CA1065985A - Method of cinematographic display of layers of three-dimensional objects - Google Patents
Method of cinematographic display of layers of three-dimensional objectsInfo
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- CA1065985A CA1065985A CA234,695A CA234695A CA1065985A CA 1065985 A CA1065985 A CA 1065985A CA 234695 A CA234695 A CA 234695A CA 1065985 A CA1065985 A CA 1065985A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001454 recorded image Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001093 holography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012634 optical imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/025—Tomosynthesis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/043—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using fluoroscopic examination, with visual observation or video transmission of fluoroscopic images
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/044—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using laminography or tomosynthesis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B42/00—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means
- G03B42/02—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means using X-rays
- G03B42/026—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means using X-rays for obtaining three-dimensional pictures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
- H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
- H05G1/08—Electrical details
- H05G1/64—Circuit arrangements for X-ray apparatus incorporating image intensifiers
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
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- Molecular Biology (AREA)
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- Multimedia (AREA)
- Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)
- Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Studio Devices (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A method of cinematographically displaying laminographs recorded in optical images from moving three-dimensional objects. Series of perspective layer images of the moving three-dimensional object are continuously produced in rapid succession from different, fixed directions. For the production and cinematographic display of laminographs, by reconstruction of the perspective images, circumstances are used which correspond to the original recording circum-stances.
A method of cinematographically displaying laminographs recorded in optical images from moving three-dimensional objects. Series of perspective layer images of the moving three-dimensional object are continuously produced in rapid succession from different, fixed directions. For the production and cinematographic display of laminographs, by reconstruction of the perspective images, circumstances are used which correspond to the original recording circum-stances.
Description
106S~135 '~ethod of cinematographic display of layers of three-dimensional objects"
The invention relates to a method of cinematographic display of layer images recorded in optical images, of moving three-dimensional objects.
The principal field of application is the X-ray technique, ~herein images of a three-dimensional object are formed, by the cyclic pulsing of various X-ray sources in rapid succession from different directions by means of an X-ray image intensifier.
Various methods of making laminographs are known in the X-ray technique, for example, from United States Patent Specifica-tion 3,499,146 which issued on March 3, 1970 to Albert G. Richards.
Furthermore, the magazine "Der Radiologe", 9 (1969), page 37 and further mentions the possibility of displaying, using a series of electronically stored X-ray images, a large number of discrete laminographs adjacently on a storage tube. Using a system compris-ing a plurality of object lenses or after prior image reduction by means of a single wide-angle lens, the X-ray images can also be summed; see, for example, American Journal of Rontgenology 105 tl969), page 903. Steplessly adjustable display of the lamino-graphs is thus possible. Other methods have demonstrated that similar results can be achieved also by means of holography.
These methods have a common aspect in that the X-ray images are holographically stored, i.e. such that during the reconstruction a three-dimensional image of the object is produced by integra-tion.
However, the methods described thus far do not enable cinematographic display of layer images. The invention has for its ob;ect to record movement processes in the body ~ 2 ^
10~5~85 and to enable during cinematographic display, for example, during tomography, the position and the direction of the layer to be changed, the object being passed through quasi-three dimensionally, the layers being found and display-ed in direct succession.
These layers can be recorded either cyclically one after the other by means of a fast film camera and subsequently be used for lamino-graphy by reconstruction, or on-line recording and display can be applied, or both procedures can be followed.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method for cinematographic display of layer images of a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of: cyclically successively irradiating a three-dimensional object with penetrating radiation from a plurality of fixed X-ray sources positioned spaced apart on one side of the object to produce with a single fixed X-ray image-intensifier positioned on the other side of the object corresponding series of perspective images of the three-dimensional object and successively superimposing the different images from each repetitive series of images to form a laminograph of the object.
In this manner cinematographic laminographs having the quality of the conventional tomosynthesis method can be achieved.
The method according to the invention will be described in detail hereinafter for the X-ray technique with reerencc to the drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a diagram for the cinematographic di.splay of X-ray exposures from different perspectives.
Fig. 2 illustrates the prinicple.
Figs. 3a to 3d show embodiments for the on-line processing of recordings in perspective into laminographs of the irradiated object.
Fig. 4 diagrammatically shows a device for making on-line lamino-graphs.
Figure 5 sho~s the principle.
