring meal 10.10 5.00 Meat meal 2.08 Total, percent Protein 19.70 16.92 Starch units 68.04 67.00 Fat~(raw) 3.01 2.90 Lysine 1.05 0.85 Methionine 0.62 0.53 Cysteine + methionine 0.93 0.81 After Differ'l Wt. GainFeed Weeks Group Conversion I kg Gr.II Gr.III Gr.IV Gr.II Gr.III Gr.IV
The growth of domestic animals intended for slaughter has been enhanced by feed supplements including antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents common to human and vekerinary medicine, but such supplements have recently been found to be potentially injurious to humans consuming the meat of the ani-mals. Other growth promoting agents which have antimicrobial effects in animals only such as Nitrovin 11,5-bis-(5-nitro-2- `
furyl)-l,4-pentadiene-3-one-amidinehydrazone hydrochloride]
and Carbado [methyl-3-(2-quinoxalinylmethylene)-carbazate-Nl,N4-dioxide] have been proposed as substitutes for anti-microbial agents also effective in humans, but are of li~it-ed effect, and their safety for human consumption when present in the meat of the treated animals has not yet been fully established.
It is a common feature of the feed supplements ment-ioned above that they control microorganisms in the ~igest-ive tract of the animals and thereby make more nutrients avail-able for conversion to animal tissue. They also prevent in-testinal infections and thereby promote the growth of the anlmals .
It has now been found that cupric methionate (the copper salt of methionine which is practically insoluble in water) enhances the growth of domestic animals, particularly pigs, and improves the rate at which basic feed rations con-taining carbohydrates, protein, ~d fat are converted to body tissue of the animals when administered orally in daily l Q~
- 1 - .,.
`, `
average amounts of S to 60 mg per kg of body weight over peri- -ods of several weeks. The cupric methionate is most conveni-ently mixed with the basic feed rations in amounts of 250 to 900 ppm, best results being usually achieved with admixtures of 400 - 700 ppm. The improvement in the rate of conversion of the feed to body tissue of pigs is improved by approximately 15%, and the rate of weight increase is enhanced b~ a similar amount. Even greater improvement is achieved in very young pigs which consume more feed per kg of body weight than adult hogs.
Cupric methionate has no known or foreseeable side ef- -fects on humans consuming the meat of animals receiving the feed supplement. Its components, copper and methionine, are normal ingredients of nutrients for human use as well as of animal feed. It is known that oral doses of 540 mg cupric meth-ionate per kg of body weight do not produce toxic effects in pigs nor are such effects observed after intramuscular in-jection of 100 mg/kg [Chem. Abstracts 58 (1963) 13031c]. The amount of copper in the livers of swine fed rations supple-mented with cupric methionate is well within normal limits and not significantly different from that of swine livers produced in the absence of cupric methionate.
Quite surprisingly, cupric methionate is superior in its growth enhancing effects to equivalent mixtures of copper sulfate and methionine, and the reason for this difference is not understood at this time. While cupric methionate is a known antihelminthic for swine [Tamasaki, Jap. J. Vet. Sci.
24 (5) 309-313; 24 (6) 359/365; Chem. Abstracts 61 (1964) 6231h], there is no connection between the known therapeutic effect and the newly discovered growth promoting effect which 53:6 `
is observed in pLgs free from infection by intestinal worms.
Cupric methionate has no known antimicrobial effects, but ani-mals receiving cupric methionate as a feed supplement gener-ally are in better physical condition than animals not receiv-ing the supplement, and are thought to be naturally more re-sistant to disease. However, cupric methionate is entirely compatible with antimicrobial agents effective in controlling swine disease,and may be employed jointly with antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents.
For an equal weight gain, pigs receiving supplemental doses of cupric methionate consume less basic feed which sup-plies necessary amounts of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and trace minerals,and the savings amount on an average to 15% of basic feed weight.
Unexpectedly, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the fatback of hogs fed rations supplemented with cupric methionate is higher than in hogs fattened on otherwise ident-ical rations without cupric methionate. While this effect is of obvious value, it cannot be explained at this time.
Cupric methionate, when fed to growing pigs in effect-ive amounts, produces superior weight gain in the same time and also per unit weight of basic feed consumed as compared to the best known growth enhancing agents which are antimi-crobial antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents when such anti-biotics or agents are administered orally to the pigs in op-timum amounts.
The following Examples are further illustrative of this invention. All percentage values are by weight unless stated otherwise.
