CA1062036A - Paper machine optical monitoring device and method - Google Patents
Paper machine optical monitoring device and methodInfo
- Publication number
- CA1062036A CA1062036A CA229,679A CA229679A CA1062036A CA 1062036 A CA1062036 A CA 1062036A CA 229679 A CA229679 A CA 229679A CA 1062036 A CA1062036 A CA 1062036A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- reflectance
- web
- transmittance
- sheet material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
In an illustrated embodiment, brightness, color, opacity and fluorescent contribution to brightness are measured by an on-line sensing head providing for simultaneous measurement of transmitted and reflected light, The instrument is designed so as to be capable of transverse scanning of a moving paper web on the paper machine.
An optical window member serves as a backing for the web for reflectance measurements and is in series with the web with respect to transmittance measurements. The optical window itself is selected as to its reflectance and transmittance so as to provide for periodic standardization of the instrument in an off-sheet position.
In an illustrated embodiment, brightness, color, opacity and fluorescent contribution to brightness are measured by an on-line sensing head providing for simultaneous measurement of transmitted and reflected light, The instrument is designed so as to be capable of transverse scanning of a moving paper web on the paper machine.
An optical window member serves as a backing for the web for reflectance measurements and is in series with the web with respect to transmittance measurements. The optical window itself is selected as to its reflectance and transmittance so as to provide for periodic standardization of the instrument in an off-sheet position.
Description
r -1~:)6;~0~6 .-SPECIFICATION
In the prior art it is known tocbtain an indication of color and brightness characteristics of a paper web during manufacture by an , on-line measurement of reflectance value ~Rg), but this measurement is decidedly different from that necessary for actual color and bright-,'J'' ness characterizations. Accordingly, such a measurement must be ~t accompanied by very frequent off-line testing, so as to enable an ~ ` `
adequate empirical calibration of the measuring instrument. Further, ~ -a separate set of calibration parameters is required for each grade and weight of paper. Instruments which measure different optical ~ r .:
parameters of single sheets sequentially, as by changing from a black backing to a white backing, are not adapted to obtaining two distinct measurements *om the same region of a moving web, Laboratory in~truments are generally delicate and bulky and not readily adaptable ~l to on-line use.
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1 This invention relates to an optical device and method for sensing optical properties of moving sheet material, and particularly to an 1~ on-the-paper-machine device and method for simultaneously sensing `` i both transmitted and reflected light so asi to obtain measurements from "~, .
~, which the optical properties of interest can be calculated substantially , ~` independently of grade andweight of paper involved.
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide r~ an optical monitoring device and method for sensing optical properties `,, , .
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03~i , ,'~ :' based on reflectance and transmittance measurements made at substantially a common region of a moving web of partially translucent sheet material while such common region is backed by an optically stable material exhibiting uniform reflectance and transmittance values of substantial magnitude.
Another object of the invention is to provide such an optical monitoring device and method capable of accurately sensing optical properties such as brightness, color, opacity and/or fluorescent contribution to brightness, and wherein the backing material serves as a standard for both the reflectance and transmittance measurements.
While such an optical monitoring device is useful off-line for sensing optical properties of a single thickness sample, it is a further important object of the present invention to provide such an optical monitor-ing device which is of sufficiently stable and durable construction so as to be adapted for on-line monitoring of the desired optical properties in the environment of the paper manufacturing process.
Another and further object of the invention is to provide an on-the-paper-machine optical monitoring device capable of automatic standardiz-ation by means of the same backing used during measurement of the reflectance and transmittance of the paper web.
A unique feature of the on-line optical monitoring device is its ~ ability to simultaneously measure both reflected and transmitted light while ''!' a fixed backing stably supports the web and serves both as a standard for ~he reflectance measurement and as a conduit for the light energy which is - to be collected as a measure of the transmittance of the web.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is pro-vided apparatus for measuring at least one optical property of single thick-' .'!
`. ness sheet material, comprising an optical measuring system including light ~ source means, a sheet receiving region for receiving a single thickness of i:"
sheet material, and photometric sensor means for receiving light energy from the light source means after impingement on sheet material at said sheet ; receiving region to provide reflectance and transmittance measurement com-ponents with respect to such sheet material at said sheet receiving region,
In the prior art it is known tocbtain an indication of color and brightness characteristics of a paper web during manufacture by an , on-line measurement of reflectance value ~Rg), but this measurement is decidedly different from that necessary for actual color and bright-,'J'' ness characterizations. Accordingly, such a measurement must be ~t accompanied by very frequent off-line testing, so as to enable an ~ ` `
adequate empirical calibration of the measuring instrument. Further, ~ -a separate set of calibration parameters is required for each grade and weight of paper. Instruments which measure different optical ~ r .:
parameters of single sheets sequentially, as by changing from a black backing to a white backing, are not adapted to obtaining two distinct measurements *om the same region of a moving web, Laboratory in~truments are generally delicate and bulky and not readily adaptable ~l to on-line use.
,,~; ' .
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1 This invention relates to an optical device and method for sensing optical properties of moving sheet material, and particularly to an 1~ on-the-paper-machine device and method for simultaneously sensing `` i both transmitted and reflected light so asi to obtain measurements from "~, .
~, which the optical properties of interest can be calculated substantially , ~` independently of grade andweight of paper involved.
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide r~ an optical monitoring device and method for sensing optical properties `,, , .
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03~i , ,'~ :' based on reflectance and transmittance measurements made at substantially a common region of a moving web of partially translucent sheet material while such common region is backed by an optically stable material exhibiting uniform reflectance and transmittance values of substantial magnitude.
Another object of the invention is to provide such an optical monitoring device and method capable of accurately sensing optical properties such as brightness, color, opacity and/or fluorescent contribution to brightness, and wherein the backing material serves as a standard for both the reflectance and transmittance measurements.
While such an optical monitoring device is useful off-line for sensing optical properties of a single thickness sample, it is a further important object of the present invention to provide such an optical monitor-ing device which is of sufficiently stable and durable construction so as to be adapted for on-line monitoring of the desired optical properties in the environment of the paper manufacturing process.
Another and further object of the invention is to provide an on-the-paper-machine optical monitoring device capable of automatic standardiz-ation by means of the same backing used during measurement of the reflectance and transmittance of the paper web.
A unique feature of the on-line optical monitoring device is its ~ ability to simultaneously measure both reflected and transmitted light while ''!' a fixed backing stably supports the web and serves both as a standard for ~he reflectance measurement and as a conduit for the light energy which is - to be collected as a measure of the transmittance of the web.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is pro-vided apparatus for measuring at least one optical property of single thick-' .'!
`. ness sheet material, comprising an optical measuring system including light ~ source means, a sheet receiving region for receiving a single thickness of i:"
sheet material, and photometric sensor means for receiving light energy from the light source means after impingement on sheet material at said sheet ; receiving region to provide reflectance and transmittance measurement com-ponents with respect to such sheet material at said sheet receiving region,
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, the optical measuring system having further means operable in conjunction , with said photometric sensor means for providing resultant output information from the system in accordance with at least one optical measurement spectral response function corresponding to such at least one optical property, and an optical window member for partially reflecting and partially transmitting light incident thereon, said window member being disposed for partially reflecting light energy received from the sheet receiving region back toward the sheet receiving region and for partially transmitting light energy so as to provide for at least one standardization reading from the photometric ~, 10 sensor means in the absence of sheet material in said sheet receiving region.
~' -~' According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for measuring at least one optical property of sheet material, comprising an optical measuring system including light source means, sheet receiving means for receiving light energy therefrom, photo-metric sensor means for receiving light energy from the sheet receiving means for providing respective reflectance and transmittance output signal ~:, components as a function of respective reflectance and transmittance para-.~ meters of a single thickness sheet material at the sheet receiving means, - -i~', ' and further means operable in conjunction with said photometric sensor .
' 20 means for providing a quantitative output based on the reflectance and . ~ . .
transmittance output signal components and in accordance with an optical 'i~' measurement spectral response function for characterizing the opticalproperty, said further means comprising an optical window member disposed in optical coupling relation to said sheet receiving means during the : :
,~ sensing of the reflectance and transmittance parameters of sheet material .", .~i at said sheet receiving means and comprising translucent diffusing material.
'.~ Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention ~, .
. will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
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N THE DRAWINGS
E~ig. 1 i9 a fragmentary somewhat diagrammatic longitudinal sectional view of a paper machine showing in outline a side view of an optical monitoring device in accordance with the present invention operatively mounted on line with the machine;
Fig. 2 is a fragmentary somewhat diagrammatic transverse I -~
sectional view of the paper machine of Fig. 1 and taken generally as indicated by the line Il-II of Fig. 1 and loo!~ing in the direction of the I ~;
arrows (toward the wet end of the paper machine) the view being taken so as to show in outline a direct front view of the optical monitoring device of ~ig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic longitudinal sectional view of an on-the-paper-machlne optical monitoring device in accordance wlth the present inventlon;
E~ig. 4 is a partial diagrammatic plan view of the filter wheel assembly utilized in the monitoring device of E7ig. 3;
Fig. 5 is a somewhat diagrammatic v~ew illustrating an optical ... .
analyzer unit in electrical association with the optical monitoring device Oe Figs. 1-4 and with a power supply unit;
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Fig. 6 is an electric circuit diagram illustrating the electrical connections between the various components of Figs. 1-5;
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; Flg. 7 is a flow chart illustrating an existing direct ?~ .dlgltal control analog polnt scan program whlch has been adapted ' to allow for the collection and temporary storage of the reflectance,. ... .
and transmittance data acquired from the system of Figs. 1-6;
~'1 Flgs. 8-16 when arranged in a vertical series represent i;
s~ a program fourteen which is designed to read the reflectance -and transmittance values stored pursuant to Fig. 7 and generally ~-to control the operation of the system of Figs. 1-6 and to apply ¦
correction factors to the raw reaectance and transmittance data;
Figs. 17-20 when arranged in a vertlcal sequence I ., ~,, represent a data reduction program forty-two whose purpose is to l i reduce the corrected reflectance and transmlttance data as ¦
produced by the program of Flgs. 8-16 lnto terms wlth whlch ' papermakers are famlllar and upon whlch paper optical speciflcatlons; ~ are based, e. g. brightness, opacity, color and fluorescence;
Fig. 21 ls a dlagrammatlc vertlcal sectlonal vlew showing ~i an off-the-machlne instrument for simulating the optical measurements of tbe embodlment of Flgs. 1-20 and Figs. 22 and 23 are diagrammatic plan views showling t,f,,~ the incident beam filter wheel and the reflected beam filter wheel, respectively, for ~e Instrument of FlS 21.
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DPSCRIPI10~1 0~ T~E PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
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Detailed Description Of The ~pparatus Of Figs. 1 and 2 Figs 1 and 2 will serve to illustrate the modificatioos of an ' existing paper machine which are required for carrying out a preferred ' embodiment of the present invention. Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, an on-the-paper-machine optical monitoring device is diagrammatically I `
.dicated at 10 and comprises an upper sensing head 11 and a lower ~ `
, sensing head 12 which are main~ained in precise rel~tive alignment ~
''i and disposedfor operatlve association and transverse scanning move- jr .
i~ ment relative to a paper web located as indicated at 14 in Figs. 1 and 2. ~g will be described hereinafter with reference to Figs 3 and 4, ¦
, In a partlcular deslgn o~ the optical monltoring devlce, upper head 11 inctudes a llght sourcé for pro~ectlng llght onto the web such that a ¦
~t~l portlon of the light i9 reflected parallel to an optlcal axis indicated at 'I ~
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15, whlle a further portion of the light i9 transmltted through the paper web for collectlon and measurement by means of the lower sensing head 12.
For purposes of l11ustratlon, E~igs. 1 and 2 show portions of an existing web scanner construction which is utilized to scan the web 14 ~, for conventionat purposes. The conventional scanner construction cludes fixed frame components such as 20, 21 and 22 forming what is known as an "O" type scanner frame. The conventional s~anning structure further includes upper and lower slides 25 and 26 for joint horizontal movement along the horizontal beams 21 and 22. Associated : ~ -" , ~, with the slides 25 and 26 are movable assernblies 27 and 28 carrled ; by the respective slides 25 and 26 and including vertically disposed plates 31 and 32 and angularly disposed ~ange members such as i ~5~
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.~,:"' , , , ~ ' 106.036 indicated at 33 and 34 in Fig. 1. These flange portions 33 and 34 have broad surfaces Iying in planes generally parallel to the plane of , the web 14 and are utilized for mounting of the monitoring device 10 : ~
of the present invention. In particular a top head mounting bracket i8 ,. . .
indicated at 41 in Figs. 1 and 2 and is shown as being secured to the - ~ ~`
existing flange part 33 so as to mount the upper head 11 for scanning movement with the assembly 27. Similarly a lower head mountlng --bracket is indicated at 42 and is shown as being secured to flange part 34 of the lower movable assembly 28 so as to mount the lower sensing head 12 for scanning movement jointly with the upper sensing head 11. , ,~
For the purpose of electrical connection with the monitoring device 10 during its traverse of the web 14, electric cables are ~ndicated at 51 and 52 for electr~cal connection with the components of the upper sensing head ll and lower sensing head 12 of the monitoring device 10.
The cable 51 i8 shown as being fastened by means of straps 53 and 54 -~
to a top carrier slide bracket 55. The bracket is shown as being secured by means of fasteners 56 and 57 to the upper portion of vertical plate 31. As indicated in Fig. 2, successive loops of cable 51 are secured to swivel type ball bearing carriers such as indlcated at 61.
A trolley track 62 is supported from existing channels such as indicated at 63 and mounts the carriers 61 for horizontal movement as required 1' to accommodate the scanning movement of the monitoring device 10 across the width of the web 14, Similarly, successive loops of the cable 52 are fastened to the eyes such as indicated at 71 of a lower series of carriers 72. As seen in Fig. 1 each of the carriers such as 72 includes a pair of rollers such as 73 and 74 riding in the trolley track 75 which is secured directly to the lower flange 22a of beam 22.
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A lower carrier sl;.de bracket 81 is secured to vertical plate 32 by .
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means of fasteners 82 and 83 and is provided with a horizontally extend-ing flange 84 for engaging with the flrst of the series of lower carriers 72. In part~cular, carr~er 72 i9 provided with a shank 85 which extends .. . .
into a longitudinal slot 84a of flange 84. Thus, the first carrier 72 is lnterengaged with the bracket 81 and is caused to move with the lower ~ assembly 28 and the lower sensing head 12. The remaining lower carriers ;' such as that indicat~lat 83 move along the trolley track 75 as necessary ~ .
to accommodate movement of the mor.itoring device 10 transversely of the web 14. ?
While Flgures 1 and 2 have illustated the optical monitoring devlce of the present lnvention as being mounted on line withthe paper ;~; machlne and have further lllustrated the case where the monltorlng device i9 to be scanned transversely of the web, lt is consldered that the optl-.:, . .
cal monitoring device of the present invention would also be of great value , ~-lf redesigned for bench mountlng. By ptaclng a slngle sheet of paper in a sample mount of the devlce, a technlclan could simultaneously test the ,~i ~, .
sample for color, brightness, fluorescence, and opaclty tn a matter of ,;, ~ seconds. ' ~;
.9,~ In the illustrated embodiment, however, lt is contemplated that the monitorlng device 10 wlll be mounted on line with the paper ,`r, machine and will be capable of movement to a position clear of the edge i;l of the web as indicated in ~lg. 2 at the end of each hour of operation, for ,,, example. W~en the end of a productlon run for a glv~n we b 14 has been ` ~ reached, or when a web break occurs for any other reason (such as `, accldental severance of the given web), the monitoring device 10 wlU be ~i moved clear of the edge of the web path as indicated in Fig. 2. Each time the monitoring device 10 is moved to the off-web position ishown in Fig. 2 it is preferred that readlngs be taken of the reflectance and transmittance ." I
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an updated calibration of the moni~oring device. Thus, such updating of calibration may take place automatically (for example under the control of aprocess control computer controlling the paper manufac-turing operation) at hourly intervals and also after web break~. The monitoring device can, of course, be retracted manually any time desired by the operator for the purpose of checking calibration. By j?
way of example, the monitoring device 10 may be capable of a normal scanning travel over a dlstance of 115 inches with provision for an additional travel of 16 Inches to the position shown in 17ig, 2, A nange is indicated at 87 which serves to insure proper re-engagement of the sensing head with the web at the operator's side of the iIlustrated paper machine (opposite the side indicated in l?ig. 2).
The lower head 12 is designed to contact the web 14 during scannirg thereof. The design spacing between the upper and lower heads 11 and 12 18 3/16 inch. The optical openlng in the upper head 11 i8 aligned with the optical axis 15 and is to be maintained in alignment wi~h the center of the window in the lower head 12. Four ad~usting ¦ ~
screws such as those indicat~i at 91 and 92 a~ceprovided for accurate I cpositioning of the upper head 11. Similarly four position adjusting screws such as 93 and 94 serve for the accurate positioning of the lower head in conjunction with set screws such as indicated at 95 and 96. The adju3ting screws are located at each corner of mounting brackets 41 and 42.
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:, Modifications of Figs. 1 and 2 To Insure Accurate Scanning Where the web is not perfectly horizontal, but instead is curved across, its width, it is desirable to provide a web deflecting guide bar ~ as indicated at 97 in Fig. 3 for insuring stable contact between the web s 14 and the web engaging surface 98 of the lower sensing head 12. By way of example the guide bar may protrude from the lower surface of the upper sensing head a distance of 5/16 inch so as toarerlap with -- 'i respect to the vertical direction a distance of 1/8 inch relative to the lower sensing head web contacting surface 98. The guide bar 97 may . , ~, ., - .
have a width to force down at least about four inches of the width of the , ,r web at a section of web centered with respect to web engaging surface 98 of the lower sensing head relative to the machine direction. This lnsures a minimum of a 1/8 inch bellying of the sheet as it travels over the lower sensing head in all lateral positions of the sensing head.
, In order to minlmize changes in the S/16 inch thickness dimension of the guide bar 97 due to wear, the guide bar i~ provided with a flat web engaging surface 97a which has a dimension in the direction of web movement of about one inch. By way of example, the guide bar . may be made of Teflon (trademark).
I Since the guide bar 97 is not necessary ~en the web is fed from ;1 i i the calender stack to the reel in a relatively planar configuration, it ,~ , - O
has not been shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
Various modifications may of course be made to adapt the monitor-ing device of the present invention to various types of paper machinery, ~, and to secure any desired degree of accuracy in the joint scanning movement of the upper and lower sensing heads relative to the paper.
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Al Structure Of The Optical ;
Monitoring Devlce As Shown in E~igs.
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, the optical measuring system having further means operable in conjunction , with said photometric sensor means for providing resultant output information from the system in accordance with at least one optical measurement spectral response function corresponding to such at least one optical property, and an optical window member for partially reflecting and partially transmitting light incident thereon, said window member being disposed for partially reflecting light energy received from the sheet receiving region back toward the sheet receiving region and for partially transmitting light energy so as to provide for at least one standardization reading from the photometric ~, 10 sensor means in the absence of sheet material in said sheet receiving region.
~' -~' According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for measuring at least one optical property of sheet material, comprising an optical measuring system including light source means, sheet receiving means for receiving light energy therefrom, photo-metric sensor means for receiving light energy from the sheet receiving means for providing respective reflectance and transmittance output signal ~:, components as a function of respective reflectance and transmittance para-.~ meters of a single thickness sheet material at the sheet receiving means, - -i~', ' and further means operable in conjunction with said photometric sensor .
' 20 means for providing a quantitative output based on the reflectance and . ~ . .
transmittance output signal components and in accordance with an optical 'i~' measurement spectral response function for characterizing the opticalproperty, said further means comprising an optical window member disposed in optical coupling relation to said sheet receiving means during the : :
,~ sensing of the reflectance and transmittance parameters of sheet material .", .~i at said sheet receiving means and comprising translucent diffusing material.
'.~ Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention ~, .
. will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
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N THE DRAWINGS
E~ig. 1 i9 a fragmentary somewhat diagrammatic longitudinal sectional view of a paper machine showing in outline a side view of an optical monitoring device in accordance with the present invention operatively mounted on line with the machine;
Fig. 2 is a fragmentary somewhat diagrammatic transverse I -~
sectional view of the paper machine of Fig. 1 and taken generally as indicated by the line Il-II of Fig. 1 and loo!~ing in the direction of the I ~;
arrows (toward the wet end of the paper machine) the view being taken so as to show in outline a direct front view of the optical monitoring device of ~ig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic longitudinal sectional view of an on-the-paper-machlne optical monitoring device in accordance wlth the present inventlon;
E~ig. 4 is a partial diagrammatic plan view of the filter wheel assembly utilized in the monitoring device of E7ig. 3;
Fig. 5 is a somewhat diagrammatic v~ew illustrating an optical ... .
analyzer unit in electrical association with the optical monitoring device Oe Figs. 1-4 and with a power supply unit;
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Fig. 6 is an electric circuit diagram illustrating the electrical connections between the various components of Figs. 1-5;
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; Flg. 7 is a flow chart illustrating an existing direct ?~ .dlgltal control analog polnt scan program whlch has been adapted ' to allow for the collection and temporary storage of the reflectance,. ... .
and transmittance data acquired from the system of Figs. 1-6;
~'1 Flgs. 8-16 when arranged in a vertical series represent i;
s~ a program fourteen which is designed to read the reflectance -and transmittance values stored pursuant to Fig. 7 and generally ~-to control the operation of the system of Figs. 1-6 and to apply ¦
correction factors to the raw reaectance and transmittance data;
Figs. 17-20 when arranged in a vertlcal sequence I ., ~,, represent a data reduction program forty-two whose purpose is to l i reduce the corrected reflectance and transmlttance data as ¦
produced by the program of Flgs. 8-16 lnto terms wlth whlch ' papermakers are famlllar and upon whlch paper optical speciflcatlons; ~ are based, e. g. brightness, opacity, color and fluorescence;
Fig. 21 ls a dlagrammatlc vertlcal sectlonal vlew showing ~i an off-the-machlne instrument for simulating the optical measurements of tbe embodlment of Flgs. 1-20 and Figs. 22 and 23 are diagrammatic plan views showling t,f,,~ the incident beam filter wheel and the reflected beam filter wheel, respectively, for ~e Instrument of FlS 21.
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DPSCRIPI10~1 0~ T~E PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
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Detailed Description Of The ~pparatus Of Figs. 1 and 2 Figs 1 and 2 will serve to illustrate the modificatioos of an ' existing paper machine which are required for carrying out a preferred ' embodiment of the present invention. Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, an on-the-paper-machine optical monitoring device is diagrammatically I `
.dicated at 10 and comprises an upper sensing head 11 and a lower ~ `
, sensing head 12 which are main~ained in precise rel~tive alignment ~
''i and disposedfor operatlve association and transverse scanning move- jr .
i~ ment relative to a paper web located as indicated at 14 in Figs. 1 and 2. ~g will be described hereinafter with reference to Figs 3 and 4, ¦
, In a partlcular deslgn o~ the optical monltoring devlce, upper head 11 inctudes a llght sourcé for pro~ectlng llght onto the web such that a ¦
~t~l portlon of the light i9 reflected parallel to an optlcal axis indicated at 'I ~
.~ . : .
15, whlle a further portion of the light i9 transmltted through the paper web for collectlon and measurement by means of the lower sensing head 12.
For purposes of l11ustratlon, E~igs. 1 and 2 show portions of an existing web scanner construction which is utilized to scan the web 14 ~, for conventionat purposes. The conventional scanner construction cludes fixed frame components such as 20, 21 and 22 forming what is known as an "O" type scanner frame. The conventional s~anning structure further includes upper and lower slides 25 and 26 for joint horizontal movement along the horizontal beams 21 and 22. Associated : ~ -" , ~, with the slides 25 and 26 are movable assernblies 27 and 28 carrled ; by the respective slides 25 and 26 and including vertically disposed plates 31 and 32 and angularly disposed ~ange members such as i ~5~
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.~,:"' , , , ~ ' 106.036 indicated at 33 and 34 in Fig. 1. These flange portions 33 and 34 have broad surfaces Iying in planes generally parallel to the plane of , the web 14 and are utilized for mounting of the monitoring device 10 : ~
of the present invention. In particular a top head mounting bracket i8 ,. . .
indicated at 41 in Figs. 1 and 2 and is shown as being secured to the - ~ ~`
existing flange part 33 so as to mount the upper head 11 for scanning movement with the assembly 27. Similarly a lower head mountlng --bracket is indicated at 42 and is shown as being secured to flange part 34 of the lower movable assembly 28 so as to mount the lower sensing head 12 for scanning movement jointly with the upper sensing head 11. , ,~
For the purpose of electrical connection with the monitoring device 10 during its traverse of the web 14, electric cables are ~ndicated at 51 and 52 for electr~cal connection with the components of the upper sensing head ll and lower sensing head 12 of the monitoring device 10.
The cable 51 i8 shown as being fastened by means of straps 53 and 54 -~
to a top carrier slide bracket 55. The bracket is shown as being secured by means of fasteners 56 and 57 to the upper portion of vertical plate 31. As indicated in Fig. 2, successive loops of cable 51 are secured to swivel type ball bearing carriers such as indlcated at 61.
A trolley track 62 is supported from existing channels such as indicated at 63 and mounts the carriers 61 for horizontal movement as required 1' to accommodate the scanning movement of the monitoring device 10 across the width of the web 14, Similarly, successive loops of the cable 52 are fastened to the eyes such as indicated at 71 of a lower series of carriers 72. As seen in Fig. 1 each of the carriers such as 72 includes a pair of rollers such as 73 and 74 riding in the trolley track 75 which is secured directly to the lower flange 22a of beam 22.
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A lower carrier sl;.de bracket 81 is secured to vertical plate 32 by .
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means of fasteners 82 and 83 and is provided with a horizontally extend-ing flange 84 for engaging with the flrst of the series of lower carriers 72. In part~cular, carr~er 72 i9 provided with a shank 85 which extends .. . .
into a longitudinal slot 84a of flange 84. Thus, the first carrier 72 is lnterengaged with the bracket 81 and is caused to move with the lower ~ assembly 28 and the lower sensing head 12. The remaining lower carriers ;' such as that indicat~lat 83 move along the trolley track 75 as necessary ~ .
to accommodate movement of the mor.itoring device 10 transversely of the web 14. ?
While Flgures 1 and 2 have illustated the optical monitoring devlce of the present lnvention as being mounted on line withthe paper ;~; machlne and have further lllustrated the case where the monltorlng device i9 to be scanned transversely of the web, lt is consldered that the optl-.:, . .
cal monitoring device of the present invention would also be of great value , ~-lf redesigned for bench mountlng. By ptaclng a slngle sheet of paper in a sample mount of the devlce, a technlclan could simultaneously test the ,~i ~, .
sample for color, brightness, fluorescence, and opaclty tn a matter of ,;, ~ seconds. ' ~;
.9,~ In the illustrated embodiment, however, lt is contemplated that the monitorlng device 10 wlll be mounted on line with the paper ,`r, machine and will be capable of movement to a position clear of the edge i;l of the web as indicated in ~lg. 2 at the end of each hour of operation, for ,,, example. W~en the end of a productlon run for a glv~n we b 14 has been ` ~ reached, or when a web break occurs for any other reason (such as `, accldental severance of the given web), the monitoring device 10 wlU be ~i moved clear of the edge of the web path as indicated in Fig. 2. Each time the monitoring device 10 is moved to the off-web position ishown in Fig. 2 it is preferred that readlngs be taken of the reflectance and transmittance ." I
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an updated calibration of the moni~oring device. Thus, such updating of calibration may take place automatically (for example under the control of aprocess control computer controlling the paper manufac-turing operation) at hourly intervals and also after web break~. The monitoring device can, of course, be retracted manually any time desired by the operator for the purpose of checking calibration. By j?
way of example, the monitoring device 10 may be capable of a normal scanning travel over a dlstance of 115 inches with provision for an additional travel of 16 Inches to the position shown in 17ig, 2, A nange is indicated at 87 which serves to insure proper re-engagement of the sensing head with the web at the operator's side of the iIlustrated paper machine (opposite the side indicated in l?ig. 2).
The lower head 12 is designed to contact the web 14 during scannirg thereof. The design spacing between the upper and lower heads 11 and 12 18 3/16 inch. The optical openlng in the upper head 11 i8 aligned with the optical axis 15 and is to be maintained in alignment wi~h the center of the window in the lower head 12. Four ad~usting ¦ ~
screws such as those indicat~i at 91 and 92 a~ceprovided for accurate I cpositioning of the upper head 11. Similarly four position adjusting screws such as 93 and 94 serve for the accurate positioning of the lower head in conjunction with set screws such as indicated at 95 and 96. The adju3ting screws are located at each corner of mounting brackets 41 and 42.
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:, Modifications of Figs. 1 and 2 To Insure Accurate Scanning Where the web is not perfectly horizontal, but instead is curved across, its width, it is desirable to provide a web deflecting guide bar ~ as indicated at 97 in Fig. 3 for insuring stable contact between the web s 14 and the web engaging surface 98 of the lower sensing head 12. By way of example the guide bar may protrude from the lower surface of the upper sensing head a distance of 5/16 inch so as toarerlap with -- 'i respect to the vertical direction a distance of 1/8 inch relative to the lower sensing head web contacting surface 98. The guide bar 97 may . , ~, ., - .
have a width to force down at least about four inches of the width of the , ,r web at a section of web centered with respect to web engaging surface 98 of the lower sensing head relative to the machine direction. This lnsures a minimum of a 1/8 inch bellying of the sheet as it travels over the lower sensing head in all lateral positions of the sensing head.
, In order to minlmize changes in the S/16 inch thickness dimension of the guide bar 97 due to wear, the guide bar i~ provided with a flat web engaging surface 97a which has a dimension in the direction of web movement of about one inch. By way of example, the guide bar . may be made of Teflon (trademark).
I Since the guide bar 97 is not necessary ~en the web is fed from ;1 i i the calender stack to the reel in a relatively planar configuration, it ,~ , - O
has not been shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
Various modifications may of course be made to adapt the monitor-ing device of the present invention to various types of paper machinery, ~, and to secure any desired degree of accuracy in the joint scanning movement of the upper and lower sensing heads relative to the paper.
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Al Structure Of The Optical ;
Monitoring Devlce As Shown in E~igs.
3 and 4 '.
Referrring to Pig. 3, the uppers~nsing head 11 is shown as comprising a casing 110 having suitable connectors 111 and 112 for re-ceiving suitable internally threaded fittings 114 and 115, Fig. 1, asso- -~
ciated with the electric cable 51. The casing 110 receives a top head shoe 120 including an interior open rectangular frarre 121 having a base flang~ 121a s~ot welded to shoe plate 122. The upstanding portion I ,~
121b engages the adjacent wall of casing 110 along all four sides thereof I t. '~' and is secured to the casing 110 by suitable fastening means such as indicated at 124 and 125 in l~ig. 3. An edge 122a of shoe plate 122 i9 . ., bent up at an angle of 45 at the side of the senslng head 11 faclng the '~ wet end of the paper machine, and a similar inclined edge 122b, l~ig. 1, Is provided at each of the sides of the sensing head 80 as to prese~:
smooth faces to the paper web during scanning movement of the sensing head. The shoe plate 122 is provided with a circular aperture of less than one inch diameter a9 indicated at 130 centereci on the optical axi9 15 of the device. In a present ernbodiment aperture 130 has a diameter of about 7/8 inch. This aperture 130 is preferably of minimum diameter ~- ` necessary to accommodate the light paths of the instrument. In the ~ ~
illustrated embodiment the light path for the incident light beam as indi- I - acated at 133 is directed at an angle of approximately 45 and is ~,~ focused to impinge on a window 135 at the optical axis 15. A reflectedlight path as indicated at 137 is normal to the web engaging surface 98 (which is the upper surface of window 135), and is coincident with the optical axis 15, while light transmitted through the web 14 and through ', the window 135 is directed as indicated by rays 141-143, for example, into an integrating cavity 145 of lower head 12.
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The lower head 12 comprises a casing 150 having an annular ~, dished plate 151 secured thereto and providlng a generally segmental spherical web-contactilgsurface l51a surrounding window 135. The window 135 is preferably formed by a circular disk of translucent diffusing material. In the illustrated embodiment the window 135 is `tmade of a polycrystalline ceramic material available under the trade- --mark "Lucalux" from the General Electric Company. This material has nhysical properties similar to that of sapphire. The opposite faces of window 135 are flat and parallel and the thickness dimension ~ -is 1/16 inch. A lip is indicated at 153 for underlying an annular edge portion of window 135. This lip provides a circular aperture 154 having a diameter of aboutlS~ilchs~that the effective viewing area 3 for the transmitted li~t is determined by the diameter of aperture 154. The casing lSO i8 shown as being provided with an electrical ',f' cqnnector terminal 155 for receiving a suitable internally threaded3 fitting 156, E7ig. 1, of cable 52.
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As diagrammatically indicated in Figs. 3 and 4, the upper , . :-sensing head 11 includes a light source 201, incident optical path rneans ~` -~
including lenses such as indicated at 202 and a photocell 203 for measuring reflected light returning along the reflected light path 137.
,s A filter wheel 210 is shown diagrammatically as being mounted on a ~j shaft 208 for rotation by means of a low torque motor indicated at 209.
As best seen in ~ig, 4, the filter wheel includes an outer series of apertures 211-217 for selective registry with the incident light beam ,~ path 133, and includes a series of inner apertures 221-227 for selec-tive re~istry with the reflective light beam path 137. The various ;~ 3 apertures may receirfesuitable filter elements as will hereinafter be explained in detail such that a series of measurements may be taka~
~,~, by successively indexing the filter wheel 210 to successive operating ~, l positions. In each operating position one aperture such as 211 i~ in , , ~; .,. .. :
alignment with the incident beam path 133 and a second aperture such as indicated at 221 is in alignment with the reflected light beam path 137.
9y way of examplc, the motor 209 mny oe continuously nerglzed ~: !
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. -during operation of the monitoring device, and the filter wheel may be retained in a selected angular position by engagement of a ratchet arm 230 with one of a series of cooperating lugs 231-237 arranged generally as indicated in Fig. 4 on the filter wheel 210. A solenoid is indicated at 240 as being mechanically coupled with ratchet arm 230 for momen- `
tarily lifting the ratchet arm 230 out of engagement with a cooperating lug such as 231 so as to permit the filter wheel to index one position.
Immediately upon release of the energization of solenoid 240,the force gravltyreturns the ratchet arm 230 to the position shown in Fig. 3 so as to be disposed in the path of the lugs and thus to engage the next lug ln successlon such as lug 232 as the motor 209 moves the fllter wheel 210 lnto the next operatlng posltlon. I :
As wW hereafter be explalned in greater detail, reed switches :~ ,i .
are mounted in circles on respective swltching boards 241 and 242, E~lg. 3, and the fllter wheel shaft 208 carries a magnee 243 for acwating a respective pair of the reed switches in each operating posi-tion of the filter wheel 210. Thus the position of the filter wheel 210 determines which of the switches on the switching boards 241 and 242 are closed. As will be explained hereinafter, the reed switch on the upper switching board 241 which is closed determines the gain settlng of an upper head amplifier at a level appropriate for the set of filters which are in the operating position. The reed switch on the lower switching board 242 which is closed activates a relay on a circuit board ', 245 in the lower head 12, and such relay in turn sets the lower head amplifier gain at the proper level. As will be explained in connection with the electric circuit diagram for the monitoring device, certain I .
conductors of the cable 51 may be interconnected at a remote location I
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'," so as to cause an indexing movement of the eilter wheel 210. Thls ' '~' ,f, external command serves to momentarlly energize solenoid 240 and ,'i lift the ratchet arm 230 about ls pivot point 250, allowing the motor ~ 209 to rotate the filter wheel 210, The ratchet arm 230 returns to the , ' : ~ .
posltlon shown in Flg. 3 to catch the next lug on the filter wheel stalllng , '' the motor 209. ,; "
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,~( Four heaterssuch as indlcated at 251 are mounted around photo~
cell 204 so as to minimize the temperature variations of the photocell.
~' A clrcuit board for mounting an amplifier for photocell 203 and for '"
~;' mounting the galn settlng xegi8tance8 associated withthe reed swltches l8 Indicated at 255 In Flg. 3. , I ' Referring to the lower head 12, E7ig. 3 lndlcates a photocell 1, ~, 260 for recelvlng llght from the lntergratlng cavlty 14; and, a series , of heaters sucb as 261 mounted around the photocell 260 to minlmize ~', the temperature varlatlons of the photocell. Circult board 245 may mount a suitable ampUfier for photoceU 260, the galn of which bei3lg controlled by the relays prevlously mentioned.
~, The heaters 251 and 261 in the prototype unit were Pennsyl-~ vania Electronics Technology Type 12T55. (These are pos,ltive tem-hj' ' perature coefflclent thermlstors wlth 55~C. swltchlng temperatures.) These heaters will t~nd to stabillze the t,cmperature sin~e thelr abiUty to provide heat decreases as the ambient temperature increases.
' Above 55~,, they provide essentialty no heat at all, .~ , .. : , , . . . .
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, Dlscussion of Illustrative Operatlng - ~ -Detalls for the Monitoring Devlce of Figs. 3 and 4 A basic feature of the illustrated embodiment resides in its abillty to measure simultaneously both reflected and transmitted light.
While in the illustrated embodiment, the re~lected light path 137 and the transmitted light path intersect the web 14 essentially at a common point, reflected light could be obtained from a point on the sample or ": i web offset from the point where light is transmitted through the sample.
For example, a backing of some specified reflectance such as a black body of zero or near zero rellectance could be located on the lower sensing head just ahead of or behind the transmitted light receptor compartment (with respect to the machlne dlrectlon of the sample or the dlrectlon of movement of the web), In thts case the upper senstng head could contaln the llght source as well as a reflected llght receptor for recelvlng light reflected from the sample or moving web at a point j'l dlrectly above the backlng of speclaed reflectance. Both the reflected llght receptor in the upper senslng head and the transmitted light recep-tor In the lower sensing head could then supply slgnals slmultaneously ~j and contlnously during méasurement operations. Many other variatlons ~¦ in the arrangement of the optics for measuring both reflected and trans-mitted light will occur to those skilled in the art.
Referring to the detalls of the illustrated embodiment, however, and to the case where It ls desired to measure brlghtness, color, opa-, city and fluorescent contribution to brightness, light source 201, 17ig. 3, ~1 ~trademarlc) .1 may consist of a Model 1962 Quartzline/lamp operated at 5;8 volts as ' measured at the lamp terminals. The 45 incident beam path 133 and the .. . . . .
j normal reflected beam path 137 correspond to those of a standard brlght-ness tester; and a casting (not shown) from a bench type standard brlght- ~
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ness tester was used in constructing a prototype of the illustrated em~
bodlment to give rigid support for the optical components such as indicated at 202 and Z71-276 in Pig. 3. In the sp-cific prototype unit, a stock , thickness poli~hed Corniog type 4-69 gla~s filter Z71 and a second type4-69 filter 272 ground and polished tO an appropriate thickness were us-d in the incident beam path to absorb most of the infrared as well as to give prop-r spsctral response.
f` The reflected light path 137 included a pair of lens-3 273 and 3', 274 which focus the light on a 3/8-inch aperture in the plate 275 o~ the casting. A picce o~ diffusing glass 276 i~ located on the 3/8-inch sper-ture 90 that the light dlstribut{on over tbe surface of photccell203 wlll be (trademark) t reasonably uniform. A Weston model 856 RR Photronic/cell was employed.
The filter wheol 21019 de31gned and located In such a way ~j that elther the incident or the reflected beam or both can be eiltered as desired. In the prototype, the wheel 210 was drLven by a small motor 209 operated at reduced voltage 90 that it could operate continuously in ~¦ a s:alled condition.
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Commerically available color and brightness meters are usually manufactured with the spectral response filters located in the reflected beam. ln the prototype device, and in the later on-machine ' version here illustrated as well, however, the filters which determine the spectral response of the first six filter positions are located in the incident beam. There are two basic reasons for this choice of design.
(1) Both the reflected and transmitted light have the same incident intensity and spectral response against which , each can be compared. The akernate would necessitate two sets of identical filters, one set located in the re- r flected beam and another in the transmitted beam--a dif-ficult design to achieve iQ practice.
(2) E~ilter5 in the incident beam can be used to absorb all ' I ultraviolet light and prevent it from striking the specimen.
.,;, i Thus, fluarescence, a phenomenon not accounted for by KubeLka-Munk theory i8 avoided.
E~or reasonsexplained shortly, the seventh filter position is an exception to the above in that substantial ultraviolet light is lnten-tionally permitted to exist within the incident beam. Outside o¢ the -phenomenon of fluorescence the spectral response is independent of ~ ~ whether such filters are located in the incident or the reflected beams.
; j The spectral response provided by the respective positions ,~ of the filter wheel 210 were as follows: (1) papermaker's bri~htness ~, ~APPl brightness), (2) blue portion of the Ecx function, (3) red por-tion of the Ecx function, (4) Ec~ function without fluorescence (5)13cy function, (6) Eay function, and (7) Ec~ function, with fluorescence.
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As is understood in the art~ the symbots Ecx, Ecy, Eay, and EC2 refer to trlstimulus functions of wavelength as defined by the ~--Commtsslon Internatlonale c l'Eclairage which is identified by the abbre-vlatlon C.I.E. and is also known as the InternationaZI Committee on Illumlnatlon. The subscript a in the function designation Eay indicates that the function is based on a standardized illumination designated as C.I.E. Illuminant A, while the subscript c in the other function designa-_ tlons refers to a somewhat different standardized illumination which is de~ignated as C.l.E. Illuminant C.
Filters for providing the above spectral response charaterls- r tlcs in the respective operating positlons of the filter wheel 210 have been lndicated in E7lg. 4 by reference numeral 281-288. In the speclfic example under discusslon, apertures 221-226 are left open. ~llter 281 ls a standard fNter ~or use ln rneasurlng TAPPI brlghtness, TAPPI
referrlng to the Techn~cal Assoclat~on of the Pulp and Paper Industry. ~ ~;
Thls f~lter transmits a narrow band of wavelengths in the vicinity of 457 nanometers.
17ilters 282-285 are standard filters for a four-fllter colorimeter and are conventionally designated X (blue), X (red), Z, :
and Yc. These filter~ provlde the wavelength distributlons- requlred for the measurement of the C.I.E. X, Y, and Z tristlmulus values under Illuminant C c ' , . ' ilter 286 ig l~onventionally de6ign~téd a9 a YA filter and ls required by the 'rAPPI standard method for opaclty meas~rements. Thls is a broad band filter producing the C.I.E. Y wavelength distrlbutlon for Illuminant A, in conjunctlon with the source 201 previously déscrlbed ;;.:, , ~, in thls section. A discusslon bearing on the feasibility of thls type of ,',e' m easurement is found in a paper by L.R. Dearth, et al ent~tled "Study .,.;, .
of Instruments for the Measurement of Opaclty of Paper, V. Compar~-,.. . .
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1~6zo36 ,.
son of Printing Opacity Determined with Sev~al Selected Instruments", appi, volume 53, No. 3 (March, 1970).
With respect to position No. 7 of the eilter wheel 210, fllters 287 and 288 are conventionally designated as Z (blue) and Z (yellow).
As previously indicated, the purpose of the filters is to pn)vide ~or a ;-determination of the C.I.E. Z tristimulus value with the fluorescence component included. In filter position No. 4, filter 284 serves to re- ` ;
move the ultraviolet component fr~nthe incident beam so that a measure of the Z tristimulus value without fluorescence is obtained. In position No. 7 of the filter wheel, however, filter 287 in the incident beam is designed to transmit the ultraviolet component, 80 that the fluorescent component if any will be transmitted to photocell 203. The ultraviolet absorblng component of the Z type filter means is located in the re-flected beam 137, wher eas this component is in the incident beam for the No. 4 position. The fluorescent component is lineally related to the difference between the Z tristimulus values determined in the No. 4 and No. 7 positions of the filter wheel 210.
Filters 281-288 have been shown in Fig. 4 with different trpes , of hatching which have been selected to represent generally the dif-'i~ ferent lighttransmission properties of the filters. In particular, the - hatching for filter~ 281-288 are those for representing white, blue, red, blue, green, orange, blue and yellow Ught transmission pn~p~t~es. The c ; ~ selection of hatching is primarity for purposes of graphical illustration and is not, of course, an exact representation of the light transmission properties of the respectire filters.
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Detailed Description of Figs. 5 and 6 -~ ig. 5 illustrates diagrammatically the optical monitoring devlce 10 Oe ~igs. 1-4, and iltustrates by way of example an optical analyzer unit 300 which may be electrically associated with the monitoring device and serve as an operator's console to be disposed at a convenient loca-tion adjacent the paper machine. By way of example, the optical analy- `
zer unit may be mounted near the dry end of the paper machine, andmay receive conventlonal alternating current power from the paper machine ; dry end panel. ~ ~he optical analyzer unit 300 is illustrated as being coupled with the monitoring device 10 via a power supply unit 301 which is mounted adjacent the vertical column 20, Fig. 2, of the "O"
frame along which the monitoring device is to travel in scanning the wtdth of the web. 17Or purposes of diagrammatic illustration,power supply unlt 301 is shown as being provlded wlth a mountlng plate 302 which i8 secured by means of a bracket 303 to an end of horlzontal beam 22 which has been speclfically designated by reference numeral 304 ln Flgs. 2 and 5. Referring to Fig. 2, it will be observed that the ends 305 and 306 of cables 51 and 52 are adjacent the end 304 of beam 22 so that this is a convenient location for mounting of the power supply 301.