Figure 6 diagrammatically shows the subsequent production and cinematographic display of laminographs.
For making X-ray recordings from different perspectives according to Figure 1, a series of X-ray sources are used which are preferably arranged in one plane. For example, in Figure 1 the X-ray sources 1, 2 and 3 are diagrammatically shown (usually N X-ray sources are used, N being an integer, preferably between 10 and 50). These X-ray sources - numbered from 1 to N,-cyclically flash one after the other by electrical or electronic control, the flash duration each time being, for example, 1 ms, so that, for example, in the case N = 20, each X-ray source flashes 25 times per second, taking into account an interval of 1 ms between flashes.
According to Figure 1, the X-ray images are formed by means of an X-ray image intensifier 4, so that on the output screen 5 of this X-ray image intensifier the images Bl, B2, ... Bn of the object 6, corresponding to the X-ray sources 1 to N, appear in rapid succession. These cyclical image series are shaped as ...Bl, B2, ..., BN, B 1' B 2' ~ N
etc. representing the images from the same perspective at later instants.
This total series is taken over by the output screen of the X-ray image in-tensifier or is directly processed into laminographs. Using, ~or example, a partly transparent mirror, both processes ~film recording and direct further processing) can also b0 performed in parallel.
In accordance with Figure 1, the object 6 is positioned on an ad-justable table 7 and can be shifted along the optical axis of the system.
Figure 2 shows the principle of real-time processing of output screen images of the X-ray image intensifier. First these output screen images are corrected. This is effected, for example, in that the output images are projected by the screen 8 ~5 in Figure 1) onto a surface 9 re-sembling the input screen 4' (Figure 1~, the output images being subsequently 3a geometrically-optically imaged in the plane 10 while maintaining the original rec~rding geometrr. In the case of real-time processing, it must be ensured that, ~hen a given output image (for example Bl) appears in 8, only the ~ 065985 correct, associated beam path from 8 to 10 is opened, and that all other beam paths remain closed. This can be achieved, for example, by means of fast shutters, so that when a given X-ray source flashes, each time the correct shutter (for example, for Bl, at the objective 11) opens.
In this manner series of images cyclically appear in the plane 10 on the locations which are correct according to perspective. So as to ob-tain laminographs, these perspective images must be superimposed. For this purpose a large number of possibilities exist. Figure 2 shows one possibility:
using a number of objectives 12, the individual images in 10 are imaged in the plane 13 where they are superimposed. In the case of a fixed transfer from 10 to 13 via the objectives 12, a permanently adjusted layer of the object 6 (Figure 1) is sharply focussed in 13.
Figures 3a - d shows further possibilities of superimposing perspec-tive images so as to form laminographs. For example in Figure 3a the images (14) in the plane 10 are imaged on the output face 17 by way of a fibre optic 15 or 16, the said face 17 possibly also being formed by a frosted surface 18.
Prom this location they are successively displayed in the plane 20 in the recording sequence by the associated objective 19, a lamlnograph then being produced by image integration of all individual images.
For the superimposition of the images ~for example 21), the use of a scatter disc 22 is then sufficient, if the scatter cone thereof is directed in the direction of the objective (in this case 23).
In Pigure 3b the images in the plane 10 are collected by means of grid structures. For example the Fresnel lens 24 or the hologram (also 24) acting as a lens serves to focus the light coming from the curved surface 9 roughly in the direction of the point 25. The second Fresnel lens (for ex-ample, 26) or the hologram (also 26) acting as the lens serves to focus the beam path additionally on the objective 27. Any image disturbing patterns occurring, caused by the superimposition o~ the images by means of the grid structures, can be avoided by fast movement of the grid structures with re-spect to each other. The superimposition of the images so as to ~btain the laminated image 28 in the plane 29 is effected by means of a number of objec-1065~85 tives in the plane 30.
An opto-electronic superimposition possibility is shown in Figure 3c. The images produced in rapid succession in the plane 10 (for example 31) are recorded by means of television camera tubes 32, are bundled in an elec-tronic installation 33 and are subsequently displayed as a laminograph on a monitor 34. The electronic installation 33 may be, for example, a modified electronic tomosynthesis installation as described in the article "Computer controlled synthesis to Tomograms by means of TV-Storage Tube", IEEEE Tr. on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. BME-21, No. 3, May 1974. However, an advantage exists in that the individual images from the various perspectives (for ex-ample 31) and hence the three-dimensional information of the object, can be electronically stored during a single phase of the movement process of this object, the laminograph and the laminograph depth adjustment being additional-ly electronically adjustable.