A herd of young pigs was divided into four matched groups of 13 animals averaging 20 kg each. The animals were provided with basic, commercial, pelletized feed of composit-ion A listed in Table 1 for six weeks, and thereafter with feed of composition B for two more weeks. Each metric ton of feed -~
was intimately mixed with 2 kg of a mineral supplement at a rate to fortify 1000 kg of the basic feed composition with 100 g Fe, 40 g Mn, 100 g Zn, 0.2 g Se, 0.8 g I, and 0.1 g Co.
The average weight of the animals in each group was determined after 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Thereafter, the three pigs of lowest weight were removed from each group, and the average weight of the ten remaining pigs was determined again after 6 weeks and ultimately after 8 weeks.
The rations of Group I serving as the control group were further fortified with 10 ppm Cu in the form of 28.5 g CuSO4.H2O per 1000 kg feed, Group II received 100 ppm Cu as the sulfate, Group III received 100 ppm Cu as 566 g cupric methionate per 1000 kg, and Group IV 150 ppm Cu in the form of 850 g cupric methionate per 1000 kg basic feed. The me-thionine content of 850 g cupric methionate is 700 g, and Groups I and II received this amount of methionine, Group III being given 234 g methionine per 1000 kg of basic feed to supplement the methionine content of 566 g inthe copper methionate.
Table 2 lists the difference in percent between the average weight gain of the pigs in Groups II, III, and IV as compared to Group I, the control group, and also lists the change in the rate of conversion of the rations supplied to pig's weight again with reference to the control Group I as 100%.
Each group was permitted to consume a tot~l of 6,000 kg basic feed. Groups III and IV grew significantly faster during . . .
the first four weeks of the test, but showed only minor advant-ages over the control group thereafter because their rations were not increased in proportion to their higher weight over the rations given to Groups I and II.
Feed composition, percent A B
Wheat 16.73 Barley 42.05 47.23 Oats 5.09 5 Q3 Corn 9.91 9.85 Legume seeds - 9.95 Wheat bran 5.02 6.93 Molasses 1.19 2.94 Soybean flour (44% protein) 5.07 10.02 Vitamines 0.60 0.60 Salt 0.51 0.51 Calcium carbonate - 0.76 Dicalcium phosphate 1.48 1.03 Herring meal 10.10 5.00 Meat meal 2.08 Total, percent Protein 19.70 16.92 Starch units 68.04 67.00 Fat~(raw) 3.01 2.90 Lysine 1.05 0.85 Methionine 0.62 0.53 Cysteine + methionine 0.93 0.81 After Differ'l Wt. GainFeed Weeks Group Conversion I kg Gr.II Gr.III Gr.IV Gr.II Gr.III Gr.IV
2 27 +2.5 +16.2 +13.0 +6.1 +20.0 +16.7 4 34 +18.0 +20.2 +18.4 +20.8 6 45.5 -1.8 + 8.0 + 3.2 -2.0 + 5.7 + 1.0 8 65 +0.6 + 5.0 +13.4 +0.5 + 6.0 +15.0 A genetically homogeneous herd of 54 young pigs was divided into 6 matched groups A to F of 9 animals each. The animals had an average starting weight of 6.3 kg each and had 106~536 free access to pelletized, dry commercial rations similar to Type A listed in Table 1 which were mixed with a mineral --supplement providing all necessary trace elements other than copper. Additionally, the six groups respectively received in their feed 10 ppm Cu ~as CuSO4) (A), 100 ppm Cu (as cop-per sulfate) (B), 566 ppm cupric methionate (C), 850 ppm cupric methionate (D), 10 ppm Cu (as CuSO4) and 700 ppm methionine (E), and 100 ppm Cu(as CuSO4) and 700 mg methionine (F) which were intimately mixed with the basic feed. The ex-periment was performed three times, and Tables 3 and 4 list the average weight gain in g/day and the weight gain in kg .
per kg consumed feed for Group (A) in each of the three runs and an average of the three runs, also comparison values, in percent, for the other five groups, based on the values for Group A.
Weight gain per day .
Run Group Percentage Difference No. A,kg/day Gr. B Gr.C Gr.D Gr.E Gr.F
1 285 -10 +16 +12 + 6 + 6 2 268 + 5 +32 +14 -10 +11
per kg consumed feed for Group (A) in each of the three runs and an average of the three runs, also comparison values, in percent, for the other five groups, based on the values for Group A.
Weight gain per day .