~; ~he electrical interconnections between the power supply unit 301 and the optical analyzer unit 300 are indicated as extending via a signal conduit I ~
i, 311 and a control conduit 312. By way of example, the signal conduit l c 311 may contain shielded electriccables for transmitting miUivolt signals from the analogue amplifiers of the upper and lower sensing ,~ r, heads 11 and 12. ~he control conduit 312 may contain conductors which are respectively energized to represent the angular positlon of filter ~-' wheel 210, and may also containa conductor for controlling the indexlng ' -~
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movement of the fllter wheel as will be explained in detail in connection witt~. E7lg. 6.
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Referring to the optical analyzer unit 300 of Fig. 5, the front panel of the unit has been diagrammatically indicated at 320 as being provided with a series of lamps 321-327 for indicating the angular posi-tion of the filter wheel 210 within the upper sensing head 11. 'rhe lamps 321-327 have been numbered 1 through 7 in correspondence with ~; the seven positions of the filter wheel, and the color of the lamps, for ~' example, may be selected so as to signify the characteristics of the -ters located in the openings of the filter wheel such as those indicated ~' at 211-217.
. In order, to provide a visual indication of the amplitude of the ~ -millivott signals supplied from the sensing heads 11 and 12, a suitable meter is indicated at 330 and a selector switch is indicated at 331 for selectively supplying to the meter the analogue signal from the upper ~i sensing head 11 or from the lower sensing head 12, A switch 332 ig indicated for controlling thesupply of conventional alternating current power to the meter, and a second switch 333 is indicated for controlling the supply of energizing power for the lamps 321-327, Another switch ;~ . . .
~;, 334 may be momentarily actuated so as to index the filter wheel 210 to a ~j .
desired station. The switches 331-334 may, of course, take any desir-ed form, and have merely been indicated diagrammatically in ~ig. 5.
; Referring to Fig. 6, variouY of the components previously refer-red to have been indicated by electrical ssnnbols, and for convenience of correlation of Fig. 6 with Pigs. 1 through 5, the same reference charac-~, ters have been utilized. In particular, Fig. 6 shows symbolically a !~' ' ~, ~ light source 201, associated photocells, 203 and 260, filter wheel drive ; motor 209, control solendd 240, and permanent magnet 243 which rotates with the filter wheel 210 so as to represent the angular position of the filter wheel. Also shown in Fig. 6, are the four heaters 251 associated ;.
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; . , ' : ~6'~036 wleh photocell 203, and the four heaters 261 associated with the photocelt 260, Further, lamps 321-327, millivoltmeter 330 and switches 331-334 of the optical analyzer unit 300 have been symbolically indicated in ~7~g. 6.
Referring first to the components associated with the upper sensing head 11, there is illustrated in the upper left part of ~ig. 6 a diode 340 j ..
connected across solenoid 240. ~or diagrammatic purposes, permanent - :
magnet 243 is shown arranged between two series of reed switches 341- ~ .
347 and 351-357. A further reed switch 358 is indicated for actuation ,~ .
in the number 1 position of the filter wheel 210 along with switches 341 ~ .
and 351. The conductors 359 and 360 associated with switch 358 may ~ ...
be connected with the optical analyzer unit 300, and may be connected ~ ..
via the optical analyzer unit 30C~ with a remote computer, where the , :~illustrated apparatus forms part of a computer control system for con- .trolling the associated paper machinery.
The reed switches 341-347 are shown as being associated with ;:
an operational amplifier 361, so that switches 341-347 serve to select the desired value of feed back resistance for the ampliaer in each posi-tion of the filter wheel 210. Thus, switches 341-347 erved to selective-Iy connect in parallel with resistance 370, additional resistance values 371-377, respectively, for adjusting the total resistance between the c input and output terminals of the amplifier 361. Thus, in the number 1 position of the filter wheel, permanent magnet 243 is in a position to actuate switch 341, and connect resistance value 371 in parallel with resistor 370. As will hereinafter be explained, resistance means 371-377 may include variable resistor~ for adjustment so as to provide the desired gain of amplifier 361 in the respective filter positions, or flxed resistance values may be inserted as indicated, once the desired values . , . j . .
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, i' ~''- -have been determlned for a given filter wheel. As indicated in Fig. 6, the output Oe ampll~er 361 may be transmittined by means of shielded cables 381 and 382. These cables form part of the overall cable indl-cated at 51 in Fig. 5 leading from the upper sensing head 11 to the power supply unlt 301.
Also forming part of the cable Sl would be the conductors such as indicated at 383 from the respective reed switches 351-357. These . . ~:. .
' cJnductors such as 383 would connect with respective conductors 391-397 of cable 52 leading from the power supply 301 to the lower sensing headl2.
Included as part of the power supply unlt 30i would be compo-nents such as relay actuating coil 401, assoclated normally open contact , 402, and reslstors 403 and 404 shown at the upper le* in E~ig. 6. E~urther, the power suppty would lnclude an ad~ustable dlrect current tamp power supply component 410 for supplylng a preclsely ad~usted or controtled electrlcal energlzatlon for Ugbt source 201. E7urther, of course, the power supply would supply the requlred direct current operating potentlals ;;~ for the upp~ senslng head as indicated In E~lg. 6.
The lower left section of Fig. 6 Illustrates the electrical com-ponents of the lower sensing head 12,.In the lower sensing head, conduc-tors 391-397 control energization of the operatlng colls of respectlve relays Kl through K7. With the permanent magnet 243 in the number 1 position, reed switch 351 Ig closed, and operating coil 420 of relay K1 ,~i 19 energized c10sing the assoclated relaycontact 421. The remalning ~:
relays K2 through K7 are deenergized, so that the respective assoclated contacts 422-427 remain open. The contacts 421-427 serve to control path '!,'~' ~ the resistance in thefeed back/of operational ampli~er 429 In conjunc-tion with resistor 430 and resistance means 431-437. As explalned ~n reference to the upper sensing head, resistance means 431-4~7 may ,, .
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include adjustable resistors, or fixed resistors as shown selected to ; ~ -provide the deslred gain of amplifier 429 for the respective positlons of the fitter wheel 210. The shielded cables 441 and 442 from the out-put of amplifier 429 connect with power supply unit 301 as part of cable , ~ .
52. The outputsfromthe amplifiers 361 and 429 are conducted from the ' power supply unit 301 to the optical analyzer unit 300 via signal conduit ~ ~ -311~ and within the optical anatyzer unit connect with respective termlnals~
of the selector switch 331 as indlcated at the lower part of Fig. 6. i :
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Thus, in the upper position of the selector 331~ the output of ampllfier i ~ --361 lg connected wlth the meter 330, while in the lower position of I r selector 331, the output of amplifler 429 is supplied to the meter 330. j ` -Of course, the optical analyzer 3~10 may further include analogue to digltal converters for convertlng the outputsof the ampllffers 361 and 429 to dlgltal form for transmlsslon to a remote computer, for example.
It wlll be apparent to those skilled ln the art that the remote computer ~ ;
could be programmed to control the sequentlal actuatlon of relay 401 durlng each increment of scannlng movement of the monitorlng devlce 10 so as to obtain readings from each desired sampUng region of the ;
web i4 for each of the seven posltions of the fflter wheel 210. The remote computer wou1d then be in a posltion to correspondlngly determlne the av-erage optical characteristlcs of a given length section of the paper web 14, for example, and control sultable inputs to the paper machine so as to maintaln deslred optical characterlstlcs of the paper belng manu-factured. Alternatively, of course, the arrangement of Figs. 1-6 can be utitized simply to take readings from the meter 330 for each filter wheel position during scanning of the web, so as to obtain readlngs re-:.
flecting the optical characteristics of the length sections of the web ., . . :~
so scanned. Still further, of course, the circultry of Figs. 5 and 6 can .. : . .
., , , be lltilized either with the monitoring device located in a fixed position relative to the width of the web (by means of a C-type frame), or with the device off-line from the paper machine, so as to obta~n desired readings from the meter 330 for each position of the fllter wheel 210 during optical excitation of a single sheet sarnple of the web held in a :
sample holder so as to be disposed essentially as indicated for the web -~
14 in Fig. 3. _ , , ~
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Exemplary Commercially Available Components Commerically available components which are included in the present design of E~igs. 1-6 are as follows.
i I
Main power supply. LamWa Electronics Corporation Maiel ; LQS-DA-5124 providing a direct current a~C) output voltage of 24 volts ~, and a maximum current at 40C of 5 amperes.
Reed switches. For reflectance amplifier gain settings-Model MMRR-2, and for transmittance amplifier gain settings-Model MINI-2, manufactured by Hamlin, Inc. The relays in the lower sensing I j head of Type 821A of Grigsby-Barton, Inc.
Operational amplifiers, Model 233J chopper 6tabilized ampli-fiers of Analog Devices,Inc. Model 904 power supply supplying plus or minu~ 15 volts with a minimum full load output current of plus or minus 50 mllliamperes. -Digital panel meter (used for off-line studies and for on-line ~;, operation before being interfaced with the computer). We~ton Model I -1290.
~, Filter wheel advance solenoid,~ Type T 12x13-C-24 volt DC
;j flat plugplunger of Guardian Electric Manufacturing Company~Antibottom-ing washer made of polyurethane rubber. Operation of the solenoid ¦ ~
until interfaced with the computer has been with the use of a time I c adjusted relay, namely a Model 0 102A6 transistorized repeat cycle timer of G. & W. Eagle Signal Co. I
i~ Filter wheel drive motor. Type lAD3001 Siemens brushles~ j DC motor. The drive belt and pulleys for coupling the m~tor 209 with the j the shaft 208 are specified~ as positive drive bek FS-80 and po~itive , drive pulleys FC5-20 and FC5-40 of PIC Design Corporation, a Benrus ~ subsidiary. The belt has a stainless steel core and the pulléys have a ,.:, .
~i 1/4 inch diameter bore. -26-.:, . .
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-1~6'~036 ,` `..
Computer Interfaclng In preparing the monitoring device for on-line operation on the paper machine, the zero to 140 millivolt DC signals from the ~;
sensing heads will be supplied to respective emf-to-current converters of component 501, Fig. 6. As an example, Rochester Instrument Systems Model SC-1304 emf-to-current converters may be used. Such a converter will provide an output of 10 to 50 milliamperesDC suitable for driving an analog to digital converter at the computer. The emf-to-current converters will provide an isolated input and output so that r ~, grounding will not be a problem.
The converters of component 501, will be housedwithoptical analyzer 300, Flg, 5, and will connect wlth respective points thirty one of Groups five hundred and six hundred (not shown) at the control computer analog signal input via conductors such as indicated at 502 and 503 in E1ig. 6.
., .
Conductors 505 and 506, Fig. 6, associated with filter wheel indexing solenoid 240, Figs. 3 and 6, may extend within control ; conduit 312, Fig. 5, and connect with the control computer output term-inals at a location designated Groupforty two hundred and 8iX, point nineteen (not shown). (Switch 334 should remain open (off) durlng ;'; computer operation of Figs. 1-6,) :,............................................................... .
-, Conductors 359 and 360, Fig. 6, may connect with an input of the control computer at a location designated Group fourteen hundred, .. , ~.
~i point twenty-three (not shown), , . , "
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1~6Z036 1 -~. ;
DISCUSSION O~ AN EARLIER PROTOTYPE
SYSTEM t Structure and Operation of a Prototype Optical Monitoring Device I -... , .. . . ... .... . ,.. ... . . . . . ,.. " ..
A prototype optical monitoring device was first constructed so as to test the feasibility of the concep~s of the present invention. As a re- ~ ;
sult of the experimental work with the prototype system, a preferred !, system has been designed and will hereinafter be described in greater detail. Since the operatiOn of the prototype system is somewhat differ-ent from that of the later designed system, a description of the proto-type system will serve to illustrate alternative features and an alterna-dve method of operation in accordance with the present invention. ~
In the original setting up of the prototype system, the upper . -and lower sensing heads should be brought lnto proper allgnment and spaclng. The spaclng should be ~ust under 1/4-inch between the case 110 and the surface of the diffusing glass of window 135. (In the proto-,, type unit, there were no additional parts between the case 110 and window 135 such as the shoe plate 122 shown in E71g. 3.) The lower senslng head should be moved laterally in all directions to locate the ,1 point where the maximum reading occurs from photocell 260 as well as ,., . . ..
,'l the point of least sensitivity to relative movement of the upper and lower sensing hcads. In an ~nitial calibration of the prototype monitor~ ~ 1-, ing device, -potentiometers are included as part of the resistance means 371-377 and 431-437 and are adjusted for the respective posltions of the 5 -filter wheel 21~ to give the correct readings for the reflectance and transmittance of the diffusing glass 135 (in the absence any paper sample ~' .
~-' between the upper and lower senslng heads) The values which were .
used in this initial calibration aro indicative of percentage absolute reflec-;~' tance and transmittance on a scale of 100, and are as follows: , , : : .
, -28-' :, , ., .
- . ' .', ' , ., ' .
62036 1 ~
Table 1 Table Showing Exemplary Calibration for the Prototype System-Diffusing Glass Reflectance and Transmittance Values With No Paper Specimen Present , .
Filter WheelReflectance Transmittance Position Value, RSD Value, TSD
No. (Millivolts) (Millivolts~
'; 1 35. 4 54. 0 ' 2 35.0 56.1 3 34. 4 '56. 9 : -
Referrring to Pig. 3, the uppers~nsing head 11 is shown as comprising a casing 110 having suitable connectors 111 and 112 for re-ceiving suitable internally threaded fittings 114 and 115, Fig. 1, asso- -~
ciated with the electric cable 51. The casing 110 receives a top head shoe 120 including an interior open rectangular frarre 121 having a base flang~ 121a s~ot welded to shoe plate 122. The upstanding portion I ,~
121b engages the adjacent wall of casing 110 along all four sides thereof I t. '~' and is secured to the casing 110 by suitable fastening means such as indicated at 124 and 125 in l~ig. 3. An edge 122a of shoe plate 122 i9 . ., bent up at an angle of 45 at the side of the senslng head 11 faclng the '~ wet end of the paper machine, and a similar inclined edge 122b, l~ig. 1, Is provided at each of the sides of the sensing head 80 as to prese~:
smooth faces to the paper web during scanning movement of the sensing head. The shoe plate 122 is provided with a circular aperture of less than one inch diameter a9 indicated at 130 centereci on the optical axi9 15 of the device. In a present ernbodiment aperture 130 has a diameter of about 7/8 inch. This aperture 130 is preferably of minimum diameter ~- ` necessary to accommodate the light paths of the instrument. In the ~ ~
illustrated embodiment the light path for the incident light beam as indi- I - acated at 133 is directed at an angle of approximately 45 and is ~,~ focused to impinge on a window 135 at the optical axis 15. A reflectedlight path as indicated at 137 is normal to the web engaging surface 98 (which is the upper surface of window 135), and is coincident with the optical axis 15, while light transmitted through the web 14 and through ', the window 135 is directed as indicated by rays 141-143, for example, into an integrating cavity 145 of lower head 12.
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The lower head 12 comprises a casing 150 having an annular ~, dished plate 151 secured thereto and providlng a generally segmental spherical web-contactilgsurface l51a surrounding window 135. The window 135 is preferably formed by a circular disk of translucent diffusing material. In the illustrated embodiment the window 135 is `tmade of a polycrystalline ceramic material available under the trade- --mark "Lucalux" from the General Electric Company. This material has nhysical properties similar to that of sapphire. The opposite faces of window 135 are flat and parallel and the thickness dimension ~ -is 1/16 inch. A lip is indicated at 153 for underlying an annular edge portion of window 135. This lip provides a circular aperture 154 having a diameter of aboutlS~ilchs~that the effective viewing area 3 for the transmitted li~t is determined by the diameter of aperture 154. The casing lSO i8 shown as being provided with an electrical ',f' cqnnector terminal 155 for receiving a suitable internally threaded3 fitting 156, E7ig. 1, of cable 52.
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As diagrammatically indicated in Figs. 3 and 4, the upper , . :-sensing head 11 includes a light source 201, incident optical path rneans ~` -~
including lenses such as indicated at 202 and a photocell 203 for measuring reflected light returning along the reflected light path 137.
,s A filter wheel 210 is shown diagrammatically as being mounted on a ~j shaft 208 for rotation by means of a low torque motor indicated at 209.
As best seen in ~ig, 4, the filter wheel includes an outer series of apertures 211-217 for selective registry with the incident light beam ,~ path 133, and includes a series of inner apertures 221-227 for selec-tive re~istry with the reflective light beam path 137. The various ;~ 3 apertures may receirfesuitable filter elements as will hereinafter be explained in detail such that a series of measurements may be taka~
~,~, by successively indexing the filter wheel 210 to successive operating ~, l positions. In each operating position one aperture such as 211 i~ in , , ~; .,. .. :
alignment with the incident beam path 133 and a second aperture such as indicated at 221 is in alignment with the reflected light beam path 137.
9y way of examplc, the motor 209 mny oe continuously nerglzed ~: !
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106Z036 -`
. -during operation of the monitoring device, and the filter wheel may be retained in a selected angular position by engagement of a ratchet arm 230 with one of a series of cooperating lugs 231-237 arranged generally as indicated in Fig. 4 on the filter wheel 210. A solenoid is indicated at 240 as being mechanically coupled with ratchet arm 230 for momen- `
tarily lifting the ratchet arm 230 out of engagement with a cooperating lug such as 231 so as to permit the filter wheel to index one position.
Immediately upon release of the energization of solenoid 240,the force gravltyreturns the ratchet arm 230 to the position shown in Fig. 3 so as to be disposed in the path of the lugs and thus to engage the next lug ln successlon such as lug 232 as the motor 209 moves the fllter wheel 210 lnto the next operatlng posltlon. I :
As wW hereafter be explalned in greater detail, reed switches :~ ,i .
are mounted in circles on respective swltching boards 241 and 242, E~lg. 3, and the fllter wheel shaft 208 carries a magnee 243 for acwating a respective pair of the reed switches in each operating posi-tion of the filter wheel 210. Thus the position of the filter wheel 210 determines which of the switches on the switching boards 241 and 242 are closed. As will be explained hereinafter, the reed switch on the upper switching board 241 which is closed determines the gain settlng of an upper head amplifier at a level appropriate for the set of filters which are in the operating position. The reed switch on the lower switching board 242 which is closed activates a relay on a circuit board ', 245 in the lower head 12, and such relay in turn sets the lower head amplifier gain at the proper level. As will be explained in connection with the electric circuit diagram for the monitoring device, certain I .
conductors of the cable 51 may be interconnected at a remote location I
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'," so as to cause an indexing movement of the eilter wheel 210. Thls ' '~' ,f, external command serves to momentarlly energize solenoid 240 and ,'i lift the ratchet arm 230 about ls pivot point 250, allowing the motor ~ 209 to rotate the filter wheel 210, The ratchet arm 230 returns to the , ' : ~ .
posltlon shown in Flg. 3 to catch the next lug on the filter wheel stalllng , '' the motor 209. ,; "
:, .
,~( Four heaterssuch as indlcated at 251 are mounted around photo~
cell 204 so as to minimize the temperature variations of the photocell.
~' A clrcuit board for mounting an amplifier for photocell 203 and for '"
~;' mounting the galn settlng xegi8tance8 associated withthe reed swltches l8 Indicated at 255 In Flg. 3. , I ' Referring to the lower head 12, E7ig. 3 lndlcates a photocell 1, ~, 260 for recelvlng llght from the lntergratlng cavlty 14; and, a series , of heaters sucb as 261 mounted around the photocell 260 to minlmize ~', the temperature varlatlons of the photocell. Circult board 245 may mount a suitable ampUfier for photoceU 260, the galn of which bei3lg controlled by the relays prevlously mentioned.
~, The heaters 251 and 261 in the prototype unit were Pennsyl-~ vania Electronics Technology Type 12T55. (These are pos,ltive tem-hj' ' perature coefflclent thermlstors wlth 55~C. swltchlng temperatures.) These heaters will t~nd to stabillze the t,cmperature sin~e thelr abiUty to provide heat decreases as the ambient temperature increases.
' Above 55~,, they provide essentialty no heat at all, .~ , .. : , , . . . .
,.'' , j . .
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, Dlscussion of Illustrative Operatlng - ~ -Detalls for the Monitoring Devlce of Figs. 3 and 4 A basic feature of the illustrated embodiment resides in its abillty to measure simultaneously both reflected and transmitted light.
While in the illustrated embodiment, the re~lected light path 137 and the transmitted light path intersect the web 14 essentially at a common point, reflected light could be obtained from a point on the sample or ": i web offset from the point where light is transmitted through the sample.
For example, a backing of some specified reflectance such as a black body of zero or near zero rellectance could be located on the lower sensing head just ahead of or behind the transmitted light receptor compartment (with respect to the machlne dlrectlon of the sample or the dlrectlon of movement of the web), In thts case the upper senstng head could contaln the llght source as well as a reflected llght receptor for recelvlng light reflected from the sample or moving web at a point j'l dlrectly above the backlng of speclaed reflectance. Both the reflected llght receptor in the upper senslng head and the transmitted light recep-tor In the lower sensing head could then supply slgnals slmultaneously ~j and contlnously during méasurement operations. Many other variatlons ~¦ in the arrangement of the optics for measuring both reflected and trans-mitted light will occur to those skilled in the art.
Referring to the detalls of the illustrated embodiment, however, and to the case where It ls desired to measure brlghtness, color, opa-, city and fluorescent contribution to brightness, light source 201, 17ig. 3, ~1 ~trademarlc) .1 may consist of a Model 1962 Quartzline/lamp operated at 5;8 volts as ' measured at the lamp terminals. The 45 incident beam path 133 and the .. . . . .
j normal reflected beam path 137 correspond to those of a standard brlght-ness tester; and a casting (not shown) from a bench type standard brlght- ~
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ness tester was used in constructing a prototype of the illustrated em~
bodlment to give rigid support for the optical components such as indicated at 202 and Z71-276 in Pig. 3. In the sp-cific prototype unit, a stock , thickness poli~hed Corniog type 4-69 gla~s filter Z71 and a second type4-69 filter 272 ground and polished tO an appropriate thickness were us-d in the incident beam path to absorb most of the infrared as well as to give prop-r spsctral response.
f` The reflected light path 137 included a pair of lens-3 273 and 3', 274 which focus the light on a 3/8-inch aperture in the plate 275 o~ the casting. A picce o~ diffusing glass 276 i~ located on the 3/8-inch sper-ture 90 that the light dlstribut{on over tbe surface of photccell203 wlll be (trademark) t reasonably uniform. A Weston model 856 RR Photronic/cell was employed.
The filter wheol 21019 de31gned and located In such a way ~j that elther the incident or the reflected beam or both can be eiltered as desired. In the prototype, the wheel 210 was drLven by a small motor 209 operated at reduced voltage 90 that it could operate continuously in ~¦ a s:alled condition.
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~6Z~36 ,..
Commerically available color and brightness meters are usually manufactured with the spectral response filters located in the reflected beam. ln the prototype device, and in the later on-machine ' version here illustrated as well, however, the filters which determine the spectral response of the first six filter positions are located in the incident beam. There are two basic reasons for this choice of design.
(1) Both the reflected and transmitted light have the same incident intensity and spectral response against which , each can be compared. The akernate would necessitate two sets of identical filters, one set located in the re- r flected beam and another in the transmitted beam--a dif-ficult design to achieve iQ practice.
(2) E~ilter5 in the incident beam can be used to absorb all ' I ultraviolet light and prevent it from striking the specimen.
.,;, i Thus, fluarescence, a phenomenon not accounted for by KubeLka-Munk theory i8 avoided.
E~or reasonsexplained shortly, the seventh filter position is an exception to the above in that substantial ultraviolet light is lnten-tionally permitted to exist within the incident beam. Outside o¢ the -phenomenon of fluorescence the spectral response is independent of ~ ~ whether such filters are located in the incident or the reflected beams.
; j The spectral response provided by the respective positions ,~ of the filter wheel 210 were as follows: (1) papermaker's bri~htness ~, ~APPl brightness), (2) blue portion of the Ecx function, (3) red por-tion of the Ecx function, (4) Ec~ function without fluorescence (5)13cy function, (6) Eay function, and (7) Ec~ function, with fluorescence.
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As is understood in the art~ the symbots Ecx, Ecy, Eay, and EC2 refer to trlstimulus functions of wavelength as defined by the ~--Commtsslon Internatlonale c l'Eclairage which is identified by the abbre-vlatlon C.I.E. and is also known as the InternationaZI Committee on Illumlnatlon. The subscript a in the function designation Eay indicates that the function is based on a standardized illumination designated as C.I.E. Illuminant A, while the subscript c in the other function designa-_ tlons refers to a somewhat different standardized illumination which is de~ignated as C.l.E. Illuminant C.
Filters for providing the above spectral response charaterls- r tlcs in the respective operating positlons of the filter wheel 210 have been lndicated in E7lg. 4 by reference numeral 281-288. In the speclfic example under discusslon, apertures 221-226 are left open. ~llter 281 ls a standard fNter ~or use ln rneasurlng TAPPI brlghtness, TAPPI
referrlng to the Techn~cal Assoclat~on of the Pulp and Paper Industry. ~ ~;
Thls f~lter transmits a narrow band of wavelengths in the vicinity of 457 nanometers.
17ilters 282-285 are standard filters for a four-fllter colorimeter and are conventionally designated X (blue), X (red), Z, :
and Yc. These filter~ provlde the wavelength distributlons- requlred for the measurement of the C.I.E. X, Y, and Z tristlmulus values under Illuminant C c ' , . ' ilter 286 ig l~onventionally de6ign~téd a9 a YA filter and ls required by the 'rAPPI standard method for opaclty meas~rements. Thls is a broad band filter producing the C.I.E. Y wavelength distrlbutlon for Illuminant A, in conjunctlon with the source 201 previously déscrlbed ;;.:, , ~, in thls section. A discusslon bearing on the feasibility of thls type of ,',e' m easurement is found in a paper by L.R. Dearth, et al ent~tled "Study .,.;, .
of Instruments for the Measurement of Opaclty of Paper, V. Compar~-,.. . .
, .
... . .. . . , . . . . : - .. ; . . .. .
1~6zo36 ,.
son of Printing Opacity Determined with Sev~al Selected Instruments", appi, volume 53, No. 3 (March, 1970).
With respect to position No. 7 of the eilter wheel 210, fllters 287 and 288 are conventionally designated as Z (blue) and Z (yellow).
As previously indicated, the purpose of the filters is to pn)vide ~or a ;-determination of the C.I.E. Z tristimulus value with the fluorescence component included. In filter position No. 4, filter 284 serves to re- ` ;
move the ultraviolet component fr~nthe incident beam so that a measure of the Z tristimulus value without fluorescence is obtained. In position No. 7 of the filter wheel, however, filter 287 in the incident beam is designed to transmit the ultraviolet component, 80 that the fluorescent component if any will be transmitted to photocell 203. The ultraviolet absorblng component of the Z type filter means is located in the re-flected beam 137, wher eas this component is in the incident beam for the No. 4 position. The fluorescent component is lineally related to the difference between the Z tristimulus values determined in the No. 4 and No. 7 positions of the filter wheel 210.
Filters 281-288 have been shown in Fig. 4 with different trpes , of hatching which have been selected to represent generally the dif-'i~ ferent lighttransmission properties of the filters. In particular, the - hatching for filter~ 281-288 are those for representing white, blue, red, blue, green, orange, blue and yellow Ught transmission pn~p~t~es. The c ; ~ selection of hatching is primarity for purposes of graphical illustration and is not, of course, an exact representation of the light transmission properties of the respectire filters.
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Detailed Description of Figs. 5 and 6 -~ ig. 5 illustrates diagrammatically the optical monitoring devlce 10 Oe ~igs. 1-4, and iltustrates by way of example an optical analyzer unit 300 which may be electrically associated with the monitoring device and serve as an operator's console to be disposed at a convenient loca-tion adjacent the paper machine. By way of example, the optical analy- `
zer unit may be mounted near the dry end of the paper machine, andmay receive conventlonal alternating current power from the paper machine ; dry end panel. ~ ~he optical analyzer unit 300 is illustrated as being coupled with the monitoring device 10 via a power supply unit 301 which is mounted adjacent the vertical column 20, Fig. 2, of the "O"
frame along which the monitoring device is to travel in scanning the wtdth of the web. 17Or purposes of diagrammatic illustration,power supply unlt 301 is shown as being provlded wlth a mountlng plate 302 which i8 secured by means of a bracket 303 to an end of horlzontal beam 22 which has been speclfically designated by reference numeral 304 ln Flgs. 2 and 5. Referring to Fig. 2, it will be observed that the ends 305 and 306 of cables 51 and 52 are adjacent the end 304 of beam 22 so that this is a convenient location for mounting of the power supply 301.
~; ~he electrical interconnections between the power supply unit 301 and the optical analyzer unit 300 are indicated as extending via a signal conduit I ~
i, 311 and a control conduit 312. By way of example, the signal conduit l c 311 may contain shielded electriccables for transmitting miUivolt signals from the analogue amplifiers of the upper and lower sensing ,~ r, heads 11 and 12. ~he control conduit 312 may contain conductors which are respectively energized to represent the angular positlon of filter ~-' wheel 210, and may also containa conductor for controlling the indexlng ' -~
; !
movement of the fllter wheel as will be explained in detail in connection witt~. E7lg. 6.
; l -20-i~' i ~ . . . - - ., , 106'~036 ' .':
Referring to the optical analyzer unit 300 of Fig. 5, the front panel of the unit has been diagrammatically indicated at 320 as being provided with a series of lamps 321-327 for indicating the angular posi-tion of the filter wheel 210 within the upper sensing head 11. 'rhe lamps 321-327 have been numbered 1 through 7 in correspondence with ~; the seven positions of the filter wheel, and the color of the lamps, for ~' example, may be selected so as to signify the characteristics of the -ters located in the openings of the filter wheel such as those indicated ~' at 211-217.
. In order, to provide a visual indication of the amplitude of the ~ -millivott signals supplied from the sensing heads 11 and 12, a suitable meter is indicated at 330 and a selector switch is indicated at 331 for selectively supplying to the meter the analogue signal from the upper ~i sensing head 11 or from the lower sensing head 12, A switch 332 ig indicated for controlling thesupply of conventional alternating current power to the meter, and a second switch 333 is indicated for controlling the supply of energizing power for the lamps 321-327, Another switch ;~ . . .
~;, 334 may be momentarily actuated so as to index the filter wheel 210 to a ~j .
desired station. The switches 331-334 may, of course, take any desir-ed form, and have merely been indicated diagrammatically in ~ig. 5.
; Referring to Fig. 6, variouY of the components previously refer-red to have been indicated by electrical ssnnbols, and for convenience of correlation of Fig. 6 with Pigs. 1 through 5, the same reference charac-~, ters have been utilized. In particular, Fig. 6 shows symbolically a !~' ' ~, ~ light source 201, associated photocells, 203 and 260, filter wheel drive ; motor 209, control solendd 240, and permanent magnet 243 which rotates with the filter wheel 210 so as to represent the angular position of the filter wheel. Also shown in Fig. 6, are the four heaters 251 associated ;.
, ' . .
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; . , ' : ~6'~036 wleh photocell 203, and the four heaters 261 associated with the photocelt 260, Further, lamps 321-327, millivoltmeter 330 and switches 331-334 of the optical analyzer unit 300 have been symbolically indicated in ~7~g. 6.
Referring first to the components associated with the upper sensing head 11, there is illustrated in the upper left part of ~ig. 6 a diode 340 j ..
connected across solenoid 240. ~or diagrammatic purposes, permanent - :
magnet 243 is shown arranged between two series of reed switches 341- ~ .
347 and 351-357. A further reed switch 358 is indicated for actuation ,~ .
in the number 1 position of the filter wheel 210 along with switches 341 ~ .
and 351. The conductors 359 and 360 associated with switch 358 may ~ ...
be connected with the optical analyzer unit 300, and may be connected ~ ..
via the optical analyzer unit 30C~ with a remote computer, where the , :~illustrated apparatus forms part of a computer control system for con- .trolling the associated paper machinery.
The reed switches 341-347 are shown as being associated with ;:
an operational amplifier 361, so that switches 341-347 serve to select the desired value of feed back resistance for the ampliaer in each posi-tion of the filter wheel 210. Thus, switches 341-347 erved to selective-Iy connect in parallel with resistance 370, additional resistance values 371-377, respectively, for adjusting the total resistance between the c input and output terminals of the amplifier 361. Thus, in the number 1 position of the filter wheel, permanent magnet 243 is in a position to actuate switch 341, and connect resistance value 371 in parallel with resistor 370. As will hereinafter be explained, resistance means 371-377 may include variable resistor~ for adjustment so as to provide the desired gain of amplifier 361 in the respective filter positions, or flxed resistance values may be inserted as indicated, once the desired values . , . j . .
. ~: ' , '.
106Z036 .
, i' ~''- -have been determlned for a given filter wheel. As indicated in Fig. 6, the output Oe ampll~er 361 may be transmittined by means of shielded cables 381 and 382. These cables form part of the overall cable indl-cated at 51 in Fig. 5 leading from the upper sensing head 11 to the power supply unlt 301.
Also forming part of the cable Sl would be the conductors such as indicated at 383 from the respective reed switches 351-357. These . . ~:. .
' cJnductors such as 383 would connect with respective conductors 391-397 of cable 52 leading from the power supply 301 to the lower sensing headl2.
Included as part of the power supply unlt 30i would be compo-nents such as relay actuating coil 401, assoclated normally open contact , 402, and reslstors 403 and 404 shown at the upper le* in E~ig. 6. E~urther, the power suppty would lnclude an ad~ustable dlrect current tamp power supply component 410 for supplylng a preclsely ad~usted or controtled electrlcal energlzatlon for Ugbt source 201. E7urther, of course, the power supply would supply the requlred direct current operating potentlals ;;~ for the upp~ senslng head as indicated In E~lg. 6.
The lower left section of Fig. 6 Illustrates the electrical com-ponents of the lower sensing head 12,.In the lower sensing head, conduc-tors 391-397 control energization of the operatlng colls of respectlve relays Kl through K7. With the permanent magnet 243 in the number 1 position, reed switch 351 Ig closed, and operating coil 420 of relay K1 ,~i 19 energized c10sing the assoclated relaycontact 421. The remalning ~:
relays K2 through K7 are deenergized, so that the respective assoclated contacts 422-427 remain open. The contacts 421-427 serve to control path '!,'~' ~ the resistance in thefeed back/of operational ampli~er 429 In conjunc-tion with resistor 430 and resistance means 431-437. As explalned ~n reference to the upper sensing head, resistance means 431-4~7 may ,, .
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include adjustable resistors, or fixed resistors as shown selected to ; ~ -provide the deslred gain of amplifier 429 for the respective positlons of the fitter wheel 210. The shielded cables 441 and 442 from the out-put of amplifier 429 connect with power supply unit 301 as part of cable , ~ .
52. The outputsfromthe amplifiers 361 and 429 are conducted from the ' power supply unit 301 to the optical analyzer unit 300 via signal conduit ~ ~ -311~ and within the optical anatyzer unit connect with respective termlnals~
of the selector switch 331 as indlcated at the lower part of Fig. 6. i :
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Thus, in the upper position of the selector 331~ the output of ampllfier i ~ --361 lg connected wlth the meter 330, while in the lower position of I r selector 331, the output of amplifler 429 is supplied to the meter 330. j ` -Of course, the optical analyzer 3~10 may further include analogue to digltal converters for convertlng the outputsof the ampllffers 361 and 429 to dlgltal form for transmlsslon to a remote computer, for example.
It wlll be apparent to those skilled ln the art that the remote computer ~ ;
could be programmed to control the sequentlal actuatlon of relay 401 durlng each increment of scannlng movement of the monitorlng devlce 10 so as to obtain readings from each desired sampUng region of the ;
web i4 for each of the seven posltions of the fflter wheel 210. The remote computer wou1d then be in a posltion to correspondlngly determlne the av-erage optical characteristlcs of a given length section of the paper web 14, for example, and control sultable inputs to the paper machine so as to maintaln deslred optical characterlstlcs of the paper belng manu-factured. Alternatively, of course, the arrangement of Figs. 1-6 can be utitized simply to take readings from the meter 330 for each filter wheel position during scanning of the web, so as to obtain readlngs re-:.
flecting the optical characteristics of the length sections of the web ., . . :~
so scanned. Still further, of course, the circultry of Figs. 5 and 6 can .. : . .
., , , be lltilized either with the monitoring device located in a fixed position relative to the width of the web (by means of a C-type frame), or with the device off-line from the paper machine, so as to obta~n desired readings from the meter 330 for each position of the fllter wheel 210 during optical excitation of a single sheet sarnple of the web held in a :
sample holder so as to be disposed essentially as indicated for the web -~
14 in Fig. 3. _ , , ~
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Exemplary Commercially Available Components Commerically available components which are included in the present design of E~igs. 1-6 are as follows.
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Main power supply. LamWa Electronics Corporation Maiel ; LQS-DA-5124 providing a direct current a~C) output voltage of 24 volts ~, and a maximum current at 40C of 5 amperes.
Reed switches. For reflectance amplifier gain settings-Model MMRR-2, and for transmittance amplifier gain settings-Model MINI-2, manufactured by Hamlin, Inc. The relays in the lower sensing I j head of Type 821A of Grigsby-Barton, Inc.
Operational amplifiers, Model 233J chopper 6tabilized ampli-fiers of Analog Devices,Inc. Model 904 power supply supplying plus or minu~ 15 volts with a minimum full load output current of plus or minus 50 mllliamperes. -Digital panel meter (used for off-line studies and for on-line ~;, operation before being interfaced with the computer). We~ton Model I -1290.
~, Filter wheel advance solenoid,~ Type T 12x13-C-24 volt DC
;j flat plugplunger of Guardian Electric Manufacturing Company~Antibottom-ing washer made of polyurethane rubber. Operation of the solenoid ¦ ~
until interfaced with the computer has been with the use of a time I c adjusted relay, namely a Model 0 102A6 transistorized repeat cycle timer of G. & W. Eagle Signal Co. I
i~ Filter wheel drive motor. Type lAD3001 Siemens brushles~ j DC motor. The drive belt and pulleys for coupling the m~tor 209 with the j the shaft 208 are specified~ as positive drive bek FS-80 and po~itive , drive pulleys FC5-20 and FC5-40 of PIC Design Corporation, a Benrus ~ subsidiary. The belt has a stainless steel core and the pulléys have a ,.:, .
~i 1/4 inch diameter bore. -26-.:, . .
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Computer Interfaclng In preparing the monitoring device for on-line operation on the paper machine, the zero to 140 millivolt DC signals from the ~;
sensing heads will be supplied to respective emf-to-current converters of component 501, Fig. 6. As an example, Rochester Instrument Systems Model SC-1304 emf-to-current converters may be used. Such a converter will provide an output of 10 to 50 milliamperesDC suitable for driving an analog to digital converter at the computer. The emf-to-current converters will provide an isolated input and output so that r ~, grounding will not be a problem.
The converters of component 501, will be housedwithoptical analyzer 300, Flg, 5, and will connect wlth respective points thirty one of Groups five hundred and six hundred (not shown) at the control computer analog signal input via conductors such as indicated at 502 and 503 in E1ig. 6.
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Conductors 505 and 506, Fig. 6, associated with filter wheel indexing solenoid 240, Figs. 3 and 6, may extend within control ; conduit 312, Fig. 5, and connect with the control computer output term-inals at a location designated Groupforty two hundred and 8iX, point nineteen (not shown). (Switch 334 should remain open (off) durlng ;'; computer operation of Figs. 1-6,) :,............................................................... .
-, Conductors 359 and 360, Fig. 6, may connect with an input of the control computer at a location designated Group fourteen hundred, .. , ~.
~i point twenty-three (not shown), , . , "
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1~6Z036 1 -~. ;
DISCUSSION O~ AN EARLIER PROTOTYPE
SYSTEM t Structure and Operation of a Prototype Optical Monitoring Device I -... , .. . . ... .... . ,.. ... . . . . . ,.. " ..
A prototype optical monitoring device was first constructed so as to test the feasibility of the concep~s of the present invention. As a re- ~ ;
sult of the experimental work with the prototype system, a preferred !, system has been designed and will hereinafter be described in greater detail. Since the operatiOn of the prototype system is somewhat differ-ent from that of the later designed system, a description of the proto-type system will serve to illustrate alternative features and an alterna-dve method of operation in accordance with the present invention. ~
In the original setting up of the prototype system, the upper . -and lower sensing heads should be brought lnto proper allgnment and spaclng. The spaclng should be ~ust under 1/4-inch between the case 110 and the surface of the diffusing glass of window 135. (In the proto-,, type unit, there were no additional parts between the case 110 and window 135 such as the shoe plate 122 shown in E71g. 3.) The lower senslng head should be moved laterally in all directions to locate the ,1 point where the maximum reading occurs from photocell 260 as well as ,., . . ..
,'l the point of least sensitivity to relative movement of the upper and lower sensing hcads. In an ~nitial calibration of the prototype monitor~ ~ 1-, ing device, -potentiometers are included as part of the resistance means 371-377 and 431-437 and are adjusted for the respective posltions of the 5 -filter wheel 21~ to give the correct readings for the reflectance and transmittance of the diffusing glass 135 (in the absence any paper sample ~' .
~-' between the upper and lower senslng heads) The values which were .
used in this initial calibration aro indicative of percentage absolute reflec-;~' tance and transmittance on a scale of 100, and are as follows: , , : : .
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62036 1 ~
Table 1 Table Showing Exemplary Calibration for the Prototype System-Diffusing Glass Reflectance and Transmittance Values With No Paper Specimen Present , .
Filter WheelReflectance Transmittance Position Value, RSD Value, TSD
No. (Millivolts) (Millivolts~
'; 1 35. 4 54. 0 ' 2 35.0 56.1 3 34. 4 '56. 9 : -
4 34.6 56.6 ~-34.7 56.4 6 34.5 56.6 7 34.8 0.6*
. The readings in millivolts can be converted to other desired units j by comparing the readings in millivolts for a given paper specimen ., with the readings obtained with a standard laboratory instrument, measur-' ~ ing the reflectance of the ~pecimen with the laboratory instrument while backing the paper ,~heet with a piece of Lucalux and a black body. By measuring the reflectance of the single sheet backed with a black body (no fluorescence), the value of transmittance for the specimen can be calculated and this calculated value utilized for calibrating the lower sensing head. If the fluorescent component i8 included in the labora-tory instrument, and if fluorescence is involved, the fluorescence com-ponent can be determined by means of a standard reflection meter, and ... , .
~; the fluorescent component can then be subtracted from the measured data before making the càlculation of transmittance.
The laboratory testing of the prototype system confirmed that a , monitoring device sllch as illustrated in Figs. 1-4 should have a poten-; tial accuracy equal to that of comparable off-line testers provided certain ', web scanning requirements are met.
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* The transmittance value of the No. 7 fllter position is not needed, and consequently a low ampliflcation o~ this signal was . arbitrarily selected.
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';'. `' `. ' Laboratory tests were run on color standard samples of the grades and colors usually run on the paper machine shown in Figs. 1 and and 2, In addition, a variety of opaques,/a variety of colored 50 pound and 70 pound offsets were included in the tests, A four centimeter diameter circle was scribed on each sample tO insure that all tests would be done within the same 12 square centimeter section of the sample. Values of Ro~ Roo, and TAPPI opacity measurements were rnade on the available standard laboratory instruments, All test were made on the felt side of the sample with the grain in the standard direction, For Roo measurements, the samples were backed by piles ' ~- -of tabs cut from the edge of the same sheet of paper, In addition to the T~PPI opacity measured on the standard opacimeter, TAPPI opacity i was calculated via Kub~lka-Munk theory from data obtained with a stan-dard automatic color-brightness te~ter, I
The same paper samples were clamped into a holder which held the sample under tension with the lower head of the monitoring device bellying y8-inch to 1/4-inch into the sheet, The grain of the s heet was oriented parallet to the longitudinal axis of the upper sensing head (that is the machine direction of the sheet was in the same orienta-, .
tion as would-occur on the paper machine as indicated in Figs, 1 and 2).
The felt side was always up, Care was taken to make sure that the " tested area was within the twelve square centimeter circle scribed on , o , the sample.
,, The transmittance and reflectance readings were taken from a ~, digital volt meter attached to the output terminals of amplifiers 361 and . ;, , , ' 429, Calibration data was takenof~ the Lucalux with no sheet present, Test values were taken on all filters w{th the sheet in place, The trans-` mittance and reflectance values were keyed into a standard calculator with the calibration data, The calculator was programmed to calculate . . .
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the color (in C.I.E. X, Y, Z, for example), fluorescent component, brightness, TAPPi opacity and printing opacity (ba~ed on Yc)~ By sup-plying the basis weight, the computer could also be requested to calcu-late s, the scattering coefficient (an index of the effect of pigment `
efficiency and fiber surface area), and k, the absorption coefficient (an index of the effectiveness of dyes in the sheet). The coefficients s and k are essentially independent of basis weight. Kubelka-Munk theory is the basis of the calculations u~ed.
All of the samples were tested without changing the relative position of the two sensing heads. One set of data was obtained with ~?' ~ - .
the heads in a variety of positions to determine the effect of geometric variations.
Sinee fluoreseenee is not eompatible wlth Kubelka-Munk 1 ;
theory, the prototype system was carefully designed so that all data used for Kubelka-Munk analyses have excluded fluorescenee. The prototype system measure~ fluoreseenee separately, A fluoreseent eontribution is determined from the prototype data by subtracting the Z distribution -reflectance without fluorescence (filter whed position No. 4) from tbe Z
distribution reflectance with fluorescence (filter wheel position No. 7), and multiplying by the appropriate factor.
An independent check on fluorescence measurement~, a ` `
modified brightness tester wasutilized which had a filter wheel allowing for standard brightness and Z distribution filters to be put in the reflect-ed~ beam. In addition, the filter wheel contained brightness and Z distri-bution filters which had been modified by removing the ultraviolet absorb-ing component of these filters. A special- mount allows the operator to ~-put the appropriate ultraviolçt absorbing filter in the incident beam, Thus, measurements of brightnessanl C,I,E, Z tristimulus, with and with~ut fluorescence, could be made. l?luore9cent contributions were ealculated ~ -, .