Contrary to the Figures 3a - 3c, in Figure 3d the image superim-position is effected without intermediate imaging. The output images of the image intensifier projected on the curved surface 9 are successively imaged in the plane 37 by means of a series of objectives 35 in the plane 36. The field lens 38 or the hologram 39, acting as the field lens only causes a beam deflection, so that the individual images in the plane 37 constitute a complete image and hence a laminograph.
Figure 4 shows the combined device according to the Figures 1 and 2 for the direct further processing of the images produced on the output screen of the X-ray image intensifier into laminographs. This device enables the roentgenological display of a layer which is specific to the apparatus on a display screen, for example, the luminescent screen of a television monitor (see Figure 2). During this fixed display of a layer which is specific to the apparatus, the object can be arbitrarily moved through this fixed layer which is specific to the apparatus, so that in the superimposition plane of the reconstructed in~ividual images always the layer of the object is sharply imaged w~i~hcorresponds exactly to the layer specific to the apparatus.
Figure 4 furthermore shows in detail: the X-ray sources 40 in the 1~65985 plane 48 successively irradiate the object 41; the point a in the plane X
is displayed, for example in the points ai of the image intensifier 42 and, v a correction unit, on one of the output surfaces 43 of the screen corres-ponding to the image intensifier, successively in dif~erent locations a'i.
Simultaneously, the images appearing on the output screen 75 can be recorded and stored, by means of a fact, commercially available film camera 77, and be subsequently displayed on the surface 44 by means of a projection unit 77' and a mirror 76' for further processing. ~pon reconstruction of the individual beam paths in the positions 40' of the plane 45, corresponding to the positions of the X-ray sources in the X-ray source plane 48, the plane X' just before the curved surface 44 corresponds to the plane X of the layer which is specific to the apparatus, and the same is applicable to the points a and a'.
The subsequent optical and electronic superimposition of the inter-mediate individual images, for example, in the plane 46, has already been described with reference to some examples. The superimposition is effected such that the points a' appearing in different locations on the screen 44 coincide in the plane x", so as to form the point a", i.e. the plane X is imaged in the plane X".
The position of the layer plane X in the object can be changed in 2Q two ways. One possibility, already described consists in the moving of the object with respect to the layer X. However, a second possibility exists in the changing of the position of the layer which is specific to the apparatus, in that the imaging between the planes 46 and X" is varied, so that a point a on the optical axis before or behind the plane corresponds to the point a" on the optical axis 49 in X".
Por the postponed cinematographic laminated display of three-dimensional objects, based on stored images, two display methods are in principle possible.
The first display technique, illustrated by the Figures 2 and 4, is based on one output plane which resembles the output plane of the image inten-sifier, for example, 9 in Pigure 2 or 44 in Pigure 4. The cyclical image l~ 2 ... BN, B l~ B 2 ... B'N; B"l ... etc. are successively projected 1 ()65985 in time on the output surface, and are further processed as described with reference to the Figures 2 and 4.
The second display technique offers the advantage that the light intensity is higher, and is in principle illustrated by Figure 5. According to this technique, all N images are simultaneously processed by a recording cycle Bl to BN. Subsequently, the image series of the next recording cycle B'l to B'N is realized. To this end, contrary to the first display technique, N separate output surfaces are required. According to Figure 5, the in- , dividual images, for example, Bl to B4 are displayed at high light intensity, either by means of geometrical-optical imaging techniques (referred to as 52) or by means of image-transporting light fibres, (denoted by 53) in given positions B~l to B~4 in the plane 54, wherefrom they are projected, for example, using one of the said methods, for corrections each time on a curved surface 55. The images B~ thus produced are subsequently optically or elec-tronically superimposed in one plane. It is of decisive importance that the points 58, whereby the output surface images B~ are imaged in the plane 59, correspond to the locations of the X-ray sources, for example, 40 in Figure 4, whilst the plane 59 corresponds to the layer X specific to the apparatus in Figure 4. The imaging is optically effected by means of a suitable imaging objective 56 in the plane 57. Electronically the output surface images B~x are either projected via objectives 60 Oll image pick-up tubes 61 or th~ images B~ are directly imaged on the image pick-up tubes 63 by fibre optics. To this end, the beam cone produced by the fibre optic 62 should intersect the virtual point 58. The images electronically recorded for ex-ample, in the planes 64 or 65, are bundled, like in Figure 3c, in an elec-tronic installation and are subsequently displayed on a monitor as a lamino-graph. According to the first display method, based on one output surface, the individual images of the television installation are applied in rapid succession, whilst according to the second display method, requiring separate output surfaces, all images are simultaneously applied to the television installation for an arbitrary duration.