Run Group Percentage Difference No. A,kg/day Gr. B Gr.C Gr.D Gr.E Gr.F
1 285 -10 +16 +12 + 6 + 6 2 268 + 5 +32 +14 -10 +11
3 230 + 8 +23 +20 -17 + 7 Av. + 1 +24 +15 - 7 + 8 Weight gain per kg feed Run Group Percentage Difference No. A,kg/kg Gr.B Gr.C Gr.D Gr.E Gr.F
1 0.572 -13 - 3 - 7 -15 -7 2 0.514 + 6 +10 + 4 -11 0 3 0.439 +19 +22 +28 + 5 +8 Av. + 4 ~10 + 8 - 7 0 EXP~LE 3 Two matched groups of 10 pigs stabled in individual stalls and weighing approximately 40 kg each were fed a basic feed containing 16.9% crude protein including 14.0~ digestible crude protein, 4.55% crude fiber, 66.8% starch units, 0.753%
lysine, 0.54% methionine + cysteine and the necessary trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, I, Cu, Co). One group additionally received 100 ppm copper as cupric methionate while the other group received 15 ppm zinc bacitracin and 30 ppm furazolidone.
The group receiving the cupric methionate grew in 52 days from an average weight of 41.5 kg to 88 kg for a daily weight gain of 894 g while the other group grew from an average weight of 42.5 kg in the same period to 85 kg, an average daily weight gain of 817 g.
EXAMPL~ 4 Two matched groups of 12 pigs each were fattened for 62 days on basic rations containing 18.5 - 19.5% crude prote-in, 4 - 6% crude fiber, a total of about 70~ nutrients, and further, per kg, 16,000 international units (I.U.) vitamine A, 2000 I.U. vitamine D3, and 10 I.U. vitamine E. A mineral supplement containing the necessary trace elements was inti-mately mixed with the basic feed at a rate of 2 kg per metric ton.
One of the groups additionally received in its feed 556 ppm cupric methionate while the other group received 80 ppm furazolidone and 22 ppm tylosin.
The animals receiving the cupric methionate grew, on an average, from a starting weight of 7.55 kg to 33.30 kg, gain-ing 0.420 kg per day and consuming 50.85 kg feed, thereby con-verting each kg of feed into 0.50Ç kg of weight gain. The second group grew on an average from 7.40 kg to 31.30 kg or 0.390 kg per day after consuming 61.20 kg feed per animal, thereby converting each kg of consumed feed into 0.390 kg of added weight.
Three matched groups of 10 piglets each were raised on conventional commercial feed containing the necessary trace elements. The feed for the first group additionally contained -100 ppm arsanilic acid and 100 ppm zinc bacitracin, the feed of the second group contained 50 ppm Carbadox, and the feed of the third group contained 100 ppm copper in the form of 566 ppm cupric methionate.
The first group grew from a combined weight of 75 kg in 23 days to 212 kg consuming 214 kg of feed, thereby grow-ing on an average 331 g per day and animal, and converting each kg of feed into 0.640 g of animal tissue.
The second group grew in the same period from 75 kg to 198 kg on 195 kg of feed for a growth rate of 297 g per day and animal, and a conversion of each kg of feed to 0.631 kg of animal tissue.
The third group grew fxom 74 kg to 214 kg while consum-ing 201 kg of feed. The average growth rate was 338 g per day and animal, and feed was converted to animal tissue at a rate of 0.697 kg per kg of feed, a rate significantly higher than obtained by the conventional growth promoting agents.
~wo matched groups of young pigs were fattened from an average weight of about 20 kg to an average weight of approx-imately 50 kg on a basic feed containing 17% - 18% crude pro-tein, 14.8% digestible crude protein, 67% - 68~ starch units, ~ 8 -0.95% lysine, and 0.65% methionine + cysteine. The pelletized feed also contained the necessary trace elements and was freely accessible to the animals. One of the two groups ad-ditionally received in its feed 566 ppm cupric methionate while the other group received instead 40 ppm Carbadox.~
The daily avarage weight gain of the pigs receiving cupric methionate was 752 g, while the pigs receiving Carbadox~
gained an average of 645 g per day.
After pigs fattened by the methods described in Example 1 had gained an average weight of 100 kg, they were slaughtered, and the copper content of liver specimens from three pigs taken at random from each group was determined.
The organic matter in each specimen weighing 2 g was destroyed by boiling practically to dryness in a Kjeldahl flask with 5 ml concentrated sulfuric acid and alternatively with 5 ml concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The residue was taken up in 2 - 3 ml concentrated sulfuric acid and 20 - 30 ml water, and 1 ml of the solution so obtained was placed in a measuring cell with 20 ml 3 N hydrochloric acid and analyzed for copper content by polarography.