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lQ62036 by difference. Some measurements were made on single sheets with a standard backing. Most of the samples were measured with an infinite pack of tabs. The incident beam filter of the prototype's No. 7 posi- ~-tion was such that it permitted aboutt~ice the standard quantity of ultra-violet light to strike the specimen. Consequently, measurements of the fluorescent contribution measured on the modified brightness tester and the prototype system correlated well (correlation coefficient of .992) but the modified brightness teste~ value i9 only 0.528 as large as that measured by the prototype system. Calculations of prototype data now ~ `
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t involve calculation of the fluorescent component by multiplying the ;
difference of filter positions No. 7 and No. 4 by 0.$28.
trademark) Because only one fluorescent dye ~rinopal,/in all of the paper specimens was used, the fluorescent contribution needed to be mea~ured only once. The prototype data provides a basis for measuring the , . . .
;~ fluorescent component Z. Measurements by an independent laboratory showed that the paper specimens do not fluoresce significantly in the X
(red) or Y distributions; therefore, fluorescent contributions need only be determineci for the blue colored distributions. A linear regression wa~ -run on the independent laboratory data which demonstrated that the fluor-escent componentfa X~lue) can be predicted by multiplying the fluor-escent componentfa Zbyl.204. A regression run on fluorescent ::
data from the modified brightness tester shows that the fluorescent con-~!~ tribution for brightness can be calculated by mulitplying the fluorescent contribution-for Z by 0.864. In summary, fluorescent contribution~ are calculated by the following formulas:
=0.528 (Z reflectance with fluorescence minus Z
~;~'! Z reflectance without fluorescence.) Fx(blue) = 1-~04 ~z = 0.864 1~
Brightnegs Z
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These fluorescent contributions are added to the respective calculated Roo values when calculating optical properties from prototype .
data. The test results for fluorescent and~n-fluorescent papers agree with valuea measured on the standard automatic color-brightneaa teater.
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1~6Z036 .` . : .
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Oiscussion of the Resuks of Mechanical Life Testing of the Prototype System and Design Features Selected for the Preferred System In Light of Such Life Testing _ _ -The following details concerning the results of life testing of the prototype system are considered to reflect minor problems of con~
j struction and operation wh~h considered individually are readily correct-ed for by those skilled in the art. In order to minimize the burden of ~`
fhe total number of such minor problems, and thus to expedite practice . .
of the prototype systep~, solutions to the various problems which were encountered are briefly referred to.
The filter wheel is advanced by a low torque stallable motor.
A timing belt links sprockets on the motor and the filter wheel shaft.
The original timing belt had a dacron core. The core of the original belt broke in two places resulting in stretcbing and eventual loss of teeth. Uneven rate of rotation of the filter wheel occurred due to Mnd-ing of the belt. Eventually, the plastic drive sprocket broke. Both ,';~ sprockets were replaced with stainless steel sprockets and the timing belt was replaced with a belt containing a steel core. Installation of the steel sprocket6 and steel core bek revealed that excessi~e belt ten-sion could stall the motor. The motor mount holes were slotted allowing the motor to pivot slightly around one mounting screw. Belt tension was ~i; adjusted by pivoting the motor. It is concluded that future models should include an idler wheel or some other means of adjusting the ~i tension of the timing belt.
Some problems were experienced with respect to indexing of the filter wheel with the ratchet arm sticking on the tooth so that the rat-~ 0 , chet arm does not clear the tooth when a command is given to index the filter wheel. The remedy has been to reduce the roughness ofthemating `' -34 - , ' 1~;2036 surfaces by filing on the tooth, or smoothing the tooth with a stonè.
In future models, the shapes and/or smoothness of the ratchet arm and the teeth should be altered to minimize sticking. One solution would be to provide the ratchet arm and the teeth with highly polished mating surfaces. ~ i The ratchet arm is lifted by a 24 volt direct current solenoid, After some time, the plunger of the solenoid became magnetized and ;I~ould stick to the inside of the coil. This "hanging up" would prevent `~
the ratchet arm from catching the next tooth. A resistor was installed in series with th~ solenoid coil to reduce the strength of the magnetic ~ ~?
;i . . .
y field. The plunger of the solenoid was coated with a special material.
The coated plunger worked well for about three months before it, too, I `, ~;j magnetlzed enough to hang up. The solution adopted was to provide ., I . .
the solenoid wlth a nat topped plunger which is stopped at the en~i of lts stroke by a bumper of rubber-like material.
The response of a photocell i3 somewhat temperature sensitive. -For this reasons, it is necessary to keep the photocells at a constant i ; temperature. Ambient temperatures on the O-frame of the No. 6 paper (48C. ) machine indicated in l~igs. 1 and 2 have been measured as high as 118~/
in the summer. The photocells in both heads ~:e mounted in massive metal blocks. Each r~etal block has four thermistor heaters mounted in close proximity to the photocell. These thermistors have switching temperatures of 55C,(that is about 130~). The intention of this de-sign was to add enough heat to the instrument to hold the temperature steady at about 55C. During bench studies, this temperature was j never reached due to the low capacity of the heaters. At machine room temperatures, however, the instrument temperature may reach 55C.
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During the bench studies, it was found that the heaters did minimize temperature variations. The few degrees of temperature variation that were observed during normal operation usually occurred slowly. Changes in instrument temperature affected the output signal less than acticipated. Based on this experience in the ~boratory, the ` -maximum variation in head temperature should be less than 3F per hour. Temperature variations of this magnitude will not have a signi-fican. effect o~ the output signal. Long term temperature changes would be corrected for by the calibrations each time the head goes off 7 .';
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web.
In the laboratory, there was a minimum of dirt problem3. On the machine, however, the hole could allow dlrt to enter the upper head. I
Up to a polnt, dirt on the lenses and filters will be corrected for by I -the periodic calibration routine. Excessive dirt, however, will reduce the sensitivity d the instrument and may even affect its accuracy. Peri-odic cl aning of the lexses and filters will be required. If dirt accumu-lates too rapidly, it may be necessary to attach an air purge to the upper head.
;' The lower head of the prototype system is completely sealed so that no dirt problem is anticipated inside the lowerhead. Because the Lucolux window is in contact with the sheet, friction will keep it clean .
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' 106Z036 ,. Most of the Hlters consisted of two or three component parts.
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There have been some problems with dirt getting between the components of the fllters. - ;
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The case on the lower head as well as the case on the upper -head should allow most general maintenance and trouble-shooting to be done without dismounting the head. A completely removable case would be desirable. At a minimum access should be provided for -- ;;
' the following: (1) convenient light bulb change, (available on the proto- ~
type), (2) cleàning of lenses, (available on the prototype), (3) cleanlng ~t~ ~, . of the alters. (Access is presently available to one slde of each filter. ~ -The side which is most likely to collect dirt ls not accessible ln the prototype.) (4) The ampllfler. The ampUfter is a standard plug-ln ,J~ module, In the event of a breakdown lt could be replaced tn seconds , :
,: .
if It is accessible, Furthermore, It ls necessary to remove the , ampltfler to do any trou~le-shootlng on the gain ctrcuitry. (S) The ~cf clrcult board holdlng all of the galn control resistors. The cholce ofgain clrcuitry i9 controlled by reed switches whlch are not accessible on the prototype without a partial disassembly of the instrument, 7,`l ~ Malfunctions of the reed switches, however, can easily be diagnosed by removing the amplifier and taking resistance measurements on the gain control circuits. There is also the possibility of mechanlcal or c ;' electrical damage to a resistor or a potentiometer mounted on this . .
circuit board. With proper access a damaged part could be replac;ed ~, in five to twenty minutes. (6) The photocell. W{th proper access, ' the photocell could be replaced quickly and easily. (7) ~he heater.
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The heater are adjacent to the photocell and are generally just as ~, easily serviced, (8) Indexing mechanism. ~he present accessibillty .. ,, ; ;
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1(~62036 `~
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to the ratchet teeth, rachet arm and solenoid is adequate but not very convenient on the prototype. A certain amount of access to these parts is needed to correct chronic indexing problems 6uch as sticking and "hanging up".
The filters are presently mounted in the filter wheel of the prototype by spring clips. Most of the filters are compound filters containing as many as four component pieces of glass. During laborat~y trials, increases intheoptical density of a filter were frequently observed which could not be corrected by cleaning the surfaces of the filter. Upon removing one of the filters, it was discovered that foreign material was I r .
collecting between the components ofthe compound filter. The use of lens cleaning solution on the filters may have accelerated the problem if capillary action drew foreign material between the components. A ~et of gaskets and some type of threaded mount should be used to mount the filters in such a way as to minimize foreign material (including cleaning I `
solutions) from getting between the components of compound filters.
In mounting the prototype sensing heads on anO-frame, it is necessary to bring the geometric alignment of the heads as close to their optimum relationship as possible. The original intention was to set the gap between the heads with the aid of a spacer; however, flexibility of the sheet metal case of the prototype upper sensing head prevented the use of a spacer for setting the gap. Accordingly, the shoe plate 122 of the new upper sensing head shown in Pig. 3 has been made of a thickness and consequent rigidity so as to enab~e the use of a spacer gauge to set the gap between the upper and lower heads. ~he gap is reduced by 1/16 inch to 3/16 inch because of the thickness of shoe plate 122.) .. . . .
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1~62036 The gap between the heads is a most critical dimension as far as calibration and reproducability is concerned. In the prototype it was intended to calibrate relative to an average gap, thus correcting the readings for variations in the gap from the average gap.
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One of the criteria used in designing the prototype was minimum .. ~ -head length in the machine direction. Unfortunately, the upper head `~
was turned 90 in order to give the prototype unit the same geometry as the General Electric Brightness Meter, Automatic Color-Brightness Tester, and Hunterlab Color Meter. In this new position, the prototype head ~ -is 12 1/4 inches long in the machine direction plus 2 1/2 inches for cable connectors, Redesign should be possible to reduce the machine direction dimension to about 8 tnches and to relocate the position of the cable connecttons, The lining of the case for the upper head should be matte as well as black to prevent reflection of ambient light within the case and a ``
possible spurious effect on the photocell reading.
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Conclusions from Mechanical Testing of the Prototype System ;, ~ ollowing the correction of miscellaneous start up problems the prototype system was found to function well mechanically. As a test of its durability, the prototype system was placed in continuous operation for a period of over ten months and no serious mechanical problems resulted except the failure of the solenoid. The solenoid failure was expected and the replacement solenoid is of a design which ~
is expected to give a long servioe life. The light application of sili-~, . .. .
cone lubricant spray to the indexing control ratchet arm and cooperating " teeth corrected a problem of malfunctioning of the filter wheel indexing .
Ir.
mechanism (which occurred on two occasions during the ten months). , -The prototype system was not intended to be a low maintenance instru~
ment; however, the experlence during the durabillty test with the proto-type ln continuous operation indicates that the prototype system should operate on a paper machine with an acceptably small amount of down time.
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DISCUSSION OF LABORATORY TESTING
OF FIGS. 3-6 Lab,oratory~eratlon of the System o~ Figs. 3-6 In the prototype system, potentiometers are included as ~'~
part of the resistance means 371-377 and 431-437 and are adjusted for ~, the respective positions of the filter wheel 210 to give desired values `' such as given in the foregoing Table 1. In the preferred system o~ Figs. ' ' 3-6, these potentiometers for adjusting ampli~er gain are omitted and are replaced with fixed resistors 371-377 and 431-437 selected to give ~cale readings from meter 330 in the respective filter wheel position~ which are well above the values given in tbe preceding .j?~
" TableL This is intended to improve the stability and increase the sensitivity of measurement. ,' In calculattng opticàl parameters from measurements relatlve ~ ' ' to various samples, values were flrst established for the reflectance ;~ ,, RD of the diffuser 135, E~{g. 3, in the absence of a paper specimen, ~, for each filter wheel position. Initially calculated values for RD were used in a first computation of optical values, and then the values of RD were adjusted slightly to give the best agreement with the correspond- ;~
ing optical measurements by means of the standard automatic color-brightness tester. The following table shows the reflectance value~
which were established for certain laboratory testing of the system of ~ig~. 3-6.
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Table Sbowing Reflectance :
" of the Diffusing Glass With No Paper Specimen Present ::
in a Laboratory Test of the System of Figs. 1-6 Filter Wheel Symbol Diffusing Glass Reflec-,. Position No. tance Value RDl 0. 349 , 3 RD3 0 355 ~
, : 4 RD4 Q 349 ~." 5 RD5 O. 354 7 RD7 O, 349 , , .j,~
: The transmittance of the diffusing glass 135 need n~t be. .
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known since the ratio of the tran~mittance of the diffusing glass and '~ paper (in series) to the transmittance of the diffusing glass is employed ?~; in calculating the desired optical parameters.
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A computer program was developed to process the data . - -collected durlng laboratory operation of the monitoring device 10 as well as to compare the calculated reflectance value R and the calculated . :.
fluorescent components with the data collected withthe standard auto- .:
matic color-brightness tester. A listing of the symbols employed in a `
symbolic statem.ent of the computer program in the Fortran computer ~.
language utilized In this laboratory study is set forth in Table 3 on the ~ ., .. .
~ following pages. ` . :
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.
;; ' , ~6Z036 Table 3 Listing of Symbols (Inctuding Input Data Symbols and Output Data Symbols With a Brief Indication of Their Si~nificance) Input_Data Symbols RSD OMOD scale reading for retlectance with no paper specimen in place, (Filters 1 through 6.) RSP OMOD scale reading for reflectance with ~i, paper specimeninp~6iticn.(~ilters 1 through , ~, . . . -TSD OMOD scale reading for transmittance with `
no paper specimen in place. (Filters 1 through 6. ) TSP OMOD scale reading for transmittance with paper speclmen in positlon. (Fllters 1 through 6. ) -RSD7 OMOD scale reading for reflectance with no specimen in place, (No. 7 fllter~ ~
, RSP7 OMOD scale reading for reflectance wlth ~-paper spec~men ~n pos~t~an. (No. 7 f~lter. ) ARool~C ACBT reflectance includ~ng the fluore~cent component.
APC ACBT fluorescent component.
RSD4 OMOD scale reading for reflectance with no paper specimen in place. (No. 4 fllter.) RSP4 OMOD scale reading for reflectance with paper specimen in position. (No. 4 alter.) -~ GC Grade Correction as determined by the difference between R FC and AR PC
for each sample and ~ch fllter.
c ..... . .
"
, _44_ , :- . , -.
; ' .
. . j .
,, !
, . . .
: ;:
,; .
:
.
? . . ~ ' '": ~ ','.'`.~' ` ` ,-' ' ' ':
.:
1~6Z036 . .
, . .
Table 3 - Listing o~Symbols-continued ~
Output Data Symbols r,-R ReZElectance of a single sheet backed wlth a black body (no fluorescence) as calculated from OMOD data.
T Transmittance o~ a single sheet backed with a black body (no fluorescence) as calculated from OMOD data. ~"
~- R Reflectance of an opaque pad (no fluores-cence) as calculated from OMOD data.
,, j , i~ R FC Reflectance of an opaque pad (including ~ "
fluorescence) as calculated from OMOD data.
~ AR E7C Reflectance of an opaque pad (including , r ,."
,i fluorescence) ACBT.
DIF~ Dlfference between R F~ and AR ~C. ¦
~C E71uorescent component OMOD. Z
AE7C E~luorescent component ACBT. l ;;
GC GradeCorrectton as determtned by the ~i'' dtfference between R E~C and AR ~C for each sample and eacl.fflter, !, i , .. .
,t~ :
r ~,~, .' C~ ' , . 1 : , ?., ;`/~ ~ :, r !
?
, .... . .
~', 45 i:.: ; , ~ -.
!
.:. , :~
. .
. ~ ` .
. . .
... , ( . . ~ .
.:....... `.. , , . . .,,` ,. . : ~ . .. , . . ` . - :.
,.. .. - . ~............ . . . ` ~ - . .
lQ6Z036 , ,, ~ . .
. . :
Table 3-Listing of Symbols-continued .~
Additional Symbols (Used in the Computation - .
of the Output Data from -.
the Input Data) RK Reflectance correction factor (assigned a value of 1.000 for ~:
laboratory operation). `~`
TK Transmittance correction factor (assigned a value of 1.000 for ~
laboratory operation). ~:
RD, Value representing the absolute I ~
reflectance of the diffuser (on a ' .-scale of zero to 1.000) as adjusted to give best agreement with opti- i cal measurements by means of . '~
the standard automatic color-bright- ` :~
ness tester. ~he values given in Table 2 are used for laboratory operatlo~ I :
RPt~ Reflectance o~ paper speclmen when backed w~th the diffu~er, as calculated from current values of . ::
RK, RD, RSD, and RSP. i ~ :~
TPD Transmittance of paper ~peclmen and diffuser in series, as calcu-~; lated from current values of TK, TSD, and TSP.
i~ ' .
~::
,~ ,.
" ..
. c -, ,: : - '.
! ' ' .. :....... . .: ' . .
~ ` ~
1(~6Z036 : -.' ,:. '' In the foregoing listing of symbols, the letters of-the symbol OMIOD are taken from the phrase on-machine optical device; however, this particular section of the specification refers to a system essentially conforming to the system of Figs. 3-6 operated to measure optical pro-perties of individual paper sheets under laboratory conditions. ~he laboratory work here reported was with an earlier version of the moni-toring device designed for on-machine operation, prior to adoption of .. . . ....
; a thickened shoe plate 122. The standard spacing between the upper and . x lower sensing heads for the earlier version was 1/4 inch, rather than ~ 3/16 inch as with the final version of on-machine device as specifically i shown in ~ig. ~ The OMOD scale readings are obtained from the meter 330, E~igs. 5 and 6, with the filter wheel 210, ~igs. 3 and 4, in the ~, respective~sitions to activate the respective filters 281-286 (indicated as "~ilters 1 through 6" in the preceding listing) and to activate filters ; 287 and 288 (indicated as "No. 7 filter" in the listing), and with switch 331, Fig. 5, in its upper position to measure reflectance, and in its lower position to measure transmittance. As to reflectance measure- ;
; ments, the cavity 145 is considered to form essentially a black body backing for the diffusing glass 135.
-~ The symbol"ACBT" in the foregoing listing of symbols is used to designate a measurement made on the standard commerically avail- ~ ~
able automatic color-brightness tester. The brightness mea8urement a .
obtained from the ACBT represents a value accepted as standard in the ~i U.S. Paper industry. A further appreciation of the importance of the fact that the OMOD measurements can closely conform to this industry standard is gained from a consideration of the article by L.R. Dearth ; . .
~ ~ et al "A Study of Photoelectric Instruments for the Measurement of Color ., :
Reflectance, and Transmittance, XVI. Automatic Color-Brightness Tester", Tappi, The Journal of the Technical . . I , ", ~''~ ' ' ' .
. ' ' . . ' lQ6Z()36 A~sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Vol. 50, No. 2, February .~
1967, pages 51A through 58A. As explained in this article, the ACBT
is photometrically accurate, and the spectral response is correct for the measurement of both color and standard brightness. The spectral response of the ACBr very nearly matches the theoretical CIE functions "~
as indicated by the special technique for determining spectral response.
This involves the determination of the tristimulus values for deeply saturated colored glass ffkers a very rigorous check on the spectral response, especially when it is noted that colored papersare less saturated. 1 r ' ~, The symbols in the foregoing Listing of Symbols which as ! :
shown include lower case characters may also be written exclusively with capital letter~, Th~ form of the symbols i9 convenient for com-puter printout. The alternate forms of these symbols are as follows:
ARooPC or AROO~C; Ro or R0; R cr ROOall R PC or ROOE~C.
, .: ; ;
.
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Table 4 Symbolic Statement of the Computer Prog~am (Used ~or Processing ~he Data Obtained During the Laboratory Operation of the System Oe Figs. 3-6) 6PS ~ORTRAN D COMPILER ~
C OMOD (220) ~ -S. 0001 WRITE (6,2001) S. 0002 2001 FORMAT (lH, 'SAMPLE', 6X, ' RD', 12X, 'T', 12X, 'ROO ',9X, -'ROOFC',9X, l'AROOFC', 10X, 'DIFF', 7X, 'FC', 7X, 'A~C', 7X, 'GC', /) S. 0003 READ (5, 1000~J RK, TK, RDl, ~ -RD2, RD3, RD4, RD5, RD6 .
S. 0004 102 M=O
S.0005 RE~AD (5,1000) RSD4, RSP4 S.0006 1000 E7ORMAT (1t)P8.0) S.0007 100 READ (5,1001) IA, IN, ID, RSD, RSP, TSD, TSP, RSD7, RSP7, AROO~C, AE~C, R
S 0008 1001 l~ORMAT (I2, I2, A4, 9F8, 0) S. 0009 GO TO (11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16), IN
S. 0010 11 RD=RDl S.0011 GO TO 17 S. 0012 12 RD--RD2 ;
S.0013 GO TO 17 ~-S. 0014 13 RD--RD3 S.0015 GO TO 17 ; S. 0016 14 RD=RD4 J S.0017 GO TO 17 S. 0018 15 RD=RD5 S.0019 GO TO 17 .: I
. j , - . . . ..
. . , . . . .
.
S.0020 16 RD=RD6 S.0021 17 RPD=((RD*RSP*RK)/RSD) ~`
S.0022 RPD4=RD4*RSP4*RK/RSD4 S.0023 TPDOTD=~SP*TK)/TSD
S.0024 RO=~PD-(RD*~PDOTD**2)))/(1.
(RD* TPDOTC)**2) S.002S T=~PDOrD*(l.-(RD*RPD)))/(l.--~ (R~TPDOTD)**2) S.0026 A=1.~0**2))-~**2))/RO
S.0027 ROO=(A/2.)-SQR~(((A/2.)**2)-~ ir ii S.0028 RPD7=RD4 *RSP7*RK/RSD7 ~ S.0029 IF ~-2)1,2,3 r,~,~ S.0030 3 GO TO ~7,7,7,4,7,7), IN ¦
S.0031 1 FC=(RPD7-RPD4)~.450 ~, S.0032 GO TO 6 ¦ `
s, S.0033 2 FC=(RPD7-RPD4)~.570 S.0034 GO TO 6 S.0035 4 ~C=(RPD7-RPD4)~.510 .
S.0036 6 ROOFC=ROO+FC
; S.0037 GO TO 30 ~-~ S.0038 7 ROOFC=ROO
i S.0039 FC=0.0 ,.,~ , .
~ S.0040 30 ~ (IA-2)18,19,19 i.~: I , ;; S.0041 18 ROOFC=ROOF¢+R ' -,~ S.0042 GO TO 20 ~; S.0043 19 ROOFC--ROO~C-l -` S.0044 20 D~F=ROO~C-AROO~C
. i `;` S.0045 GO TO (21,22), LA
.. , j ' .
, .. .
: `
~'.`..... .. ' . ., .,., . . . . , . . , .... . ' . . ' ., `~
`
. .
S. 0046 21 WRITE (6, 2000)ID, RO, T, ROO, ROOFC, AROOFC, DIFF, FC, A~ C, R
S.0047 2000 FORMAT (IH A4,7X,2(F8.6,4X),4 (~ 10.6,4X), 2(175.4,4X), I+, P4.3) S.0048 TO TO 23 `
S.0049 22 WRITE (6,2002)1D,Rt),T,ROO, -ROOFC,AROOFC,DIE~F,FC,AFC,R
S. 0050 2002 FORMAT aH~ A47X, 2(F8. 6,4X), 4 (F 10. 6,4X), 2(F5.4,4X), ' -', F4. 3 S. 0051 23 M=~l S. 0052 IF (M-6) 100, 102, 102 S. 0053 END
, , :
SIZE OE~ COMMON OOOOO ~ ' ', END OP' COMPILATION MAIN
In the ~oregoing Table 4, tbe symbol~ repre- I `
~en~ing basic mathematicl operations were as follows: ` ~
Operation Symbol ~xample ;
Addition + A+B
Subtraction - A-B
Multiplication ~ A*B
Division / A/B
Exponentiation ~ A**B(AB) Equality = A--B c ; .
J
" , ... . .
:'` -51-, . A;
~' ` ~ ' `'`2. - ` ' ' ' ' . ' . ' ~ .' .
:. ' . ,~ ' ' .. ` . ' . ' ' . ' ' ' lQ6Z036 ,:
To indicate more concretely the calculations which are performcd, the following Table 5 will illustratc exemplary input and output data for a given sample. The meaning of the various symbol~
will be apparent from the li~ting of the symbols of Table 3:
'.'~
.
Table S - Table Showing Exemplary Input and Output Data îor a -Civen SamPte . .
Sample No. 1, white Nekoosa Offset-60 pound paper, s~ecimen A RK=l 000, TK=1.000 `rr' "' ' Filter Wheel .
Po~ition No.
Im~ut Data 1 2 3 4 5 6 ,. ~ _ .,.
RD 0.349 0.347 0.355 0.345 0.3540.354 RSD 0,515 0,529 0.583 0.636 0.5250.596 RSP 1,1611. 187 1.339 1.42 ç 1,1911.357 _ TSD 1.422 1.625 1.627 1,702 1.6251.546 ' .
.j _ _ . ,, TSP 0,2360,256 0.354 0,277 0.335 0.326 RSD7 0.5680.568 0.568 0.56~ 0.568 0.568 RSP7 1,3811.381 1.381 1.381 1.381 1.381 , ~ _ _ AROOFC 0.837 0.829 0.347 0.83~ 0.839 0.544 ~-,, AFC 0.034 0.034 0.0 0.036 0.0 0.0 . . _ . ~ :
RSD4 0.636 0.636 0.636 0.63~ 0.6360.636 RSP4 1.422 1.422 1.42Z 1.42, 1.4221.422 GC -0.006 -0.014 0.021 0.00, -0.009 -0.012 - -. ~ , .
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o~ u~ u) oo ~ 8 ~ : ~:
. .o o o o o o o o o '~' u~ O~ ~ ~ aO~ o o~ ,_I "
' o o~ o o~ o o o o o 'i'~
r 9 r ~; O c~l _I _ g _ 5v~ ~ ~
r ~ ¦ ~ ¦ ¦ ol o l ~ ¦ o l o l ¦ o ¦ g ¦ ' ~ '
. The readings in millivolts can be converted to other desired units j by comparing the readings in millivolts for a given paper specimen ., with the readings obtained with a standard laboratory instrument, measur-' ~ ing the reflectance of the ~pecimen with the laboratory instrument while backing the paper ,~heet with a piece of Lucalux and a black body. By measuring the reflectance of the single sheet backed with a black body (no fluorescence), the value of transmittance for the specimen can be calculated and this calculated value utilized for calibrating the lower sensing head. If the fluorescent component i8 included in the labora-tory instrument, and if fluorescence is involved, the fluorescence com-ponent can be determined by means of a standard reflection meter, and ... , .
~; the fluorescent component can then be subtracted from the measured data before making the càlculation of transmittance.
The laboratory testing of the prototype system confirmed that a , monitoring device sllch as illustrated in Figs. 1-4 should have a poten-; tial accuracy equal to that of comparable off-line testers provided certain ', web scanning requirements are met.
,.;~
* The transmittance value of the No. 7 fllter position is not needed, and consequently a low ampliflcation o~ this signal was . arbitrarily selected.
; ~ -29-~., .
r .
,, ~ .
' - . . ..
-:
1~6~036 :~
';'. `' `. ' Laboratory tests were run on color standard samples of the grades and colors usually run on the paper machine shown in Figs. 1 and and 2, In addition, a variety of opaques,/a variety of colored 50 pound and 70 pound offsets were included in the tests, A four centimeter diameter circle was scribed on each sample tO insure that all tests would be done within the same 12 square centimeter section of the sample. Values of Ro~ Roo, and TAPPI opacity measurements were rnade on the available standard laboratory instruments, All test were made on the felt side of the sample with the grain in the standard direction, For Roo measurements, the samples were backed by piles ' ~- -of tabs cut from the edge of the same sheet of paper, In addition to the T~PPI opacity measured on the standard opacimeter, TAPPI opacity i was calculated via Kub~lka-Munk theory from data obtained with a stan-dard automatic color-brightness te~ter, I
The same paper samples were clamped into a holder which held the sample under tension with the lower head of the monitoring device bellying y8-inch to 1/4-inch into the sheet, The grain of the s heet was oriented parallet to the longitudinal axis of the upper sensing head (that is the machine direction of the sheet was in the same orienta-, .
tion as would-occur on the paper machine as indicated in Figs, 1 and 2).
The felt side was always up, Care was taken to make sure that the " tested area was within the twelve square centimeter circle scribed on , o , the sample.
,, The transmittance and reflectance readings were taken from a ~, digital volt meter attached to the output terminals of amplifiers 361 and . ;, , , ' 429, Calibration data was takenof~ the Lucalux with no sheet present, Test values were taken on all filters w{th the sheet in place, The trans-` mittance and reflectance values were keyed into a standard calculator with the calibration data, The calculator was programmed to calculate . . .
\
1~62036 ~`
`~
the color (in C.I.E. X, Y, Z, for example), fluorescent component, brightness, TAPPi opacity and printing opacity (ba~ed on Yc)~ By sup-plying the basis weight, the computer could also be requested to calcu-late s, the scattering coefficient (an index of the effect of pigment `
efficiency and fiber surface area), and k, the absorption coefficient (an index of the effectiveness of dyes in the sheet). The coefficients s and k are essentially independent of basis weight. Kubelka-Munk theory is the basis of the calculations u~ed.
All of the samples were tested without changing the relative position of the two sensing heads. One set of data was obtained with ~?' ~ - .
the heads in a variety of positions to determine the effect of geometric variations.
Sinee fluoreseenee is not eompatible wlth Kubelka-Munk 1 ;
theory, the prototype system was carefully designed so that all data used for Kubelka-Munk analyses have excluded fluorescenee. The prototype system measure~ fluoreseenee separately, A fluoreseent eontribution is determined from the prototype data by subtracting the Z distribution -reflectance without fluorescence (filter whed position No. 4) from tbe Z
distribution reflectance with fluorescence (filter wheel position No. 7), and multiplying by the appropriate factor.
An independent check on fluorescence measurement~, a ` `
modified brightness tester wasutilized which had a filter wheel allowing for standard brightness and Z distribution filters to be put in the reflect-ed~ beam. In addition, the filter wheel contained brightness and Z distri-bution filters which had been modified by removing the ultraviolet absorb-ing component of these filters. A special- mount allows the operator to ~-put the appropriate ultraviolçt absorbing filter in the incident beam, Thus, measurements of brightnessanl C,I,E, Z tristimulus, with and with~ut fluorescence, could be made. l?luore9cent contributions were ealculated ~ -, .
. . :
.... .
.;
`
lQ62036 by difference. Some measurements were made on single sheets with a standard backing. Most of the samples were measured with an infinite pack of tabs. The incident beam filter of the prototype's No. 7 posi- ~-tion was such that it permitted aboutt~ice the standard quantity of ultra-violet light to strike the specimen. Consequently, measurements of the fluorescent contribution measured on the modified brightness tester and the prototype system correlated well (correlation coefficient of .992) but the modified brightness teste~ value i9 only 0.528 as large as that measured by the prototype system. Calculations of prototype data now ~ `
" : . .
t involve calculation of the fluorescent component by multiplying the ;
difference of filter positions No. 7 and No. 4 by 0.$28.
trademark) Because only one fluorescent dye ~rinopal,/in all of the paper specimens was used, the fluorescent contribution needed to be mea~ured only once. The prototype data provides a basis for measuring the , . . .
;~ fluorescent component Z. Measurements by an independent laboratory showed that the paper specimens do not fluoresce significantly in the X
(red) or Y distributions; therefore, fluorescent contributions need only be determineci for the blue colored distributions. A linear regression wa~ -run on the independent laboratory data which demonstrated that the fluor-escent componentfa X~lue) can be predicted by multiplying the fluor-escent componentfa Zbyl.204. A regression run on fluorescent ::
data from the modified brightness tester shows that the fluorescent con-~!~ tribution for brightness can be calculated by mulitplying the fluorescent contribution-for Z by 0.864. In summary, fluorescent contribution~ are calculated by the following formulas:
=0.528 (Z reflectance with fluorescence minus Z
~;~'! Z reflectance without fluorescence.) Fx(blue) = 1-~04 ~z = 0.864 1~
Brightnegs Z
, . :. .
~ ` B
. . . .
1(~6Z036 . ~ ,.
. .
These fluorescent contributions are added to the respective calculated Roo values when calculating optical properties from prototype .
data. The test results for fluorescent and~n-fluorescent papers agree with valuea measured on the standard automatic color-brightneaa teater.
"
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1~6Z036 .` . : .
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Oiscussion of the Resuks of Mechanical Life Testing of the Prototype System and Design Features Selected for the Preferred System In Light of Such Life Testing _ _ -The following details concerning the results of life testing of the prototype system are considered to reflect minor problems of con~
j struction and operation wh~h considered individually are readily correct-ed for by those skilled in the art. In order to minimize the burden of ~`
fhe total number of such minor problems, and thus to expedite practice . .
of the prototype systep~, solutions to the various problems which were encountered are briefly referred to.
The filter wheel is advanced by a low torque stallable motor.
A timing belt links sprockets on the motor and the filter wheel shaft.
The original timing belt had a dacron core. The core of the original belt broke in two places resulting in stretcbing and eventual loss of teeth. Uneven rate of rotation of the filter wheel occurred due to Mnd-ing of the belt. Eventually, the plastic drive sprocket broke. Both ,';~ sprockets were replaced with stainless steel sprockets and the timing belt was replaced with a belt containing a steel core. Installation of the steel sprocket6 and steel core bek revealed that excessi~e belt ten-sion could stall the motor. The motor mount holes were slotted allowing the motor to pivot slightly around one mounting screw. Belt tension was ~i; adjusted by pivoting the motor. It is concluded that future models should include an idler wheel or some other means of adjusting the ~i tension of the timing belt.
Some problems were experienced with respect to indexing of the filter wheel with the ratchet arm sticking on the tooth so that the rat-~ 0 , chet arm does not clear the tooth when a command is given to index the filter wheel. The remedy has been to reduce the roughness ofthemating `' -34 - , ' 1~;2036 surfaces by filing on the tooth, or smoothing the tooth with a stonè.
In future models, the shapes and/or smoothness of the ratchet arm and the teeth should be altered to minimize sticking. One solution would be to provide the ratchet arm and the teeth with highly polished mating surfaces. ~ i The ratchet arm is lifted by a 24 volt direct current solenoid, After some time, the plunger of the solenoid became magnetized and ;I~ould stick to the inside of the coil. This "hanging up" would prevent `~
the ratchet arm from catching the next tooth. A resistor was installed in series with th~ solenoid coil to reduce the strength of the magnetic ~ ~?
;i . . .
y field. The plunger of the solenoid was coated with a special material.
The coated plunger worked well for about three months before it, too, I `, ~;j magnetlzed enough to hang up. The solution adopted was to provide ., I . .
the solenoid wlth a nat topped plunger which is stopped at the en~i of lts stroke by a bumper of rubber-like material.
The response of a photocell i3 somewhat temperature sensitive. -For this reasons, it is necessary to keep the photocells at a constant i ; temperature. Ambient temperatures on the O-frame of the No. 6 paper (48C. ) machine indicated in l~igs. 1 and 2 have been measured as high as 118~/
in the summer. The photocells in both heads ~:e mounted in massive metal blocks. Each r~etal block has four thermistor heaters mounted in close proximity to the photocell. These thermistors have switching temperatures of 55C,(that is about 130~). The intention of this de-sign was to add enough heat to the instrument to hold the temperature steady at about 55C. During bench studies, this temperature was j never reached due to the low capacity of the heaters. At machine room temperatures, however, the instrument temperature may reach 55C.
: ' ' ' ' ,,,: , .
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1(~6Z036 , .
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During the bench studies, it was found that the heaters did minimize temperature variations. The few degrees of temperature variation that were observed during normal operation usually occurred slowly. Changes in instrument temperature affected the output signal less than acticipated. Based on this experience in the ~boratory, the ` -maximum variation in head temperature should be less than 3F per hour. Temperature variations of this magnitude will not have a signi-fican. effect o~ the output signal. Long term temperature changes would be corrected for by the calibrations each time the head goes off 7 .';
.' '~' '~ .
web.
In the laboratory, there was a minimum of dirt problem3. On the machine, however, the hole could allow dlrt to enter the upper head. I
Up to a polnt, dirt on the lenses and filters will be corrected for by I -the periodic calibration routine. Excessive dirt, however, will reduce the sensitivity d the instrument and may even affect its accuracy. Peri-odic cl aning of the lexses and filters will be required. If dirt accumu-lates too rapidly, it may be necessary to attach an air purge to the upper head.
;' The lower head of the prototype system is completely sealed so that no dirt problem is anticipated inside the lowerhead. Because the Lucolux window is in contact with the sheet, friction will keep it clean .
, `' . ' .
t' , -36-' ' ~
~ - . . . .
- !
., . ' `'~ '.
' 106Z036 ,. Most of the Hlters consisted of two or three component parts.
"
There have been some problems with dirt getting between the components of the fllters. - ;
": :
The case on the lower head as well as the case on the upper -head should allow most general maintenance and trouble-shooting to be done without dismounting the head. A completely removable case would be desirable. At a minimum access should be provided for -- ;;
' the following: (1) convenient light bulb change, (available on the proto- ~
type), (2) cleàning of lenses, (available on the prototype), (3) cleanlng ~t~ ~, . of the alters. (Access is presently available to one slde of each filter. ~ -The side which is most likely to collect dirt ls not accessible ln the prototype.) (4) The ampllfler. The ampUfter is a standard plug-ln ,J~ module, In the event of a breakdown lt could be replaced tn seconds , :
,: .
if It is accessible, Furthermore, It ls necessary to remove the , ampltfler to do any trou~le-shootlng on the gain ctrcuitry. (S) The ~cf clrcult board holdlng all of the galn control resistors. The cholce ofgain clrcuitry i9 controlled by reed switches whlch are not accessible on the prototype without a partial disassembly of the instrument, 7,`l ~ Malfunctions of the reed switches, however, can easily be diagnosed by removing the amplifier and taking resistance measurements on the gain control circuits. There is also the possibility of mechanlcal or c ;' electrical damage to a resistor or a potentiometer mounted on this . .
circuit board. With proper access a damaged part could be replac;ed ~, in five to twenty minutes. (6) The photocell. W{th proper access, ' the photocell could be replaced quickly and easily. (7) ~he heater.
,,,, i ; ~
The heater are adjacent to the photocell and are generally just as ~, easily serviced, (8) Indexing mechanism. ~he present accessibillty .. ,, ; ;
~ , , `~ -37 -,. . .
"~", ~, . . .
1(~62036 `~
;~
to the ratchet teeth, rachet arm and solenoid is adequate but not very convenient on the prototype. A certain amount of access to these parts is needed to correct chronic indexing problems 6uch as sticking and "hanging up".
The filters are presently mounted in the filter wheel of the prototype by spring clips. Most of the filters are compound filters containing as many as four component pieces of glass. During laborat~y trials, increases intheoptical density of a filter were frequently observed which could not be corrected by cleaning the surfaces of the filter. Upon removing one of the filters, it was discovered that foreign material was I r .
collecting between the components ofthe compound filter. The use of lens cleaning solution on the filters may have accelerated the problem if capillary action drew foreign material between the components. A ~et of gaskets and some type of threaded mount should be used to mount the filters in such a way as to minimize foreign material (including cleaning I `
solutions) from getting between the components of compound filters.
In mounting the prototype sensing heads on anO-frame, it is necessary to bring the geometric alignment of the heads as close to their optimum relationship as possible. The original intention was to set the gap between the heads with the aid of a spacer; however, flexibility of the sheet metal case of the prototype upper sensing head prevented the use of a spacer for setting the gap. Accordingly, the shoe plate 122 of the new upper sensing head shown in Pig. 3 has been made of a thickness and consequent rigidity so as to enab~e the use of a spacer gauge to set the gap between the upper and lower heads. ~he gap is reduced by 1/16 inch to 3/16 inch because of the thickness of shoe plate 122.) .. . . .
, j .
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1~62036 The gap between the heads is a most critical dimension as far as calibration and reproducability is concerned. In the prototype it was intended to calibrate relative to an average gap, thus correcting the readings for variations in the gap from the average gap.
.~ .li, . .
One of the criteria used in designing the prototype was minimum .. ~ -head length in the machine direction. Unfortunately, the upper head `~
was turned 90 in order to give the prototype unit the same geometry as the General Electric Brightness Meter, Automatic Color-Brightness Tester, and Hunterlab Color Meter. In this new position, the prototype head ~ -is 12 1/4 inches long in the machine direction plus 2 1/2 inches for cable connectors, Redesign should be possible to reduce the machine direction dimension to about 8 tnches and to relocate the position of the cable connecttons, The lining of the case for the upper head should be matte as well as black to prevent reflection of ambient light within the case and a ``
possible spurious effect on the photocell reading.
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3 1~62036 `
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Conclusions from Mechanical Testing of the Prototype System ;, ~ ollowing the correction of miscellaneous start up problems the prototype system was found to function well mechanically. As a test of its durability, the prototype system was placed in continuous operation for a period of over ten months and no serious mechanical problems resulted except the failure of the solenoid. The solenoid failure was expected and the replacement solenoid is of a design which ~
is expected to give a long servioe life. The light application of sili-~, . .. .
cone lubricant spray to the indexing control ratchet arm and cooperating " teeth corrected a problem of malfunctioning of the filter wheel indexing .
Ir.
mechanism (which occurred on two occasions during the ten months). , -The prototype system was not intended to be a low maintenance instru~
ment; however, the experlence during the durabillty test with the proto-type ln continuous operation indicates that the prototype system should operate on a paper machine with an acceptably small amount of down time.
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036 ;~:
DISCUSSION OF LABORATORY TESTING
OF FIGS. 3-6 Lab,oratory~eratlon of the System o~ Figs. 3-6 In the prototype system, potentiometers are included as ~'~
part of the resistance means 371-377 and 431-437 and are adjusted for ~, the respective positions of the filter wheel 210 to give desired values `' such as given in the foregoing Table 1. In the preferred system o~ Figs. ' ' 3-6, these potentiometers for adjusting ampli~er gain are omitted and are replaced with fixed resistors 371-377 and 431-437 selected to give ~cale readings from meter 330 in the respective filter wheel position~ which are well above the values given in tbe preceding .j?~
" TableL This is intended to improve the stability and increase the sensitivity of measurement. ,' In calculattng opticàl parameters from measurements relatlve ~ ' ' to various samples, values were flrst established for the reflectance ;~ ,, RD of the diffuser 135, E~{g. 3, in the absence of a paper specimen, ~, for each filter wheel position. Initially calculated values for RD were used in a first computation of optical values, and then the values of RD were adjusted slightly to give the best agreement with the correspond- ;~
ing optical measurements by means of the standard automatic color-brightness tester. The following table shows the reflectance value~
which were established for certain laboratory testing of the system of ~ig~. 3-6.
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, `. :: ``,' Table 2 :
Table Sbowing Reflectance :
" of the Diffusing Glass With No Paper Specimen Present ::
in a Laboratory Test of the System of Figs. 1-6 Filter Wheel Symbol Diffusing Glass Reflec-,. Position No. tance Value RDl 0. 349 , 3 RD3 0 355 ~
, : 4 RD4 Q 349 ~." 5 RD5 O. 354 7 RD7 O, 349 , , .j,~
: The transmittance of the diffusing glass 135 need n~t be. .
.. ~ .
known since the ratio of the tran~mittance of the diffusing glass and '~ paper (in series) to the transmittance of the diffusing glass is employed ?~; in calculating the desired optical parameters.
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1~62036 ~
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A computer program was developed to process the data . - -collected durlng laboratory operation of the monitoring device 10 as well as to compare the calculated reflectance value R and the calculated . :.
fluorescent components with the data collected withthe standard auto- .:
matic color-brightness tester. A listing of the symbols employed in a `
symbolic statem.ent of the computer program in the Fortran computer ~.
language utilized In this laboratory study is set forth in Table 3 on the ~ ., .. .
~ following pages. ` . :
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;; ' , ~6Z036 Table 3 Listing of Symbols (Inctuding Input Data Symbols and Output Data Symbols With a Brief Indication of Their Si~nificance) Input_Data Symbols RSD OMOD scale reading for retlectance with no paper specimen in place, (Filters 1 through 6.) RSP OMOD scale reading for reflectance with ~i, paper specimeninp~6iticn.(~ilters 1 through , ~, . . . -TSD OMOD scale reading for transmittance with `
no paper specimen in place. (Filters 1 through 6. ) TSP OMOD scale reading for transmittance with paper speclmen in positlon. (Fllters 1 through 6. ) -RSD7 OMOD scale reading for reflectance with no specimen in place, (No. 7 fllter~ ~
, RSP7 OMOD scale reading for reflectance wlth ~-paper spec~men ~n pos~t~an. (No. 7 f~lter. ) ARool~C ACBT reflectance includ~ng the fluore~cent component.
APC ACBT fluorescent component.
RSD4 OMOD scale reading for reflectance with no paper specimen in place. (No. 4 fllter.) RSP4 OMOD scale reading for reflectance with paper specimen in position. (No. 4 alter.) -~ GC Grade Correction as determined by the difference between R FC and AR PC
for each sample and ~ch fllter.
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1~6Z036 . .
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Table 3 - Listing o~Symbols-continued ~
Output Data Symbols r,-R ReZElectance of a single sheet backed wlth a black body (no fluorescence) as calculated from OMOD data.
T Transmittance o~ a single sheet backed with a black body (no fluorescence) as calculated from OMOD data. ~"
~- R Reflectance of an opaque pad (no fluores-cence) as calculated from OMOD data.
,, j , i~ R FC Reflectance of an opaque pad (including ~ "
fluorescence) as calculated from OMOD data.