Whilst the three-dimensional display of the object during the 1065~85 optical processing is obtained by adequate masking of the diaphragms 66, for the electronic processing either the pick-up tubes 61 or 63 can be shifted with respect to each other in a defined manner, thus layers of various depths being produced~ or the shifting of the individual images with respect to each other can be effected by electronic means.
In order to make optimum use of the light for all geometrical-optical display methods, the light coming from the output surface 55 can be directed such that the imaging lens, for example, 56 or 60, is optimally used. Figure 5 shows one possibility by utilizing the directional properties of a fibre optic 67; however, other possibilities of directing rays can also be used for the method according to the invention.
Figure 6 diagrammatically shows the experimental construction of the real-time method in a plan view, the cinematographic laminated display of three-dimensionel objects being effected by simultaneous superimposition of all N images of a recording cycle. The images, for example, B5 to B7 and BN, are exposed at high light intensity and are intermediately optically displayed in accurately defined locations 72 to 74 and 70 (behind the plane of the drawing, each time denoted by 69). From these locations they are projected onto curved surfaces 71 ~see also 55 in Figure 5) which correspond to the curvature of the input screen of the image intensifier, and are subsequently, as described in Figure 5, processed into laminographs using ~ superimposition method. The distribution of the N output surfaces (diagrammatically repre-sented by 71) in the defined positions 72 to 74 and 70 should be chosen such that by means of a lens matrix, for example, in the plane 57 in Figure 5, all individual output surface images and the associated perspectives are imaged in one plane ~59 in Figure 5), so that a laminograph is produced by integration of all N images.
The invention relates to a method of cinematographic display of layer images recorded in optical images, of moving three-dimensional objects.
The principal field of application is the X-ray technique, ~herein images of a three-dimensional object are formed, by the cyclic pulsing of various X-ray sources in rapid succession from different directions by means of an X-ray image intensifier.
Various methods of making laminographs are known in the X-ray technique, for example, from United States Patent Specifica-tion 3,499,146 which issued on March 3, 1970 to Albert G. Richards.
Furthermore, the magazine "Der Radiologe", 9 (1969), page 37 and further mentions the possibility of displaying, using a series of electronically stored X-ray images, a large number of discrete laminographs adjacently on a storage tube. Using a system compris-ing a plurality of object lenses or after prior image reduction by means of a single wide-angle lens, the X-ray images can also be summed; see, for example, American Journal of Rontgenology 105 tl969), page 903. Steplessly adjustable display of the lamino-graphs is thus possible. Other methods have demonstrated that similar results can be achieved also by means of holography.
These methods have a common aspect in that the X-ray images are holographically stored, i.e. such that during the reconstruction a three-dimensional image of the object is produced by integra-tion.
However, the methods described thus far do not enable cinematographic display of layer images. The invention has for its ob;ect to record movement processes in the body ~ 2 ^
10~5~85 and to enable during cinematographic display, for example, during tomography, the position and the direction of the layer to be changed, the object being passed through quasi-three dimensionally, the layers being found and display-ed in direct succession.
These layers can be recorded either cyclically one after the other by means of a fast film camera and subsequently be used for lamino-graphy by reconstruction, or on-line recording and display can be applied, or both procedures can be followed.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method for cinematographic display of layer images of a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of: cyclically successively irradiating a three-dimensional object with penetrating radiation from a plurality of fixed X-ray sources positioned spaced apart on one side of the object to produce with a single fixed X-ray image-intensifier positioned on the other side of the object corresponding series of perspective images of the three-dimensional object and successively superimposing the different images from each repetitive series of images to form a laminograph of the object.
In this manner cinematographic laminographs having the quality of the conventional tomosynthesis method can be achieved.