While the values of copper content so determined varied between 6.7 and 26.5 ppm Cu based on fresh liver tissue con-taining about 25% to 3~% solids, all values were within normal limits t no correlation could be found between the amounts of copper in the feed and in the liver tissue, nor could signific-ant differences be detected between livers of animals that had received copper in the form of copper sulfate and cupric me-thionate respectively.
EX~MPLE 8 Groups of three pigs each were fattened by the methods R~
_ g _ described in Example 1, Groups II, III, and IV, and an ad-ditional group of three pigs received 12 ppm Nitrovin with -their feed instead of the 100 ppm copper as sulfate, 566 ppm cupric methionate, or 850 ppm cupric methionate. After the animals were slaughtered, the inner layers of their fatbacks were analyzed for linolic acid and linolenic acid. The amount of linolenic acid was 0.6~ in all tested specimens, but lin-olic acid ranged from 10.0% for pigs receiving 100 ppm Cu as the sulfate through 10.3% for the Nitrovin fed animals to 11.7%
for 850 ppm cupric methionate in the feed, and 12.0% for 566 `~
ppm cupric methionate. The amount of total polyunsaturated ~-acids in the fatback is thus increased by about one seventh after fattening on feed enriched with cupric methionate as compared to conventional supplements.
1 0.572 -13 - 3 - 7 -15 -7 2 0.514 + 6 +10 + 4 -11 0 3 0.439 +19 +22 +28 + 5 +8 Av. + 4 ~10 + 8 - 7 0 EXP~LE 3 Two matched groups of 10 pigs stabled in individual stalls and weighing approximately 40 kg each were fed a basic feed containing 16.9% crude protein including 14.0~ digestible crude protein, 4.55% crude fiber, 66.8% starch units, 0.753%
lysine, 0.54% methionine + cysteine and the necessary trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, I, Cu, Co). One group additionally received 100 ppm copper as cupric methionate while the other group received 15 ppm zinc bacitracin and 30 ppm furazolidone.
The group receiving the cupric methionate grew in 52 days from an average weight of 41.5 kg to 88 kg for a daily weight gain of 894 g while the other group grew from an average weight of 42.5 kg in the same period to 85 kg, an average daily weight gain of 817 g.
EXAMPL~ 4 Two matched groups of 12 pigs each were fattened for 62 days on basic rations containing 18.5 - 19.5% crude prote-in, 4 - 6% crude fiber, a total of about 70~ nutrients, and further, per kg, 16,000 international units (I.U.) vitamine A, 2000 I.U. vitamine D3, and 10 I.U. vitamine E. A mineral supplement containing the necessary trace elements was inti-mately mixed with the basic feed at a rate of 2 kg per metric ton.
One of the groups additionally received in its feed 556 ppm cupric methionate while the other group received 80 ppm furazolidone and 22 ppm tylosin.
The animals receiving the cupric methionate grew, on an average, from a starting weight of 7.55 kg to 33.30 kg, gain-ing 0.420 kg per day and consuming 50.85 kg feed, thereby con-verting each kg of feed into 0.50Ç kg of weight gain. The second group grew on an average from 7.40 kg to 31.30 kg or 0.390 kg per day after consuming 61.20 kg feed per animal, thereby converting each kg of consumed feed into 0.390 kg of added weight.
Three matched groups of 10 piglets each were raised on conventional commercial feed containing the necessary trace elements. The feed for the first group additionally contained -100 ppm arsanilic acid and 100 ppm zinc bacitracin, the feed of the second group contained 50 ppm Carbadox, and the feed of the third group contained 100 ppm copper in the form of 566 ppm cupric methionate.
The first group grew from a combined weight of 75 kg in 23 days to 212 kg consuming 214 kg of feed, thereby grow-ing on an average 331 g per day and animal, and converting each kg of feed into 0.640 g of animal tissue.
The second group grew in the same period from 75 kg to 198 kg on 195 kg of feed for a growth rate of 297 g per day and animal, and a conversion of each kg of feed to 0.631 kg of animal tissue.
The third group grew fxom 74 kg to 214 kg while consum-ing 201 kg of feed. The average growth rate was 338 g per day and animal, and feed was converted to animal tissue at a rate of 0.697 kg per kg of feed, a rate significantly higher than obtained by the conventional growth promoting agents.
~wo matched groups of young pigs were fattened from an average weight of about 20 kg to an average weight of approx-imately 50 kg on a basic feed containing 17% - 18% crude pro-tein, 14.8% digestible crude protein, 67% - 68~ starch units, ~ 8 -0.95% lysine, and 0.65% methionine + cysteine. The pelletized feed also contained the necessary trace elements and was freely accessible to the animals. One of the two groups ad-ditionally received in its feed 566 ppm cupric methionate while the other group received instead 40 ppm Carbadox.~
The daily avarage weight gain of the pigs receiving cupric methionate was 752 g, while the pigs receiving Carbadox~
gained an average of 645 g per day.