~ AR E7C Reflectance of an opaque pad (including , r ,."
,i fluorescence) ACBT.
DIF~ Dlfference between R F~ and AR ~C. ¦
~C E71uorescent component OMOD. Z
AE7C E~luorescent component ACBT. l ;;
GC GradeCorrectton as determtned by the ~i'' dtfference between R E~C and AR ~C for each sample and eacl.fflter, !, i , .. .
,t~ :
r ~,~, .' C~ ' , . 1 : , ?., ;`/~ ~ :, r !
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.:....... `.. , , . . .,,` ,. . : ~ . .. , . . ` . - :.
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lQ6Z036 , ,, ~ . .
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Table 3-Listing of Symbols-continued .~
Additional Symbols (Used in the Computation - .
of the Output Data from -.
the Input Data) RK Reflectance correction factor (assigned a value of 1.000 for ~:
laboratory operation). `~`
TK Transmittance correction factor (assigned a value of 1.000 for ~
laboratory operation). ~:
RD, Value representing the absolute I ~
reflectance of the diffuser (on a ' .-scale of zero to 1.000) as adjusted to give best agreement with opti- i cal measurements by means of . '~
the standard automatic color-bright- ` :~
ness tester. ~he values given in Table 2 are used for laboratory operatlo~ I :
RPt~ Reflectance o~ paper speclmen when backed w~th the diffu~er, as calculated from current values of . ::
RK, RD, RSD, and RSP. i ~ :~
TPD Transmittance of paper ~peclmen and diffuser in series, as calcu-~; lated from current values of TK, TSD, and TSP.
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1(~6Z036 : -.' ,:. '' In the foregoing listing of symbols, the letters of-the symbol OMIOD are taken from the phrase on-machine optical device; however, this particular section of the specification refers to a system essentially conforming to the system of Figs. 3-6 operated to measure optical pro-perties of individual paper sheets under laboratory conditions. ~he laboratory work here reported was with an earlier version of the moni-toring device designed for on-machine operation, prior to adoption of .. . . ....
; a thickened shoe plate 122. The standard spacing between the upper and . x lower sensing heads for the earlier version was 1/4 inch, rather than ~ 3/16 inch as with the final version of on-machine device as specifically i shown in ~ig. ~ The OMOD scale readings are obtained from the meter 330, E~igs. 5 and 6, with the filter wheel 210, ~igs. 3 and 4, in the ~, respective~sitions to activate the respective filters 281-286 (indicated as "~ilters 1 through 6" in the preceding listing) and to activate filters ; 287 and 288 (indicated as "No. 7 filter" in the listing), and with switch 331, Fig. 5, in its upper position to measure reflectance, and in its lower position to measure transmittance. As to reflectance measure- ;
; ments, the cavity 145 is considered to form essentially a black body backing for the diffusing glass 135.
-~ The symbol"ACBT" in the foregoing listing of symbols is used to designate a measurement made on the standard commerically avail- ~ ~
able automatic color-brightness tester. The brightness mea8urement a .
obtained from the ACBT represents a value accepted as standard in the ~i U.S. Paper industry. A further appreciation of the importance of the fact that the OMOD measurements can closely conform to this industry standard is gained from a consideration of the article by L.R. Dearth ; . .
~ ~ et al "A Study of Photoelectric Instruments for the Measurement of Color ., :
Reflectance, and Transmittance, XVI. Automatic Color-Brightness Tester", Tappi, The Journal of the Technical . . I , ", ~''~ ' ' ' .
. ' ' . . ' lQ6Z()36 A~sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Vol. 50, No. 2, February .~
1967, pages 51A through 58A. As explained in this article, the ACBT
is photometrically accurate, and the spectral response is correct for the measurement of both color and standard brightness. The spectral response of the ACBr very nearly matches the theoretical CIE functions "~
as indicated by the special technique for determining spectral response.
This involves the determination of the tristimulus values for deeply saturated colored glass ffkers a very rigorous check on the spectral response, especially when it is noted that colored papersare less saturated. 1 r ' ~, The symbols in the foregoing Listing of Symbols which as ! :
shown include lower case characters may also be written exclusively with capital letter~, Th~ form of the symbols i9 convenient for com-puter printout. The alternate forms of these symbols are as follows:
ARooPC or AROO~C; Ro or R0; R cr ROOall R PC or ROOE~C.
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Table 4 Symbolic Statement of the Computer Prog~am (Used ~or Processing ~he Data Obtained During the Laboratory Operation of the System Oe Figs. 3-6) 6PS ~ORTRAN D COMPILER ~
C OMOD (220) ~ -S. 0001 WRITE (6,2001) S. 0002 2001 FORMAT (lH, 'SAMPLE', 6X, ' RD', 12X, 'T', 12X, 'ROO ',9X, -'ROOFC',9X, l'AROOFC', 10X, 'DIFF', 7X, 'FC', 7X, 'A~C', 7X, 'GC', /) S. 0003 READ (5, 1000~J RK, TK, RDl, ~ -RD2, RD3, RD4, RD5, RD6 .
S. 0004 102 M=O
S.0005 RE~AD (5,1000) RSD4, RSP4 S.0006 1000 E7ORMAT (1t)P8.0) S.0007 100 READ (5,1001) IA, IN, ID, RSD, RSP, TSD, TSP, RSD7, RSP7, AROO~C, AE~C, R
S 0008 1001 l~ORMAT (I2, I2, A4, 9F8, 0) S. 0009 GO TO (11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16), IN
S. 0010 11 RD=RDl S.0011 GO TO 17 S. 0012 12 RD--RD2 ;
S.0013 GO TO 17 ~-S. 0014 13 RD--RD3 S.0015 GO TO 17 ; S. 0016 14 RD=RD4 J S.0017 GO TO 17 S. 0018 15 RD=RD5 S.0019 GO TO 17 .: I
. j , - . . . ..
. . , . . . .
.
S.0020 16 RD=RD6 S.0021 17 RPD=((RD*RSP*RK)/RSD) ~`
S.0022 RPD4=RD4*RSP4*RK/RSD4 S.0023 TPDOTD=~SP*TK)/TSD
S.0024 RO=~PD-(RD*~PDOTD**2)))/(1.
(RD* TPDOTC)**2) S.002S T=~PDOrD*(l.-(RD*RPD)))/(l.--~ (R~TPDOTD)**2) S.0026 A=1.~0**2))-~**2))/RO
S.0027 ROO=(A/2.)-SQR~(((A/2.)**2)-~ ir ii S.0028 RPD7=RD4 *RSP7*RK/RSD7 ~ S.0029 IF ~-2)1,2,3 r,~,~ S.0030 3 GO TO ~7,7,7,4,7,7), IN ¦
S.0031 1 FC=(RPD7-RPD4)~.450 ~, S.0032 GO TO 6 ¦ `
s, S.0033 2 FC=(RPD7-RPD4)~.570 S.0034 GO TO 6 S.0035 4 ~C=(RPD7-RPD4)~.510 .
S.0036 6 ROOFC=ROO+FC
; S.0037 GO TO 30 ~-~ S.0038 7 ROOFC=ROO
i S.0039 FC=0.0 ,.,~ , .
~ S.0040 30 ~ (IA-2)18,19,19 i.~: I , ;; S.0041 18 ROOFC=ROOF¢+R ' -,~ S.0042 GO TO 20 ~; S.0043 19 ROOFC--ROO~C-l -` S.0044 20 D~F=ROO~C-AROO~C
. i `;` S.0045 GO TO (21,22), LA
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S. 0046 21 WRITE (6, 2000)ID, RO, T, ROO, ROOFC, AROOFC, DIFF, FC, A~ C, R
S.0047 2000 FORMAT (IH A4,7X,2(F8.6,4X),4 (~ 10.6,4X), 2(175.4,4X), I+, P4.3) S.0048 TO TO 23 `
S.0049 22 WRITE (6,2002)1D,Rt),T,ROO, -ROOFC,AROOFC,DIE~F,FC,AFC,R
S. 0050 2002 FORMAT aH~ A47X, 2(F8. 6,4X), 4 (F 10. 6,4X), 2(F5.4,4X), ' -', F4. 3 S. 0051 23 M=~l S. 0052 IF (M-6) 100, 102, 102 S. 0053 END
, , :
SIZE OE~ COMMON OOOOO ~ ' ', END OP' COMPILATION MAIN
In the ~oregoing Table 4, tbe symbol~ repre- I `
~en~ing basic mathematicl operations were as follows: ` ~
Operation Symbol ~xample ;
Addition + A+B
Subtraction - A-B
Multiplication ~ A*B
Division / A/B
Exponentiation ~ A**B(AB) Equality = A--B c ; .
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To indicate more concretely the calculations which are performcd, the following Table 5 will illustratc exemplary input and output data for a given sample. The meaning of the various symbol~
will be apparent from the li~ting of the symbols of Table 3:
'.'~
.
Table S - Table Showing Exemplary Input and Output Data îor a -Civen SamPte . .
Sample No. 1, white Nekoosa Offset-60 pound paper, s~ecimen A RK=l 000, TK=1.000 `rr' "' ' Filter Wheel .
Po~ition No.
Im~ut Data 1 2 3 4 5 6 ,. ~ _ .,.
RD 0.349 0.347 0.355 0.345 0.3540.354 RSD 0,515 0,529 0.583 0.636 0.5250.596 RSP 1,1611. 187 1.339 1.42 ç 1,1911.357 _ TSD 1.422 1.625 1.627 1,702 1.6251.546 ' .
.j _ _ . ,, TSP 0,2360,256 0.354 0,277 0.335 0.326 RSD7 0.5680.568 0.568 0.56~ 0.568 0.568 RSP7 1,3811.381 1.381 1.381 1.381 1.381 , ~ _ _ AROOFC 0.837 0.829 0.347 0.83~ 0.839 0.544 ~-,, AFC 0.034 0.034 0.0 0.036 0.0 0.0 . . _ . ~ :
RSD4 0.636 0.636 0.636 0.63~ 0.6360.636 RSP4 1.422 1.422 1.42Z 1.42, 1.4221.422 GC -0.006 -0.014 0.021 0.00, -0.009 -0.012 - -. ~ , .
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106Z036 ~ ~
T~
o~ u~ u) oo ~ 8 ~ : ~:
. .o o o o o o o o o '~' u~ O~ ~ ~ aO~ o o~ ,_I "
' o o~ o o~ o o o o o 'i'~
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r ~ ¦ ~ ¦ ¦ ol o l ~ ¦ o l o l ¦ o ¦ g ¦ ' ~ '
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~ 6Z036 In the foregoing table showing exemplary input and output data, the input and output data symbols have been shown as they are actually printed out by the computer with all letters capitalized. In the text, certain of the input and output data symbols are shown in a more conven-tional manner with subscripts since the symbols are more familiar in such form.
The data such as exemplified in Table 5 are based on a single -determination for each specimen. The "grade correction" GC is based on the average difference between Roo~C and AR FC for two specimens, specimens A and B.
The data as exemplified in Table 5 show thatthere is generally good agreement between the calculated RooPC and ARoo~C values. The ' -spread in values for the duplicate specimens CA and B) 19 good with the I r~ ;",, exceptlon of several samples. Some difliculty was experienced in posit{oning the specimen on the monitoring device 10 to give reproducible -~
results. The difficulty should be minimized when the unit is placed "on-machine". The grade correction GC takes this discrepancy into consideration so the correction should be established "on-macbine".
The RD values shown in Table S were punched into the first data card along with the values for RK and TK for input to the computer in advance of a desired computation. The factors RK and TK were included as factors in the computations so that the transmittance and ! ~ -reflectance values could be adjusted independently, if desired. In thls evaluation, RK and TK were left at 1.000. (Calculated value~ for RD
were used in a first computer run and then the values were ad;usted slightly to give the best agreement with the standard automatic color-brightness tester. The values for RD shown in Table 5 are the slightly ..
. - --~ ~, , . ' ` . ' :. ' . ~ .
adjusted values utilized in obtaining th~ data discussed in this section of the specification.) A second set of data for the same fourteen samples w~s collected using the monitoring device in the same condition as for the collection of the data previously given. All of the variables were left the same to see how closely the datacculdbereproduced for the identical specimens. The agreement was quite good except for samples 8 a~d 14.
It appears that thep3per may not have been lying flat in one or the other ;~
tests. The grade correction GC on some of the grades was changed and the second set ~ data was again calculated for samples 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 14. This improved the agreement between the monitoring device and the standard automaticaolor-brightness te~ter, The reflectance head of the monitoring device was then lower-ed 0.025 inch and another set of data was collected for the sarre seven samples. The same ACBT data was used. The data show that lowering , . .
the reflectance head reduces the reflectance while transmittance remains essentially unchanged. The effects are not as large as was expected and could be corrected through adjustment of RK; however, the variables RK, TK and GC were again held constant.
The reflectance head was then raised to a spacing of 0.050 inch (0.025 inch above the normal position for these tests), and another set of data was collected for the same seven samples, The effects were larger than when the reflectance head 11 was lowered. Again, an adjustment of RK would improve the agreement.
' ,:
:
, .
... .
1~62036 -` :
It was concluded from these test results that a change of plus or minus 0,025 inch from "normal position" is larger than can be tolerated. An estimate of a resonable tolerance, based on this and earlier work, would be plus or minus 0.010 inch from "normal position". -All of the variables used in calculating the data for samples 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 14, after the initial change in the grade correction - GC, wereheld the same to determine the effects of changing the reflec-tance head position. The sam~ input data for the case of the reflectall:e head being raised 0.025 inch were processed again but with RK e~ual to Q975 instead of 1.000. This reduces the reflectance value to the proper level. The data obtained in this way show good agreement between the monitorlng device and the standard automatic color-bright-,,. I .. .....
ness tester, Apparently the factor RK can be used quite effectively in ad~usting for some variation ln the geometric relationship of the upper ,.,-.
~, and lower sensing heads, It would be preferred, of course, to maintain '~ proper alignment and spaclng.
~j . .
A second set of samples were evaluated after returning the reflectance head to its normal spacing from the transmittance bead.
,,. , ~ .
Before calculating new output data, the computer program of Table 4 was corrected in statements S.0022 and S.0028 by changing RD to RD4. The .,., ~ :
corrected computer program has been shown herein since the error in the previously referred to data was insignificant in most cases. Thus with the corrected computer program, the input data for the second set of samples were processed. The values RK and TK were set to 1.000 and the same grade correctionswere used as for samples 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 14 previously referred to.
.,.~ .
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., .. .. : . . , . ~ . . .
1~6'~036 Conclusions drawn from all of the data are that the grade correction GC will handle errors resulting from less than ideal characteristics of the monitoring device 10 such as the relatively wide bandwidth of light transmitted in the various filter positions in compari-son to the requirements of Kubelka-Munk theory and the fact that this K theory applies strictly only to diffuse light rather than collimated light as ~,r actually employed in the illustrated monitoring device 10. This correctionr mlst be established "onm~chine"~ Use of the diffusing glass 135 to cali~
brate the monitoring device 10 will handle changes in light level, photo-cell sen~itivity and amplifier gain. The reflectances RD of the diffusing ~ r :
glass 135 for the various filters as established in the present work are ~-. , I
set forth in the previous Table 2 entitled "Table Showing Reflectance of the Diffusing Glass With No Paper Specimen Presént in a Laboratory Test of the System oi' I7lgs. 1-6".
As previously mentioned, the transmittance of the diffusing glass 135 need not be known as the ratio of the tran~mittance of the diffusing glass and paper (in series), identified by the symbol TSP, to the transmittance of the diffusing glass 135, identified by the symbol TSD, is employed as will be apparent from the explanation of the caIculations employed set forth hereinafter.
;i The fluorescent component is handled through the differencein reflectance as measured with the number 4 and the number7 filters , -(RPD7 minus RPD4). The factors used in the ~ubjéct computations, for filters number 1, 2 and 4, are 0.500, 0.600 and 0.550 respectively.
This means of determining the fluorescent contribution FC appears to be 'lj successful, , . , , -57-. ~ . .
:s `~;
~r,:
lC6Z036 , I -.: , The factor RK whereby the reflectance can be adjusted ~i~ to account for misalignment or incorrect spacing seems to function better ~' than was expected, . The following examples will serve to explain the calcu-lations of the output data for the different filter positions in greater detail. .
,', . ;, .
.. Table 6- Table Showing -,. Exemplary Calculation of Paper Optical Parameters ;
Calculation of Ro, T, Roo.~C and RooFC from OMOD
data with the No. 1 filter in position. ,~ ~.
Input: RSDl, RSPl, TSDl, TSPl, RSD7, RSP7~ TK, RK,RSD4, RSP4, RDl, RD4, and GCl Calculation:
f ,: , ;~' RPDl=a~DlxRSPlxRK)/RSDl ~ RPD4=(RD4xRSP4xRK)/RSD4 :.
s~ ~ RPD7=(RD4xRSP7xRK)/RSD7 TPD/TD=~SPlxTK)trSDl ~, Ro=lRPDl-(RDl~PD/TD) )]/ll-(RDl(TPD/I~2)]
T=[~PD/IDXl~(RDlxRPDl))]/[l-(RDl(TPD/TD)2)] - r A=(l+Ro2 _ T )/Ro r Roo=(A/2)-~1 (A/2)' - 1 FC=0.500 (RPD7 - RPD4) R FC=R +FC~GCl ~;~ 00 i :' Calculation of Ro,T,Roo, FC and RooE7C from OMOD
data with the No. 2 filter in position Input: RSD2, RSP2, TSD2, TSP2, RSD7,RS~, TK, i~............................................................... . ..
RK,. RSD4, RSP4, RD2 and CC2.
~1' 1 , , ., ' ' , .
~' ' ' ' `' ' .
,,'~ 1 ~ . ' ; . .
. ,~
Calculation: -.
RPD2=(RD2xRSP2xRK)/RSD2 RPD4=(RD4xRSP4xRK)/RSD4 RPD7=(RD4xRSP7xRK)/RSD7 ~.
TPDtrD=~SP2xTK)/TSD2 :
R =lRPD2 - (RD2~PD~I~ )]/[ l -(RD2~PD/I ~
T=~PD/TD)(l-(RD2xRPD2))]/[1-(RD2~1PD/l'D) )] '- ,`' ~ 2 RoO=(A/2) -1/ (A/2) - 1 r~' 17C=0.600~PD7 - RPD4) - ;-R~o~C ROO+l7C~GC2 , Calculation of R~,T,Roo, I~C and Rool~C from OMOD
data with the No. 3 fllter in posltlon Input: RSD3, RSP3, TSD3, TSP3,TK,RK, RD3 and GC3 ~ :.
Calculat~on:
~' RPD3=(RD3xRSP3xRK)/~SD3 ii!, TPD~rD=~SP3xTK)/TSD3 - :
R =[RPD3-(RD3~PD/TD) )]/[1-~RD3~1PD/TD)2)]
' ~ T=¦~PD/I'D)(l-(RD3xRPD3))1/~l-(RD3trPD/TD)2)] ;,, A=(l+Ro -T )/Ro 2 Roo-(A/2) - (A/2) - 1 CaO. O
:~ oo ; ~.:
~t~ Note: The calculatlons for 17ilters No. 5 and 6 are carried out in tbe same manner as for filter No. 3 - .
.,I
except that the appropriate fiker data are emplo~red.
FC is made equal to zero for filter~ No. 3, 5 and 6 ,~;~ ; .
~ for all ~amples, ;', ' , ;` ~59~ 1 :
,1 1 .. . , , ., -, . ~ i . . . . .
~ , . . ..
~6Z036 , ~.- :-.
Calculation of RoJT,Roo,FC and R FC from OMOD
data with the No. 4 filter in position- . r Input: RSD4, RSP4, TSD4, TSP4, RSD7, TK, RK, .
RD4 and GC4.
Calculation:
RPD4=(RD4xRSP4xRK)/RSD4 RPD7=(RD4xRSP7xRK)/RSD7 TPD~rD=~SP4xTK)/TSD4 1 ~
R =~RPD4 - ~RD4~PDlI~ )]/[l-(RD4~Pr)~TD) )] I :
- . T=[~PD/l~Xl-(RD4xRPD4))]/[l-~RD4¢I'PD/TD)2)] ¦ - ' A=(l+Ro - T )/RQ I ;
Roo=(A/2) - (A/2) , FCz0.550(RPD7 - RPD4) i~ R FCzR +FC~GC4 1 ;
oo oo ~j, . , :.
,. . .
~, , .
.
,, : .
? , ~ ~
,,,, ! :
, i ~ ~,. .
.,.~, . .
.. . .
., , ,., i , ., , , , .~ , ' , . ~
~ `:
lQ6Z036 ~..
On the basis of further experimental data, the factors relating - :
the fluorescent component, as measured on the monitoring device, to the fluorescent component as measured with the standard automatic color-brightness tester, have the following presently preferred values for filter wheel position numbers 1, 2 and 4: 0.528, 0.636, and 0.456, respectively. ~ ~
.~' . .
. .~, r .
, , ` ' .. ;.
' ' ~
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.~, ;
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. -61-.. I
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- . _ . .
",~
1~6Z036 DISCUSSION 0~ THE ON-MACHINE
SYSTEM OF FIGS. 1-6 j , - I ..
Set Up Procedure 170r the System of Figs. 1-6 !
In the prototype system, potentiometers were included as part I ~ ~
of the gain control resi~tance means and were adjusted for the respective ' ~ -positions of the filter wheel 210 to give values correlated directly wlth absolute reflectance and transmittance of the diffusing glass, such as gi:en in the foregoing Table 1. In the preferred system of Figs. 1-6, however, these~potentiometers for adjusting amplifier gain are omitted and are replaced with fixed resistors 371-377 and 431-437 selected to j7.give scale readings from meter 330 in the respective filter wheel posi-i, tions which are well above the values given in Table 1. The higher ,, " . .
gain value~ selected for the amplifiers 361 and 429 in the preferred system are intended to provlde improved ~tability and increased sensitivity ~, of measurement.
.1 ' , . .
,.
,. .
,~ . . , -, , ~ I ' .
i- ~; I -~;3 !
,.~ !
', -62-. ~ , . . , ~;.i. . . . . ........... . .
,....... . .. . . . .
~6Z036 The upper and lower sensing heads are placed at a spacing of (tradema rk).
3/16 lnch by means of a gauging plate made of 3/16 inch Teflon/ The incident beam 133 forms a light spot of elliptical configuration on the planar upper and surface 98 of the diffusing window 135. The major axis of the elliptical light spot has a length of about S/8 inch and i9 parallel to the direction of web movement, i.e. the machine direction, - -while the minor axis has a length of about 3/8 inch and is at right angles to the machine direction. The reflected beam 137 consists of the total light reflected from a circularspot of approximately 3/8 inch diameter. This viewed area lies substantially within the elliptical illuminated arca on surface 98; however, the two essentially coincide in the direction of the minor axis of the illuminatcd spot, Since the effective optical aperture 154, ~lg. 3, oi the lower sensing head is of a diameter of about 15/16 inch, the system will be insensitive to a certain amount of lateral offset betw~en the optical axis 15 of the upper sensing head and thc optical axis 515 of the lower sensing head.
. ' ' .
, ~I .
.1 , , . .
., ., ~
' . Ri~
.. . ... .. . . .
1~6'~036 ,, .
..
,; In setting up the system, the position of the lower sensing head may be adjusted laterally so that the spot formed by the incident beam 133 i~ essentiallycentered on the surface 98 of window 135.
. :
The optimum relationship between the upper and lower sensing heads can be precisely detected~observing the reflectance output from ; : .
the upper sensing head fln any position of the filter wheel 210) as the heads are moved relative to one another while maintaining the spacing -of 3/16 inch between the heads. When the correct geometrical relation~
ship is attained between the incident beam 133, the reflected beam path -137 and the plane of the surface 98 of the window 135, the reflectance signal will have a maximum value.
With the upper and lower sensing heads in the optimum geome-tric relationship, and with the incident beam impinging on the central part of surface 98, it is considered that relative shifting between the upper and lower heads in thepl~.eof~urface 98 over a range of plus or ' minus l/8 inch in any lateral direction should have an insignificant effect because of the flat planar configuration of surface 98.
' ' ... .
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, ~ 5, ."
.,~ . .
.
~ -64- 1 ~1 1 ... . .
'` . ` .
, Direct Digital Control Analog Point Scan Subroutine of FIG. 7 ;,:
The program subroutine of FIG. 7 accepts digital information from the analog to digital converters of component 501, FIG. 6, at one second intervals. Referring to FIG. 7 where the blocks containing the flow chart steps are individually numbered in their operational sequence, the step 701 represents the entry into the subroutine at one second ;
intervals. Step 702 shows the acceptance of an analog input and conver- -sion to engineering units. Step 703 indicates saving such converted input ~ ~
as a process variable in a scan only file of the digital control computer. -A type of control computer which has utilized such a scan program for a number of years for collecting data in an overall paper machine direct digital control system is the General Electric Company PAC 4020 Proceas Control Computer. Minor additions to the existing program routine will allow for the collection of the reflectance and transmittance data by means of the existing computer system. A suitable computer interface between monitoring devioe 10 and such a control computer has been described previously. Block 702 suggests that valid reflectance and transmittance values might be limited to a range from 0 to 1.0 units, for example.
In this event the program could include provi~ion for checking that the collected reflectance and transmittance values were within the range and for printing out a message or the like if invalid data is received.
Block 704 indicates the sequential reading of process data input points in a predetermined order until the last data input p~int has been scanned, whereupon the computer exits from the subroutine, ~
~ .
. . ..
!
' ' ~ .
.. ~ . . . . . . .. . ... ` . . .. .
.... . ~ .. .. .. ..
1~6'~036 .
Pr gg File (FILE X) for the Data Acquisition and Data Reduction Programs The arrangement of ~ILE X which is utilized during acquis{-tion of data from the system of ~IGS. 1-6 and conversion thereof to desired output paper optical quantities can be visualized from the follow-ing Table 7. In the first column of Table 7, sequential memory locations of the proce~s file have been assigned sequential numbers beginning with zero. A convenient label has been assigned to certain groups of sequen~-tial memory locations, and this is also given in the first column. ~he term EILE X is used to designate all of the locations zero through one ~;,-hundred forty while subsequent labels refer to only the subadjacent group ,r :
of sixteen locations or less.) In general the signiflcance of the varlous stored data will bs apparent from the de~criptions given in the righthand column of Tabls 7 and from the u~e of the storeddata as indicated by the flow charts of ~IGS. 8-20.
.. . .
~.
: . .
.,,s j ~
.
. , ~ i ~!' !
C
~ . , ~ ,:
' ' s.
. .
....
.' .
-66- ,j -., j .
.. . . .
;:
1~6Z036 :, .; .: .
.^
. .
.
Table 7 PILE X (Procesis FiIe~For the Data Acquisition and Data Reduction Programs . Label and Rela- ::
r tive Location ~r:
7 of File DsscriptiDn of Stored Data r FILE X I '~
: 0 STATUS - i ..
~CW ADR LOOP P (REFLECTION CELL~
, 2 PCW ADR LOOP Q (IRANSMISSION I J': . ' .
, 3 PFA GAGE HEAD POSITION (TAG 129) 1 ;
4 SLOW D~WN COUNT
SLOW DOWN INITIAL VALUE COUNT .~ :
7J 6 FILTER WHEEL POSITION INDEX EST. . .
, (I) . .:
7 PFA BASIS WEIGHT AVG, (TAa BOO) : .' , 8 MINIMUM ON SHEET HEAD POS, , . .
9 INITIALIZATION INDEX (K) ..
EILTER WHEEL CYCLE COMPLE~TION .:
INDEX (CYCLE) .
'' ClTABL SMOOTHING CONSTANT (ALPHA) . ~ .,: 12 (0, 0) STANDARDIZATION CORR, FACTOR, CTABLE=(C) 13 (1, 0) ~j 14 (2,0) , S:: : 15 (3, 0)
.~, .
.'.. ~ ~ . .
~ 6Z036 In the foregoing table showing exemplary input and output data, the input and output data symbols have been shown as they are actually printed out by the computer with all letters capitalized. In the text, certain of the input and output data symbols are shown in a more conven-tional manner with subscripts since the symbols are more familiar in such form.
The data such as exemplified in Table 5 are based on a single -determination for each specimen. The "grade correction" GC is based on the average difference between Roo~C and AR FC for two specimens, specimens A and B.
The data as exemplified in Table 5 show thatthere is generally good agreement between the calculated RooPC and ARoo~C values. The ' -spread in values for the duplicate specimens CA and B) 19 good with the I r~ ;",, exceptlon of several samples. Some difliculty was experienced in posit{oning the specimen on the monitoring device 10 to give reproducible -~
results. The difficulty should be minimized when the unit is placed "on-machine". The grade correction GC takes this discrepancy into consideration so the correction should be established "on-macbine".
The RD values shown in Table S were punched into the first data card along with the values for RK and TK for input to the computer in advance of a desired computation. The factors RK and TK were included as factors in the computations so that the transmittance and ! ~ -reflectance values could be adjusted independently, if desired. In thls evaluation, RK and TK were left at 1.000. (Calculated value~ for RD
were used in a first computer run and then the values were ad;usted slightly to give the best agreement with the standard automatic color-brightness tester. The values for RD shown in Table 5 are the slightly ..
. - --~ ~, , . ' ` . ' :. ' . ~ .
adjusted values utilized in obtaining th~ data discussed in this section of the specification.) A second set of data for the same fourteen samples w~s collected using the monitoring device in the same condition as for the collection of the data previously given. All of the variables were left the same to see how closely the datacculdbereproduced for the identical specimens. The agreement was quite good except for samples 8 a~d 14.
It appears that thep3per may not have been lying flat in one or the other ;~
tests. The grade correction GC on some of the grades was changed and the second set ~ data was again calculated for samples 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 14. This improved the agreement between the monitoring device and the standard automaticaolor-brightness te~ter, The reflectance head of the monitoring device was then lower-ed 0.025 inch and another set of data was collected for the sarre seven samples. The same ACBT data was used. The data show that lowering , . .
the reflectance head reduces the reflectance while transmittance remains essentially unchanged. The effects are not as large as was expected and could be corrected through adjustment of RK; however, the variables RK, TK and GC were again held constant.
The reflectance head was then raised to a spacing of 0.050 inch (0.025 inch above the normal position for these tests), and another set of data was collected for the same seven samples, The effects were larger than when the reflectance head 11 was lowered. Again, an adjustment of RK would improve the agreement.
' ,:
:
, .
... .
1~62036 -` :
It was concluded from these test results that a change of plus or minus 0,025 inch from "normal position" is larger than can be tolerated. An estimate of a resonable tolerance, based on this and earlier work, would be plus or minus 0.010 inch from "normal position". -All of the variables used in calculating the data for samples 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 14, after the initial change in the grade correction - GC, wereheld the same to determine the effects of changing the reflec-tance head position. The sam~ input data for the case of the reflectall:e head being raised 0.025 inch were processed again but with RK e~ual to Q975 instead of 1.000. This reduces the reflectance value to the proper level. The data obtained in this way show good agreement between the monitorlng device and the standard automatic color-bright-,,. I .. .....
ness tester, Apparently the factor RK can be used quite effectively in ad~usting for some variation ln the geometric relationship of the upper ,.,-.
~, and lower sensing heads, It would be preferred, of course, to maintain '~ proper alignment and spaclng.
~j . .
A second set of samples were evaluated after returning the reflectance head to its normal spacing from the transmittance bead.
,,. , ~ .
Before calculating new output data, the computer program of Table 4 was corrected in statements S.0022 and S.0028 by changing RD to RD4. The .,., ~ :
corrected computer program has been shown herein since the error in the previously referred to data was insignificant in most cases. Thus with the corrected computer program, the input data for the second set of samples were processed. The values RK and TK were set to 1.000 and the same grade correctionswere used as for samples 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 14 previously referred to.
.,.~ .
~, ' .. . .
~"' ^ .
,; ~ ' ' .
., .. .. : . . , . ~ . . .
1~6'~036 Conclusions drawn from all of the data are that the grade correction GC will handle errors resulting from less than ideal characteristics of the monitoring device 10 such as the relatively wide bandwidth of light transmitted in the various filter positions in compari-son to the requirements of Kubelka-Munk theory and the fact that this K theory applies strictly only to diffuse light rather than collimated light as ~,r actually employed in the illustrated monitoring device 10. This correctionr mlst be established "onm~chine"~ Use of the diffusing glass 135 to cali~
brate the monitoring device 10 will handle changes in light level, photo-cell sen~itivity and amplifier gain. The reflectances RD of the diffusing ~ r :
glass 135 for the various filters as established in the present work are ~-. , I
set forth in the previous Table 2 entitled "Table Showing Reflectance of the Diffusing Glass With No Paper Specimen Presént in a Laboratory Test of the System oi' I7lgs. 1-6".
As previously mentioned, the transmittance of the diffusing glass 135 need not be known as the ratio of the tran~mittance of the diffusing glass and paper (in series), identified by the symbol TSP, to the transmittance of the diffusing glass 135, identified by the symbol TSD, is employed as will be apparent from the explanation of the caIculations employed set forth hereinafter.
;i The fluorescent component is handled through the differencein reflectance as measured with the number 4 and the number7 filters , -(RPD7 minus RPD4). The factors used in the ~ubjéct computations, for filters number 1, 2 and 4, are 0.500, 0.600 and 0.550 respectively.
This means of determining the fluorescent contribution FC appears to be 'lj successful, , . , , -57-. ~ . .
:s `~;
~r,:
lC6Z036 , I -.: , The factor RK whereby the reflectance can be adjusted ~i~ to account for misalignment or incorrect spacing seems to function better ~' than was expected, . The following examples will serve to explain the calcu-lations of the output data for the different filter positions in greater detail. .
,', . ;, .
.. Table 6- Table Showing -,. Exemplary Calculation of Paper Optical Parameters ;
Calculation of Ro, T, Roo.~C and RooFC from OMOD
data with the No. 1 filter in position. ,~ ~.
Input: RSDl, RSPl, TSDl, TSPl, RSD7, RSP7~ TK, RK,RSD4, RSP4, RDl, RD4, and GCl Calculation:
f ,: , ;~' RPDl=a~DlxRSPlxRK)/RSDl ~ RPD4=(RD4xRSP4xRK)/RSD4 :.
s~ ~ RPD7=(RD4xRSP7xRK)/RSD7 TPD/TD=~SPlxTK)trSDl ~, Ro=lRPDl-(RDl~PD/TD) )]/ll-(RDl(TPD/I~2)]
T=[~PD/IDXl~(RDlxRPDl))]/[l-(RDl(TPD/TD)2)] - r A=(l+Ro2 _ T )/Ro r Roo=(A/2)-~1 (A/2)' - 1 FC=0.500 (RPD7 - RPD4) R FC=R +FC~GCl ~;~ 00 i :' Calculation of Ro,T,Roo, FC and RooE7C from OMOD
data with the No. 2 filter in position Input: RSD2, RSP2, TSD2, TSP2, RSD7,RS~, TK, i~............................................................... . ..
RK,. RSD4, RSP4, RD2 and CC2.
~1' 1 , , ., ' ' , .
~' ' ' ' `' ' .
,,'~ 1 ~ . ' ; . .
. ,~
Calculation: -.
RPD2=(RD2xRSP2xRK)/RSD2 RPD4=(RD4xRSP4xRK)/RSD4 RPD7=(RD4xRSP7xRK)/RSD7 ~.
TPDtrD=~SP2xTK)/TSD2 :
R =lRPD2 - (RD2~PD~I~ )]/[ l -(RD2~PD/I ~
T=~PD/TD)(l-(RD2xRPD2))]/[1-(RD2~1PD/l'D) )] '- ,`' ~ 2 RoO=(A/2) -1/ (A/2) - 1 r~' 17C=0.600~PD7 - RPD4) - ;-R~o~C ROO+l7C~GC2 , Calculation of R~,T,Roo, I~C and Rool~C from OMOD
data with the No. 3 fllter in posltlon Input: RSD3, RSP3, TSD3, TSP3,TK,RK, RD3 and GC3 ~ :.
Calculat~on:
~' RPD3=(RD3xRSP3xRK)/~SD3 ii!, TPD~rD=~SP3xTK)/TSD3 - :
R =[RPD3-(RD3~PD/TD) )]/[1-~RD3~1PD/TD)2)]
' ~ T=¦~PD/I'D)(l-(RD3xRPD3))1/~l-(RD3trPD/TD)2)] ;,, A=(l+Ro -T )/Ro 2 Roo-(A/2) - (A/2) - 1 CaO. O
:~ oo ; ~.:
~t~ Note: The calculatlons for 17ilters No. 5 and 6 are carried out in tbe same manner as for filter No. 3 - .
.,I
except that the appropriate fiker data are emplo~red.
FC is made equal to zero for filter~ No. 3, 5 and 6 ,~;~ ; .
~ for all ~amples, ;', ' , ;` ~59~ 1 :
,1 1 .. . , , ., -, . ~ i . . . . .
~ , . . ..
~6Z036 , ~.- :-.
Calculation of RoJT,Roo,FC and R FC from OMOD
data with the No. 4 filter in position- . r Input: RSD4, RSP4, TSD4, TSP4, RSD7, TK, RK, .
RD4 and GC4.
Calculation:
RPD4=(RD4xRSP4xRK)/RSD4 RPD7=(RD4xRSP7xRK)/RSD7 TPD~rD=~SP4xTK)/TSD4 1 ~
R =~RPD4 - ~RD4~PDlI~ )]/[l-(RD4~Pr)~TD) )] I :
- . T=[~PD/l~Xl-(RD4xRPD4))]/[l-~RD4¢I'PD/TD)2)] ¦ - ' A=(l+Ro - T )/RQ I ;
Roo=(A/2) - (A/2) , FCz0.550(RPD7 - RPD4) i~ R FCzR +FC~GC4 1 ;
oo oo ~j, . , :.
,. . .
~, , .
.
,, : .
? , ~ ~
,,,, ! :
, i ~ ~,. .
.,.~, . .
.. . .
., , ,., i , ., , , , .~ , ' , . ~
~ `:
lQ6Z036 ~..
On the basis of further experimental data, the factors relating - :
the fluorescent component, as measured on the monitoring device, to the fluorescent component as measured with the standard automatic color-brightness tester, have the following presently preferred values for filter wheel position numbers 1, 2 and 4: 0.528, 0.636, and 0.456, respectively. ~ ~
.~' . .
. .~, r .
, , ` ' .. ;.
' ' ~
~S, 1 ~ ` ' G
.~, ;
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: .
. -61-.. I
.' I
- . _ . .
",~
1~6Z036 DISCUSSION 0~ THE ON-MACHINE
SYSTEM OF FIGS. 1-6 j , - I ..
Set Up Procedure 170r the System of Figs. 1-6 !
In the prototype system, potentiometers were included as part I ~ ~
of the gain control resi~tance means and were adjusted for the respective ' ~ -positions of the filter wheel 210 to give values correlated directly wlth absolute reflectance and transmittance of the diffusing glass, such as gi:en in the foregoing Table 1. In the preferred system of Figs. 1-6, however, these~potentiometers for adjusting amplifier gain are omitted and are replaced with fixed resistors 371-377 and 431-437 selected to j7.give scale readings from meter 330 in the respective filter wheel posi-i, tions which are well above the values given in Table 1. The higher ,, " . .
gain value~ selected for the amplifiers 361 and 429 in the preferred system are intended to provlde improved ~tability and increased sensitivity ~, of measurement.
.1 ' , . .
,.
,. .
,~ . . , -, , ~ I ' .
i- ~; I -~;3 !
,.~ !
', -62-. ~ , . . , ~;.i. . . . . ........... . .
,....... . .. . . . .
~6Z036 The upper and lower sensing heads are placed at a spacing of (tradema rk).
3/16 lnch by means of a gauging plate made of 3/16 inch Teflon/ The incident beam 133 forms a light spot of elliptical configuration on the planar upper and surface 98 of the diffusing window 135. The major axis of the elliptical light spot has a length of about S/8 inch and i9 parallel to the direction of web movement, i.e. the machine direction, - -while the minor axis has a length of about 3/8 inch and is at right angles to the machine direction. The reflected beam 137 consists of the total light reflected from a circularspot of approximately 3/8 inch diameter. This viewed area lies substantially within the elliptical illuminated arca on surface 98; however, the two essentially coincide in the direction of the minor axis of the illuminatcd spot, Since the effective optical aperture 154, ~lg. 3, oi the lower sensing head is of a diameter of about 15/16 inch, the system will be insensitive to a certain amount of lateral offset betw~en the optical axis 15 of the upper sensing head and thc optical axis 515 of the lower sensing head.
. ' ' .
, ~I .
.1 , , . .
., ., ~
' . Ri~
.. . ... .. . . .
1~6'~036 ,, .
..
,; In setting up the system, the position of the lower sensing head may be adjusted laterally so that the spot formed by the incident beam 133 i~ essentiallycentered on the surface 98 of window 135.
. :
The optimum relationship between the upper and lower sensing heads can be precisely detected~observing the reflectance output from ; : .
the upper sensing head fln any position of the filter wheel 210) as the heads are moved relative to one another while maintaining the spacing -of 3/16 inch between the heads. When the correct geometrical relation~
ship is attained between the incident beam 133, the reflected beam path -137 and the plane of the surface 98 of the window 135, the reflectance signal will have a maximum value.
With the upper and lower sensing heads in the optimum geome-tric relationship, and with the incident beam impinging on the central part of surface 98, it is considered that relative shifting between the upper and lower heads in thepl~.eof~urface 98 over a range of plus or ' minus l/8 inch in any lateral direction should have an insignificant effect because of the flat planar configuration of surface 98.
' ' ... .
,Y, ;:~
~'' ' , ., I .
, ~ 5, ."
.,~ . .
.
~ -64- 1 ~1 1 ... . .
'` . ` .
, Direct Digital Control Analog Point Scan Subroutine of FIG. 7 ;,:
The program subroutine of FIG. 7 accepts digital information from the analog to digital converters of component 501, FIG. 6, at one second intervals. Referring to FIG. 7 where the blocks containing the flow chart steps are individually numbered in their operational sequence, the step 701 represents the entry into the subroutine at one second ;
intervals. Step 702 shows the acceptance of an analog input and conver- -sion to engineering units. Step 703 indicates saving such converted input ~ ~
as a process variable in a scan only file of the digital control computer. -A type of control computer which has utilized such a scan program for a number of years for collecting data in an overall paper machine direct digital control system is the General Electric Company PAC 4020 Proceas Control Computer. Minor additions to the existing program routine will allow for the collection of the reflectance and transmittance data by means of the existing computer system. A suitable computer interface between monitoring devioe 10 and such a control computer has been described previously. Block 702 suggests that valid reflectance and transmittance values might be limited to a range from 0 to 1.0 units, for example.
In this event the program could include provi~ion for checking that the collected reflectance and transmittance values were within the range and for printing out a message or the like if invalid data is received.
Block 704 indicates the sequential reading of process data input points in a predetermined order until the last data input p~int has been scanned, whereupon the computer exits from the subroutine, ~
~ .
. . ..
!
' ' ~ .
.. ~ . . . . . . .. . ... ` . . .. .
.... . ~ .. .. .. ..
1~6'~036 .
Pr gg File (FILE X) for the Data Acquisition and Data Reduction Programs The arrangement of ~ILE X which is utilized during acquis{-tion of data from the system of ~IGS. 1-6 and conversion thereof to desired output paper optical quantities can be visualized from the follow-ing Table 7. In the first column of Table 7, sequential memory locations of the proce~s file have been assigned sequential numbers beginning with zero. A convenient label has been assigned to certain groups of sequen~-tial memory locations, and this is also given in the first column. ~he term EILE X is used to designate all of the locations zero through one ~;,-hundred forty while subsequent labels refer to only the subadjacent group ,r :
of sixteen locations or less.) In general the signiflcance of the varlous stored data will bs apparent from the de~criptions given in the righthand column of Tabls 7 and from the u~e of the storeddata as indicated by the flow charts of ~IGS. 8-20.
.. . .
~.
: . .
.,,s j ~
.
. , ~ i ~!' !
C
~ . , ~ ,:
' ' s.
. .
....
.' .
-66- ,j -., j .
.. . . .
;:
1~6Z036 :, .; .: .
.^
. .
.
Table 7 PILE X (Procesis FiIe~For the Data Acquisition and Data Reduction Programs . Label and Rela- ::
r tive Location ~r:
7 of File DsscriptiDn of Stored Data r FILE X I '~
: 0 STATUS - i ..
~CW ADR LOOP P (REFLECTION CELL~
, 2 PCW ADR LOOP Q (IRANSMISSION I J': . ' .
, 3 PFA GAGE HEAD POSITION (TAG 129) 1 ;
4 SLOW D~WN COUNT
SLOW DOWN INITIAL VALUE COUNT .~ :
7J 6 FILTER WHEEL POSITION INDEX EST. . .
, (I) . .:
7 PFA BASIS WEIGHT AVG, (TAa BOO) : .' , 8 MINIMUM ON SHEET HEAD POS, , . .
9 INITIALIZATION INDEX (K) ..
EILTER WHEEL CYCLE COMPLE~TION .:
INDEX (CYCLE) .
'' ClTABL SMOOTHING CONSTANT (ALPHA) . ~ .,: 12 (0, 0) STANDARDIZATION CORR, FACTOR, CTABLE=(C) 13 (1, 0) ~j 14 (2,0) , S:: : 15 (3, 0)
6 ~54 0) 11 18 (6,0) 1 ~;
19 (7, 0) SPARE
A, 20 (0 1) ¦ .
22 (2, 1) ~ .
23 (3,1) 24 (4, 1) . r~
~ 25 (5,1) ,'~ 26 (6,1), .; 27 (7, 1) SPARE
~'; STTABL
28 (0,0) STANDARDIZATION INP11T DATUM, '. ST=(R*) .
29 (1,0) ~; 30 (2,0) 31 (3. 0) ., 32 (~i,0) . .
; ~ 33 (5. 0) . .