The method according to the invention will be described in detail hereinafter for the X-ray technique with reerencc to the drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a diagram for the cinematographic di.splay of X-ray exposures from different perspectives.
Fig. 2 illustrates the prinicple.
Figs. 3a to 3d show embodiments for the on-line processing of recordings in perspective into laminographs of the irradiated object.
Fig. 4 diagrammatically shows a device for making on-line lamino-graphs.
Figure 5 sho~s the principle.
Figure 6 diagrammatically shows the subsequent production and cinematographic display of laminographs.
For making X-ray recordings from different perspectives according to Figure 1, a series of X-ray sources are used which are preferably arranged in one plane. For example, in Figure 1 the X-ray sources 1, 2 and 3 are diagrammatically shown (usually N X-ray sources are used, N being an integer, preferably between 10 and 50). These X-ray sources - numbered from 1 to N,-cyclically flash one after the other by electrical or electronic control, the flash duration each time being, for example, 1 ms, so that, for example, in the case N = 20, each X-ray source flashes 25 times per second, taking into account an interval of 1 ms between flashes.
According to Figure 1, the X-ray images are formed by means of an X-ray image intensifier 4, so that on the output screen 5 of this X-ray image intensifier the images Bl, B2, ... Bn of the object 6, corresponding to the X-ray sources 1 to N, appear in rapid succession. These cyclical image series are shaped as ...Bl, B2, ..., BN, B 1' B 2' ~ N
etc. representing the images from the same perspective at later instants.
This total series is taken over by the output screen of the X-ray image in-tensifier or is directly processed into laminographs. Using, ~or example, a partly transparent mirror, both processes ~film recording and direct further processing) can also b0 performed in parallel.
In accordance with Figure 1, the object 6 is positioned on an ad-justable table 7 and can be shifted along the optical axis of the system.
Figure 2 shows the principle of real-time processing of output screen images of the X-ray image intensifier. First these output screen images are corrected. This is effected, for example, in that the output images are projected by the screen 8 ~5 in Figure 1) onto a surface 9 re-sembling the input screen 4' (Figure 1~, the output images being subsequently 3a geometrically-optically imaged in the plane 10 while maintaining the original rec~rding geometrr. In the case of real-time processing, it must be ensured that, ~hen a given output image (for example Bl) appears in 8, only the ~ 065985 correct, associated beam path from 8 to 10 is opened, and that all other beam paths remain closed. This can be achieved, for example, by means of fast shutters, so that when a given X-ray source flashes, each time the correct shutter (for example, for Bl, at the objective 11) opens.
In this manner series of images cyclically appear in the plane 10 on the locations which are correct according to perspective. So as to ob-tain laminographs, these perspective images must be superimposed. For this purpose a large number of possibilities exist. Figure 2 shows one possibility:
using a number of objectives 12, the individual images in 10 are imaged in the plane 13 where they are superimposed. In the case of a fixed transfer from 10 to 13 via the objectives 12, a permanently adjusted layer of the object 6 (Figure 1) is sharply focussed in 13.
Figures 3a - d shows further possibilities of superimposing perspec-tive images so as to form laminographs. For example in Figure 3a the images (14) in the plane 10 are imaged on the output face 17 by way of a fibre optic 15 or 16, the said face 17 possibly also being formed by a frosted surface 18.
Prom this location they are successively displayed in the plane 20 in the recording sequence by the associated objective 19, a lamlnograph then being produced by image integration of all individual images.
For the superimposition of the images ~for example 21), the use of a scatter disc 22 is then sufficient, if the scatter cone thereof is directed in the direction of the objective (in this case 23).
In Pigure 3b the images in the plane 10 are collected by means of grid structures. For example the Fresnel lens 24 or the hologram (also 24) acting as a lens serves to focus the light coming from the curved surface 9 roughly in the direction of the point 25. The second Fresnel lens (for ex-ample, 26) or the hologram (also 26) acting as the lens serves to focus the beam path additionally on the objective 27. Any image disturbing patterns occurring, caused by the superimposition o~ the images by means of the grid structures, can be avoided by fast movement of the grid structures with re-spect to each other. The superimposition of the images so as to ~btain the laminated image 28 in the plane 29 is effected by means of a number of objec-1065~85 tives in the plane 30.