After pigs fattened by the methods described in Example 1 had gained an average weight of 100 kg, they were slaughtered, and the copper content of liver specimens from three pigs taken at random from each group was determined.
The organic matter in each specimen weighing 2 g was destroyed by boiling practically to dryness in a Kjeldahl flask with 5 ml concentrated sulfuric acid and alternatively with 5 ml concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The residue was taken up in 2 - 3 ml concentrated sulfuric acid and 20 - 30 ml water, and 1 ml of the solution so obtained was placed in a measuring cell with 20 ml 3 N hydrochloric acid and analyzed for copper content by polarography.
While the values of copper content so determined varied between 6.7 and 26.5 ppm Cu based on fresh liver tissue con-taining about 25% to 3~% solids, all values were within normal limits t no correlation could be found between the amounts of copper in the feed and in the liver tissue, nor could signific-ant differences be detected between livers of animals that had received copper in the form of copper sulfate and cupric me-thionate respectively.
EX~MPLE 8 Groups of three pigs each were fattened by the methods R~
_ g _ described in Example 1, Groups II, III, and IV, and an ad-ditional group of three pigs received 12 ppm Nitrovin with -their feed instead of the 100 ppm copper as sulfate, 566 ppm cupric methionate, or 850 ppm cupric methionate. After the animals were slaughtered, the inner layers of their fatbacks were analyzed for linolic acid and linolenic acid. The amount of linolenic acid was 0.6~ in all tested specimens, but lin-olic acid ranged from 10.0% for pigs receiving 100 ppm Cu as the sulfate through 10.3% for the Nitrovin fed animals to 11.7%
for 850 ppm cupric methionate in the feed, and 12.0% for 566 `~
ppm cupric methionate. The amount of total polyunsaturated ~-acids in the fatback is thus increased by about one seventh after fattening on feed enriched with cupric methionate as compared to conventional supplements.
Claims (2)
1. A pig feed composition essentially consisting of carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestible by pigs and of cupric methionate in an amount of 250 to 900 mg per kilogram of said composition.
2. A composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein said amount is 400 to 700 mg per kilogram of said composition.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1549074A CH603069A5 (en) | 1974-11-21 | 1974-11-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1068536A true CA1068536A (en) | 1979-12-25 |
Family
ID=4409515
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA239,397A Expired CA1068536A (en) | 1974-11-21 | 1975-11-12 | Growth-promoting fodder additive for domestic animals |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BE (1) | BE834814A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1068536A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH603069A5 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK141952B (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2291708A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1476615A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7511485A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE411995B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH621686A5 (en) * | 1976-04-08 | 1981-02-27 | Interchemie Ag | Method for feeding cattle and sheep |
| SU997646A1 (en) * | 1978-11-27 | 1983-02-23 | Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Институт Органического Синтеза Ан Латвсср | Fodder additive |
| DE3323508A1 (en) * | 1983-06-30 | 1985-01-10 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | USE OF METHIONINE SALTS FOR THE FEEDING OF Ruminants |
| AP387A (en) * | 1991-09-13 | 1995-07-31 | Siegbert Heinrich Bissbort | Therapeutical uses of L-methionine and compositions thereof. |
-
1974
- 1974-11-21 CH CH1549074A patent/CH603069A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1975
- 1975-09-30 NL NL7511485A patent/NL7511485A/en unknown
- 1975-10-23 BE BE161201A patent/BE834814A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-11-12 CA CA239,397A patent/CA1068536A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-11-19 GB GB4765775A patent/GB1476615A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-11-19 FR FR7535292A patent/FR2291708A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1975-11-19 SE SE7513026A patent/SE411995B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-11-20 DK DK523975AA patent/DK141952B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1476615A (en) | 1977-06-16 |
| DK523975A (en) | 1976-05-22 |
| SE7513026L (en) | 1976-05-24 |
| SE411995B (en) | 1980-02-18 |
| DK141952C (en) | 1980-12-08 |
| DE2546051B2 (en) | 1977-01-27 |
| CH603069A5 (en) | 1978-08-15 |
| BE834814A (en) | 1976-02-16 |
| FR2291708A1 (en) | 1976-06-18 |
| DE2546051A1 (en) | 1976-05-26 |
| NL7511485A (en) | 1976-05-25 |
| DK141952B (en) | 1980-07-28 |
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