: 34 (6,0) . 35 (7, 0) SPARE
,;; 36 (0, 1) , " = (T~) r; --6 7 ,;,~, l . . .
.~.
` . . .
, . . . .
~ - ~
.
~6Z036 . ~
Table 7-FILE X continued 37 (1, 1) 38 (2, 1) 39 (3, 1) 40 ( 1) 41 (5, 1) ~!
42 (6, 1) 43 (7, 1) SPARE
RGTI~BL I`
44 (0,0) NOMINALBACKINGREFLECT., RG -:
R ) 45 (1, 0) .
46 (2, 0) 47 (3, 0) . :-48 (4, 0) ::
49 (5, 0) .:
50 (6,0) 51 (7, 0) SPARE
52 (0, 1) NOMINAL DIFFUS13R TRANS. " =(Td) ? . ~' 53 (1, 1) i 54 (2,1) 55 (3,1) : .
56 (4, 1) j ^~
57 (5, 1) 58 (6,1) 59 (7, 1) SPARE
VTA BL
60 (0,0) CORRECTED & SMOOTHED INPUT, NFCELL=R
61 (1,0) 62 (2, 0) 63 (3, 0) :
64 (4. 0) 65 (5, 0) 66 (6,0) 67 (7, 0) SPARE
68 (0, 1) " = TDP -~
69 (1, 1) 70 (2, 1) 71 (3, 1) 72 (4, 1) 72 (5, 1) 74 (6,1) c 75 (7, 1) SPARE . .
SGTABL
76 (0, 0) REFLECTANCE SPECIFIC GRADE
CORR, SGCF
77 (1, 0) 78 (2, 0) 79 (3.0) 80 (4, 0) 81 (5,0) 82 (6, 0) 83 (7, 0) SPARE
.
:.
.' I .
~' ' ' .
. .
1~6Z036 ~
Table 7-FILE X continued 84 (0,1) TRANSMITTANCE SPECIFIC GRADE
CORR.
85 (1, 1) 86 (2, 1) 87 (3,1) `
88 (4, 1) 89 (5,1) 90 (6, 1) 91 (7,1) SPARE
OUTABL -92 (0) PRINTING OPAClTY (POPAC) : `~
Y REFL=ILLUM. A-. 89 BACKING -(YAR89) 94 (2) TAPPI OPACITY (TOPAC) 95 (3) X-TRI ST~IULUS (XTRI) 9i, (4) . Y-TRISTIMULUS (YTRI) 97 (5) ~ TRISTD!~UWS (2YTRI) 98 (6) HUNTER I; (LH) ,7 . ' .:
99 (7) HUNTER A (AEl) .~
100 (8) HUNTER B (BH) i , 101 (9) BRIGHTNESS WITH FLUOR.&INF
BA CKIP~G (BRRINF) STABL
102 (0) SCATTER COEPFICIENT (S) 103 ( 1) 104 (2) 105 (3) 106 (4) 107 (5) 108 (6) 109 (7) SMRE
KTABL
110 (O) ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT (K) ill (2) 113 (3) 114 (4) 1 15 (5) 116 (6) ~ --117 (7) SPARE
RSTA BL
118 (0, 0) STANDARDIZATION BACKING REFL
REFERENCE (Rs) , c 119 (1,0) 120 (2, 0) 121 (3, 0) 122 (4, 0) 123 (5, 0) 124 (6, 0) 125 (7, 0) SPARE
126 (0,1) STANDARIZATION DIFFUS, TRANS.
REFERENCE (Ts) 127 (1, 1) " .
. :
~' :
-69- 1, , .
.. . .
... .
;: . .
- 1~6;~036 ~
Table 7-FILE X co~inued :
128 (2; ij~"~ ~-129 (3, 1~ ~
130 (4, 1) -131 (5, 1) 132 (6, ~) 133 (7,1) SPI~RE
- MPAR
134 (0) FLUOR SLOPE EMPIRICAL CONSTANT
135 (1) Xb-FLUOR /~-FLUOR. RATIO
FCON
136 (2) Br-FLUOR /~}-FLUOR RATIO
FCON ~ -137 (3) RESET VALUE OF FILTER CYCLE
J: INDEX ICYCLE
,, 138 (4) BASIS WT AVG, (FLOATING POINT) BW
139 (5) EMPIRICAL OVERALL REFL CORR. ' ' , FA CTOR CORR
~ 140 (6) EMPIRICAL OVERALL TRANS. CORR, ,~ FACTOR CORR
j !
, ' .
. , , .
,: :
o . . .
:,.' ., :.
., I
.
,.
1~6Z036 `
In referring to locations of FILE X in the program flow charts of FIGS, 8-20,the relative location of FILE X is indicated by the number in parenthesis. Thus FILE X(4) refers to relative location number four - -of FILE X as given in Table 7. FILE X(138) corresponds to MPAR(4) in Table 7, and both refer to relative location number one hundred and thirty eight. FILE X(four) i9 an alternative to FILE X(4), and is used -in the text to avoid any possible confusion with drawing reference numerals.
t The following general discussion of successive locations or groups of locations of FILE X, taken in numerical order, will serve as an introduction of the description of the program routines of FIGS. 8- 1 -20. Contemplated modifications of the program~ and of FIL13 X will be di~cussed in a later section, In location O of FILE X, the Status word includes a bit num-ber 23 which is set to a logical one when aonditions are met for making standardizing calculation~. For example, the OMOD should be off sheet and the beta gauge with which the OMOD is mounted for scanning movement should be in its standardizing mode. The set condition of bit - 23 is responded to by the program to bypass data smoothing and to store data in a special table STTABLE at locations 28-34 and 36-42 of Table ?
19 (7, 0) SPARE
A, 20 (0 1) ¦ .
22 (2, 1) ~ .
23 (3,1) 24 (4, 1) . r~
~ 25 (5,1) ,'~ 26 (6,1), .; 27 (7, 1) SPARE
~'; STTABL
28 (0,0) STANDARDIZATION INP11T DATUM, '. ST=(R*) .
29 (1,0) ~; 30 (2,0) 31 (3. 0) ., 32 (~i,0) . .
; ~ 33 (5. 0) . .
: 34 (6,0) . 35 (7, 0) SPARE
,;; 36 (0, 1) , " = (T~) r; --6 7 ,;,~, l . . .
.~.
` . . .
, . . . .
~ - ~
.
~6Z036 . ~
Table 7-FILE X continued 37 (1, 1) 38 (2, 1) 39 (3, 1) 40 ( 1) 41 (5, 1) ~!
42 (6, 1) 43 (7, 1) SPARE
RGTI~BL I`
44 (0,0) NOMINALBACKINGREFLECT., RG -:
R ) 45 (1, 0) .
46 (2, 0) 47 (3, 0) . :-48 (4, 0) ::
49 (5, 0) .:
50 (6,0) 51 (7, 0) SPARE
52 (0, 1) NOMINAL DIFFUS13R TRANS. " =(Td) ? . ~' 53 (1, 1) i 54 (2,1) 55 (3,1) : .
56 (4, 1) j ^~
57 (5, 1) 58 (6,1) 59 (7, 1) SPARE
VTA BL
60 (0,0) CORRECTED & SMOOTHED INPUT, NFCELL=R
61 (1,0) 62 (2, 0) 63 (3, 0) :
64 (4. 0) 65 (5, 0) 66 (6,0) 67 (7, 0) SPARE
68 (0, 1) " = TDP -~
69 (1, 1) 70 (2, 1) 71 (3, 1) 72 (4, 1) 72 (5, 1) 74 (6,1) c 75 (7, 1) SPARE . .
SGTABL
76 (0, 0) REFLECTANCE SPECIFIC GRADE
CORR, SGCF
77 (1, 0) 78 (2, 0) 79 (3.0) 80 (4, 0) 81 (5,0) 82 (6, 0) 83 (7, 0) SPARE
.
:.
.' I .
~' ' ' .
. .
1~6Z036 ~
Table 7-FILE X continued 84 (0,1) TRANSMITTANCE SPECIFIC GRADE
CORR.
85 (1, 1) 86 (2, 1) 87 (3,1) `
88 (4, 1) 89 (5,1) 90 (6, 1) 91 (7,1) SPARE
OUTABL -92 (0) PRINTING OPAClTY (POPAC) : `~
Y REFL=ILLUM. A-. 89 BACKING -(YAR89) 94 (2) TAPPI OPACITY (TOPAC) 95 (3) X-TRI ST~IULUS (XTRI) 9i, (4) . Y-TRISTIMULUS (YTRI) 97 (5) ~ TRISTD!~UWS (2YTRI) 98 (6) HUNTER I; (LH) ,7 . ' .:
99 (7) HUNTER A (AEl) .~
100 (8) HUNTER B (BH) i , 101 (9) BRIGHTNESS WITH FLUOR.&INF
BA CKIP~G (BRRINF) STABL
102 (0) SCATTER COEPFICIENT (S) 103 ( 1) 104 (2) 105 (3) 106 (4) 107 (5) 108 (6) 109 (7) SMRE
KTABL
110 (O) ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT (K) ill (2) 113 (3) 114 (4) 1 15 (5) 116 (6) ~ --117 (7) SPARE
RSTA BL
118 (0, 0) STANDARDIZATION BACKING REFL
REFERENCE (Rs) , c 119 (1,0) 120 (2, 0) 121 (3, 0) 122 (4, 0) 123 (5, 0) 124 (6, 0) 125 (7, 0) SPARE
126 (0,1) STANDARIZATION DIFFUS, TRANS.
REFERENCE (Ts) 127 (1, 1) " .
. :
~' :
-69- 1, , .
.. . .
... .
;: . .
- 1~6;~036 ~
Table 7-FILE X co~inued :
128 (2; ij~"~ ~-129 (3, 1~ ~
130 (4, 1) -131 (5, 1) 132 (6, ~) 133 (7,1) SPI~RE
- MPAR
134 (0) FLUOR SLOPE EMPIRICAL CONSTANT
135 (1) Xb-FLUOR /~-FLUOR. RATIO
FCON
136 (2) Br-FLUOR /~}-FLUOR RATIO
FCON ~ -137 (3) RESET VALUE OF FILTER CYCLE
J: INDEX ICYCLE
,, 138 (4) BASIS WT AVG, (FLOATING POINT) BW
139 (5) EMPIRICAL OVERALL REFL CORR. ' ' , FA CTOR CORR
~ 140 (6) EMPIRICAL OVERALL TRANS. CORR, ,~ FACTOR CORR
j !
, ' .
. , , .
,: :
o . . .
:,.' ., :.
., I
.
,.
1~6Z036 `
In referring to locations of FILE X in the program flow charts of FIGS, 8-20,the relative location of FILE X is indicated by the number in parenthesis. Thus FILE X(4) refers to relative location number four - -of FILE X as given in Table 7. FILE X(138) corresponds to MPAR(4) in Table 7, and both refer to relative location number one hundred and thirty eight. FILE X(four) i9 an alternative to FILE X(4), and is used -in the text to avoid any possible confusion with drawing reference numerals.
t The following general discussion of successive locations or groups of locations of FILE X, taken in numerical order, will serve as an introduction of the description of the program routines of FIGS. 8- 1 -20. Contemplated modifications of the program~ and of FIL13 X will be di~cussed in a later section, In location O of FILE X, the Status word includes a bit num-ber 23 which is set to a logical one when aonditions are met for making standardizing calculation~. For example, the OMOD should be off sheet and the beta gauge with which the OMOD is mounted for scanning movement should be in its standardizing mode. The set condition of bit - 23 is responded to by the program to bypass data smoothing and to store data in a special table STTABLE at locations 28-34 and 36-42 of Table ?
7. The condition of bit 23 is reæet to logical zero when the filter -wheel has indexed through seven positions or if the beta gauge complete~
standardization before the complete set of OMOD standardization data is collected.
La ations 1 and 2 of FILE X may store the PCW (proces~
control word) addresse~ for Loop~ P and Q. Loop P is a subroutine for controlling the processing of reflectance data and Loop Q i5 concerned ., , , ... _.,.,,,, -.
-~62036 ,`
with the processing of transmittance data. ~hese loops begin at Eig. 13 of Program Fourteen.
Location thrcc of ~ILE X, contains the address of the DDC
scanner filc containing the position of the sensing head 10 along its path of traverse of the web. This position is monitored by the Scan~
'~ Only (DDC) routine of FIG. 7 and is stored in the scan system filc identified by TAG one hundred twenty nine. A current value of sensing head position is transferred from the referenced DDC file into location three of FILE X periodically.
Location four of E~ILE X stores a SLOWDOWN COUNT index "~
s valuc which is uscd to cause a specified number of dummy readings at each filter wheel position to be made after each advance of the fllter whcel to allow time for the OMOD electronics to reach steady state, and to allow for any transient error In synchronlzation between the DDC
s; Scan-Only routinc of FIG. 7 and thc Data Reduction routine (Program E70urtecn) of FIGS. 8-16 which runs at one second intervals under thc i - control of the RTMOS Scheduler (a computer real time operating system of the General Electric Co.).
;; Location five of EILE X stores a SLOWDOWN INITIAL VALUE
COUNT which is used when a processing cycb is being initlated.
'- Location six of FILE X of Table 7 stores an index value I
'~i which represents the estimated filter wheel position, based on the num- , c ,., ~ .
,~ ber of actuations of the filter- wheel indexing solenoid, since the inltial ~ filter wheel position wherein reed switch 358, FIG. 6, is closed in .~
response to the proximity of permanent magnet 243, FIGS. 3 and 6. ln ; the computer program, the successive filter wheel positions are deslgnated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and result in spectral response distributions designated BR (brightness), XB(blue portion of the Ecx function), XR
; -72 -, i . :
i~ !
.. . . .
1.;' ' " ' ' ' . . ~
,'' ' ' ' ~ " . ' .
,, ~ ':
( ` ' 1~6Z036 -(red portion of the Ecx function), Z (Ecz function without fluorescence), YC
(Ecy function), YA(Eay function), and ZFL(Ecz function, with fluorescence).
Location seven of FILE X serves to store the address of the DDC file for basis weight average. TAG BOO, which is used by Program Pourteen to access the basis weight data and store it in location MPAR (4) in floating point format. This will be used by Program ~orty-Two during thc reduction of data. - -Location eight of FILE X stores a value for th~ minimum on- --sheet head position. When the head position is less than such minimum ;~
value, a standardization cycle may be set in motion by Program Fourteen. j?
Location nine of FILE X contains the value of an initialization index K which is used to determine when all seven smoothed input values have been initialized to equal the late~t un~moothed input for each of the reflectance and transmittance channels, I
Location ten of l~ILE X storcs à filter wheel cycle completion ~ -index designated CYCLE that can be used to determine when a specified number of fiker wheel cycles have been completed through the last fllter wheel position (position six in the programming notation~. Thi~; prevont~
the data reduction program (Program Forty-Two) of FIGS. 17-20 from running until a specified number of data sets have been collected since thc last time it ran or the unit was standardized. 1 `
Location eleven of FILE X stores a smoothing constant ALPHA 1 c which is used in smoothing the input data from FIGS. 1-6 by ~rogram , Fourteen, as indicated in FW. 14. ~ ;
A tcmporary location index J is used to point to either the reflec-, tance vector tables or the transmittance vector tables. J is equal to zero to indicate reflectance, and is equal to one to designate transmit-tance. Each of the tables such as CIABL of table 7 has a first set of locations (e.g. 12 through 18) which can become active while J is .''' ~ ' , .~ ' ' ' .
.
~6'Z036 equal to zero and a second set of locations (e.g. 20 through 26) which can be selected when J is equal to one. Thus the sets of two numerals in parenthesis at locations 12 through 133 represent respectively the value of the filter wheel position index I and the J index value corres- r ponding to the location.
The table CTABL at locations 12-18 and 20-26 of the process file of Table 7 is used to s~re a standardization correction factor C. -~
The reflection values of the factor C for the respective filter wheel positions are stored in locations 12-18 and are active when l=O, and I=O, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Similarly the tran~mission values for the lower sensing head and the respective filter wheel posi-tions are stored in locations 20-26, which are selected when J=l and I=
O, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. I -The table ST TABL, store~ data from the OMOD system of FIGS. 16in the ~tandardization mode with the heads in the off-sheet posi-tion.
The table RG TABL storeg the value RG, the nominal reflec-1, .-tance of the backing for the web in the off-sheet position, for the re--spective filter wheel positions, a~ui also the value TD, the nominal transmittance of the diffusing window 135 in the off-sheet position.
These values may be experimentally determined as previously explained ,~ and inserted into table RG TABL at start up of the system ;; . i :
Table VTABL serves to store input data after it has been processed by Program l~ourteen of FIGS. 8-16. The raw data i8 corrected on the basis of the most recent standardization values from ~- table ST TABL and, multiplied by the correction factors C from table"1 CTABL, and exponentially smoothed by means of the subroutine of ~IG.
14 before being stored in the VTABL locations.
t .. . ..
; - .
.
.: ..
The SG TABL table of the process file of Table 7 stores the specIfic grade correction factors SGC~
The OUTABL locations store the output quantities as computed under the control of the Data Reduction Program Forty Two of FIGS.
17-20. :
The tables STABL and KTABL store the ~catter coefficient S
and the absorption coefficient K which together serve to characterize the paper web being monitored.
,, I ",:
~- ' '':
,, I , ," ' .
'.
'' ' ' '`.
' , .` I .
,~,i I ,.
;,~.~ - ; .
.~ .
~,', :, . . .
ç
3~i Optical Property Data Acquisition Subroutine of FIGS 8-16 (Program -The subroutine of FIGS. 8-16 is referred to as Program E~ourteen (or Program 14) and is designed to performvarious data acquisition functions as indicated in the flow chart.
It is believed that the flow chart of FIGS. 8-16 will be self-explanatory given the foregoing comments concerni~ Table 7. The fol~ - :
lowing Tables 8-16 are a tabulation of the blocks of the subroutine with supplementary comments to indicate the meaning of any abbreviations, or to paraphrase any possibly cryptic statements. (Arabic numerals ', .
within the blocks in l~IGS. 8-20 do not refer to reference numerals of FIGS. 1-6. This i~ indicated in the following tabulationkyspelling of such numel als ~o far a~ feasibb.) ~ -, !
. ' ';
j ~
; j ' - . . . .
... .
;.. . . . .. .... . .
106Z(~3~ ~-. .. .
. .
Table 8 . . .
Supplementary Explanation of thc Program Steps of PIG. 8 Program Step Comment .
801 Program Fourteen initial point at start up.
802 The timer location designated AUXTM
+3 receives an intial value. (Equal to the present time).
803 The point of entry each time the timer --' location AUX-TIME reaches a value L, i.e. every one second.
804 Load the starting address of FUe X
into index register three.
805 Load PCW (process control word) ad- ;
dreg8e9 of loops P and Q from loca-s~ tions one and two of I7ILE X- (See Table 7.) ~' 806 Are scan bits in both of the process f control words referred to in block ~; 805 set for off-scan?
807 If decision at block 806 is no, calcu-,~ late the next time for Program ~our-rf.~ teen to run DLYTIM (delay time) seconds from the present time. ~hc value of DLYTIM is nominally one second.) Add DLYTIM to the present ~i value of AUXTM+3 to register a new ,~ time AUXTM+3.
808 Load value of SLOWDOWN COUNT
' from location four of FILE X into ~ the temporary register SLODWN.
ç~ 809 Decrement the count in SLODWN by c one.
r.~ 810 If answer to decision of block 806 is yes, turn Program ~ourteen off and exit from the program.
.. ;
. , .
, . . .
, ~ .
;, .
.
1~116ZO36 ' Table 9 ~ ~
Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps ~ i of FIG. 9 .
Progrsm Step Comment , ,.
821 Compare the count value in SLODWN
with zero, If SLODWN is equal to or less than xero, go to block 822. If SLODWN is greater than zero, go to block 8Z3. _ 822 Insert SLOW DOWN INITIAL VALU~3 ;
COUNT from FILE X(five) into the ~ ~
SLODWN register. :
823 Store the decremented count value in ! j?~
SLODWN in SLOW DOWN COUNT at FILE X(four), and go to point D of the program, shown in FIG. 16.
824 Place the count transferred from FIL13 X(five) at block 822 into E7ILE~ X(four) 1 ~
labeled SLOW DOWN COU~. i 825 Read content of FILE X(six) into temporary location I. ` -.~ .. . .
826 Add one to temporary location 1.
i 827 Compare I and ~ix; if I equal to or ~
less than six, go to LDDIDG, block --- 841 of FIG. 10; if I is greater than ;~ six, go to bl~ck 828.
i. , .
828 Put a one in temporary flag locaaon ~`~
LIRFL(;.
.. , ~ . . ~ ;
829,830 If disk memory i~ operating print ~--~ out that the indicated message. - O
.. . .
831 Set the K value in location nine of ; -FILE X to seven.
832 Set CYCLE value in location ten of FILE X to one, and go to LDDIDG, block 841, ~IG. 10.
,. .
... .
~;^ . .
-78- , ~ , . . .
,, .
~, . .
: . . .~ , - .
~, . . .. .
lQ6Z036 . .
..
.. . .. .... . ..
. .
Table 10 ,:
Supplementary Explanation of thc Program Steps of FIG. 10 .:
Program Step Comment 841 Load the contents of the memory loca-tion that indentifies the status of the digital input group (Group 1400) to which the zero position filter contacts 358, FIG. 6, are connected. -~`
.
842 Is the filter wheel in position zero, i.e. the position shown in FIG. 3?
This is determined from bit position twenty-two of the STATUS word loaded ,! in step 841. If bit position twenty-two indicates that the contacts of reed switch 358, FIG. 6, are closed, then go to block 843. If the contacts are ~ -open, go to LOSTIX, block 844.
843 If value In temporary locatlon I is less than seven, go to block 845. If '~ I is equal to or greater than seven go to REFILT, block 848. ' ~ `
844 Is a value one in the temporary flag - -location LIRFLG? (See block 828, FIG. 9. ) ,. .. .
, 845 Set FILE X (nine) to ~even.
846 Set FILE X (ten) to one.
... .
!,.. ,, 847 If the filter wheel i8 indexing proper-' ly, the I value will be incrcmcnted by the step of block 826, FIG. 9, 90 ' i that I will equal seven at block 843.
Since I was less than seven, apparent- ' - ly the filter wheel has failed to index each time it was commanded to do ~o.
Block 847 provides for the print out by means of an alarm output program under these conditions.
;. , :
848 Set location six of FILE X to zero.
~ 849 Set LIRFLG to zero.
,~ , .
.,, I : .
.. . I ., ;
~, 79 " . I
. .
.
.; , ' , ... . .
.
.
! .
Table 10 ~ontinued ,j~ ;
~, Supplcmentary Explanation of thc Program Steps of FIG 10 Program Step Comment ~ ~`
850 Insert current value of I in FILE X ~ ~:
(9iX)~
i,. ' .:
851 Load the head traverse position File Add~e ss from EILE X(three).
s~ 852 Load the process variable (PV) of block 851 into the temporary location ' XPOS. , .-.: . :
`' I j? ~
i~ I ".' '',,:"-,'' : , ,.~. ,,:
',t. ' '''.''~ ' 1, . ' ~
~',' ~,"' J' ' '~ ' ` ' .,` ' ,,, , . ~ . , .'~ ~`
i"
~r " , . . .
' ' .
~''' ' ',:.
~ , ' , ,.
,.~ , ~.'' ' .
.'' I '.
..
,., . ..
. ..
",~ ..
,. .
.
1~6Z03~ .
.
......
Table 11 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG 11 Program Step Comment 861 Load the content of FILE X(eight) into the temporary location XMIN.
862 Is the beta gauge in a standardizing ~
mode as indicated by point four in the digital input status word for group fourteen hundred?. Point four refers ~ -to the bit four position of the status word. If the bcta gauge is not in j~ -standardizing mode, go to CHKSTZ at ~ . :
block 863. If beta gauge is in stan- , - -dardizing mode, go to block 864.
863 Is the OMOD shown to be in ~tandar- I
dizing mode by bit poYitlon twenty three of E7ILE~ X ~zero), If the OMOD
is being standardized, go to block 865. If standardization is not in progress go to block 866.
864 Compare the value of XPOS(See block 852 l~ig. 10) with the value of XMIN
(See block 861). If XPOS is equal to or greater than XMIN, go to block 867. If XPOS is less than XMIN, go to block 868.
, .
865 Reset bit position twentg three of PILE X(zero) to zero.
866 Compare XPOS and XMIN.
867 Load content of ~ILE X(ten) into the i c ;
temporary register CYCLE~.
- .
868 Is bit position twenty three of l~ILl~
X(zero set? If ye~, go to compari-- son block 881, FIG. 12. If not, proceed with standardization begin-ning at block 870.
869 Set temporary register K to seven or a multiple of seven.
. ` , .
:. , I .:
.:
.; , . . . . .
1~6Z036 Table 11 -continued -Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG 11 ,, .
..
Program ~, Step Comment ,.~, .
870 Set bit position twenty three of FILE
X(zero) to the logical one state.
;; 871 Put the value of K (see block 869) into FILE X(nine). -. .
872 Set temporary register CYCLE to logical one state.
' 873 Place content of CYCLE in FILE X j? .
(ten). ., 874 Same as block 872.
P' . :.. , 875 Same as block 873.
,, .
t~
~,' ' ... . .
~ .
i" ' .: -f r:
., , ` ` ' ' .
. j .
. " ~ . .
~, , I ;'','' .
''' ,' i ~;;',i 1 ;
.': j "
, ............................................................... .
~, ' ~ ' ..
.
~', . . ` .
, . .
: - , .: . . , .. :
Table 12 :
,' Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps ;
of EIG. 12 , .
Program Step Comment -:
881 Compare value in temporary register - `::
I with six.
~; 882 Continuation from block 875, FIG. 11. 1 . -Same comment as for block 869. ~ ;
883 Same as block 871.
884 Go to BENTER location, Fl G. 16, .
after an affirmative decision at block r. r ',, 844, PIG. 10; or after execution of ~ step 873, PIG. 11; or if I is greater I ' .j than 8iX at block 881. ' .
,, 885 Compare CYCLE and zero.
~" 886 Decrement CYCLE by one tf CYCLE~ .
~: was greater than one at block 885.
,~? 887 Same as 873.
888 Load content of FILE X(eleven) into i:
temporary register ALPH~
889 Load content of FILE X(seven) into the index register (BOO File Address) 890 Load BOO process variable into A-register with fixed point scaling of B8. ..
~,t: -, "' !
~ ~ ' ~'',' ~ j . O':' ~i ,i~ . i "' ~ - 83 -~
~; !
. . .
, .
':.,,,,. ~ . '.~. '. : ' 1o6Z036 ~
Table 13 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of Fi~. 13 .. ~ -: .
Program Step Comment `~;`-891 Convert content at B8 SCALING (See block 890, FIG. 12) to floating point ~-notation and store converted value in ~ - -FILE X(one hu`ndred thirty eight), which is also designated MPAR, loca-tion four in Table 7.
892 Load the process control word PCWP
at the address given at FILE X(one) ~ -into the register PCW. ; -;
893 Set register J to zero.
894 Is bit position twellty three of the process control word (PCW) of LOOP(l) set? If not, go to block 910, PIG. 14, ¦
If yes, go to block 895.
895 Load the content of CTABL of FILE X
for the location corresponding to the current values of I and J into tempor-ary location C~T~BLL.
896 Load the process variable (PV) from the Scan Only File PPa) into the tem- `
porary location NCELL.
897 Calculate the corrected input value by multiplying the content of NCELL by `
the content of CTABLE, and store in the table VTABLE of FILE X(See Table 14) in the location correspanding to current values of I and J. Go to ~ block 901, FIG. 14.
`., 898 ` A%er a negative decision at block 910, ``
FIG. 14, the loop P subroutine is initiated by loading the process control word PCWQ whose address is given at FILE X(two) into the temporary regi~-; ` ter PCW.
, . . .
' 899 Increment the value stored in location , ~s ~l J to one.
i, , .
, .
:- ,. . .
~.o6,Z036 ',"'".
Table 14 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG 14 Program ~ -Step Comment -901 Compare the value in temporary loca-tion K with zero. If K is equal to or less than zero, go to block 902. If K i8 greater than zero, go to CHKSI~ _ ! "
block 903.
902 Load content of current location of VTABL ~,J) from FILE X into the ~ -temporary location PFCELL. ~ ?
~ 903 Is bit twenty three of the status word s in FILE X (zero) set?
~i 904 Txansfer cotltent of NCE~LL (see block ¦ ;
s~ 896, l~IG. 13) into the temporary ' location PE7CELL
, 905 Apply the smoothing algoritlmby calcu-lating the sum of ALPH~ times NCELL
i and (one minus ALPHA) times PFCELb ~$ and ~tore the result in NFCE~LL.
906 Transfer theccntent of Nl~CELL to the appropriate location of VTABL (I,J) in FILE X. ~See Table 7.) 907 Load the PV from Scan Only LOOP 1, i.e. Proce~s FILE PF (1) into tempor- ;
,Lj`' ~ ary register PV 0)-908 Store the content of PV (J) in table - Sl-rABL (I.l) of FILE X at a location corresponding to the current values of - c I and J. See Table 7.
~, .
910 Has loop Q been processed? If not, ~ -enter loop Q at block 898, l~IG. 13. ¦ -.
If the content of temporary location J is equal to one, go to block 911.
.,~ .
` 911 Compare the content of temporary location K with zero. If K is le~s than zero, go to the B entry location BENTER, FIG. 16. If K equals zero, go to block 921, FIG. 15. If K is greater than zero, go to block 912.
' j , :~:
.. . .
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1~6Z036 ~
. - . -Table 14 continued Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG, 14 Program .
Step Comment .
912 Decrement the count in K by one. ~;` .
913 Store the content of K in FILE X(nine). .
Go to BENTER location in FIG. 16.
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Table 15 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of I~IG 15 . . .
Program !` ~ .
Step Comment 921 Is bit position twenty tbree of the `
STATUS word from FILE X(zero) setî
If not, go to BENTER location of FIG.
16. If affirmative, go to block 922. ~`
922 Reset bit position twenty three of FILE X(zero).
923 Set temporary register J COUNT to zero.
924 Set temporary register I COUNT to zero.
925 Load the correction constant from the appropriate location ~ RSTABL, Table 7, into the temporary location RG. I ;
926 Load the standardization value from the appropriate location of STTABL, Table 7, into the temporary location ST.
927 Calculate the standardizing C factor by dividing RG by ST and store in tem-porary location C.
928 If J COUNT iB leBs than or equal to zero, go to block 929; otherwise go to block 930.
; 929 Transfer the value stored at FILE X
(one hundred tbirty nine) to tempor-ary location CORR.
930 Transfer the value stored at l~ILE~ X
(one hundred forty) to temporary location CORR.
"
.~ I
I
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!
r; '``'~.. "': ' ' `,, -:
1(~6Z036 `.
.:
,. . . .. .
Table 16 ~ .
Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps f of ~IG, 16 -~
Program Step Comment . u .
,. . .
t,. 931 Multiply the value in temporary loca~
tion C (see block 927) by the value in P CORR and store the adjusted C factor j . ;`
. in C. -!
932 Store value in C in FILE X at CTABL
-: at current values of I COUNT and J
~j COUNT. .
s. , ,;, 933 Compare I COUNT to six. If I COUNT i :
is less than six, go to block 934. ~ . :
934 Increment I COUNT by one and ¦ :
reenter at block 925, l~X;. 15.
. .. ...
. 9.35 Compare J COUNT and one, If less ~, than one, go to block 936, .
936 Increment J COUNT by one and reenter at block 924, Pl(3. 15, : 937 The computer output contact at point ~i nineteen of digital output a~O)Group .;
,~ forty two hundred and 8iX ~not shown) - ~. -:; is closed by the computer in responEe to this program step to energize solendid 240, FIGS. 3 and 6, from the . plus 24.vok supply and conductors . :
. 50~ and 506, : ~
. . A . :
~ 938. Program Fourteen reschedules itself , ;~, to run again in appro~dmately one sec-. ond, .j;, ~ ..
.. ..
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.;.... . . .
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,. . r 106Z036 ~' ~
Comments Regarding Program Fourtecn 1, The value~ stored undcr RSTABL (118-133) will be identical to the values s~ored under RGTABL (44-59) and, therefore, the former table will be eliminated when the necessary program changes are also made. The RK and ~K correction factor approach allows this simpli-fication o~ the calculations.
2. Program Fourteen can be further revised to eliminate the need for~
the nominal diffusor transmittance, T, completely. Manipulation of the I -`
d - terms of the equations involved permi~gthis elimination. Note referring I -to Table 4, S.0023, that TPDOTD, the ratio of TPD/ID, iB equal to ~ , ¢ISP* TK)/'ISD, eliminating thc need to know the absolute valuc of TD.
TD is the computer symbol representing Td, the ~ransmittance of the dlffuser, Refcr 8190 to thc paragraph following Table 2, 3, Program Fourteen also calls for the re-lnitialization of thc algorithm which smooths the "raw" reflectancc and transmittance after each standardization. It is presently considered that this re-initializatlon will not only bc unnecessary, but would add to control problcms, Con-sequently, this will likely be changed 90 that this smoo~hing goe3 on ;, indefinitely after a run start-up. (No~e: Do not confuse the smoo~hing . .
of the "raw" data from the paper with the correction factors acquired ~ during s.andardization--The latter will not and likely should not be i smoothed at all,) 4. Program Fourteen has not as ye; been debugged. Debugging can , ;
only be accomplished after connecting the computer to the system of FIGS. 1-6 via an A to D converter. It i9 considcred that s~ich debugging ` j i9 a routine matter well within the skill of the art. It may be notcd that 1~ the OMOD is now on line as shown in Figs. 1-6 and data collection has ~ :
begun.
,,, 1, ` -89-~ . . . .
,; , :
. ~ , . .. .
, . ; . . -: . . . ,~ - ~ ,. ' - ' ' ' ' 1~6'~036 -Summary of Opera~ion of Program ~ourteen Program l?ourteen is de3igned to p^rform various ~unctlons described as follows:
1, Sequentially read the reflectance and transmittance valuesstored in the Process File until both values for each of the seven OMOD filter positions are obtained.
It takes about two second3 from the ;ime the fllter wheel is ad-vanced until the photocell readings reach a near equilibrium conditlon.
Program Fourteen is, however, linked timewise to the DDC scan program and is programmed to run every second also. Consequently, any data a~qulred before the photocells reach a near equilibrlum condition, wlll be liable to intolerable error. Program Fourteen solves this problem by processing data on a rnultisecond Interval basis only, e.g., every 2, 3, 4, etc., seconds depend~ng upon the choice of the value of the term ~ -SLOWDOWN which inserted in File X(five).
2. Check the OMOD to see if it is op-rating properly and issue a1arms if it is not. "OMOD Filter Stuck" and "Skipp-d Filter" alarm messages were mads available.
The upper OMOD head is designed with an extra reed switch 358, FIG. 6, which closes when the brightness filter is in the optical train pathway. (Previous description herein refers to the brightness fllter as the first position; however, Program Fourteen refers to it as the zero position.) The computer program checks the status of thisswltch as being open or closed by means of Point 22~roupl400. The filter index is initialized back to zero each tlme the ~atus of Point 22{;roup 1400 is closed. Discrep~ncies, should they occur between the expected filter ... .
index based on the incremented count and the actual filter position can be readily recognized by this program. Thi8 gerves as the bas18 for ~;. , ~ ' ,' , . ' ' ' .
,: . . ` .
, 1~6Z~36 the alarms previously mentioned. -' 3, Deeermine when and how often the op~ical property Data F~eduction Program, No, Forty Two, (see Figs. 17-20) is to be run. This is con-trolled by the value cho3en for theterm "CYCLE".
4. Read the OMOD head position and the average basis weight of the paper being produced and store for use in subsequent calculations or program logic tests. This information is ;readily available from a basis ~;
wcight control program which has been in use for several years.
S. Correct the "raw" reflectance and transmittance data by multiplying each of the fourteen values by the appropriate correction factor. The values of thesç correction factors are updated by the last standardization sequenee which oeeurred priox to their aetual use (see 7 below), 6, Exponent{ally smoo~h eaeh of the eorreetèd rdleetanee and tran~
mittanee values and sto~e for subsequent caleulation~, I
Exponential smoothing requires a previous value to aet upon:
however, such previous value is not available for run startup, etc. An initialization technique involving an initialization index, k, is employed to solve this problem. The degree of smoo.hing is determined by the value chosen for OC (ALPHA).
7. Initialize and control the automatic standardization of the OMOD, The OMOD heads are mounted nex~ to an Electronic Automation Ine. I `
(EA) basis weight gauge in a piggyback fashion, This EA system utilize~ I c an "O" frame to permit scanning the full web width, It is also designed to automatically retraet the carriage upon which the basis weight gauge and OMOD are mounted, to an offsheet position at l-hour intervals. Pro-, . , .
~,~ gram Fourteen take~ advantage of this schedule to standardize the OMODat the same time that the basis weight gauge is being standardized.
When offsheet, the very durable Lucalux backing 135, FIG, 3, i~ always ,. !
~ ' ,' ' ' :
~r 1~6'~036 ..
in E~osition to permit checks of its reflectance and transmittance. Due :
to its durability and inertness, the latter should remain unchanged for lon~ periods of time. In addition, the moving web will insure its eleanliness prior to each standardization oecurrence. Consequently, this standardization procedure will allow for accurate updating of the correction factors for each filter position. In so doing, it compensates for any changes which may inadvertently occur in the light souree, filters, photocells, lenses, electronic amplification, etc.
Two overall geometrical correction factors are also employed at this point of the program to adjust for any relative head spacing or r'' alignment change that may also inadvertently occur. Experimental data has shown that the same geometrical eorreetion ean be used for eaeh refleetaneo measurement, The values of these two faetors are, however, not determ~ned automatieally, but must be determined by external means involving offline audit testing by comparing OMOD readings with those of off~ine standard laboratory instruments before being fed into the proper computer storage. Initial values of these two factors will be unity;
in whieh case, the relative head geometry will be assumed to be in standard condition and no geometrical correction factor required. -The alternative to using these geometrieal correetion factors is to realign and/or respace the heads when needed. In the ease of minor adjustments, the former approach is elearly the more desirable , c where the heads are in an inaeeessible location and functioning on a high-speed paper maehine with little downtime available for sueh meehanieal readjustments.
Program fourteen as presently devised, does n~ call for tb exponential smoothing of the correction factors updated upon eaeh standardization. This could be easily changed should on~ine experienee ':
.. . . .
.
1(~6Z036 indicate that such smoothing i9 desirable.
standardization before the complete set of OMOD standardization data is collected.
La ations 1 and 2 of FILE X may store the PCW (proces~
control word) addresse~ for Loop~ P and Q. Loop P is a subroutine for controlling the processing of reflectance data and Loop Q i5 concerned ., , , ... _.,.,,,, -.
-~62036 ,`
with the processing of transmittance data. ~hese loops begin at Eig. 13 of Program Fourteen.
Location thrcc of ~ILE X, contains the address of the DDC
scanner filc containing the position of the sensing head 10 along its path of traverse of the web. This position is monitored by the Scan~
'~ Only (DDC) routine of FIG. 7 and is stored in the scan system filc identified by TAG one hundred twenty nine. A current value of sensing head position is transferred from the referenced DDC file into location three of FILE X periodically.
Location four of E~ILE X stores a SLOWDOWN COUNT index "~
s valuc which is uscd to cause a specified number of dummy readings at each filter wheel position to be made after each advance of the fllter whcel to allow time for the OMOD electronics to reach steady state, and to allow for any transient error In synchronlzation between the DDC
s; Scan-Only routinc of FIG. 7 and thc Data Reduction routine (Program E70urtecn) of FIGS. 8-16 which runs at one second intervals under thc i - control of the RTMOS Scheduler (a computer real time operating system of the General Electric Co.).
;; Location five of EILE X stores a SLOWDOWN INITIAL VALUE
COUNT which is used when a processing cycb is being initlated.
'- Location six of FILE X of Table 7 stores an index value I
'~i which represents the estimated filter wheel position, based on the num- , c ,., ~ .
,~ ber of actuations of the filter- wheel indexing solenoid, since the inltial ~ filter wheel position wherein reed switch 358, FIG. 6, is closed in .~
response to the proximity of permanent magnet 243, FIGS. 3 and 6. ln ; the computer program, the successive filter wheel positions are deslgnated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and result in spectral response distributions designated BR (brightness), XB(blue portion of the Ecx function), XR
; -72 -, i . :
i~ !
.. . . .
1.;' ' " ' ' ' . . ~
,'' ' ' ' ~ " . ' .
,, ~ ':
( ` ' 1~6Z036 -(red portion of the Ecx function), Z (Ecz function without fluorescence), YC
(Ecy function), YA(Eay function), and ZFL(Ecz function, with fluorescence).
Location seven of FILE X serves to store the address of the DDC file for basis weight average. TAG BOO, which is used by Program Pourteen to access the basis weight data and store it in location MPAR (4) in floating point format. This will be used by Program ~orty-Two during thc reduction of data. - -Location eight of FILE X stores a value for th~ minimum on- --sheet head position. When the head position is less than such minimum ;~
value, a standardization cycle may be set in motion by Program Fourteen. j?
Location nine of FILE X contains the value of an initialization index K which is used to determine when all seven smoothed input values have been initialized to equal the late~t un~moothed input for each of the reflectance and transmittance channels, I
Location ten of l~ILE X storcs à filter wheel cycle completion ~ -index designated CYCLE that can be used to determine when a specified number of fiker wheel cycles have been completed through the last fllter wheel position (position six in the programming notation~. Thi~; prevont~
the data reduction program (Program Forty-Two) of FIGS. 17-20 from running until a specified number of data sets have been collected since thc last time it ran or the unit was standardized. 1 `
Location eleven of FILE X stores a smoothing constant ALPHA 1 c which is used in smoothing the input data from FIGS. 1-6 by ~rogram , Fourteen, as indicated in FW. 14. ~ ;
A tcmporary location index J is used to point to either the reflec-, tance vector tables or the transmittance vector tables. J is equal to zero to indicate reflectance, and is equal to one to designate transmit-tance. Each of the tables such as CIABL of table 7 has a first set of locations (e.g. 12 through 18) which can become active while J is .''' ~ ' , .~ ' ' ' .
.
~6'Z036 equal to zero and a second set of locations (e.g. 20 through 26) which can be selected when J is equal to one. Thus the sets of two numerals in parenthesis at locations 12 through 133 represent respectively the value of the filter wheel position index I and the J index value corres- r ponding to the location.
The table CTABL at locations 12-18 and 20-26 of the process file of Table 7 is used to s~re a standardization correction factor C. -~
The reflection values of the factor C for the respective filter wheel positions are stored in locations 12-18 and are active when l=O, and I=O, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Similarly the tran~mission values for the lower sensing head and the respective filter wheel posi-tions are stored in locations 20-26, which are selected when J=l and I=
O, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. I -The table ST TABL, store~ data from the OMOD system of FIGS. 16in the ~tandardization mode with the heads in the off-sheet posi-tion.
The table RG TABL storeg the value RG, the nominal reflec-1, .-tance of the backing for the web in the off-sheet position, for the re--spective filter wheel positions, a~ui also the value TD, the nominal transmittance of the diffusing window 135 in the off-sheet position.
These values may be experimentally determined as previously explained ,~ and inserted into table RG TABL at start up of the system ;; . i :
Table VTABL serves to store input data after it has been processed by Program l~ourteen of FIGS. 8-16. The raw data i8 corrected on the basis of the most recent standardization values from ~- table ST TABL and, multiplied by the correction factors C from table"1 CTABL, and exponentially smoothed by means of the subroutine of ~IG.
14 before being stored in the VTABL locations.
t .. . ..
; - .
.
.: ..
The SG TABL table of the process file of Table 7 stores the specIfic grade correction factors SGC~
The OUTABL locations store the output quantities as computed under the control of the Data Reduction Program Forty Two of FIGS.
17-20. :
The tables STABL and KTABL store the ~catter coefficient S
and the absorption coefficient K which together serve to characterize the paper web being monitored.
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3~i Optical Property Data Acquisition Subroutine of FIGS 8-16 (Program -The subroutine of FIGS. 8-16 is referred to as Program E~ourteen (or Program 14) and is designed to performvarious data acquisition functions as indicated in the flow chart.
It is believed that the flow chart of FIGS. 8-16 will be self-explanatory given the foregoing comments concerni~ Table 7. The fol~ - :
lowing Tables 8-16 are a tabulation of the blocks of the subroutine with supplementary comments to indicate the meaning of any abbreviations, or to paraphrase any possibly cryptic statements. (Arabic numerals ', .
within the blocks in l~IGS. 8-20 do not refer to reference numerals of FIGS. 1-6. This i~ indicated in the following tabulationkyspelling of such numel als ~o far a~ feasibb.) ~ -, !
. ' ';
j ~
; j ' - . . . .
... .
;.. . . . .. .... . .
106Z(~3~ ~-. .. .
. .
Table 8 . . .
Supplementary Explanation of thc Program Steps of PIG. 8 Program Step Comment .
801 Program Fourteen initial point at start up.
802 The timer location designated AUXTM
+3 receives an intial value. (Equal to the present time).
803 The point of entry each time the timer --' location AUX-TIME reaches a value L, i.e. every one second.
804 Load the starting address of FUe X
into index register three.
805 Load PCW (process control word) ad- ;
dreg8e9 of loops P and Q from loca-s~ tions one and two of I7ILE X- (See Table 7.) ~' 806 Are scan bits in both of the process f control words referred to in block ~; 805 set for off-scan?
807 If decision at block 806 is no, calcu-,~ late the next time for Program ~our-rf.~ teen to run DLYTIM (delay time) seconds from the present time. ~hc value of DLYTIM is nominally one second.) Add DLYTIM to the present ~i value of AUXTM+3 to register a new ,~ time AUXTM+3.