An opto-electronic superimposition possibility is shown in Figure 3c. The images produced in rapid succession in the plane 10 (for example 31) are recorded by means of television camera tubes 32, are bundled in an elec-tronic installation 33 and are subsequently displayed as a laminograph on a monitor 34. The electronic installation 33 may be, for example, a modified electronic tomosynthesis installation as described in the article "Computer controlled synthesis to Tomograms by means of TV-Storage Tube", IEEEE Tr. on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. BME-21, No. 3, May 1974. However, an advantage exists in that the individual images from the various perspectives (for ex-ample 31) and hence the three-dimensional information of the object, can be electronically stored during a single phase of the movement process of this object, the laminograph and the laminograph depth adjustment being additional-ly electronically adjustable.
Contrary to the Figures 3a - 3c, in Figure 3d the image superim-position is effected without intermediate imaging. The output images of the image intensifier projected on the curved surface 9 are successively imaged in the plane 37 by means of a series of objectives 35 in the plane 36. The field lens 38 or the hologram 39, acting as the field lens only causes a beam deflection, so that the individual images in the plane 37 constitute a complete image and hence a laminograph.
Figure 4 shows the combined device according to the Figures 1 and 2 for the direct further processing of the images produced on the output screen of the X-ray image intensifier into laminographs. This device enables the roentgenological display of a layer which is specific to the apparatus on a display screen, for example, the luminescent screen of a television monitor (see Figure 2). During this fixed display of a layer which is specific to the apparatus, the object can be arbitrarily moved through this fixed layer which is specific to the apparatus, so that in the superimposition plane of the reconstructed in~ividual images always the layer of the object is sharply imaged w~i~hcorresponds exactly to the layer specific to the apparatus.
Figure 4 furthermore shows in detail: the X-ray sources 40 in the 1~65985 plane 48 successively irradiate the object 41; the point a in the plane X
is displayed, for example in the points ai of the image intensifier 42 and, v a correction unit, on one of the output surfaces 43 of the screen corres-ponding to the image intensifier, successively in dif~erent locations a'i.
Simultaneously, the images appearing on the output screen 75 can be recorded and stored, by means of a fact, commercially available film camera 77, and be subsequently displayed on the surface 44 by means of a projection unit 77' and a mirror 76' for further processing. ~pon reconstruction of the individual beam paths in the positions 40' of the plane 45, corresponding to the positions of the X-ray sources in the X-ray source plane 48, the plane X' just before the curved surface 44 corresponds to the plane X of the layer which is specific to the apparatus, and the same is applicable to the points a and a'.
The subsequent optical and electronic superimposition of the inter-mediate individual images, for example, in the plane 46, has already been described with reference to some examples. The superimposition is effected such that the points a' appearing in different locations on the screen 44 coincide in the plane x", so as to form the point a", i.e. the plane X is imaged in the plane X".
The position of the layer plane X in the object can be changed in 2Q two ways. One possibility, already described consists in the moving of the object with respect to the layer X. However, a second possibility exists in the changing of the position of the layer which is specific to the apparatus, in that the imaging between the planes 46 and X" is varied, so that a point a on the optical axis before or behind the plane corresponds to the point a" on the optical axis 49 in X".
Por the postponed cinematographic laminated display of three-dimensional objects, based on stored images, two display methods are in principle possible.
The first display technique, illustrated by the Figures 2 and 4, is based on one output plane which resembles the output plane of the image inten-sifier, for example, 9 in Pigure 2 or 44 in Pigure 4. The cyclical image l~ 2 ... BN, B l~ B 2 ... B'N; B"l ... etc. are successively projected 1 ()65985 in time on the output surface, and are further processed as described with reference to the Figures 2 and 4.