808 Load value of SLOWDOWN COUNT
' from location four of FILE X into ~ the temporary register SLODWN.
ç~ 809 Decrement the count in SLODWN by c one.
r.~ 810 If answer to decision of block 806 is yes, turn Program ~ourteen off and exit from the program.
.. ;
. , .
, . . .
, ~ .
;, .
.
1~116ZO36 ' Table 9 ~ ~
Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps ~ i of FIG. 9 .
Progrsm Step Comment , ,.
821 Compare the count value in SLODWN
with zero, If SLODWN is equal to or less than xero, go to block 822. If SLODWN is greater than zero, go to block 8Z3. _ 822 Insert SLOW DOWN INITIAL VALU~3 ;
COUNT from FILE X(five) into the ~ ~
SLODWN register. :
823 Store the decremented count value in ! j?~
SLODWN in SLOW DOWN COUNT at FILE X(four), and go to point D of the program, shown in FIG. 16.
824 Place the count transferred from FIL13 X(five) at block 822 into E7ILE~ X(four) 1 ~
labeled SLOW DOWN COU~. i 825 Read content of FILE X(six) into temporary location I. ` -.~ .. . .
826 Add one to temporary location 1.
i 827 Compare I and ~ix; if I equal to or ~
less than six, go to LDDIDG, block --- 841 of FIG. 10; if I is greater than ;~ six, go to bl~ck 828.
i. , .
828 Put a one in temporary flag locaaon ~`~
LIRFL(;.
.. , ~ . . ~ ;
829,830 If disk memory i~ operating print ~--~ out that the indicated message. - O
.. . .
831 Set the K value in location nine of ; -FILE X to seven.
832 Set CYCLE value in location ten of FILE X to one, and go to LDDIDG, block 841, ~IG. 10.
,. .
... .
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,, .
~, . .
: . . .~ , - .
~, . . .. .
lQ6Z036 . .
..
.. . .. .... . ..
. .
Table 10 ,:
Supplementary Explanation of thc Program Steps of FIG. 10 .:
Program Step Comment 841 Load the contents of the memory loca-tion that indentifies the status of the digital input group (Group 1400) to which the zero position filter contacts 358, FIG. 6, are connected. -~`
.
842 Is the filter wheel in position zero, i.e. the position shown in FIG. 3?
This is determined from bit position twenty-two of the STATUS word loaded ,! in step 841. If bit position twenty-two indicates that the contacts of reed switch 358, FIG. 6, are closed, then go to block 843. If the contacts are ~ -open, go to LOSTIX, block 844.
843 If value In temporary locatlon I is less than seven, go to block 845. If '~ I is equal to or greater than seven go to REFILT, block 848. ' ~ `
844 Is a value one in the temporary flag - -location LIRFLG? (See block 828, FIG. 9. ) ,. .. .
, 845 Set FILE X (nine) to ~even.
846 Set FILE X (ten) to one.
... .
!,.. ,, 847 If the filter wheel i8 indexing proper-' ly, the I value will be incrcmcnted by the step of block 826, FIG. 9, 90 ' i that I will equal seven at block 843.
Since I was less than seven, apparent- ' - ly the filter wheel has failed to index each time it was commanded to do ~o.
Block 847 provides for the print out by means of an alarm output program under these conditions.
;. , :
848 Set location six of FILE X to zero.
~ 849 Set LIRFLG to zero.
,~ , .
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.. . I ., ;
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. .
.
.; , ' , ... . .
.
.
! .
Table 10 ~ontinued ,j~ ;
~, Supplcmentary Explanation of thc Program Steps of FIG 10 Program Step Comment ~ ~`
850 Insert current value of I in FILE X ~ ~:
(9iX)~
i,. ' .:
851 Load the head traverse position File Add~e ss from EILE X(three).
s~ 852 Load the process variable (PV) of block 851 into the temporary location ' XPOS. , .-.: . :
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.
......
Table 11 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG 11 Program Step Comment 861 Load the content of FILE X(eight) into the temporary location XMIN.
862 Is the beta gauge in a standardizing ~
mode as indicated by point four in the digital input status word for group fourteen hundred?. Point four refers ~ -to the bit four position of the status word. If the bcta gauge is not in j~ -standardizing mode, go to CHKSTZ at ~ . :
block 863. If beta gauge is in stan- , - -dardizing mode, go to block 864.
863 Is the OMOD shown to be in ~tandar- I
dizing mode by bit poYitlon twenty three of E7ILE~ X ~zero), If the OMOD
is being standardized, go to block 865. If standardization is not in progress go to block 866.
864 Compare the value of XPOS(See block 852 l~ig. 10) with the value of XMIN
(See block 861). If XPOS is equal to or greater than XMIN, go to block 867. If XPOS is less than XMIN, go to block 868.
, .
865 Reset bit position twentg three of PILE X(zero) to zero.
866 Compare XPOS and XMIN.
867 Load content of ~ILE X(ten) into the i c ;
temporary register CYCLE~.
- .
868 Is bit position twenty three of l~ILl~
X(zero set? If ye~, go to compari-- son block 881, FIG. 12. If not, proceed with standardization begin-ning at block 870.
869 Set temporary register K to seven or a multiple of seven.
. ` , .
:. , I .:
.:
.; , . . . . .
1~6Z036 Table 11 -continued -Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG 11 ,, .
..
Program ~, Step Comment ,.~, .
870 Set bit position twenty three of FILE
X(zero) to the logical one state.
;; 871 Put the value of K (see block 869) into FILE X(nine). -. .
872 Set temporary register CYCLE to logical one state.
' 873 Place content of CYCLE in FILE X j? .
(ten). ., 874 Same as block 872.
P' . :.. , 875 Same as block 873.
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Table 12 :
,' Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps ;
of EIG. 12 , .
Program Step Comment -:
881 Compare value in temporary register - `::
I with six.
~; 882 Continuation from block 875, FIG. 11. 1 . -Same comment as for block 869. ~ ;
883 Same as block 871.
884 Go to BENTER location, Fl G. 16, .
after an affirmative decision at block r. r ',, 844, PIG. 10; or after execution of ~ step 873, PIG. 11; or if I is greater I ' .j than 8iX at block 881. ' .
,, 885 Compare CYCLE and zero.
~" 886 Decrement CYCLE by one tf CYCLE~ .
~: was greater than one at block 885.
,~? 887 Same as 873.
888 Load content of FILE X(eleven) into i:
temporary register ALPH~
889 Load content of FILE X(seven) into the index register (BOO File Address) 890 Load BOO process variable into A-register with fixed point scaling of B8. ..
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~ ~ ' ~'',' ~ j . O':' ~i ,i~ . i "' ~ - 83 -~
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. . .
, .
':.,,,,. ~ . '.~. '. : ' 1o6Z036 ~
Table 13 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of Fi~. 13 .. ~ -: .
Program Step Comment `~;`-891 Convert content at B8 SCALING (See block 890, FIG. 12) to floating point ~-notation and store converted value in ~ - -FILE X(one hu`ndred thirty eight), which is also designated MPAR, loca-tion four in Table 7.
892 Load the process control word PCWP
at the address given at FILE X(one) ~ -into the register PCW. ; -;
893 Set register J to zero.
894 Is bit position twellty three of the process control word (PCW) of LOOP(l) set? If not, go to block 910, PIG. 14, ¦
If yes, go to block 895.
895 Load the content of CTABL of FILE X
for the location corresponding to the current values of I and J into tempor-ary location C~T~BLL.
896 Load the process variable (PV) from the Scan Only File PPa) into the tem- `
porary location NCELL.
897 Calculate the corrected input value by multiplying the content of NCELL by `
the content of CTABLE, and store in the table VTABLE of FILE X(See Table 14) in the location correspanding to current values of I and J. Go to ~ block 901, FIG. 14.
`., 898 ` A%er a negative decision at block 910, ``
FIG. 14, the loop P subroutine is initiated by loading the process control word PCWQ whose address is given at FILE X(two) into the temporary regi~-; ` ter PCW.
, . . .
' 899 Increment the value stored in location , ~s ~l J to one.
i, , .
, .
:- ,. . .
~.o6,Z036 ',"'".
Table 14 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG 14 Program ~ -Step Comment -901 Compare the value in temporary loca-tion K with zero. If K is equal to or less than zero, go to block 902. If K i8 greater than zero, go to CHKSI~ _ ! "
block 903.
902 Load content of current location of VTABL ~,J) from FILE X into the ~ -temporary location PFCELL. ~ ?
~ 903 Is bit twenty three of the status word s in FILE X (zero) set?
~i 904 Txansfer cotltent of NCE~LL (see block ¦ ;
s~ 896, l~IG. 13) into the temporary ' location PE7CELL
, 905 Apply the smoothing algoritlmby calcu-lating the sum of ALPH~ times NCELL
i and (one minus ALPHA) times PFCELb ~$ and ~tore the result in NFCE~LL.
906 Transfer theccntent of Nl~CELL to the appropriate location of VTABL (I,J) in FILE X. ~See Table 7.) 907 Load the PV from Scan Only LOOP 1, i.e. Proce~s FILE PF (1) into tempor- ;
,Lj`' ~ ary register PV 0)-908 Store the content of PV (J) in table - Sl-rABL (I.l) of FILE X at a location corresponding to the current values of - c I and J. See Table 7.
~, .
910 Has loop Q been processed? If not, ~ -enter loop Q at block 898, l~IG. 13. ¦ -.
If the content of temporary location J is equal to one, go to block 911.
.,~ .
` 911 Compare the content of temporary location K with zero. If K is le~s than zero, go to the B entry location BENTER, FIG. 16. If K equals zero, go to block 921, FIG. 15. If K is greater than zero, go to block 912.
' j , :~:
.. . .
~: h, ..
1~6Z036 ~
. - . -Table 14 continued Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG, 14 Program .
Step Comment .
912 Decrement the count in K by one. ~;` .
913 Store the content of K in FILE X(nine). .
Go to BENTER location in FIG. 16.
i' I ~ ~,i"'.
,~ I ' .'. .'.
,,, j .... .
,,.
,1 ' ~ , - - - .
"
~,i ': . .
, 1l; , ' '`. , 1 ~ C
.,"
. ~ .
' I .
-86-, 1 . .
1(~6Z036 ~
Table 15 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of I~IG 15 . . .
Program !` ~ .
Step Comment 921 Is bit position twenty tbree of the `
STATUS word from FILE X(zero) setî
If not, go to BENTER location of FIG.
16. If affirmative, go to block 922. ~`
922 Reset bit position twenty three of FILE X(zero).
923 Set temporary register J COUNT to zero.
924 Set temporary register I COUNT to zero.
925 Load the correction constant from the appropriate location ~ RSTABL, Table 7, into the temporary location RG. I ;
926 Load the standardization value from the appropriate location of STTABL, Table 7, into the temporary location ST.
927 Calculate the standardizing C factor by dividing RG by ST and store in tem-porary location C.
928 If J COUNT iB leBs than or equal to zero, go to block 929; otherwise go to block 930.
; 929 Transfer the value stored at FILE X
(one hundred tbirty nine) to tempor-ary location CORR.
930 Transfer the value stored at l~ILE~ X
(one hundred forty) to temporary location CORR.
"
.~ I
I
- - --,, . ,._. , _ .~
!
r; '``'~.. "': ' ' `,, -:
1(~6Z036 `.
.:
,. . . .. .
Table 16 ~ .
Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps f of ~IG, 16 -~
Program Step Comment . u .
,. . .
t,. 931 Multiply the value in temporary loca~
tion C (see block 927) by the value in P CORR and store the adjusted C factor j . ;`
. in C. -!
932 Store value in C in FILE X at CTABL
-: at current values of I COUNT and J
~j COUNT. .
s. , ,;, 933 Compare I COUNT to six. If I COUNT i :
is less than six, go to block 934. ~ . :
934 Increment I COUNT by one and ¦ :
reenter at block 925, l~X;. 15.
. .. ...
. 9.35 Compare J COUNT and one, If less ~, than one, go to block 936, .
936 Increment J COUNT by one and reenter at block 924, Pl(3. 15, : 937 The computer output contact at point ~i nineteen of digital output a~O)Group .;
,~ forty two hundred and 8iX ~not shown) - ~. -:; is closed by the computer in responEe to this program step to energize solendid 240, FIGS. 3 and 6, from the . plus 24.vok supply and conductors . :
. 50~ and 506, : ~
. . A . :
~ 938. Program Fourteen reschedules itself , ;~, to run again in appro~dmately one sec-. ond, .j;, ~ ..
.. ..
;., :
.;.... . . .
;. . ..
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" I .
}"~
j; . -88- 1 :';~ I .
;~.; . : -., ~ . . .
, ~ . .
,. . r 106Z036 ~' ~
Comments Regarding Program Fourtecn 1, The value~ stored undcr RSTABL (118-133) will be identical to the values s~ored under RGTABL (44-59) and, therefore, the former table will be eliminated when the necessary program changes are also made. The RK and ~K correction factor approach allows this simpli-fication o~ the calculations.
2. Program Fourteen can be further revised to eliminate the need for~
the nominal diffusor transmittance, T, completely. Manipulation of the I -`
d - terms of the equations involved permi~gthis elimination. Note referring I -to Table 4, S.0023, that TPDOTD, the ratio of TPD/ID, iB equal to ~ , ¢ISP* TK)/'ISD, eliminating thc need to know the absolute valuc of TD.
TD is the computer symbol representing Td, the ~ransmittance of the dlffuser, Refcr 8190 to thc paragraph following Table 2, 3, Program Fourteen also calls for the re-lnitialization of thc algorithm which smooths the "raw" reflectancc and transmittance after each standardization. It is presently considered that this re-initializatlon will not only bc unnecessary, but would add to control problcms, Con-sequently, this will likely be changed 90 that this smoo~hing goe3 on ;, indefinitely after a run start-up. (No~e: Do not confuse the smoo~hing . .
of the "raw" data from the paper with the correction factors acquired ~ during s.andardization--The latter will not and likely should not be i smoothed at all,) 4. Program Fourteen has not as ye; been debugged. Debugging can , ;
only be accomplished after connecting the computer to the system of FIGS. 1-6 via an A to D converter. It i9 considcred that s~ich debugging ` j i9 a routine matter well within the skill of the art. It may be notcd that 1~ the OMOD is now on line as shown in Figs. 1-6 and data collection has ~ :
begun.
,,, 1, ` -89-~ . . . .
,; , :
. ~ , . .. .
, . ; . . -: . . . ,~ - ~ ,. ' - ' ' ' ' 1~6'~036 -Summary of Opera~ion of Program ~ourteen Program l?ourteen is de3igned to p^rform various ~unctlons described as follows:
1, Sequentially read the reflectance and transmittance valuesstored in the Process File until both values for each of the seven OMOD filter positions are obtained.
It takes about two second3 from the ;ime the fllter wheel is ad-vanced until the photocell readings reach a near equilibrium conditlon.
Program Fourteen is, however, linked timewise to the DDC scan program and is programmed to run every second also. Consequently, any data a~qulred before the photocells reach a near equilibrlum condition, wlll be liable to intolerable error. Program Fourteen solves this problem by processing data on a rnultisecond Interval basis only, e.g., every 2, 3, 4, etc., seconds depend~ng upon the choice of the value of the term ~ -SLOWDOWN which inserted in File X(five).
2. Check the OMOD to see if it is op-rating properly and issue a1arms if it is not. "OMOD Filter Stuck" and "Skipp-d Filter" alarm messages were mads available.
The upper OMOD head is designed with an extra reed switch 358, FIG. 6, which closes when the brightness filter is in the optical train pathway. (Previous description herein refers to the brightness fllter as the first position; however, Program Fourteen refers to it as the zero position.) The computer program checks the status of thisswltch as being open or closed by means of Point 22~roupl400. The filter index is initialized back to zero each tlme the ~atus of Point 22{;roup 1400 is closed. Discrep~ncies, should they occur between the expected filter ... .
index based on the incremented count and the actual filter position can be readily recognized by this program. Thi8 gerves as the bas18 for ~;. , ~ ' ,' , . ' ' ' .
,: . . ` .
, 1~6Z~36 the alarms previously mentioned. -' 3, Deeermine when and how often the op~ical property Data F~eduction Program, No, Forty Two, (see Figs. 17-20) is to be run. This is con-trolled by the value cho3en for theterm "CYCLE".
4. Read the OMOD head position and the average basis weight of the paper being produced and store for use in subsequent calculations or program logic tests. This information is ;readily available from a basis ~;
wcight control program which has been in use for several years.
S. Correct the "raw" reflectance and transmittance data by multiplying each of the fourteen values by the appropriate correction factor. The values of thesç correction factors are updated by the last standardization sequenee which oeeurred priox to their aetual use (see 7 below), 6, Exponent{ally smoo~h eaeh of the eorreetèd rdleetanee and tran~
mittanee values and sto~e for subsequent caleulation~, I
Exponential smoothing requires a previous value to aet upon:
however, such previous value is not available for run startup, etc. An initialization technique involving an initialization index, k, is employed to solve this problem. The degree of smoo.hing is determined by the value chosen for OC (ALPHA).
7. Initialize and control the automatic standardization of the OMOD, The OMOD heads are mounted nex~ to an Electronic Automation Ine. I `
(EA) basis weight gauge in a piggyback fashion, This EA system utilize~ I c an "O" frame to permit scanning the full web width, It is also designed to automatically retraet the carriage upon which the basis weight gauge and OMOD are mounted, to an offsheet position at l-hour intervals. Pro-, . , .
~,~ gram Fourteen take~ advantage of this schedule to standardize the OMODat the same time that the basis weight gauge is being standardized.
When offsheet, the very durable Lucalux backing 135, FIG, 3, i~ always ,. !
~ ' ,' ' ' :
~r 1~6'~036 ..
in E~osition to permit checks of its reflectance and transmittance. Due :
to its durability and inertness, the latter should remain unchanged for lon~ periods of time. In addition, the moving web will insure its eleanliness prior to each standardization oecurrence. Consequently, this standardization procedure will allow for accurate updating of the correction factors for each filter position. In so doing, it compensates for any changes which may inadvertently occur in the light souree, filters, photocells, lenses, electronic amplification, etc.
Two overall geometrical correction factors are also employed at this point of the program to adjust for any relative head spacing or r'' alignment change that may also inadvertently occur. Experimental data has shown that the same geometrical eorreetion ean be used for eaeh refleetaneo measurement, The values of these two faetors are, however, not determ~ned automatieally, but must be determined by external means involving offline audit testing by comparing OMOD readings with those of off~ine standard laboratory instruments before being fed into the proper computer storage. Initial values of these two factors will be unity;
in whieh case, the relative head geometry will be assumed to be in standard condition and no geometrical correction factor required. -The alternative to using these geometrieal correetion factors is to realign and/or respace the heads when needed. In the ease of minor adjustments, the former approach is elearly the more desirable , c where the heads are in an inaeeessible location and functioning on a high-speed paper maehine with little downtime available for sueh meehanieal readjustments.
Program fourteen as presently devised, does n~ call for tb exponential smoothing of the correction factors updated upon eaeh standardization. This could be easily changed should on~ine experienee ':
.. . . .
.
1(~6Z036 indicate that such smoothing i9 desirable.
8. Control the advance of the OMOD filter wheel 210, Fig. 4, to the next filter position at the desired time interval. This i9 accomplished by the computer 996, Fig. 6>directing the closure of a loop 505, 506, Fig. 6, which energizes the solenoid. The energized solenoid lifts the rachet arm 230, Fig. 3, clear of the lug against which it was previously braced. The filter wheel shaft is under a continuous torque, tending to rotate it at all times. Thus, it begins to rotate when freed of the holding ratchet arm; but it is stopped again at the next lug, since by then the solenoid attached to the ratchet arm is ~ ,r once againde-energizedby computer command. The low torque motor 209, Fig. 6, designed to be stalled indefinLtely without harm provides the necessary filter wheel torque.
9. Program fourteen reschedules it~elf to run again in ¦
approximately 1 second.
.
,;;~ ~ .
., ' , ., I .
.. . .
;. , :
,"~
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-93- , ~ i :'' ' I
, ' . .
~1~6Z036 Optical Property Data Reduction Subroutine of FlGS. 17-20 (Program Forty Two) , The purpose of this program is to reduce the corrected re- ;
flectance and transmittance data into terms with which papermakers ~
are familiar and upon which paper optical specifications are based; ~-e. g., brightness, opacity, color and fluorescence. A description ~`' of this program follows. - ~ `~
The following Tables will serve to supplement the labels applied to the blocks of the flow chart illustrating this program.
~, ,`'': .
!. I ` -i,. :
,~ j .',' .
"
j , . .
,, "'.~
~' . . : '' ~'1 ~ ';
, ~, .
' " C ''' ' ' ' .
'-~1 . .
jl ,,, '; ~4 .._.... ...
d ,.~ . .
:
~6Z036 Table 17 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of ~ig. 17 Program Step Comment 941 Entry to Program ~orty Two ;~
942 Load grade correction factor table _ from bulk storage into the temporary ;
core storage table TMPSAV. `
943 Was transfer to TMPSAV completed?
944 Read the grade code from the proce~s r' ,~
variable input file M03 to obtain a ~ixteen word group index.
945 Transfer TMPSAV into the working !
core file SGTABL, 946 Load content of FILE X (ten) into CYCLE, This register is decre-mented during operation of Program Fourteen.
947 Compare CYCL~ and zero.
948 If cycle is greater than zero, turn ? Program Forty Two off and return to RTMOS.
949 Set location 1 to one.
950 Set location I to zer~.
951 On entry at B, set location J ~-~; to one. c .
. . .
952 Increment the value in location b I by one.
953 Load value from SGTA~L of A~
FILE X (See Table 7) for current values of I and J into SGCF.
,~ .
., . . ' ' ' , '~:
~', . . ' " ' - .
1~6ZC~36 ,. . .. .
Table 18 -Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps - .:
of Fig 18 .
:: `
Program Step Comment ~:
954 Load pertinent value from RGTABL
:; into TD. s 955 Load indexed content of VTABL
into TDP.
956 Multiply by SGCF (See block 953, : . -: Fig. 17). .j?
957 Set J to zero.
958 Load indexed value ~rom RGTABL ¦
of FILE X into RG. I .
959 Load desired value from SGTABL of FILE X into SGCE~.
960 Load indexed value from VTABL of FILE X into R.
961 Multiply R and SGC}~ and store ~, product in R.
,; 962 Calculate Ro using the equation given - in Table 6 in conventional form.
963 Calculate transmittance T using the ~: equation of Table 6.
'. 964 Calculate the value A/2 where A is s~ given in Table 6. :
x' 965 See the equation for Roo in Table 6.
966 See the equation for Roo in Table 6.
~' 96~ The scattering coefficient S is also 970 calculated using KubeLka-~unk ~-1 Theory onthe basis of the equation:
: , :
. . .
; -96_ ll ~ , .
... . . .
~.
1(~6Z(~36 Table 18 continued - .
, Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps . :
of EIG. 18 ~.
Program .
Step Comment -.
S = 1 x b x Basis Weight S
[Arc Sinh (b/T) - Arc Sinh bl `:
,.`:
where b =J a2 - 1 and - ~
a = (1 + Ro2 - T2) / 2 Ro ...
971 The absorption coefficient K is found from the equation: :
K = S (a ~
, ~ , :., .
:, .~.:
~ l , , ~,. . .
- .:
f. ~ ' .' O ~
~'~ ' , ,' .
, ' ' .
. ~ .
, i ' , . .
.
' , , , . ". .
~^ `
06'~036 Table 19 :-Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG. 19 Program Step Comment 972 l'ransfer the calculated data to the :~
temporary data tables at the loca-tions corresponding to the current value of 1.
973 Store calculated scattering coefficient ..
S and absorption coefficient K in FILE X. .
974 Go to entry B at block 951, ~IG. 17, ~.
s to repeat the calculations for the ..
other filter wheel po~itions if I i9 less than six.
!
975 See tbe calculatlon of ~ in the sec- .
tlon of this specificatio~entitled "Structure and C)peration of a Proto-type Optical Monitoring Device':
976 Calculate Roo including fluorescence ~ :
~i contribution and store at ZRINF.
977- ~or example F may equal 978 1. 204 ~z wherXe(BlUe) F is found at step 975, and Roo (~P~l e~ plU8 Fx (Blue) give8 the desire~ value for BRIN~. :
.s 979- For example F t may equal 980 0.864 ~; Th~l~hOOe~rightness : :
with fluo~escense) plus FRri~r~htnesS~
and this sum is stored aF ~RRIN~. :
981 Printing opacity R.89 is calculated by dividing Ro by Roo (both from ,! `. the Yc filter wheel positiolL
',. 982- For TAPPI opacity, obtain the ratio 983 of Ro to R.89 using the YA filter ~ wheel positiorL
.. , 984 The C. I.E. X tristimulus value is calculated as follows:
X = 0. 196 Roo (XBlue) + 78 Roo (X Red) .' ` ' `, , . , .
~;
~06Z03~
Table 19 continued Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of ~IG. 19 Program ' Step Comment ;
; 985 G 1.E. tristimulus value :
: Y Roo (Yc) 986 C. 1. E. tristimulus value .
'7''~ 2; = 1. 18 Roo (~
987 Compare block 985. -, .
.:~ 988 See blocks 984, 985 and 987.
989 See blocks 985, 986 and 987.
'.; ...
,"
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"f' ;' ~. .
,,j . ... .
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s" ' ` :' ~ ' ,,.
,1 , ` .
.', ~ ~' -~"~ ` ' `
., .
i'~
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i~ 99_ . . .
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. .
106'~036 ...
~.j Table 20 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps ~ ' of ~IG. 20 Program .
Step Comment i .
990 See Table 7 for a showing of OUTABL. ~:
The data in OUTABL i~ available for ..
print;out on demand.
991 The reset value at PILE X (one hun- ' dred thirty seven) is placed at PIL13 , -X(ten). SeeTable 7.
992 Save FILE X in the permanent core ?
~: table beginning at location 63200. , .~
993 Turn Program Porty Two off and ' :.
return to RTMOS. ! ~ - -,, .
;......
- ~-.
,:
1: . ,.
'':
- C
: ~ : -'': -.1 , ,~ -100- i :' ,, ~, ~ ' , ',' ' :
' ~ :
::- , - .
Comments Regarding Program I~orty-Two 1, Although not indicated as yet, the output of the fluorescent contrlbution to TAPPI brightness will be part of the computer output when the programs arc finalized.
2, Program Forty-Two has been checked out against a currently ~ -operating program used on a research Hewlett-Packard computer and ~ ~
J ~' ' both give the same results. - _ 3. It is planned to study means of determining and using the Specific Grade Correction Factor other than that described in Program ;
r, Forty-Two. It may be decided to apply such correction directly to r :
Roo rathcr than to the smoothed values f Tpd and Rg. The transmit-tance of the paper, T, may not nced any Specific Grade Correction ar.d could thcn bc used along with the correctcd Roo to computc thc ~ ;
scattcrlng and absorption coefficients ~ and k. Thc latter will bc '~
vcry uscful and may rcprcscnt preferrcd parameters for closed loop , control.
' -.
, .
r', i ~ , !
' ! j ., ;, I :' .'' ,,, i ' ~; ' , . . .
~'" . " ~ ' ' ' ~, 106'~036 i-Summary of Operation of Program Eorty-Two The purpose of this program is to reduce the corrected re-flectance and transmittance data into terms with which papermakers are famlliar and upon which paper optical specifications are based; e.g., brlghtness, opacity, color and ~luorescence. A description of this program follows.
1. The data reduction steps of this program are performed only `- `
if the term "CYCLE" which is decremented in Program Fburteen, is : I .....
zero or negative. Otherwise, this data reduction routine is by-passed , ~-completely.
j~ 2. The exponentially smoothed reflectance and transmittance data ~ - `
'i acqulred by Program hSurteen are first corrected by multiplying each of ¦ ;
the fourtèen values by an appropriate Specific Grade Correction E~actor .j (SGCF). With a few e%ceptions the SGCF'S provlde only small corrections, if any at all. The SGCF'S serve two purposes.
a. They compensate for the small errors resulting f~m the U8C of the Kubelka-Munk or energy balance equations when . ; .
i the latter do not apply exactly.
r b. They allow the reduced data values to precisely correspond to any one of several possible off-line instruments. Exlsting 1 ~ ;
~ ~ off-line instruments do not agree among themselves. Thus, k the choice of the off~ine instrument for performing the audit $, testing will affect the values of the SGC~'S.
3. The next part of Program Forty-Two computes and stores the ~' values of Ro~ T, Roo, S and K of the paper being measured for each . of the first six of the seven OMOD filter positions. KubelkaMunk and IP(~ derived energy balance equations are used for this purpose. Note , :
.
- 102- ` I .
,. , I
. .
~. ~ , ... . .
~06Z036 '-1, that prior to these calculations, the reflectance values were those of the single ply of paper when backed by the Lucalux and were symbolized by Rg. Similarly, the former transmittance values were those of the single ply of paper in series with the Lucalux, now serving as a diffusing window. This was symbolized by T d. ~-; -The phenomenon of fluorescence is not accounted for by Kubelka-Munk theory. For this reason the OMOD optical geometry -was chosen to exclude fluorescence by eliminating ultra violet ~J.V.) `r' light from the incident light beam of the first six filter positions. For reasons explained later, the seventh filter position permits the .
reflectance of the Z function with ultra violet energy present in the I :~
~ncident bcam.
4. The degree of fluoreseence as measured by the "Fluorescent Contribution" is determined next. Fluorescenee oceurs as a resuk of exeitation of speeial dyes (optieal brightness or fluore~eent dyes) ' ~ ~-by ultra violet energy eontained within the incident light beam(s). The "Fluorescent Contribution" is defined here to be the increase of the reflected light flux that occurs as a result of the existence of some standard quantity of ultra violet energy in the incident light beam.
Such U.V. energy is rapidly absorbed by the outer layers of ,: ~ .
most conventional papers. Consequently, fluorescence is primarily a characteristic of the surface of the paper bdng viewed. Thus, for ~- practieal purposes, the value of [E~ (with fluor.) - R (without fluor)]
= [Roo (with fluor.) - Roo (without fluor.) ~ when the same incident light beam containing the same U.V. energy is used in both ~, cases. The right side of this equation is by the definition above, the Fluoreseent Contribution provided the standard quantity of U.V, light .-i ;
. I ..
. ~ .
1062036 ::
~.
i9 employed in the incident beam. The left side of this equation is a quantity mcasureable on a single ply of the moving paper web. In the ca3c of the OMOD a measure of the fluorescent contribution to the Z
function reflectance is obtained from the term, ~ R (Filter No. 7) - -Rg (~ilter No. 4) ]. The filter arrangement existing in the No. 7 OMOD filter position permits about twice the standard quantity of U.V. I
energy to strike the paper. (The U.V. encrgy in the incident beam of ,- l -tite Standard TAPPI Brightness Tester is considered to be the standard quantity here.) This increases the sensitivity of this measurement by two-fold. It also necessitates the use of a proportionality constant of ¦ ,r approximately one~alf to compute the value of the standard Fluorescent Contribution to thc Z function reflectance.
The Fluorcscent Contrlbution to the reflectance of the XB and ;
Brlghtness functions can be computed directly from the Z function ,` r E71uorescent Contrlbution. The multiplication factor~ involved are ~, constant for a given optical brlghtner and need to bc changed only if the type of optical brightner is changed. Thc Fluorescent Contributor I `
/, to the YC~ YA and XR functions can bc ignorcd as bcing inconsequcntial i', for the tyDical optical brightncr used in the paper industry today.
- 5. Defining cquations arc used to compute and store for accessible putout values of the following:
a. Standard TAPPI Brightncss b. Printing opacity based on illuminant C
c. R89 based on illuminant A
d. TAPPI opacity based on illuminant A
~x e. X Tristimulus value ~' f. Y Tristimulus value g. Z Tristimulus value ;, .
. ' ' ' ' ." ~ ~ , . "
106Z036 ;
h. Hunter Coordinate, L ; :
i. Hunter Coordlnate, a ~. Hunter Coordinate, b k. Fluorescent Contribution to TAPPI Brightness ..
'' ,:''',:
. ~ r ' ~
',~ ,. .... ..
.,~, ' ' ''' ',)j . ., ''.' ,j~ ~`.
J
!~3 ~: . O
' I ..
.i ' I `' ' .. .. ..
I
.. , 1, ''.
:. i - 105 - I , ,., , , :
: ::
approximately 1 second.
.
,;;~ ~ .
., ' , ., I .
.. . .
;. , :
,"~
,, . ~.
-93- , ~ i :'' ' I
, ' . .
~1~6Z036 Optical Property Data Reduction Subroutine of FlGS. 17-20 (Program Forty Two) , The purpose of this program is to reduce the corrected re- ;
flectance and transmittance data into terms with which papermakers ~
are familiar and upon which paper optical specifications are based; ~-e. g., brightness, opacity, color and fluorescence. A description ~`' of this program follows. - ~ `~
The following Tables will serve to supplement the labels applied to the blocks of the flow chart illustrating this program.
~, ,`'': .
!. I ` -i,. :
,~ j .',' .
"
j , . .
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~6Z036 Table 17 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of ~ig. 17 Program Step Comment 941 Entry to Program ~orty Two ;~
942 Load grade correction factor table _ from bulk storage into the temporary ;
core storage table TMPSAV. `
943 Was transfer to TMPSAV completed?
944 Read the grade code from the proce~s r' ,~
variable input file M03 to obtain a ~ixteen word group index.
945 Transfer TMPSAV into the working !
core file SGTABL, 946 Load content of FILE X (ten) into CYCLE, This register is decre-mented during operation of Program Fourteen.
947 Compare CYCL~ and zero.
948 If cycle is greater than zero, turn ? Program Forty Two off and return to RTMOS.
949 Set location 1 to one.
950 Set location I to zer~.
951 On entry at B, set location J ~-~; to one. c .
. . .
952 Increment the value in location b I by one.
953 Load value from SGTA~L of A~
FILE X (See Table 7) for current values of I and J into SGCF.
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1~6ZC~36 ,. . .. .
Table 18 -Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps - .:
of Fig 18 .
:: `
Program Step Comment ~:
954 Load pertinent value from RGTABL
:; into TD. s 955 Load indexed content of VTABL
into TDP.
956 Multiply by SGCF (See block 953, : . -: Fig. 17). .j?
957 Set J to zero.
958 Load indexed value ~rom RGTABL ¦
of FILE X into RG. I .
959 Load desired value from SGTABL of FILE X into SGCE~.
960 Load indexed value from VTABL of FILE X into R.
961 Multiply R and SGC}~ and store ~, product in R.
,; 962 Calculate Ro using the equation given - in Table 6 in conventional form.
963 Calculate transmittance T using the ~: equation of Table 6.
'. 964 Calculate the value A/2 where A is s~ given in Table 6. :
x' 965 See the equation for Roo in Table 6.
966 See the equation for Roo in Table 6.
~' 96~ The scattering coefficient S is also 970 calculated using KubeLka-~unk ~-1 Theory onthe basis of the equation:
: , :
. . .
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... . . .
~.
1(~6Z(~36 Table 18 continued - .
, Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps . :
of EIG. 18 ~.
Program .
Step Comment -.
S = 1 x b x Basis Weight S
[Arc Sinh (b/T) - Arc Sinh bl `:
,.`:
where b =J a2 - 1 and - ~
a = (1 + Ro2 - T2) / 2 Ro ...
971 The absorption coefficient K is found from the equation: :
K = S (a ~
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06'~036 Table 19 :-Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of FIG. 19 Program Step Comment 972 l'ransfer the calculated data to the :~
temporary data tables at the loca-tions corresponding to the current value of 1.
973 Store calculated scattering coefficient ..
S and absorption coefficient K in FILE X. .
974 Go to entry B at block 951, ~IG. 17, ~.
s to repeat the calculations for the ..
other filter wheel po~itions if I i9 less than six.
!
975 See tbe calculatlon of ~ in the sec- .
tlon of this specificatio~entitled "Structure and C)peration of a Proto-type Optical Monitoring Device':
976 Calculate Roo including fluorescence ~ :
~i contribution and store at ZRINF.
977- ~or example F may equal 978 1. 204 ~z wherXe(BlUe) F is found at step 975, and Roo (~P~l e~ plU8 Fx (Blue) give8 the desire~ value for BRIN~. :
.s 979- For example F t may equal 980 0.864 ~; Th~l~hOOe~rightness : :
with fluo~escense) plus FRri~r~htnesS~
and this sum is stored aF ~RRIN~. :
981 Printing opacity R.89 is calculated by dividing Ro by Roo (both from ,! `. the Yc filter wheel positiolL
',. 982- For TAPPI opacity, obtain the ratio 983 of Ro to R.89 using the YA filter ~ wheel positiorL
.. , 984 The C. I.E. X tristimulus value is calculated as follows:
X = 0. 196 Roo (XBlue) + 78 Roo (X Red) .' ` ' `, , . , .
~;
~06Z03~
Table 19 continued Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps of ~IG. 19 Program ' Step Comment ;
; 985 G 1.E. tristimulus value :
: Y Roo (Yc) 986 C. 1. E. tristimulus value .
'7''~ 2; = 1. 18 Roo (~
987 Compare block 985. -, .
.:~ 988 See blocks 984, 985 and 987.
989 See blocks 985, 986 and 987.
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~.j Table 20 Supplementary Explanation of the Program Steps ~ ' of ~IG. 20 Program .
Step Comment i .
990 See Table 7 for a showing of OUTABL. ~:
The data in OUTABL i~ available for ..
print;out on demand.
991 The reset value at PILE X (one hun- ' dred thirty seven) is placed at PIL13 , -X(ten). SeeTable 7.
992 Save FILE X in the permanent core ?
~: table beginning at location 63200. , .~
993 Turn Program Porty Two off and ' :.
return to RTMOS. ! ~ - -,, .
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Comments Regarding Program I~orty-Two 1, Although not indicated as yet, the output of the fluorescent contrlbution to TAPPI brightness will be part of the computer output when the programs arc finalized.
2, Program Forty-Two has been checked out against a currently ~ -operating program used on a research Hewlett-Packard computer and ~ ~
J ~' ' both give the same results. - _ 3. It is planned to study means of determining and using the Specific Grade Correction Factor other than that described in Program ;
r, Forty-Two. It may be decided to apply such correction directly to r :
Roo rathcr than to the smoothed values f Tpd and Rg. The transmit-tance of the paper, T, may not nced any Specific Grade Correction ar.d could thcn bc used along with the correctcd Roo to computc thc ~ ;
scattcrlng and absorption coefficients ~ and k. Thc latter will bc '~
vcry uscful and may rcprcscnt preferrcd parameters for closed loop , control.
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~'" . " ~ ' ' ' ~, 106'~036 i-Summary of Operation of Program Eorty-Two The purpose of this program is to reduce the corrected re-flectance and transmittance data into terms with which papermakers are famlliar and upon which paper optical specifications are based; e.g., brlghtness, opacity, color and ~luorescence. A description of this program follows.
1. The data reduction steps of this program are performed only `- `
if the term "CYCLE" which is decremented in Program Fburteen, is : I .....
zero or negative. Otherwise, this data reduction routine is by-passed , ~-completely.
j~ 2. The exponentially smoothed reflectance and transmittance data ~ - `
'i acqulred by Program hSurteen are first corrected by multiplying each of ¦ ;
the fourtèen values by an appropriate Specific Grade Correction E~actor .j (SGCF). With a few e%ceptions the SGCF'S provlde only small corrections, if any at all. The SGCF'S serve two purposes.
a. They compensate for the small errors resulting f~m the U8C of the Kubelka-Munk or energy balance equations when . ; .
i the latter do not apply exactly.
r b. They allow the reduced data values to precisely correspond to any one of several possible off-line instruments. Exlsting 1 ~ ;
~ ~ off-line instruments do not agree among themselves. Thus, k the choice of the off~ine instrument for performing the audit $, testing will affect the values of the SGC~'S.
3. The next part of Program Forty-Two computes and stores the ~' values of Ro~ T, Roo, S and K of the paper being measured for each . of the first six of the seven OMOD filter positions. KubelkaMunk and IP(~ derived energy balance equations are used for this purpose. Note , :
.
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~06Z036 '-1, that prior to these calculations, the reflectance values were those of the single ply of paper when backed by the Lucalux and were symbolized by Rg. Similarly, the former transmittance values were those of the single ply of paper in series with the Lucalux, now serving as a diffusing window. This was symbolized by T d. ~-; -The phenomenon of fluorescence is not accounted for by Kubelka-Munk theory. For this reason the OMOD optical geometry -was chosen to exclude fluorescence by eliminating ultra violet ~J.V.) `r' light from the incident light beam of the first six filter positions. For reasons explained later, the seventh filter position permits the .
reflectance of the Z function with ultra violet energy present in the I :~
~ncident bcam.
4. The degree of fluoreseence as measured by the "Fluorescent Contribution" is determined next. Fluorescenee oceurs as a resuk of exeitation of speeial dyes (optieal brightness or fluore~eent dyes) ' ~ ~-by ultra violet energy eontained within the incident light beam(s). The "Fluorescent Contribution" is defined here to be the increase of the reflected light flux that occurs as a result of the existence of some standard quantity of ultra violet energy in the incident light beam.
Such U.V. energy is rapidly absorbed by the outer layers of ,: ~ .
most conventional papers. Consequently, fluorescence is primarily a characteristic of the surface of the paper bdng viewed. Thus, for ~- practieal purposes, the value of [E~ (with fluor.) - R (without fluor)]
= [Roo (with fluor.) - Roo (without fluor.) ~ when the same incident light beam containing the same U.V. energy is used in both ~, cases. The right side of this equation is by the definition above, the Fluoreseent Contribution provided the standard quantity of U.V, light .-i ;
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1062036 ::
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i9 employed in the incident beam. The left side of this equation is a quantity mcasureable on a single ply of the moving paper web. In the ca3c of the OMOD a measure of the fluorescent contribution to the Z
function reflectance is obtained from the term, ~ R (Filter No. 7) - -Rg (~ilter No. 4) ]. The filter arrangement existing in the No. 7 OMOD filter position permits about twice the standard quantity of U.V. I
energy to strike the paper. (The U.V. encrgy in the incident beam of ,- l -tite Standard TAPPI Brightness Tester is considered to be the standard quantity here.) This increases the sensitivity of this measurement by two-fold. It also necessitates the use of a proportionality constant of ¦ ,r approximately one~alf to compute the value of the standard Fluorescent Contribution to thc Z function reflectance.
The Fluorcscent Contrlbution to the reflectance of the XB and ;
Brlghtness functions can be computed directly from the Z function ,` r E71uorescent Contrlbution. The multiplication factor~ involved are ~, constant for a given optical brlghtner and need to bc changed only if the type of optical brightner is changed. Thc Fluorescent Contributor I `
/, to the YC~ YA and XR functions can bc ignorcd as bcing inconsequcntial i', for the tyDical optical brightncr used in the paper industry today.
- 5. Defining cquations arc used to compute and store for accessible putout values of the following:
a. Standard TAPPI Brightncss b. Printing opacity based on illuminant C
c. R89 based on illuminant A
d. TAPPI opacity based on illuminant A
~x e. X Tristimulus value ~' f. Y Tristimulus value g. Z Tristimulus value ;, .
. ' ' ' ' ." ~ ~ , . "
106Z036 ;
h. Hunter Coordinate, L ; :
i. Hunter Coordlnate, a ~. Hunter Coordinate, b k. Fluorescent Contribution to TAPPI Brightness ..
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10~'~036 EXCERPTS FROM A PAPER
RELATING TO THE PRESENT~ INVENTION
The following are excerpts from a draft of a paper prepared for the American Paper Institute, which paper is dated January 10, 1974 and is believed to have been published in February 1974. The draft was prepared by an author who is a joint contributor to the improve- -ments described and claimed herein. The final paper presently exists in printed form. The paper is identified as " REPORT NO. 58, TO~
American Paper Institute Instrumentation Program", "SUBJECT: An Analyæis of On-Machine Optical Instrumentation", "DATE: January 10, 1974" and is submitted by the Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin.
The Institute of Paper Chemistry was retained to evaluate an early conception of an on-the-paper-machine optical monitoring device for simultaneous measurement of reflected and transmitted light, and to assist in the optimum implementation of such conception. Accord-ingly, a substantial portion of the work reported in the following excerpts appears to inure as part of the original conception.
The following discussion is presented as constituting a description bearing on the background of the joint invention and as clarifying and amplifying on the nature of such invention, even through the paper may also include subject matter which is based on work entirely independent of the project sponsored by the assignee of the present invention. Further, the paper will indicate the range of equivalents to the illustrated e~bodiment with respect to matters such as spectrum and geometry of illumination.
.~
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106Z036 :
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Summary ~ -Various aspects of the on-machine measurement of the optical properties Oe paper for the control of opacity, standard brightness, and ;;
cotor have been examined. Whereas many optical property specifications are based on reflectances determined on opaque pads of paper, on-machine measurements are limited to the various optical values which can be determined on single thicknesses of a moving web. Thus, one must ~
either control to the optical property which can be measured on- machine i ~ -or strive to develop reliable correlations between the on - machine and off -machine measurements. The latter approach is more desirable. , For this purpose, it is advantageous to adopt the design features of the off - machtne testing apparatus to the fullest extent po~sible for on -machtne use, E70rtunately, the important factors in optical instrument design related to spectral characteristic~, geometry, and photometric linearity can be translated to on-machine use with considerable exact- ~, -;
,~;. ; .: :.
ness, A large number of different approaches are possible in the , measurement of optical properties of single sheets for purposes of con-trol. Of these, however, distinctions can be made between single mea-surements, of reflectance, for example, and the measurement-of two -i~ optical parameters for the same sampled area. The latter approach per-mits calculation of thick pad reflectivity values using appropriate theory with an essential independence of basis weight, whereas single reflectance ,':' I
data are functions of basis weight requiring empirical compensatfon.