The second display technique offers the advantage that the light intensity is higher, and is in principle illustrated by Figure 5. According to this technique, all N images are simultaneously processed by a recording cycle Bl to BN. Subsequently, the image series of the next recording cycle B'l to B'N is realized. To this end, contrary to the first display technique, N separate output surfaces are required. According to Figure 5, the in- , dividual images, for example, Bl to B4 are displayed at high light intensity, either by means of geometrical-optical imaging techniques (referred to as 52) or by means of image-transporting light fibres, (denoted by 53) in given positions B~l to B~4 in the plane 54, wherefrom they are projected, for example, using one of the said methods, for corrections each time on a curved surface 55. The images B~ thus produced are subsequently optically or elec-tronically superimposed in one plane. It is of decisive importance that the points 58, whereby the output surface images B~ are imaged in the plane 59, correspond to the locations of the X-ray sources, for example, 40 in Figure 4, whilst the plane 59 corresponds to the layer X specific to the apparatus in Figure 4. The imaging is optically effected by means of a suitable imaging objective 56 in the plane 57. Electronically the output surface images B~x are either projected via objectives 60 Oll image pick-up tubes 61 or th~ images B~ are directly imaged on the image pick-up tubes 63 by fibre optics. To this end, the beam cone produced by the fibre optic 62 should intersect the virtual point 58. The images electronically recorded for ex-ample, in the planes 64 or 65, are bundled, like in Figure 3c, in an elec-tronic installation and are subsequently displayed on a monitor as a lamino-graph. According to the first display method, based on one output surface, the individual images of the television installation are applied in rapid succession, whilst according to the second display method, requiring separate output surfaces, all images are simultaneously applied to the television installation for an arbitrary duration.
Whilst the three-dimensional display of the object during the 1065~85 optical processing is obtained by adequate masking of the diaphragms 66, for the electronic processing either the pick-up tubes 61 or 63 can be shifted with respect to each other in a defined manner, thus layers of various depths being produced~ or the shifting of the individual images with respect to each other can be effected by electronic means.
In order to make optimum use of the light for all geometrical-optical display methods, the light coming from the output surface 55 can be directed such that the imaging lens, for example, 56 or 60, is optimally used. Figure 5 shows one possibility by utilizing the directional properties of a fibre optic 67; however, other possibilities of directing rays can also be used for the method according to the invention.
Figure 6 diagrammatically shows the experimental construction of the real-time method in a plan view, the cinematographic laminated display of three-dimensionel objects being effected by simultaneous superimposition of all N images of a recording cycle. The images, for example, B5 to B7 and BN, are exposed at high light intensity and are intermediately optically displayed in accurately defined locations 72 to 74 and 70 (behind the plane of the drawing, each time denoted by 69). From these locations they are projected onto curved surfaces 71 ~see also 55 in Figure 5) which correspond to the curvature of the input screen of the image intensifier, and are subsequently, as described in Figure 5, processed into laminographs using ~ superimposition method. The distribution of the N output surfaces (diagrammatically repre-sented by 71) in the defined positions 72 to 74 and 70 should be chosen such that by means of a lens matrix, for example, in the plane 57 in Figure 5, all individual output surface images and the associated perspectives are imaged in one plane ~59 in Figure 5), so that a laminograph is produced by integration of all N images.
Claims (17)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method for cinematographic display of layer images of a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of: cyclically successively irradiating a three-dimensional object with penetrating radiation from a plurality of fixed X-ray sources positioned spaced apart on one side of the object to produce with a single fixed X-ray image-intensifier positioned on the other side of the object corresponding series of perspective images, of the three-dimensional object and successively superimposing the different images from each repetitive series of images to form a laminograph of the object.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the series of perspective images are first registered on a film and subsequently super-imposed for forming and cinematographically displaying laminographs.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that for the forming and cinematographic display of the laminographs the perspective images of one series are simultaneously recorded and stored.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the reconstruction of the shadow images at an input plane of the image intensifier and the subsequent superimposition of the perspective images, successively taking place in time, is effected via only one plane which is geometrically in accordance with the image intensifier input plane, such that when any arbitrary shadow image appears, only the correct associated separate beam path is opened by means of a shutter, all other beam paths remaining closed.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that during the superimposition of the individual perspective images, first an intermediate image is formed by means of a first lens matrix, intermediate images being combined so as to form a composite image by means of a second lens matrix.
6. A method as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that the projec-tion light for the intermediate images is adapted to the second lens matrix by means of, for example, a lens or a grid or a fibre optic.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that when use is made of grids for directing light, the grid structures are moved towards each other.
8. A method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the superimposition of the perspective images is directly effected by means of a lens matrix and a subsequent field lens without intermediate imaging.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that for superimposing the perspective images first intermediate images are formed by means of a first lens matrix, and the intermediate images generated behind the first lens matrix are directly projected onto individual pick-up tubes, the superimposition of the images and the layer depth adjustment being electronically effected.
10. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the recon-struction of the recorded images and the subsequent, simultaneous super-imposition of the images is each time effected by a recording cycle via separate planes in accordance with their perspectives by means of optical means, the planes geometrically corresponding to the input plane of an X-ray image intensifier.
11. A method as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the images of a recording cycle are simultaneously projected onto individual surfaces in a geometrical-optical manner, the said images being subsequently super-imposed to form a laminograph on a detector by means of a lens matrix.
12. A method as claimed in claim 11, characterized in that the images are projected from the individual surfaces onto individual pick-up tubes, the superimposition and an adjustment of a depth of a layer inside the object being electronically effected.
13. A method as claimed in claim 6 or 7, characterized in that by means of the optical superimposition methods a high depth focus is obtained by using a depth focus diaphragm, so that a quasi-three-dimensional reak image of the object is produced in the imaging space of the last lens matrix.
14. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the perspective images successively recorded from different directions are projected onto a detector by way of suitable superimposition techniques, while maintaining the original recording geometry, a given layer which is specific to a recording geometry of the X-ray sources relative to the image-intensifier thus being cinematographically displayed on the detector.
15. A method as claimed in claim 14, characterized in that due to the motion of an arbitrary object through the layer which is specific to the recording geometry, a layer of the object to be cinematographically displayed can be chosen at random as regards the position and orientation thereof.
16. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a first layer, which differs in position from a second layer which is specific to the original recording geometry determined by the X-ray sources relative to the image-intensifier, is displayed on a detector by projecting the perspective images successively recorded from different projections rela-tive to an optical axis on the detector by way of suitable superimposing techniques, wherein use is made of a lens matrix comprising as much objec-tives as X-ray sources for recording, the objectives being radially sym-metrically displaced with respect to the optical axis so as to obtain said first layer.
17. A method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that a later cinematographic display of laminographs is effected by using the series of perspective images preferably recorded on a film.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2442841A DE2442841A1 (en) | 1974-09-06 | 1974-09-06 | METHOD FOR THE KINEMATOGRAPHIC LAYER DISPLAY OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1065985A true CA1065985A (en) | 1979-11-06 |
Family
ID=5925103
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA234,695A Expired CA1065985A (en) | 1974-09-06 | 1975-09-03 | Method of cinematographic display of layers of three-dimensional objects |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5152291A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1065985A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2442841A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2284137A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1531755A (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2514988C3 (en) * | 1975-04-05 | 1980-03-13 | Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg | Method for the layer-by-layer representation of three-dimensional objects by means of coded simultaneous overlay images |
| DE2712320A1 (en) * | 1977-03-21 | 1978-09-28 | Siemens Ag | X-RAY DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE FOR X-RAY SLAT IMAGES |
| DE2746035C2 (en) * | 1977-10-13 | 1984-10-18 | Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg | Method for spatial decoding of three-dimensional objects from primary overlay images |
| AU4326979A (en) * | 1978-01-13 | 1979-07-19 | N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken | X-ray apparatus for tomosynthesis |
| DE2911375C2 (en) * | 1979-03-23 | 1983-12-22 | Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg | Process for the production of layer images of a three-dimensional object |
| DE3134076A1 (en) * | 1981-08-28 | 1983-03-10 | Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg | "DEVICE FOR SHOWING A BODY" |
| GB0706088D0 (en) | 2007-03-29 | 2007-05-09 | Durham Scient Crystals Ltd | X-ray imaging of materials |
| GB0706089D0 (en) | 2007-03-29 | 2007-10-31 | Durham Scient Crystals Ltd | X-ray imaging of materials |
| GB0823093D0 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2009-01-28 | Durham Scient Crystals Ltd | Apparatus and method for characterisation of materials |
-
1974
- 1974-09-06 DE DE2442841A patent/DE2442841A1/en active Granted
-
1975
- 1975-09-03 CA CA234,695A patent/CA1065985A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-09-04 FR FR7527100A patent/FR2284137A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1975-09-05 JP JP50107918A patent/JPS5152291A/en active Pending
- 1975-09-06 GB GB36272/75A patent/GB1531755A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2442841A1 (en) | 1976-03-18 |
| JPS5152291A (en) | 1976-05-08 |
| DE2442841C3 (en) | 1980-05-08 |
| GB1531755A (en) | 1978-11-08 |
| DE2442841B2 (en) | 1979-08-16 |
| FR2284137A1 (en) | 1976-04-02 |
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