-- Although various possible pairs of optical measurements can be made on the same specimen area, among the most satisfactory for the use of . theory are reflectance with black body backing and transmittance. The ~ Kubelka -Munk theory, though not rigorously applicable in practice, has ., , I "
, - 107 - ,' ,., ', ,.: ,. . . ;
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106~036 :~
been shown to b~ rather successful in predicting thick pad re~ectivity from such data ln laboratory tests for white papers of reasonable homo-geneity. It is less successful for deeply colored papers and for sheets of very low basis weight.
The sensitivity of spacing of white backings from paper spec-imens was measured with respect to the color of various commercial pa-pers. At a central spacing o, 0. 32 inches, it was determined that a varlation in spacing of about 0.020 inches is possible for most papers without noticeable color difference.
Optical measurement6 would be made on-machine on webs of , varying moisture content and at elevated temperatures compared to a controlled laboratory testing environment. An experimental study of the effect of changing moisture content (R,H. range of S to 8997o) on color showed small effect~ for most whlte papers, which were attrlbuted to differences ln surrace structure, Somewhat larger effects were noted using dlréctional illumination compared to diffuse illumination. The largest effects, for some colored paper~, were attributed to changing spectral absorption characteristics of the dyestuff. Sheet moisture con-tent effects on optical properties were judged to be within tolerable limits :1 .
,~ over a range corresponding to relative humidities between S and sa~O.
;~ The effect of temperature on the color of various commercial i j . c papers was studied over a range of 23 to 62C. Important effects were found only for two colored papers. It was noted that significant eleva-tions of specimen surface temperature can occur in optical apparatus , employing high-intensity illumination.
il Most other variables involving paper properties, machlne oper- I
ation, and mill environmental conditions are unlikely to be eliminated ' through instrument design or through the development of appropriate com-- ios ~
,,1 . ~. ' .;
~ l .
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106Z036 : ~ --, pensating factors. For these remaining factors, empirical correlations would be required to establish agreement between optical data or obtained on and off machine.
Introduction Specifications for the various optical properties of paper are presently based on measurements made with laboratory instruments.
Considerable standardization of optical instrumentation and testing methods ha~e been developed, but new instruments and analytical methods are often introduced to the industry as well. Changes are welcome when they pro~
vide advantages in such areas as the utility of the measurement, improved ; accuracy, better agreement between laboratories, and in overall testing ¦-costs. The well-establlshed advantages of industry-wide standardlzatlon ,i in the measurement of the optlcal properties, however, must alway~ re-; celve serlous con~ideratlon.
~ In recent years, the control of paper quality on the paper i,, machine has grown ln lmportance and, for optlcal propertles, on-line control ls a very practical objective. Good control strategy requlres that the properties of the sheet be determlned rapidly on the moving web, but !
~,r: it is usually not possible to duplicate laboratory instrumentation for on-, ~` machine use. Whereas on-machine measurements are limited to such ~ ~
;~ data as can be acquired on a single thickness of paper, optical properties 1 0 such as brlghtness and color are determ~ned on multlple thlcknesses.
' Too often, optical instrumentation is developed for on-machlne use with emphasis on the control function, but wlthout serlous consideratlon glven to the further problem of conforming to off-machine optical property ;~ standards. The implied assumption is that a good reliable correlationwill exist between the on-machine and off-machine optical measurement~
,':;;' ~ ', . , ., . . .: . , ,, - : . .
, Perhaps the most logical approach to the development of on-machine optical instrumentation is to design for maximum conformance with lab-oratory instrumentation in such factors as instrument geometry and spectral characteristics, to employ existing theory as far as possible to inter-relate single-sheet versus multiple-sheet optical measurements and to employ empirical correlations to the minimum extent required. -As on-machine optical instrumentation becomes more widely adopted, the advantages o~ continuously monitoring the o~tical properties of paper in real-time compared .o the intermittent and few data which -~
can be acquired by off-machine testing could lead to the use of specifi-. ., cations in the buying and selling of paper which are based on the on-machine instrumentation. Should this ever occur, it is particularly de-sirable that sùch on-machine specifications bear the highest possible degree of correlation with the off- machine specifications in current use.
In this report, many of the factors involved in the optical ; characterization of a moving web in a paper machine environment are i:
~' discussed relative to the off-machine properties of brightness, color and opacity.
-~ Optical Property Measurement and Specification , .
Brightness i~ Papermaker's brightness, sometimes called G.E. brightness and now "s~andard brightness" was first established in the early 1930's aY
, the particular reflectivity (Roo) of paper determined with an instrument .. ;
; having a specified spectral response, specified geometry, and good pho-~i tometric accuracy (1). At the same time, a system of calibration wa~
developed whereby opal glass and paper standards are furnished periodi-. cally for each instrument.
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"
;
In the early days, the scale was based on "smoked" magne- ~
sium oxide but, because of difflculty in arriving at a reproducible re- ; -flecting surface, a teclmique for measuring the absolute re~lectance of magnesium oxide was developed (2). Thus, a total system (3) was made avaitable so that this particular refectivity could be measured industry-wide wlth an accuracy of about + 0.3 reelectivity units. TAPPI standards -T217 and T4~2 glve the detailed specifications for the measurement of _ standard brightness for pulp and for paper and paperboard respectively.
The following specifications are involved. ~
Spectral Response 1 ~ -The effective wavelength of an instrument for the measurement of standard brlghtness i9 4S7 nm. Although the effective wavelength is the most Important parameter descrlblng the spectral re9pon9e, wavelengtb bandwldth and shape of the functlon also Influence the result and are speclfled The standardlzed overall spectral response of the brlghtness I ~ :
instrument whlch includes the spectral power distrlbution of the llght ~ -source, the spectral transmittance of the glass lenses and filters, and the spectral response of the phototube is given in Table 1, :.
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106Z()36 ~; .
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Table I
Spectral Response of an Instrument for the Measurement of Standard Brightness Spectral Response ;.~
Wavelength, nm Arbitrary Units ~ ;:
400 1.0 ;~
405 2 9 -;
410 6.7 415 12.1 420 18.2 425 25.~ .:
435 44.9 . . :-440 576 . ~ . -4~0 82.5 .? .
455 94.1 r 460 100.0 470 88.7 475 72 5 , :
480 53 1 1 :
4~5 340 1 .
. 490 20 3 ! ~.
, 495 11 1 if',500 5 6 . .
~: 50~ 2 2 :-: The prescribed spectral response precludes use of a spectro-,. .. ..
,. photometer employing a narrow bandwidth at 457 nm for the accurate ~ .
~- measurement of standard brightness The spectral response function was chosen in the blue region ;~
of the spectrum for maximumsensitivity to changes in bleacbing and the .~: fading of paper with time Once specified, however, the spectral re- !
'. sponse of different instruments must be maintained to close tolerances......
for reproducibility in measurement on an indu~try-wide basis I .
~' When papers exhibit fluorescence, whether naturally or be- ;
, cause of the addition of fluorescent dyes, the spectral power dlstribution .;
:1 of the light incident on the specimen must be specified E~or standard brightness, the specified spectral power distribution of the light incident 5? - 112 -~j . ~ f .
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~06Z036 .
on the specimen is given in Table 11. Thus, adherence to the spectral specifications of Tables I and 11 permits the accurate determination of ;~
standard brightness of fluorescent as well as nonfluorescent papers.
Table 11 Spectral Power Distr.bu- -tion of the Light lncident on Wavelengths, nm the Specimen Arbitrary Units 330 0.7 340 9.7 380 17. 1 400 26.0 420 37.2 460 64.1 i .
480 80. 0 500 100. 0 In addition, the spectral transmittance of the filters and the phototube resp~nse are selected such that the instrument has negligible respDnse to nearinfrared radiant energy whether reflected from the specimen or as a result of speciment infrared fluorescence (4). It is imp~rtant to note that some colored glass filters with essentially no transmittance in the red region of the spectrum will transmit substantially in the near infrared.
Geometry The geometry employed for the measurement of brightness i8 illumination at 45 and normal viewing with the incident and reflected beam cone half~ngles specified at 11.5and 22.5respectively. The angles of illurniliation and viewing are critical as paper surfaces are not ideal diffusers, and the numerical values obtained are a function of the particular geometry employed. Paper surfaces also exhibit directional effects. The light reflected when the specimen is illuminated in the "machine ... . .
, .
. .
, 106;~036 `-direction" is generally less than if the specimen is illuminated in the "across-machine direction". The brightness measurement is usually performed with the specimen illuminated in the "machine direction"
and on the felt or top side. A sufficient number of sheets are required ` --to form an opaque pad.
In the more translucent papers, an appreciable penetration of light into the sample occurs. As a result of internal light scattering, - -the illuminated area may differ significantly from the area of reflec- I -tance or light emergence. When this condition exists, the relative di-mensions of the areas illuminated and viewed, the distribution of light .
on the illuminated spot, the alignment of the illuminated and viewed areas and their shapes can influence the xesult. In the instrument employed for the brlghtness measurement, the viewed areaand the size and position of the illuminated spot are adjusted to prescribed standards.
Conformance with the standard is ensured through use of the calibration standards. Properly adjusted, the instrument can be used to measure standard brightness of strongly translucent as well as opaque material.
Photometry The photometric accuracy of an instrument for the measure-ment of brightness should be better than 0.1 point on a 0-100 scale (5). The overall error introduced through discrepancies in spectral ;
response, geometry and the basis of standardization must total lessthan 0. 3 point.
TAPPI OPAGITY
Opacity has long been defined in the paper industry a9 100 times the ratio of the diffuse reflectance of a single sheet backed with a black body to its diffuse reflectance backed by a white body having an effective , ^
. - . .
.: . . , ; ~ ~ , -.. . .. . .
absolute reflectance of 0.89. An instrument designed and built in the early l930's and has formed the basis of a system for determining TAPPI Opacity (6).
Spectral Response The werall spectral response of the instrument including the spectral power distribution of the light source, spectral transmittance of the glass lenses and filter, spectral reflectivity of the integrating f' cavity lining and spectral response of the photocell is that the Eay function(visibility function, IlluminantA) of the CIE sgstem (7). The effective wavelength is 572 nm and the function extends over the entire r visible spectrum. The specified broad-band spectral function makes O the use of narrow-band instruments inappropriate for the measurement of opacity even though the effective wavelength is proper.
E7luorescent dyes, known in industry as optical brighteners, have a rather small, if not negligible, influence on opacity as the spec-tral response of the instrument in the usual fluorescent region (blue) of the spectrum is quite low. Also, the fluorescent radiation from a single sheet probably would not be too different when backed by a black or white body.
- The spectral reflectivity of the integrating cavity lining does ;; influence the overall spectral response of the instrument (3) and, because it is difficultto maintain a constant lining reflectance, a system for checking and maintaining the lining reflectance ia essential to good accuracy.
Geometry ~; , The geometry employed for the measurement of opacity i9 illumination at 20 and diffuse viewing~ The photodetector receives ~ ! .
;
L
.
light that is both diffusely and specularly reflected from the specimen and, because there is no baffle, the photodetector also views the light directly reflected from the specimen. The ratio of diffusely to directly ~I reflected light depends upon the level of reflectance of the integrating cavity lining ~physical dimensions also are influencing factors but remain constant) and, as this ratio changes, significant changes in measured opacity can occur (8).
~ The illuminated area is about 10 mm in diameter with a speci- `
men aperture of about 14. 3 mm in diameter. If translucent papers or standards are to be evaluated or used, the ratio of the viewed tO the illuminated area is important (~?. The state of focus and alignment of I
the optical sy~tem particularly influences the values obtained fcr trans-lucent materials.
Stray light caosed by a dirty or misaligned optical system can be a source of error. The optical system should be cleaned and aligned such that the difference in scale reading with the black body over the ~ specimen opening when the light is blocked off before entering the C cavity and with the light passing through the cavity into the black body should not be over 0.5 (0-100 scale). The reflectance of the black body should not be more than about 0.1%. The instrument scale is adjusted to read zero when the stray light is included. c Photometry The photometric accuracy of different original instruments, employing a photocell-galvanometer system, varied from near perfect linearity to deviations as much as several points, depending upon the components. More recently, with the addition of solid state ampli-fiers and digital readouts, the photometric accuracy can be better than 0. 1 (0-100 scale).
-116- !
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Calibration Standardi~ation In the rneasurement of the ratio Ro/Ro 89~ it is necessary that the white body have an effective reflectance of 0.89. The instru-ment is equipped with a rotatable tube, one end of which contains a black cavity and the other the white body. A sheet of paper is placed - over the specimen opening and, alternately, the black and white bodies are brought into position. The usual white body consists of a plug of appropriately surfaced magnesium carbonate within a protective glass cover. Chargirg the spacing between the surface of the magnesium car-bonate and the specimen permits adjustment of the effective reflectance of the white body, There are two generally accepted means for arriv-ing at the proper whlte body effective reflectance. One is to employ properly calibrated opal glass standards. While convenient, unless the instrument i8 properly adjusted with respect to translucency effects, substantial error can result. As constructed originally, the specimen - supporting surface often departed from the intended plane, Thus, while the paper could follow a particular contour, the rigid glass standards will not, resulting in further error. After correcting these potential defects, it is possible to use opal glass standards and take - advantage of their great convenience.
A second more basic method consists of determining Ro and Roo for a particular paper specimen on the absolute scale and, through ~` use of the relationship sometimes known as the "balance of energy"
equation (9) or the Kubekla~unk theory (10, 11, 12), to calculate RQ89 for that specimen. The white body can then be adjusted so that this value is obtained instrumentally. Care should be exercised so that all reflectances are obtained on an identical area of the specimen.
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,; :.' Charts are available (13) relating the reflectances Ro~ Roo and Ro 89 ~, or an appropriately programmed computer can be used to calculate the ;;;
, Ro 89 value.
,l~' Paper opacity standards calibrated for use with the opacimeter , f, are now also available. These are convenient to use and will eliminate , , some of the difficulties associated withthe opal glass calibration stan- ~ ' ,' ' dards. ~ , -~' Magnesium oxide powder with an assigned absolute reflectance ' , " , ' :i' value is also available for use in calibrating the opacimeter for the ?
~,~ measurement of reflectance on the absolute scale, 5, PRINTING C)PAClTY l ' , ' '''~ While the choice of spectral response for the measurement of q~¦ opacity was excellent, the choice of the ratio Ro/Ro 89 as opposed to ' ` Ro/Roo was not. Prlnting opacity ~Ro/Roo) more nearly relates to the ,, end use of the product and would eliminate the problem of adjusting .: , .
the white body (14~. The fact that a single sheet is required for the ,'' ', measurement of TAP~ Opacity whereas an opaque pad is required for ... . .
;; printing opacity appears to be a factor in the reluctance of the industry , ' to change. It i9 more c,onvenient to determine the opacity of the single , sheet using the white body.
'. COLOR
' Spectrophotometers and filter colorimeters are the two main ,' classes of instruments employed in the measurement of color. The ~';, spectrophotometer provides basic reflectivity information as a function , , , of wavelength over the entire visible spectrum. The reflectivity ~Roo), ,,, obtained on the thick pads of paper, with the values based on the ... . . . .
',; absolute scale is basic to color measurement. The reflecthity curve ., , u , - 118 - ~
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contains the essential inEormation regarding the color of the object, but considerable computation is required to derive the desired colorimetric specifications.
Spectral In the numerical specification of color, it is necessary to specify the spectral characterisitics of the illuminant and the spectral response of the observer. The CIE system (7) gives the spectral -power distribution for various illuminants and the spectral response of the standard observer, Illuminant C has been used almost exclusively in the past in the specification of cola, however, the use of Illuminant D6500 (15~ i~ now being considered, The specifications for Illuminant D6500 include the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. The ultraviolet region for Illuminant C was not specified.
~ or color definition in the CIE system, the psychophysical response of the "standard observer" to the spectral distribution of light reflected from a specimen (as provided by the spectral power distribu-tion of the illuminant and the spectral reflectivity curve) is matched by a combination of three standard stimuli, each of appropriate power.
The relative levels for the three separate stimuli are the tristimulus values which together constitute the chromaticity of a color. It is m~e useful tO compute the fraction each stimulus has to their sum since only two OI the three fractions need be specified for chromaticity definition.
It then becomes possible to restate the chromaticity of the measured color, for a given illuminant, in terms of "dominant wavelength" and "purity". To complete this specification of color, the luminous reflec-tance of the specimen is provided directly in the CIl~ system by the tristimulus value "Y", ~06Z036 i Geometry ~' Four illumination and viewing conditions are recommended for use in the CI~ system. These include illumination at 45 and viewing , :.
normal to the surface (0), normal illumination with 45 viewing, diffuse - illumination with normal viewing and normal illumination with diffuse viewing. Various advantages and disadvantages relate to each of these geometries from the viewpoint of best representing visual estimates of .
color. Generally, the geometry employed for visual inspection is more nearly 45~0 or 0-45. Thus, an instrument equipped with this geomet~y ?
would be expected to agree more closely with visual estimates than an instrument equipped with diffuse--normal geometry. It can be clearly demonstrated that a colorlmetric evaluation using an instrument equipped I ~
with diffuse-normal geometry doe~ not correlate closely with visual I -estimates for certain surfaces. Also, it is difficult to maintain a r', constant integrating cavity lining reflectance for long periods. The diffuse-normal geometry, however, is less sensitive to surface roughness and will give more reproducible results when specimens having an irregular surface are evaluated.
';`~ Control of the sizes, shape~ and relative positions of the illuminated and viewed areas is also required for proper accounting of specimen translucency effects. q Photometry Photometric accuracy of better than Q 1 point (0-100 scale) is desired.
Y Filter Colorimeters Though the spectrophotometric approach to color measllrement is the most basic and rigorous, its greater cost and computational ."
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1~6~036 demands have led to the development of filter colorimetry. One approach involves the use of suitable lamp, filters and photodetector combinations chosen to match the spectral functions of the CIE system (~, y, ~
Thus, the instrument output may be in the form of the tristimulus values of the CIl~ system. Although the y and z functions can be matched quite well, the double peak of the x function precludes the use of a single filter-photocell combination. Recourse is made either to the ~
computation of the blue contribution to the x function franthe z function ; (three-filter colorimeter) (16) or to the use of two filters with properly weighted combined output (four-filter colorimeter) for t~ x function. ~ ~, The latter glves a more accurate measure of the X tristimulus value particularly for specimens havlng spectral reflectivity curves with a steep slope through the blue regionoftheSpect~um.F~rcolor matching, particularly in control applications, the three or four-filter colorimeter may prove useful for many colors of commercial interest. Howevel; it ? is subject to many limitations such as basic accuracy and the fact that colorimetric data are obtained for a single illuminant. For instance, the match may be metameric and under another illuminant there could be a serious mismatch.
J~ Another form of colorimeter involves the use of a larger i number of narrow-band filters with transmittance peaks distributed c across the visible spectrum. If the filter transmittances are confined to sufficiently narrow ranges of wavelength and an adequate number are used, one may approach the utility of an abridged spectrophoto-,~ meter. l~or many purposes of contro~, the abridged spectrophotometer can have important advantages over the three or four-filter colorimeter.
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If a specimen exhibits fluorescence, the best spectrophotometer or filter colorimeter design utilizes illuminants with broad spectral power distribution, including appropriate intensities in the ultraviolet, with viewing through a monochromator for the spectrophotometer and through appropriate filters for the colorimeter. Thus, the fluorescent radiation will be excited in accordance with the spectral power distribution of the illuminant and the photodetector will view the reflected light and fluores- -cent radiation properly.
ON-MACHINE MEASUREMl~NT O~ OPFICAL ~RO~RTI~3S ;
The optical information which can be acquired an the moving web of a paper machlne is limited essentially to that which can be obtained using a single sheet, Reflectances can be obtained for various conditions of illumination of the single sheet and for different backings.
The backing can be black body or established at various reflectance levels, Ordinarily the backing would consist of ceramic or glass placed either at a specific distance from the sheet surface or in contact with the sheet. In addition to such reflectivity measurements as can be obtained, it is often possible to obtain useful transmittance information (except for very opaque sheets). Of course, where the transmittance is very low, the reflectance of a single sheet will approach the true Roo value.
Optical specifications which properly apply to thick pad reflectances, Roo, are not readily abandoned in favor of specifications based on single sheet reflectances. Hence, the question of correlation of such on-machine data as can be obtained with actual experimentally determined R data is of interest. The most useful approach i3 to utilize to the fullest possible extent the existing theory which permit~
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calculation of Roo from on-machine optical da~a. To the extent thac such calculated values are not in agreement with the experimental data, emplricalcorrelations could then be applied to bridge the remaining gap.
Such an approach is more desirable than is dependence on empirical correlations alone especially if the calculated result is in close agree-ment with off-machine determinations.
The equations, based on the Kubelka-Munk theory, which inter-_ relate various reflection and transmittance measurements are of principal interest in obtaining estimates of the reflectivity, R O, from on-machine measurement~. It is always necessary to obtain two different optical r parameter~ preferably on the samé area~ of single ~heet~ for the calcu-lation o~ Roo using the~e eqwations. The two mea~urements can take many forms, ~or example, the reflectance of paper with black body backlng ~Ro) along with transmittance ~) is both appropriate and experimentally desirable. It is also possible to employ any two re~lectances, obtained with different backings, but this introduces problems, particularly with the backing reflectance color. Through the appropriate measurement of two optical parameters, it is also possible to characterize papers in terms of their scattering and absorption powers--not possible with single reflectance measurement~.
The theoretical relationship between Roo, Ro and T is given in equations 1 and 2. This relationship would be applied as far as pos-sible for various desired spectral power distributions, such as are employed in standard brightness, TAPPI Opacity, and the various spectral functions associated with color measurement.
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a=(l ~ R~
Roo =(a/2) - (a/V2 - 1 (2) Where the R values are determined with the appropriate ~ -filters, the tristimulus values (Illuminant C) can be calculated as shown. : .:
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X(blue) = 0.1973 Roo (3) ` -.
X(red) = 0,7831 Roo (4) ~ .:
X ~ X (red) ~ X (blue) (5) i Y = R (6) r .', Z = 1.1812 Roo (7) TAPPI Opaci~ycan be calculated u~ing equations 8 and 9 where R i~ equal to 0,89.
RR' = Ro ~ R'T /1 - RoR' (8) C0,89 = 100 Ro/RR ' ' j Although it ha3 often been demon~trated that the "balance of energy" equations and the Kubelka-Mu~c theory are very u~eful In inter-relating the optical properties of paper determined under many different conditions of geometry and spectral power distributions, it is important to recall that some of the conditions required by theory are not met in ~:.
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practice, Among the~e, the specimen 3hould be illuminated and viewed with diffuse light, monochromatic light should be employed and the , c : . .
~: optical propertie3 of the material should conform to the requirement that the absorption and scattering of light be independent of each other and occur at numerous discrete sites spaced randomly throughout the substance. All reflectance and transmittance values should be deter- , j, mined on.the ab601ute basi3, The fact that these condition~ are seldom:,~ met requires experimental testing of the ~heory for each intended use, .
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106Z036 ~
Experimental data were acquired to test the validity of this use ~ the theory for a number of "white" as well as more strongly colored papers. The extent of agreement which might be expected between the calculated reflectivity, Roo, using equations 1 and 2 and experimentally determined Ro and T values, and actually measured Roo values was examined for two different optical systems. Neither system would likely be used in making optical measurements on moving webs, but both serve the purpose of testing the relationships in actual use situations.
In the first set of experiments, handsheets were prepared from bleached hardwood pulp, refined to 450 ml C.S.l~., at basis weights of 32, 64, 96 and 127 g/m . The optical propertles of these samples were determined using the General 13lec~ric Recording Spectrophotometer with "reversed" optics (GERS-RP). The specimen was illuminated diffusely with the spectral power distribution of a tungsten filament ~-source modified by the integrating cavity lining. Viewing of the speci-men was at 6 to the normal. Pour filters were interposed separately in the reflected beam to give the spectral response for the overall system of the Ecx, E y and the Ecz functions of the CIE system. Two filters were utilized to obtain the Ecx function. The Roo values, calculated from the measured R and T values using equations 1 and 2, are compared with the Roo values measured directly with the G~RS-RP, The data given in Table I are averages for five different speclmens at each basis weight.
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Portion of text omittedl ", ", ~ ,.
The calculated and measured tristimulus values are in good agreement .' ,; ' . ' ' .
~06Z036 ~:
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for the white and blue bond paper with rather poor agreement for the pink bond paper. The color differences based on the differences in the ~:
calculated and measured tristimulus values are given in Table IV.
Table IV
Color Differences ~E) Related to the Differences Between the Calculated and Measured Tristimulus Values for Five Commercial Papers Commerical Papers ~ E
White Bond 0.6 Tracing Paper 1.6 ~1 ; j .
Pink Bond 8.9 C0ated Paper 2,1 Blu~ Bond 0.9 Where the color differences are very large, it is probably attributable to the broad bandwidth of the spectral functions used to determine the tristimulus values and the substantial changes in reflectance with wave-~; length for the more highly colored papers. This can lead to error in the calculation of Roo from Ro and T. Such error would likely be I ;
" eliminated if a reflectivity ~Roo) curve were first calculated from the curves for R and T (appropriate number of points should be used to , give an accurate Roo curve) before the integration leading to the tri-i~7, stimulus values is performed. But, of course, this is not the means , c by which data are likely to be obtained and treated in an on-machine color measurement system, at least at present. The results indicate ~- that, for many papers, the theoretical relationships will give excel-,. .
; lent estimates of R from R and T acquired for single sheets. Where the discrepancies are greater than desirable, it is probable that use-ful empirical relationships may be established.
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106;~036 `
The estimation of R from measurements of b}ack body ~
oo backed reflectance and transmittance of single sheets using theoretical xelationships is subject to less error than are estimates obtained using two reelectances obtained with different backing reflectances, for exam- ~
ple. A further approach to the design of on-machine color measuring ~ ~ i instrumentation involves reflectances determined on single sheets backed by a body having a selected reflectance. Obviously, such reflectances -will be equal to R for any paper only if the effective reflectance of tbe backing is also equal to Roo for that paper. Also, the backing will not ordinarlly have the color of the paper. Hence, recourse must be ,r made to empirical relationships between the measured reflectance value3 and the color af the samples as would be determined directly using opaqwe pads, E~urther, since it is often desirable to employ a spacing of ~ome magnitude between the moving web and the backing surface, variations in the spacing which would likely occur in practice would be another source of discrepancy.
The following experiments were conducted to explore the differences in the color of paper when backed by a translucent opal glass and an opaque, enameled plaque. The spectral reflectivity curves for both backings was determined with the GERS and are given in - - -Figure 1. It should be noted that these reflectivity curves cannot be used tO determine the effective reflectances of the backings when employed against paper and, particularly for the translucent opal glass would be at different levels if determined with different geometry.
Reflectance data on the paper specimens were obtained with both GERS-RF and with the Automatic Color-Brightness Tester (ACBT), The lat-ter employs 45 illumination and normal viewing. Both instruments .
i ~ . , were equipped with appropriate fikers so that the tristimulus values could be determined from four reflectance measurements (Illurminant C).
Six commercial papers were evaluated with the white body backing~ at different spacings from the sheet.
,, [portion of text omitted] ;
, WEB FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE MEASUREMENT OF OPrI~AL
PROPERTE~
Basis Weight and Sheet E~ormation Variability Basis weight variability, of which sheet formation represents a rapidly varying form, is a matter of interest in the on-machine measurement o~ optical properties. All optical properties are basls weight dependent in some degree. The dependence may arise because l ;
of changes in sheet structure with basis weight or may be a conse-quence of the simple change in mass per unit area for constant sheet structure, Thus, whereas the reflectance of a thick pad of paper may prove to be relatively independent of basis weight, the reflectance of a single sheet with black body or other designated backing and trans-mittance are expected to æhow basis weight effects. If the basis weight is known, it is possible to apply first-approximation corrections for departures in basis weight from a target value. However, such corrections ~Ivould be different for different papers, would need to be developed experimentally and would best be applied to the longer-range basis weight variations.
Rapid changes in basis weight on the scale involved in sheet formation effects will resuk in rapidly changing optical properties as the ' ' . .
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106~Z036 ~
moving sheet is scanned by an instrument in fixed position. The true time-varying signal might well be averaged by the on-machine instrument unlike the arithmetic averaging of the same optical property v~lues deter-mined statically off-machine. Whether the two averages are signifi-cantly different would depend both on the nature of the time-varying signal and the time-response characteristics of the on-machine instru-ment. ;
Wheretwo optical measurements are made simultaneously at one position on a moving web, each would be averaged instrumentally.
Values of ~0O calculated from such averages may differ from an average ~l~
of Roo values calculated from various pairs of optical value8 (for example, Ro and T), Though such an error would be small for small basis weight variations, it could be of importance for some papers.
If sets of data are acquired on moving webs by interposing ~-different filters in time sequence, for example, the particular values ~ ~ ;
within a set would be obtained on different areas of the web and each could relate to a slightly different basis weight. Obviously if such values are affected by basis weight, the optical property described by the set (color, for example) would be in error if the basis weight were not constant. One could in such an instance, resort to the repetitive collection of sets of values with an averaging of the art results over a longer time period. It would be desirable to avoid the collection of data such that any particular value within a set i8 always obtained at .,j .
the same unique web position or time cycle.
Fiber Orientatiou ~; Machine-made papers usually have some degree of fiber orientation which causes a difference in re~lectance if the sheet i~ illumi-;, .
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nated in the "in-machine" or "across-machine" direction. Generally, the reflectance is lower when the specimen is illuminated in the "in- ~ -machine" direction, ~iber orientation isusually less pronounced on the felt side; hence, optical data are usually obtained on that side. Stan-dard brightness is measured on the felt side and the "in-machine" -direction. On-machine measurements can of course, be performed in the same way.
Polarization of light occurs to some extent when a paper surface is illuminated at an angle such as 45 and the extent of polarization de-pends upon the kind of surface and to some degree upon fiber orientation. I ' ~or this reason, the on-machine instrumentation should have the same response to polarized light as the off-machine instrument.
Two-Sidedness I .' .
Most papers have different spectral reflectivities for the felt and wire sides with the effect being more pronounced for very llght basis weights and for coated papers. This affects the relationship between Ro~ T and Roo causing an error in the calculation of Roo.
This effect is not large if the measurements of Ro~ T, and R are all made with the same side of the sheet facing the light beam on the on-machine as well as the off-machine instrument.
Moisture Content c , In on-machine testing of paper, the moisture content may be at a level different from that employed in off-machine testing. Also, the intensity of the light incident on the specimen in some off-machine color-- imeters is of a sufficiently high level to cause an appreciable change in temperature moisture content of the specimen during the course of per-forming a reflectance measurement.
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Reflectance data have been obtained for "white" and dyed paper ~' samples using the GERS and the ACBT, as these instruments employ a very low level of illumination thus minimizing departure from established -laboratory environmental conditions. The GERS employs 6-diffuse ~ -geometry with the specular component partially included and the ACBT '~employs 45 -0~ geometry with the specular component excluded. Using both systems, one should be able to deduce if the change in reflectance -of the specimen is due to changes in absorption, scattering, or surface structure, Changes in absorption and scattering would influence the data from both instruments in about the same way whereas changes in the ' r ,,.-specimen surface would influence the data differently, Changes in absorption could be more pronounced in selected portions of the spectrum whereas changes in scattering or sùrface should have a minor dependence on wavelength, In the case of the GERS, air at different levels of relative humidity was passed throughtthe integrating cavity. Thus, the area of the specimen measured by the instrument was exposed to the conditions air while the measurement was being performed. The same was true for the ACBT except that the air was passed through the cylindrical opening in the instrument directly beneath the specimen opening. ~ -~ . * ~ $
[portion of text omitted]
, The data show small changes for the "white" papers while the ~ dyed papers and the newsprint show more significant changes. The ef-;' fects were generally greater with the ACBT than with the GERS suggest-;~,t;j ing that changes in surface characteristics with~:changing relative ;;~,., ~ - 131 -.,` . !
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humiclity is principally involved. It is interest~ng to note that the -reflectance of the red paper increased at 450 nm with increasing mois-ture content and decreased at 550 and 500 nm. This effect was n~ted with both instrument and is probably attributable to changes in light absorption.
Colorimetric data obtained with the ACBT at the several levels of relative humidity are given in Table XIII. The E value repre~
sents the color difference between the first determination at S% relative humidity and the subsequent results. Several samples show a E value greater than one with sample "H" over two. ., Sample ~ (fluorescent) has a reflectance of 85.0~o for the GERS
at 400 nm and 5S.8 for the ~CBT. This large dfflerence is related to the erroneous evaluation of the fluorescent component by the GERS.
It appears that reflectance of paper, especially dyed papers, is significantly affected by changes in moisture content. Indications for the smaples tested are that changes in moisture content resulting from exposure to levels of relative humidity from 5 to 5~0 represent a reasonable limiting range for good accuracy.
Temperature The web temperature would be higher for on-machine than off-machine testing. A study was performed to determine the effects - ~ :
of changing temperature on the reflectance of paper. The same paper samples (different specimens) evaluated in the moisture study were evaluated at four different temperatures. The G~RS and the ACBT
were employed because of their low level of illumination. Temperature at the surface of the specimen in the area exposed to the incident beam was determined with a 0.004-inch diameter wire chromel-alumel thermocouple. The junction was placed in contact with the paper sur-face. It is understood that differences in the absorption characteristics ,, . .
: ~ -106;~036 of the thermocouple and paper preclude the assumption that the paper surface and the junctiontemperature are the same when exposed to the incident radiation, However, when the temperature measurements were made, plper sample B was placed over the specimen opening in every case so that the relationship between junction and paper tempera~
ture should be fairly consistent for the different instruments. -,, ~ :
[portion of text omitted]
* * ~ "
A reasonable upper limit on temperature, as indicated by -these data would be about 40C. If on-machine measurements are made at hlghex temperatures, the potentlal effects of temperature may need to be considered for comparison with off-machine optical data.
1 71uorescence ; Widespread use of fluorescent dyes has made the matter of fluorescence an important factor in the measurement of optical proper- -ties of paper. The fluorescent "whitening" agents used in the paper industry generally absorb strongly in the violet and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum and emit light at somewhat longer wavelengths in the violet and in the blue regions of the spectrum, For fluorescent dyes, in general, the region of absorption may extend from the short wave-lengths (ultraviolet) to the region where light is emitted by the dye.
Actually, there may be some overlapping of the ab60rption and emlttance regions.
In the case of the fluorescent "whitening" agents, the ultra-violet light needed to excite dye is largely absorbed in the surfacelay~rs of the sheet, Thus, with fluorescence present, reflectar~e would be .,, . ' 106'~036 -. :.
most influenced whereas transmittance would be only minimally affected, -This has a pronounced effect on the calculation of Roo from Ro and T.
Properly designed instrumentation should be employed where fluorescence is a factor (19).
Web Position In all optical instruments, the position of the web must be fixed at the appropriate design point. In the calibration of an instrument -with Qaper or other material, a web position will be indicated. The moving web should, of course, be at the calibration position. This is r.
best accomplished by ensuring that the web is in contact with a reference surface. Through establishing such contact, it is possible to have the optical instrumentation on one side o~ the web properly placed with re~
.l .. .
~pect to web position. The other side, however, must be maintained at the proper spacing. Changes in instrument to web distance can intxoduce errors of significatn magnitude. Two options are available;
the apparatus to web spacing may be fixed, or the spacing may be measured and corrections of the results made for changes from the desired spacing. The former method id preferred whenever possible.
Web flutter is obviously undesirable. If web flutter, exists web position is not known. Similarly, vibration of the optical apparatus may influence the resuks.
Web Speed Potential effects due to web speed depend on the nature of the time constants of the optical instruments. ~or a time varying signal, with linear photometric response of the instrument, and with slow re~ponse, an appropriate arithmetic average value might be expected.
However, if the time varying signal is not symmetrical about the mean value, the instrument may not indicate the mean correctly whereas the .. . .
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106ZV36 ~`;
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off-machine instrument could. Thu9, the reading could be speed ~, dependent under some conditions of sheet variability and instrument ;;
design.
Calendering ;
All optical properties of paper are affected by calendering of the sheet. Hence, on-line measurements of final paper properties must be made after calendering. In the usual application of optical apparatus between the calender and the reelj the measurements would be obtainec only a fraction of a second after the sheet leaves the calender. lt seems likely that the sheet wou~d be undergoing compression recovery during this period and for some time after calenderlng with the re~ult that changes in the sheet thickness and surface smoothness would occur between the time the on-line optical measurements are made and some later time when off-machine optical measurements are made. The possible importance of such effects is not known. The fact that they may occur is recognized as one of the possible factors leading to lack of agreement between on-line and off-machine measured optical proper-ties .
Stray Light `~
It is usually possible to design optical instrumentation with proper shielding from stray light. Obviously, such shielding ls re-quired, since appreciable error may occur if stray light is permitted to enter the -measurement zone.
~i Dust and Dirt All on-machine optical instrumentation should be designed to eliminate or minimize dust or dirt accumulations. Some contamination cannot be avoided and compensation for its effect must be developed through frequent calibration of the on-machine apparatu~.
i ~06Z036 ~
Instrument Temperature The optical as well as electronic components of optical devices are temperature sensitive. Best design involves control of instrument temperature to values above the ambient temperature of the machine room with the ~eb in running position. Compensation for temperature is also possible, but less desirable. `;
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1(~6'~036 LITERATURE ClTED
1. Van den Akker, J.A., Nolan, Phillip, and Wink, W.A., The Physical Basis of Standardization of Brightness Measurement, Paper l~e "
Journal, 114, No. 5: 3~-40 (January 29, 1942).
2. Van den Akker, J.A., Dearth, L.R and Shillcox, W.M., Evaluation , of Absolute Reflectance for Standardization Purposes, J. Opt. Soc.
Am., Vol 56, No. 2, 250-252, February 1966. D.G. Goebel, - -B.P. Caldwell and H.K. Hammond, IIl, Use of an Auxiliary Sphere with a Spectrophotometer to Obtain Absolute Reflectance, J. Opt.
Soc. ~m., 56, 783 ~1966). 1 r .
3. Van der Akker, J.A., Standard Brlghtness, Color and Spectrophoto-metxy with Emphasis on Recent Information, Tappi Vol. 48, No. 12 ~December, 1965).
4. Report No. 8 of the American Paper and Pulp Association. Parts '~ I and II. Adaptability of the G.E. Reflection Meter as a Color I -; Analyzer. Part III.The Effect of Infrared l~luorescence Radiation upon "Brightness" Measurements obtained with the G.E. Reflection Meter. Instrumentation Studies XIII. Paper Trade Journal 104, ' No. 18:47-53; No. 19:51-63; No. 20:45-49 (May 6, 13, 20, 1937).
` 5. H~fert, H.J., and Loof, H., Calibration of the Photometric Scale of a Reflectance Photometer, Zeitschrift fur Instrumentenkunde, ; Bol. 72 (1964) No. 5.
6. Davis, M.N., A simple and Reliable Photo~pacity Tester, Tech.
Assoc. ~APPI) Papers, Ser. 16. 16,277 (1933).
, 7. Hardy, A.C., Handbook of Colorimetry, The Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. (1936), 8. Report No. 2Z10: American Paper Institute Instrumentation Program, '' .
- 137 - `
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Part VI. Comparison of TAPPI and Printing Opacity Determined with Pive Instruments, May 8, 1971.
9. Stokes, G.G. On the Intensity of the Light Reflected from or Transmitted through a Pile of Plates. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 11, ~^
545 (1860-1862).
10. Kubelka, P., and Munk, F., A. Tech. Physik 12:593-601 (1931).
RELATING TO THE PRESENT~ INVENTION
The following are excerpts from a draft of a paper prepared for the American Paper Institute, which paper is dated January 10, 1974 and is believed to have been published in February 1974. The draft was prepared by an author who is a joint contributor to the improve- -ments described and claimed herein. The final paper presently exists in printed form. The paper is identified as " REPORT NO. 58, TO~
American Paper Institute Instrumentation Program", "SUBJECT: An Analyæis of On-Machine Optical Instrumentation", "DATE: January 10, 1974" and is submitted by the Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin.
The Institute of Paper Chemistry was retained to evaluate an early conception of an on-the-paper-machine optical monitoring device for simultaneous measurement of reflected and transmitted light, and to assist in the optimum implementation of such conception. Accord-ingly, a substantial portion of the work reported in the following excerpts appears to inure as part of the original conception.
The following discussion is presented as constituting a description bearing on the background of the joint invention and as clarifying and amplifying on the nature of such invention, even through the paper may also include subject matter which is based on work entirely independent of the project sponsored by the assignee of the present invention. Further, the paper will indicate the range of equivalents to the illustrated e~bodiment with respect to matters such as spectrum and geometry of illumination.
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Summary ~ -Various aspects of the on-machine measurement of the optical properties Oe paper for the control of opacity, standard brightness, and ;;
cotor have been examined. Whereas many optical property specifications are based on reflectances determined on opaque pads of paper, on-machine measurements are limited to the various optical values which can be determined on single thicknesses of a moving web. Thus, one must ~
either control to the optical property which can be measured on- machine i ~ -or strive to develop reliable correlations between the on - machine and off -machine measurements. The latter approach is more desirable. , For this purpose, it is advantageous to adopt the design features of the off - machtne testing apparatus to the fullest extent po~sible for on -machtne use, E70rtunately, the important factors in optical instrument design related to spectral characteristic~, geometry, and photometric linearity can be translated to on-machine use with considerable exact- ~, -;
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ness, A large number of different approaches are possible in the , measurement of optical properties of single sheets for purposes of con-trol. Of these, however, distinctions can be made between single mea-surements, of reflectance, for example, and the measurement-of two -i~ optical parameters for the same sampled area. The latter approach per-mits calculation of thick pad reflectivity values using appropriate theory with an essential independence of basis weight, whereas single reflectance ,':' I
data are functions of basis weight requiring empirical compensatfon.
-- Although various possible pairs of optical measurements can be made on the same specimen area, among the most satisfactory for the use of . theory are reflectance with black body backing and transmittance. The ~ Kubelka -Munk theory, though not rigorously applicable in practice, has ., , I "
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been shown to b~ rather successful in predicting thick pad re~ectivity from such data ln laboratory tests for white papers of reasonable homo-geneity. It is less successful for deeply colored papers and for sheets of very low basis weight.
The sensitivity of spacing of white backings from paper spec-imens was measured with respect to the color of various commercial pa-pers. At a central spacing o, 0. 32 inches, it was determined that a varlation in spacing of about 0.020 inches is possible for most papers without noticeable color difference.
Optical measurement6 would be made on-machine on webs of , varying moisture content and at elevated temperatures compared to a controlled laboratory testing environment. An experimental study of the effect of changing moisture content (R,H. range of S to 8997o) on color showed small effect~ for most whlte papers, which were attrlbuted to differences ln surrace structure, Somewhat larger effects were noted using dlréctional illumination compared to diffuse illumination. The largest effects, for some colored paper~, were attributed to changing spectral absorption characteristics of the dyestuff. Sheet moisture con-tent effects on optical properties were judged to be within tolerable limits :1 .
,~ over a range corresponding to relative humidities between S and sa~O.
;~ The effect of temperature on the color of various commercial i j . c papers was studied over a range of 23 to 62C. Important effects were found only for two colored papers. It was noted that significant eleva-tions of specimen surface temperature can occur in optical apparatus , employing high-intensity illumination.
il Most other variables involving paper properties, machlne oper- I
ation, and mill environmental conditions are unlikely to be eliminated ' through instrument design or through the development of appropriate com-- ios ~
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106Z036 : ~ --, pensating factors. For these remaining factors, empirical correlations would be required to establish agreement between optical data or obtained on and off machine.
Introduction Specifications for the various optical properties of paper are presently based on measurements made with laboratory instruments.
Considerable standardization of optical instrumentation and testing methods ha~e been developed, but new instruments and analytical methods are often introduced to the industry as well. Changes are welcome when they pro~
vide advantages in such areas as the utility of the measurement, improved ; accuracy, better agreement between laboratories, and in overall testing ¦-costs. The well-establlshed advantages of industry-wide standardlzatlon ,i in the measurement of the optlcal properties, however, must alway~ re-; celve serlous con~ideratlon.
~ In recent years, the control of paper quality on the paper i,, machine has grown ln lmportance and, for optlcal propertles, on-line control ls a very practical objective. Good control strategy requlres that the properties of the sheet be determlned rapidly on the moving web, but !
~,r: it is usually not possible to duplicate laboratory instrumentation for on-, ~` machine use. Whereas on-machine measurements are limited to such ~ ~
;~ data as can be acquired on a single thickness of paper, optical properties 1 0 such as brlghtness and color are determ~ned on multlple thlcknesses.
' Too often, optical instrumentation is developed for on-machlne use with emphasis on the control function, but wlthout serlous consideratlon glven to the further problem of conforming to off-machine optical property ;~ standards. The implied assumption is that a good reliable correlationwill exist between the on-machine and off-machine optical measurement~
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, Perhaps the most logical approach to the development of on-machine optical instrumentation is to design for maximum conformance with lab-oratory instrumentation in such factors as instrument geometry and spectral characteristics, to employ existing theory as far as possible to inter-relate single-sheet versus multiple-sheet optical measurements and to employ empirical correlations to the minimum extent required. -As on-machine optical instrumentation becomes more widely adopted, the advantages o~ continuously monitoring the o~tical properties of paper in real-time compared .o the intermittent and few data which -~
can be acquired by off-machine testing could lead to the use of specifi-. ., cations in the buying and selling of paper which are based on the on-machine instrumentation. Should this ever occur, it is particularly de-sirable that sùch on-machine specifications bear the highest possible degree of correlation with the off- machine specifications in current use.
In this report, many of the factors involved in the optical ; characterization of a moving web in a paper machine environment are i:
~' discussed relative to the off-machine properties of brightness, color and opacity.
-~ Optical Property Measurement and Specification , .
Brightness i~ Papermaker's brightness, sometimes called G.E. brightness and now "s~andard brightness" was first established in the early 1930's aY
, the particular reflectivity (Roo) of paper determined with an instrument .. ;
; having a specified spectral response, specified geometry, and good pho-~i tometric accuracy (1). At the same time, a system of calibration wa~
developed whereby opal glass and paper standards are furnished periodi-. cally for each instrument.
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In the early days, the scale was based on "smoked" magne- ~
sium oxide but, because of difflculty in arriving at a reproducible re- ; -flecting surface, a teclmique for measuring the absolute re~lectance of magnesium oxide was developed (2). Thus, a total system (3) was made avaitable so that this particular refectivity could be measured industry-wide wlth an accuracy of about + 0.3 reelectivity units. TAPPI standards -T217 and T4~2 glve the detailed specifications for the measurement of _ standard brightness for pulp and for paper and paperboard respectively.
The following specifications are involved. ~
Spectral Response 1 ~ -The effective wavelength of an instrument for the measurement of standard brlghtness i9 4S7 nm. Although the effective wavelength is the most Important parameter descrlblng the spectral re9pon9e, wavelengtb bandwldth and shape of the functlon also Influence the result and are speclfled The standardlzed overall spectral response of the brlghtness I ~ :
instrument whlch includes the spectral power distrlbution of the llght ~ -source, the spectral transmittance of the glass lenses and filters, and the spectral response of the phototube is given in Table 1, :.
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Table I
Spectral Response of an Instrument for the Measurement of Standard Brightness Spectral Response ;.~
Wavelength, nm Arbitrary Units ~ ;:
400 1.0 ;~
405 2 9 -;
410 6.7 415 12.1 420 18.2 425 25.~ .:
435 44.9 . . :-440 576 . ~ . -4~0 82.5 .? .
455 94.1 r 460 100.0 470 88.7 475 72 5 , :
480 53 1 1 :
4~5 340 1 .
. 490 20 3 ! ~.
, 495 11 1 if',500 5 6 . .
~: 50~ 2 2 :-: The prescribed spectral response precludes use of a spectro-,. .. ..
,. photometer employing a narrow bandwidth at 457 nm for the accurate ~ .
~- measurement of standard brightness The spectral response function was chosen in the blue region ;~
of the spectrum for maximumsensitivity to changes in bleacbing and the .~: fading of paper with time Once specified, however, the spectral re- !
'. sponse of different instruments must be maintained to close tolerances......
for reproducibility in measurement on an indu~try-wide basis I .
~' When papers exhibit fluorescence, whether naturally or be- ;
, cause of the addition of fluorescent dyes, the spectral power dlstribution .;
:1 of the light incident on the specimen must be specified E~or standard brightness, the specified spectral power distribution of the light incident 5? - 112 -~j . ~ f .
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on the specimen is given in Table 11. Thus, adherence to the spectral specifications of Tables I and 11 permits the accurate determination of ;~
standard brightness of fluorescent as well as nonfluorescent papers.
Table 11 Spectral Power Distr.bu- -tion of the Light lncident on Wavelengths, nm the Specimen Arbitrary Units 330 0.7 340 9.7 380 17. 1 400 26.0 420 37.2 460 64.1 i .
480 80. 0 500 100. 0 In addition, the spectral transmittance of the filters and the phototube resp~nse are selected such that the instrument has negligible respDnse to nearinfrared radiant energy whether reflected from the specimen or as a result of speciment infrared fluorescence (4). It is imp~rtant to note that some colored glass filters with essentially no transmittance in the red region of the spectrum will transmit substantially in the near infrared.
Geometry The geometry employed for the measurement of brightness i8 illumination at 45 and normal viewing with the incident and reflected beam cone half~ngles specified at 11.5and 22.5respectively. The angles of illurniliation and viewing are critical as paper surfaces are not ideal diffusers, and the numerical values obtained are a function of the particular geometry employed. Paper surfaces also exhibit directional effects. The light reflected when the specimen is illuminated in the "machine ... . .
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, 106;~036 `-direction" is generally less than if the specimen is illuminated in the "across-machine direction". The brightness measurement is usually performed with the specimen illuminated in the "machine direction"
and on the felt or top side. A sufficient number of sheets are required ` --to form an opaque pad.
In the more translucent papers, an appreciable penetration of light into the sample occurs. As a result of internal light scattering, - -the illuminated area may differ significantly from the area of reflec- I -tance or light emergence. When this condition exists, the relative di-mensions of the areas illuminated and viewed, the distribution of light .
on the illuminated spot, the alignment of the illuminated and viewed areas and their shapes can influence the xesult. In the instrument employed for the brlghtness measurement, the viewed areaand the size and position of the illuminated spot are adjusted to prescribed standards.
Conformance with the standard is ensured through use of the calibration standards. Properly adjusted, the instrument can be used to measure standard brightness of strongly translucent as well as opaque material.
Photometry The photometric accuracy of an instrument for the measure-ment of brightness should be better than 0.1 point on a 0-100 scale (5). The overall error introduced through discrepancies in spectral ;
response, geometry and the basis of standardization must total lessthan 0. 3 point.
TAPPI OPAGITY
Opacity has long been defined in the paper industry a9 100 times the ratio of the diffuse reflectance of a single sheet backed with a black body to its diffuse reflectance backed by a white body having an effective , ^
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absolute reflectance of 0.89. An instrument designed and built in the early l930's and has formed the basis of a system for determining TAPPI Opacity (6).
Spectral Response The werall spectral response of the instrument including the spectral power distribution of the light source, spectral transmittance of the glass lenses and filter, spectral reflectivity of the integrating f' cavity lining and spectral response of the photocell is that the Eay function(visibility function, IlluminantA) of the CIE sgstem (7). The effective wavelength is 572 nm and the function extends over the entire r visible spectrum. The specified broad-band spectral function makes O the use of narrow-band instruments inappropriate for the measurement of opacity even though the effective wavelength is proper.
E7luorescent dyes, known in industry as optical brighteners, have a rather small, if not negligible, influence on opacity as the spec-tral response of the instrument in the usual fluorescent region (blue) of the spectrum is quite low. Also, the fluorescent radiation from a single sheet probably would not be too different when backed by a black or white body.
- The spectral reflectivity of the integrating cavity lining does ;; influence the overall spectral response of the instrument (3) and, because it is difficultto maintain a constant lining reflectance, a system for checking and maintaining the lining reflectance ia essential to good accuracy.
Geometry ~; , The geometry employed for the measurement of opacity i9 illumination at 20 and diffuse viewing~ The photodetector receives ~ ! .
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light that is both diffusely and specularly reflected from the specimen and, because there is no baffle, the photodetector also views the light directly reflected from the specimen. The ratio of diffusely to directly ~I reflected light depends upon the level of reflectance of the integrating cavity lining ~physical dimensions also are influencing factors but remain constant) and, as this ratio changes, significant changes in measured opacity can occur (8).
~ The illuminated area is about 10 mm in diameter with a speci- `
men aperture of about 14. 3 mm in diameter. If translucent papers or standards are to be evaluated or used, the ratio of the viewed tO the illuminated area is important (~?. The state of focus and alignment of I
the optical sy~tem particularly influences the values obtained fcr trans-lucent materials.
Stray light caosed by a dirty or misaligned optical system can be a source of error. The optical system should be cleaned and aligned such that the difference in scale reading with the black body over the ~ specimen opening when the light is blocked off before entering the C cavity and with the light passing through the cavity into the black body should not be over 0.5 (0-100 scale). The reflectance of the black body should not be more than about 0.1%. The instrument scale is adjusted to read zero when the stray light is included. c Photometry The photometric accuracy of different original instruments, employing a photocell-galvanometer system, varied from near perfect linearity to deviations as much as several points, depending upon the components. More recently, with the addition of solid state ampli-fiers and digital readouts, the photometric accuracy can be better than 0. 1 (0-100 scale).
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Calibration Standardi~ation In the rneasurement of the ratio Ro/Ro 89~ it is necessary that the white body have an effective reflectance of 0.89. The instru-ment is equipped with a rotatable tube, one end of which contains a black cavity and the other the white body. A sheet of paper is placed - over the specimen opening and, alternately, the black and white bodies are brought into position. The usual white body consists of a plug of appropriately surfaced magnesium carbonate within a protective glass cover. Chargirg the spacing between the surface of the magnesium car-bonate and the specimen permits adjustment of the effective reflectance of the white body, There are two generally accepted means for arriv-ing at the proper whlte body effective reflectance. One is to employ properly calibrated opal glass standards. While convenient, unless the instrument i8 properly adjusted with respect to translucency effects, substantial error can result. As constructed originally, the specimen - supporting surface often departed from the intended plane, Thus, while the paper could follow a particular contour, the rigid glass standards will not, resulting in further error. After correcting these potential defects, it is possible to use opal glass standards and take - advantage of their great convenience.
A second more basic method consists of determining Ro and Roo for a particular paper specimen on the absolute scale and, through ~` use of the relationship sometimes known as the "balance of energy"
equation (9) or the Kubekla~unk theory (10, 11, 12), to calculate RQ89 for that specimen. The white body can then be adjusted so that this value is obtained instrumentally. Care should be exercised so that all reflectances are obtained on an identical area of the specimen.
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,; :.' Charts are available (13) relating the reflectances Ro~ Roo and Ro 89 ~, or an appropriately programmed computer can be used to calculate the ;;;
, Ro 89 value.
,l~' Paper opacity standards calibrated for use with the opacimeter , f, are now also available. These are convenient to use and will eliminate , , some of the difficulties associated withthe opal glass calibration stan- ~ ' ,' ' dards. ~ , -~' Magnesium oxide powder with an assigned absolute reflectance ' , " , ' :i' value is also available for use in calibrating the opacimeter for the ?
~,~ measurement of reflectance on the absolute scale, 5, PRINTING C)PAClTY l ' , ' '''~ While the choice of spectral response for the measurement of q~¦ opacity was excellent, the choice of the ratio Ro/Ro 89 as opposed to ' ` Ro/Roo was not. Prlnting opacity ~Ro/Roo) more nearly relates to the ,, end use of the product and would eliminate the problem of adjusting .: , .
the white body (14~. The fact that a single sheet is required for the ,'' ', measurement of TAP~ Opacity whereas an opaque pad is required for ... . .
;; printing opacity appears to be a factor in the reluctance of the industry , ' to change. It i9 more c,onvenient to determine the opacity of the single , sheet using the white body.
'. COLOR
' Spectrophotometers and filter colorimeters are the two main ,' classes of instruments employed in the measurement of color. The ~';, spectrophotometer provides basic reflectivity information as a function , , , of wavelength over the entire visible spectrum. The reflectivity ~Roo), ,,, obtained on the thick pads of paper, with the values based on the ... . . . .
',; absolute scale is basic to color measurement. The reflecthity curve ., , u , - 118 - ~
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contains the essential inEormation regarding the color of the object, but considerable computation is required to derive the desired colorimetric specifications.
Spectral In the numerical specification of color, it is necessary to specify the spectral characterisitics of the illuminant and the spectral response of the observer. The CIE system (7) gives the spectral -power distribution for various illuminants and the spectral response of the standard observer, Illuminant C has been used almost exclusively in the past in the specification of cola, however, the use of Illuminant D6500 (15~ i~ now being considered, The specifications for Illuminant D6500 include the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. The ultraviolet region for Illuminant C was not specified.
~ or color definition in the CIE system, the psychophysical response of the "standard observer" to the spectral distribution of light reflected from a specimen (as provided by the spectral power distribu-tion of the illuminant and the spectral reflectivity curve) is matched by a combination of three standard stimuli, each of appropriate power.
The relative levels for the three separate stimuli are the tristimulus values which together constitute the chromaticity of a color. It is m~e useful tO compute the fraction each stimulus has to their sum since only two OI the three fractions need be specified for chromaticity definition.
It then becomes possible to restate the chromaticity of the measured color, for a given illuminant, in terms of "dominant wavelength" and "purity". To complete this specification of color, the luminous reflec-tance of the specimen is provided directly in the CIl~ system by the tristimulus value "Y", ~06Z036 i Geometry ~' Four illumination and viewing conditions are recommended for use in the CI~ system. These include illumination at 45 and viewing , :.
normal to the surface (0), normal illumination with 45 viewing, diffuse - illumination with normal viewing and normal illumination with diffuse viewing. Various advantages and disadvantages relate to each of these geometries from the viewpoint of best representing visual estimates of .
color. Generally, the geometry employed for visual inspection is more nearly 45~0 or 0-45. Thus, an instrument equipped with this geomet~y ?
would be expected to agree more closely with visual estimates than an instrument equipped with diffuse--normal geometry. It can be clearly demonstrated that a colorlmetric evaluation using an instrument equipped I ~
with diffuse-normal geometry doe~ not correlate closely with visual I -estimates for certain surfaces. Also, it is difficult to maintain a r', constant integrating cavity lining reflectance for long periods. The diffuse-normal geometry, however, is less sensitive to surface roughness and will give more reproducible results when specimens having an irregular surface are evaluated.
';`~ Control of the sizes, shape~ and relative positions of the illuminated and viewed areas is also required for proper accounting of specimen translucency effects. q Photometry Photometric accuracy of better than Q 1 point (0-100 scale) is desired.
Y Filter Colorimeters Though the spectrophotometric approach to color measllrement is the most basic and rigorous, its greater cost and computational ."
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1~6~036 demands have led to the development of filter colorimetry. One approach involves the use of suitable lamp, filters and photodetector combinations chosen to match the spectral functions of the CIE system (~, y, ~
Thus, the instrument output may be in the form of the tristimulus values of the CIl~ system. Although the y and z functions can be matched quite well, the double peak of the x function precludes the use of a single filter-photocell combination. Recourse is made either to the ~
computation of the blue contribution to the x function franthe z function ; (three-filter colorimeter) (16) or to the use of two filters with properly weighted combined output (four-filter colorimeter) for t~ x function. ~ ~, The latter glves a more accurate measure of the X tristimulus value particularly for specimens havlng spectral reflectivity curves with a steep slope through the blue regionoftheSpect~um.F~rcolor matching, particularly in control applications, the three or four-filter colorimeter may prove useful for many colors of commercial interest. Howevel; it ? is subject to many limitations such as basic accuracy and the fact that colorimetric data are obtained for a single illuminant. For instance, the match may be metameric and under another illuminant there could be a serious mismatch.
J~ Another form of colorimeter involves the use of a larger i number of narrow-band filters with transmittance peaks distributed c across the visible spectrum. If the filter transmittances are confined to sufficiently narrow ranges of wavelength and an adequate number are used, one may approach the utility of an abridged spectrophoto-,~ meter. l~or many purposes of contro~, the abridged spectrophotometer can have important advantages over the three or four-filter colorimeter.
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If a specimen exhibits fluorescence, the best spectrophotometer or filter colorimeter design utilizes illuminants with broad spectral power distribution, including appropriate intensities in the ultraviolet, with viewing through a monochromator for the spectrophotometer and through appropriate filters for the colorimeter. Thus, the fluorescent radiation will be excited in accordance with the spectral power distribution of the illuminant and the photodetector will view the reflected light and fluores- -cent radiation properly.
ON-MACHINE MEASUREMl~NT O~ OPFICAL ~RO~RTI~3S ;
The optical information which can be acquired an the moving web of a paper machlne is limited essentially to that which can be obtained using a single sheet, Reflectances can be obtained for various conditions of illumination of the single sheet and for different backings.
The backing can be black body or established at various reflectance levels, Ordinarily the backing would consist of ceramic or glass placed either at a specific distance from the sheet surface or in contact with the sheet. In addition to such reflectivity measurements as can be obtained, it is often possible to obtain useful transmittance information (except for very opaque sheets). Of course, where the transmittance is very low, the reflectance of a single sheet will approach the true Roo value.
Optical specifications which properly apply to thick pad reflectances, Roo, are not readily abandoned in favor of specifications based on single sheet reflectances. Hence, the question of correlation of such on-machine data as can be obtained with actual experimentally determined R data is of interest. The most useful approach i3 to utilize to the fullest possible extent the existing theory which permit~
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calculation of Roo from on-machine optical da~a. To the extent thac such calculated values are not in agreement with the experimental data, emplricalcorrelations could then be applied to bridge the remaining gap.
Such an approach is more desirable than is dependence on empirical correlations alone especially if the calculated result is in close agree-ment with off-machine determinations.
The equations, based on the Kubelka-Munk theory, which inter-_ relate various reflection and transmittance measurements are of principal interest in obtaining estimates of the reflectivity, R O, from on-machine measurement~. It is always necessary to obtain two different optical r parameter~ preferably on the samé area~ of single ~heet~ for the calcu-lation o~ Roo using the~e eqwations. The two mea~urements can take many forms, ~or example, the reflectance of paper with black body backlng ~Ro) along with transmittance ~) is both appropriate and experimentally desirable. It is also possible to employ any two re~lectances, obtained with different backings, but this introduces problems, particularly with the backing reflectance color. Through the appropriate measurement of two optical parameters, it is also possible to characterize papers in terms of their scattering and absorption powers--not possible with single reflectance measurement~.
The theoretical relationship between Roo, Ro and T is given in equations 1 and 2. This relationship would be applied as far as pos-sible for various desired spectral power distributions, such as are employed in standard brightness, TAPPI Opacity, and the various spectral functions associated with color measurement.
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Roo =(a/2) - (a/V2 - 1 (2) Where the R values are determined with the appropriate ~ -filters, the tristimulus values (Illuminant C) can be calculated as shown. : .:
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X(blue) = 0.1973 Roo (3) ` -.
X(red) = 0,7831 Roo (4) ~ .:
X ~ X (red) ~ X (blue) (5) i Y = R (6) r .', Z = 1.1812 Roo (7) TAPPI Opaci~ycan be calculated u~ing equations 8 and 9 where R i~ equal to 0,89.
RR' = Ro ~ R'T /1 - RoR' (8) C0,89 = 100 Ro/RR ' ' j Although it ha3 often been demon~trated that the "balance of energy" equations and the Kubelka-Mu~c theory are very u~eful In inter-relating the optical properties of paper determined under many different conditions of geometry and spectral power distributions, it is important to recall that some of the conditions required by theory are not met in ~:.
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practice, Among the~e, the specimen 3hould be illuminated and viewed with diffuse light, monochromatic light should be employed and the , c : . .
~: optical propertie3 of the material should conform to the requirement that the absorption and scattering of light be independent of each other and occur at numerous discrete sites spaced randomly throughout the substance. All reflectance and transmittance values should be deter- , j, mined on.the ab601ute basi3, The fact that these condition~ are seldom:,~ met requires experimental testing of the ~heory for each intended use, .
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Experimental data were acquired to test the validity of this use ~ the theory for a number of "white" as well as more strongly colored papers. The extent of agreement which might be expected between the calculated reflectivity, Roo, using equations 1 and 2 and experimentally determined Ro and T values, and actually measured Roo values was examined for two different optical systems. Neither system would likely be used in making optical measurements on moving webs, but both serve the purpose of testing the relationships in actual use situations.
In the first set of experiments, handsheets were prepared from bleached hardwood pulp, refined to 450 ml C.S.l~., at basis weights of 32, 64, 96 and 127 g/m . The optical propertles of these samples were determined using the General 13lec~ric Recording Spectrophotometer with "reversed" optics (GERS-RP). The specimen was illuminated diffusely with the spectral power distribution of a tungsten filament ~-source modified by the integrating cavity lining. Viewing of the speci-men was at 6 to the normal. Pour filters were interposed separately in the reflected beam to give the spectral response for the overall system of the Ecx, E y and the Ecz functions of the CIE system. Two filters were utilized to obtain the Ecx function. The Roo values, calculated from the measured R and T values using equations 1 and 2, are compared with the Roo values measured directly with the G~RS-RP, The data given in Table I are averages for five different speclmens at each basis weight.
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The calculated and measured tristimulus values are in good agreement .' ,; ' . ' ' .
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for the white and blue bond paper with rather poor agreement for the pink bond paper. The color differences based on the differences in the ~:
calculated and measured tristimulus values are given in Table IV.
Table IV
Color Differences ~E) Related to the Differences Between the Calculated and Measured Tristimulus Values for Five Commercial Papers Commerical Papers ~ E
White Bond 0.6 Tracing Paper 1.6 ~1 ; j .
Pink Bond 8.9 C0ated Paper 2,1 Blu~ Bond 0.9 Where the color differences are very large, it is probably attributable to the broad bandwidth of the spectral functions used to determine the tristimulus values and the substantial changes in reflectance with wave-~; length for the more highly colored papers. This can lead to error in the calculation of Roo from Ro and T. Such error would likely be I ;
" eliminated if a reflectivity ~Roo) curve were first calculated from the curves for R and T (appropriate number of points should be used to , give an accurate Roo curve) before the integration leading to the tri-i~7, stimulus values is performed. But, of course, this is not the means , c by which data are likely to be obtained and treated in an on-machine color measurement system, at least at present. The results indicate ~- that, for many papers, the theoretical relationships will give excel-,. .
; lent estimates of R from R and T acquired for single sheets. Where the discrepancies are greater than desirable, it is probable that use-ful empirical relationships may be established.
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The estimation of R from measurements of b}ack body ~
oo backed reflectance and transmittance of single sheets using theoretical xelationships is subject to less error than are estimates obtained using two reelectances obtained with different backing reflectances, for exam- ~
ple. A further approach to the design of on-machine color measuring ~ ~ i instrumentation involves reflectances determined on single sheets backed by a body having a selected reflectance. Obviously, such reflectances -will be equal to R for any paper only if the effective reflectance of tbe backing is also equal to Roo for that paper. Also, the backing will not ordinarlly have the color of the paper. Hence, recourse must be ,r made to empirical relationships between the measured reflectance value3 and the color af the samples as would be determined directly using opaqwe pads, E~urther, since it is often desirable to employ a spacing of ~ome magnitude between the moving web and the backing surface, variations in the spacing which would likely occur in practice would be another source of discrepancy.
The following experiments were conducted to explore the differences in the color of paper when backed by a translucent opal glass and an opaque, enameled plaque. The spectral reflectivity curves for both backings was determined with the GERS and are given in - - -Figure 1. It should be noted that these reflectivity curves cannot be used tO determine the effective reflectances of the backings when employed against paper and, particularly for the translucent opal glass would be at different levels if determined with different geometry.
Reflectance data on the paper specimens were obtained with both GERS-RF and with the Automatic Color-Brightness Tester (ACBT), The lat-ter employs 45 illumination and normal viewing. Both instruments .
i ~ . , were equipped with appropriate fikers so that the tristimulus values could be determined from four reflectance measurements (Illurminant C).
Six commercial papers were evaluated with the white body backing~ at different spacings from the sheet.
,, [portion of text omitted] ;
, WEB FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE MEASUREMENT OF OPrI~AL
PROPERTE~
Basis Weight and Sheet E~ormation Variability Basis weight variability, of which sheet formation represents a rapidly varying form, is a matter of interest in the on-machine measurement o~ optical properties. All optical properties are basls weight dependent in some degree. The dependence may arise because l ;
of changes in sheet structure with basis weight or may be a conse-quence of the simple change in mass per unit area for constant sheet structure, Thus, whereas the reflectance of a thick pad of paper may prove to be relatively independent of basis weight, the reflectance of a single sheet with black body or other designated backing and trans-mittance are expected to æhow basis weight effects. If the basis weight is known, it is possible to apply first-approximation corrections for departures in basis weight from a target value. However, such corrections ~Ivould be different for different papers, would need to be developed experimentally and would best be applied to the longer-range basis weight variations.
Rapid changes in basis weight on the scale involved in sheet formation effects will resuk in rapidly changing optical properties as the ' ' . .
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106~Z036 ~
moving sheet is scanned by an instrument in fixed position. The true time-varying signal might well be averaged by the on-machine instrument unlike the arithmetic averaging of the same optical property v~lues deter-mined statically off-machine. Whether the two averages are signifi-cantly different would depend both on the nature of the time-varying signal and the time-response characteristics of the on-machine instru-ment. ;
Wheretwo optical measurements are made simultaneously at one position on a moving web, each would be averaged instrumentally.
Values of ~0O calculated from such averages may differ from an average ~l~
of Roo values calculated from various pairs of optical value8 (for example, Ro and T), Though such an error would be small for small basis weight variations, it could be of importance for some papers.
If sets of data are acquired on moving webs by interposing ~-different filters in time sequence, for example, the particular values ~ ~ ;
within a set would be obtained on different areas of the web and each could relate to a slightly different basis weight. Obviously if such values are affected by basis weight, the optical property described by the set (color, for example) would be in error if the basis weight were not constant. One could in such an instance, resort to the repetitive collection of sets of values with an averaging of the art results over a longer time period. It would be desirable to avoid the collection of data such that any particular value within a set i8 always obtained at .,j .
the same unique web position or time cycle.
Fiber Orientatiou ~; Machine-made papers usually have some degree of fiber orientation which causes a difference in re~lectance if the sheet i~ illumi-;, .
" 129 , 't ., .
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106'~036 .
nated in the "in-machine" or "across-machine" direction. Generally, the reflectance is lower when the specimen is illuminated in the "in- ~ -machine" direction, ~iber orientation isusually less pronounced on the felt side; hence, optical data are usually obtained on that side. Stan-dard brightness is measured on the felt side and the "in-machine" -direction. On-machine measurements can of course, be performed in the same way.
Polarization of light occurs to some extent when a paper surface is illuminated at an angle such as 45 and the extent of polarization de-pends upon the kind of surface and to some degree upon fiber orientation. I ' ~or this reason, the on-machine instrumentation should have the same response to polarized light as the off-machine instrument.
Two-Sidedness I .' .
Most papers have different spectral reflectivities for the felt and wire sides with the effect being more pronounced for very llght basis weights and for coated papers. This affects the relationship between Ro~ T and Roo causing an error in the calculation of Roo.
This effect is not large if the measurements of Ro~ T, and R are all made with the same side of the sheet facing the light beam on the on-machine as well as the off-machine instrument.
Moisture Content c , In on-machine testing of paper, the moisture content may be at a level different from that employed in off-machine testing. Also, the intensity of the light incident on the specimen in some off-machine color-- imeters is of a sufficiently high level to cause an appreciable change in temperature moisture content of the specimen during the course of per-forming a reflectance measurement.
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1(~6Z036 .
Reflectance data have been obtained for "white" and dyed paper ~' samples using the GERS and the ACBT, as these instruments employ a very low level of illumination thus minimizing departure from established -laboratory environmental conditions. The GERS employs 6-diffuse ~ -geometry with the specular component partially included and the ACBT '~employs 45 -0~ geometry with the specular component excluded. Using both systems, one should be able to deduce if the change in reflectance -of the specimen is due to changes in absorption, scattering, or surface structure, Changes in absorption and scattering would influence the data from both instruments in about the same way whereas changes in the ' r ,,.-specimen surface would influence the data differently, Changes in absorption could be more pronounced in selected portions of the spectrum whereas changes in scattering or sùrface should have a minor dependence on wavelength, In the case of the GERS, air at different levels of relative humidity was passed throughtthe integrating cavity. Thus, the area of the specimen measured by the instrument was exposed to the conditions air while the measurement was being performed. The same was true for the ACBT except that the air was passed through the cylindrical opening in the instrument directly beneath the specimen opening. ~ -~ . * ~ $
[portion of text omitted]
, The data show small changes for the "white" papers while the ~ dyed papers and the newsprint show more significant changes. The ef-;' fects were generally greater with the ACBT than with the GERS suggest-;~,t;j ing that changes in surface characteristics with~:changing relative ;;~,., ~ - 131 -.,` . !
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~, , ' . .
humiclity is principally involved. It is interest~ng to note that the -reflectance of the red paper increased at 450 nm with increasing mois-ture content and decreased at 550 and 500 nm. This effect was n~ted with both instrument and is probably attributable to changes in light absorption.
Colorimetric data obtained with the ACBT at the several levels of relative humidity are given in Table XIII. The E value repre~
sents the color difference between the first determination at S% relative humidity and the subsequent results. Several samples show a E value greater than one with sample "H" over two. ., Sample ~ (fluorescent) has a reflectance of 85.0~o for the GERS
at 400 nm and 5S.8 for the ~CBT. This large dfflerence is related to the erroneous evaluation of the fluorescent component by the GERS.
It appears that reflectance of paper, especially dyed papers, is significantly affected by changes in moisture content. Indications for the smaples tested are that changes in moisture content resulting from exposure to levels of relative humidity from 5 to 5~0 represent a reasonable limiting range for good accuracy.
Temperature The web temperature would be higher for on-machine than off-machine testing. A study was performed to determine the effects - ~ :
of changing temperature on the reflectance of paper. The same paper samples (different specimens) evaluated in the moisture study were evaluated at four different temperatures. The G~RS and the ACBT
were employed because of their low level of illumination. Temperature at the surface of the specimen in the area exposed to the incident beam was determined with a 0.004-inch diameter wire chromel-alumel thermocouple. The junction was placed in contact with the paper sur-face. It is understood that differences in the absorption characteristics ,, . .
: ~ -106;~036 of the thermocouple and paper preclude the assumption that the paper surface and the junctiontemperature are the same when exposed to the incident radiation, However, when the temperature measurements were made, plper sample B was placed over the specimen opening in every case so that the relationship between junction and paper tempera~
ture should be fairly consistent for the different instruments. -,, ~ :
[portion of text omitted]
* * ~ "
A reasonable upper limit on temperature, as indicated by -these data would be about 40C. If on-machine measurements are made at hlghex temperatures, the potentlal effects of temperature may need to be considered for comparison with off-machine optical data.
1 71uorescence ; Widespread use of fluorescent dyes has made the matter of fluorescence an important factor in the measurement of optical proper- -ties of paper. The fluorescent "whitening" agents used in the paper industry generally absorb strongly in the violet and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum and emit light at somewhat longer wavelengths in the violet and in the blue regions of the spectrum, For fluorescent dyes, in general, the region of absorption may extend from the short wave-lengths (ultraviolet) to the region where light is emitted by the dye.
Actually, there may be some overlapping of the ab60rption and emlttance regions.
In the case of the fluorescent "whitening" agents, the ultra-violet light needed to excite dye is largely absorbed in the surfacelay~rs of the sheet, Thus, with fluorescence present, reflectar~e would be .,, . ' 106'~036 -. :.
most influenced whereas transmittance would be only minimally affected, -This has a pronounced effect on the calculation of Roo from Ro and T.
Properly designed instrumentation should be employed where fluorescence is a factor (19).
Web Position In all optical instruments, the position of the web must be fixed at the appropriate design point. In the calibration of an instrument -with Qaper or other material, a web position will be indicated. The moving web should, of course, be at the calibration position. This is r.
best accomplished by ensuring that the web is in contact with a reference surface. Through establishing such contact, it is possible to have the optical instrumentation on one side o~ the web properly placed with re~
.l .. .
~pect to web position. The other side, however, must be maintained at the proper spacing. Changes in instrument to web distance can intxoduce errors of significatn magnitude. Two options are available;
the apparatus to web spacing may be fixed, or the spacing may be measured and corrections of the results made for changes from the desired spacing. The former method id preferred whenever possible.
Web flutter is obviously undesirable. If web flutter, exists web position is not known. Similarly, vibration of the optical apparatus may influence the resuks.
Web Speed Potential effects due to web speed depend on the nature of the time constants of the optical instruments. ~or a time varying signal, with linear photometric response of the instrument, and with slow re~ponse, an appropriate arithmetic average value might be expected.
However, if the time varying signal is not symmetrical about the mean value, the instrument may not indicate the mean correctly whereas the .. . .
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106ZV36 ~`;
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off-machine instrument could. Thu9, the reading could be speed ~, dependent under some conditions of sheet variability and instrument ;;
design.
Calendering ;
All optical properties of paper are affected by calendering of the sheet. Hence, on-line measurements of final paper properties must be made after calendering. In the usual application of optical apparatus between the calender and the reelj the measurements would be obtainec only a fraction of a second after the sheet leaves the calender. lt seems likely that the sheet wou~d be undergoing compression recovery during this period and for some time after calenderlng with the re~ult that changes in the sheet thickness and surface smoothness would occur between the time the on-line optical measurements are made and some later time when off-machine optical measurements are made. The possible importance of such effects is not known. The fact that they may occur is recognized as one of the possible factors leading to lack of agreement between on-line and off-machine measured optical proper-ties .
Stray Light `~
It is usually possible to design optical instrumentation with proper shielding from stray light. Obviously, such shielding ls re-quired, since appreciable error may occur if stray light is permitted to enter the -measurement zone.
~i Dust and Dirt All on-machine optical instrumentation should be designed to eliminate or minimize dust or dirt accumulations. Some contamination cannot be avoided and compensation for its effect must be developed through frequent calibration of the on-machine apparatu~.
i ~06Z036 ~
Instrument Temperature The optical as well as electronic components of optical devices are temperature sensitive. Best design involves control of instrument temperature to values above the ambient temperature of the machine room with the ~eb in running position. Compensation for temperature is also possible, but less desirable. `;
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1(~6'~036 LITERATURE ClTED
1. Van den Akker, J.A., Nolan, Phillip, and Wink, W.A., The Physical Basis of Standardization of Brightness Measurement, Paper l~e "
Journal, 114, No. 5: 3~-40 (January 29, 1942).
2. Van den Akker, J.A., Dearth, L.R and Shillcox, W.M., Evaluation , of Absolute Reflectance for Standardization Purposes, J. Opt. Soc.
Am., Vol 56, No. 2, 250-252, February 1966. D.G. Goebel, - -B.P. Caldwell and H.K. Hammond, IIl, Use of an Auxiliary Sphere with a Spectrophotometer to Obtain Absolute Reflectance, J. Opt.
Soc. ~m., 56, 783 ~1966). 1 r .
3. Van der Akker, J.A., Standard Brlghtness, Color and Spectrophoto-metxy with Emphasis on Recent Information, Tappi Vol. 48, No. 12 ~December, 1965).
4. Report No. 8 of the American Paper and Pulp Association. Parts '~ I and II. Adaptability of the G.E. Reflection Meter as a Color I -; Analyzer. Part III.The Effect of Infrared l~luorescence Radiation upon "Brightness" Measurements obtained with the G.E. Reflection Meter. Instrumentation Studies XIII. Paper Trade Journal 104, ' No. 18:47-53; No. 19:51-63; No. 20:45-49 (May 6, 13, 20, 1937).
` 5. H~fert, H.J., and Loof, H., Calibration of the Photometric Scale of a Reflectance Photometer, Zeitschrift fur Instrumentenkunde, ; Bol. 72 (1964) No. 5.
6. Davis, M.N., A simple and Reliable Photo~pacity Tester, Tech.
Assoc. ~APPI) Papers, Ser. 16. 16,277 (1933).
, 7. Hardy, A.C., Handbook of Colorimetry, The Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. (1936), 8. Report No. 2Z10: American Paper Institute Instrumentation Program, '' .
- 137 - `
..
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106~036 ~ ~
~ . ',:
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Part VI. Comparison of TAPPI and Printing Opacity Determined with Pive Instruments, May 8, 1971.
9. Stokes, G.G. On the Intensity of the Light Reflected from or Transmitted through a Pile of Plates. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 11, ~^
545 (1860-1862).
10. Kubelka, P., and Munk, F., A. Tech. Physik 12:593-601 (1931).
11. Kubelka, P., New Contributions to the Optics of Intensely Light-Scattering Materials. JOSA, Vol. 38, No. 5 (May, 1948); errata, ibid, 38, 1067 (1948); ibid, 44, 330 (1954). ; ?
12. Van der Akker, J.A., Tappi 32, No. 11:498-501 ~ovember, 1949).
13, Reflectance-Opacity Chart for Whlte Backing of 0.89. (Judd, 1937).
14, ~an der Akker, J.A., Tappi 50, No. 5:41A (May, 1967).
15. Official Recommendations of the International Commission on Illumination Publlcation CIE No. 15 (E-1.3.1) 1971.
16. Van der Akker, J.A., Chromaticity Limitations of the Best Physically " Realizable Three-~ilter Photoelectric Colorimeter. J. Opt. Soc.
Am. 27, No. 12:401-407 (December, 1937).
Am. 27, No. 12:401-407 (December, 1937).
17. McAdam, David L. "Color Measurement and Tolerances." Official Digest ~Federation of Societies for Paint Technology).- 37, 1487-1531 (1965). Chickering, JOSA, 57, 537 (1967).
18. Van der Akker, J.A. A Mechanical Integrator for Evaluating the Integral of the Product of TwoFunctions and its Application to the Computation of I.C.I. Color Specifications from Spectrophotometric Curves. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 29, No. 9.364-369 (September, 1939).
19. Grum, P. Instrumentation in Fluorescence Measurement, Journal of Color and Appearance, Vol. 1, No. 5:18-Z7 (April/May, 1972).
,~ *
[The section enti~led "Captions for the l?igure3"
and Figs; 1-7 of drawings are omitted ' ' , ' ' .
106Z03~
GE~NEnAL DISCUSSION OF THE DISCLOSURE OF ~IGS. 1-20 A basic conception of the on-machine system of ~IGS. 1-20 is crucially concerned with the art of paper manufacture wherein numerous grades and weights of p~per are to be manufactured, and wherein access to the paper web for measurement of paper op~ical properties during the manufacturing process is restricted to a section between the calendering stack and the reel. The environment at this location has been detailed in the preceding section. By measuring two essentially independent optical p~rameters, for example measuring both the reflectance and transmittance with respect to incident light ,r .
of the necessary spectral distribution, it is p~ssible to calculate plp~r optlcal properties on the basis of existing theory with an essential independence of basis weight. The feasibility and effectiveness of this approach is confirmed in the preceding section.
Closely related to the foregoing is the conception of utilizing as nearly as practicable the o~tical response characteristics and geo-metry of existing instruments used in the paper industry, so as to achieve as close a correlation as possible with present off-line measure-ments of color and brightness, for example. Also of substantial significance is the conception of providing a rugged and comp3ct tem-~erature-stabilized instrument capable of reliable and accurate on-machine measurement of color, brightness and opacity.
The reduction to practice of these basic conceptions has included several sp~nsored projects at the Institute of Paper Chemistry as reflected by the preceding section and has included laboratory test-ing of a ~ototype device for accuracy and reliability on a wide range of paper samples, with careful comp3rison being made with corres-,, .
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, 106Z036 ~
ponding measurements using standard laboratory instruments. Details of the life testing of the prototype unit over a ten-month period and the adaption of the device to reliable and stable operation on the p~p er machine have been included herein to document the practical im~e-mentation of the on-machine system. Because of the critical need for rapid calculation of plper o~tical properties in an on rnachine device, the necessary computer programming has been developed and is fully disclosed herein.
'' ;
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, ,~ . , . , . ' ' An important aspect of the disclosure relates to the measurement of the basis weight of the moving paper web concurrently with the simul-taneous measurement of reflectance and transmittance values for essentially a common region of the web. Using the calculated value of infinite reflec-tance R (including the grade correction factar) and the value of t~ansmit-tance T, fox example, for the same sample region, along with a concur- -~
rently obtained, average value f~r basis weight, essentially accurate values_ of scattering coefficient s and the absorption coefficient k are obtained.
Such coefficients will exhibit essential independence of any variations in the basis weight ~f the paper sheet material under these circumstances. ; ~ ;~
The measurement of both a reflectance and a transmittance value for a common sample region has an advantage over the measurement of two reflectance parameters under conditions 9uch as found in the paper manufacturing process since the transmittance measurement is relatively insensitive to misalignment or tilting of the optical axis 515 of the backing assembly or lowerænsing head 12, FIG. 3, relative to the optical axis 15 of the sensing head 11. This advantage is especially important for sheet material of relatively high opacity where t~o reflectance parameters would tend to be relatively close in value.
Generally the results of laboratory tests discussed herein are expected to be applicable to the on-line system. Thus the spread between values of RooFC (See Table 3) obtained by the illustrated on-line system and the corresponding values of AR FC taken as standard should not differ oo by more than about plus or minus two points on a scale of zero to one hundred, prior to any grade correction, for a wide range of paper sheet materials of different color and basis weight.
~ -141-' , !
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~o6Z036 . ..
The samples for which such accuracy was obtained in the labora-tory included a range of basis weights of from 60 grams per square meter to 178 grams per square meter for white paper. Without the use of a correction factor, calculated R values which fell within two points of the :~ -~
measured value included samples of paper colored white (several tints), green, blue, canary, russett, ivory, gray and buff. Colors including pink, gold, salmon, and cherry required a significant correction factor for the XR~ YC~ and YA functions. All of the calculated Roo values involving the ~; XB and Z functions fell within 0.77 units of the measured value ona scale of zero to 100, again without the use of any correction factor and regard-less of color or basis weight.
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,, 141a- ' .,:, j .
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106'~036 Thc tcrm quantitative measure of papAr optical properties as used in the claims refers to output quantities of a numerical nature such as supplicd by the on-line digital computer system -996, Fig, 6, programmed as explained herein with reference to Figs.
7-20. Examples of such guantities are those indicated in block 990, Fig. 20: these quantities are identified with thc corresponding con- -ventional paper optlcal properties in Table 21.
The term on-machine optical monitoring device is intended generically and refers to the device 10, Figs. 1 and 2, and other comparable devices for sensing two essentially independent optical response parametcrs such that a paper optical property ig characterized prlor to use of any correction factors with substantially improved .:
accuracy in comparison to any characterization (prior to correction factors) of such paper optical property from either of such optical responsc parameters taken by itself. Such a monitoring device may bc used as an aid to manual control of the paper making proccss or may be used as part of a closed loop automatic control system, Thus "monitoring" does not exclude active control in response to thc output signals from the monitoring device.
Within the scope of the present sub~ect matter, one or more of the ' following pap^r optical prop^rties may be sensed: brightness, color, fluorcscence, and/or opacily. Control of brightness and fluorcscence offers a very substantial potential for cost reduction in the production ' of a si~nificant range of paper types. Color control, on the other hand, may have important consequcnccs regarding flexibility of manufacture, product uniformity, and grade change flcxibility.
?~ , ;
106'~(~36 The value of on-line opacity control has already been demonstrated to a large degree in a prior closed loop analog opacity controller. In this installation, the average opacity across the web i6 controlled almost exactly at any given desired value.
In previous manually controlled operations, the PKT (Pigmentary Potassium Titanate K20-6Ti02 by du Pont) was set to some value chosen by the beater engineer and usually held to such value for the duration of the run of a given grade and weight. In the meantime, the paper opacity varied up and down, d~pending on process conditions at the time. Since the installation of the analog opacity controller, the opacity set point is adjusted rather than the PKT flow, thus holding opacity constant at the desired level Instead of opacity, the PKT i~ow now varies up and down to compensate for other presently unavoidable process upsets resulting from variations in broke richness, PKT solids, dye usage save-all efficiency, and other machine retention conditions. For a complete discussion of the installation of the analog opacity controller, reference is made to F.P. Lodzinski article "Exper-ience With a Transmittance-Type On-Line Opacimeter for Monitoring and Controlling Opacity", Tappi, The Journal of The Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry, Vol. 56, No. 2, Feb. 1973.
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'' 106;~036 ~-To assist in indicating the scope of the presellt joint invention, the substance of excerpts from an early conception record by one of the :~:
present inventors are sct forth in the following paragraphs, headed "Proposed Instrument Design". The proposed design can be provided with a comrnon backing window member conforming with window 135, and ~.
as thus modified is presented as an alternative embodiment of the joint . invention. - -s' r ~ . .
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10~;~036 .
Proposed Instrument Design~
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An instrument made up of two seanning sensing heads, one above and one below the moving paper web, and a dedicated computer with -appropriate couplers for input and output, i8 envisioned. The bottom he~d would receive light transmitted through the sheet and subsequently .
analyzed for its~X, Y, and Z tristimulus components. It would also contain a backing of some specifled effective reflectance (possibly a blaek body of zero, or near zero, refleetance) loeated ~ust ahead or behind (machine dlrection) of the transmitted light recep~or compartment(s~, The upper head ~Duld contain the light souree, a~ well as a retleeted light receptor. Tbe latter oceurs after reflection from the moving web at a point just above the baeking, on the bottom head and would also bé analyzed for its X, Y, and Z tristimulu~ components.
Borh light receivers and, for that matter, the light souree itself could be integrating cavities of a type. This ~uld be one way to insure the uniform distribution of emitted, tranamitted, and reflected light in the `-X-direction in addition to providing identical samples of light going to each phoroelectric cell installed with filters within the cavities themselves, Thermostatically controllcd heaters or coolers w~uld likely be desirable for temp^rature control. The flux of the light source could be monitored or controlled by a third p~rtial, or full, set of filter-pho~ocell combin:ltions. The availability of both the transmitted ~) and reflected (Rg) light signals described above allows for preeise eomputation of the refiectance with an infinite backing (Ro~ It i~ ' ~he l~tter, Roo value, wllicll is required to characterize color, bri~htness, ' :~ ~ ' ' ' .
- 1~5 -~., '' ~
~06'~036 and an index of fluorescencc, In addition, it would eliminate the nced for any grade corrections in measuring either printing or TAPPI
opacity, both of which could be made available if desired.
A small, rather low-cost, dedicated computcr with ap?ropriate interface equipment, could be used tO receive all signals, compute all p^rtinent optical properties, and determine the signal for direct, closed loop control of:
a. 2-5 separate conventional dye addltions:
b. fluorescent dye feed to the size press; and c. PKT, TiO2, or other slurry flow 90 that brlghtness, opacity, color (L, a,b) and fluorescence could be maintained almost exactly as chosen b~r, p-rhaps even a master ,' computer, if dcsired.
Kubelka-Munk equations, quantitative color descriptions, and their inter-relationships, recently acquired wet end mathematical models, along with existing control theory, are all presently available in some ~, form or other to convert the input signals from the scanning heads to s~ optical measurements and flow feeds with which paper manufacturers are familiar, The combined mathematical technology above is also sufficient for adequate decoupling of this otherwise complicated information so that overlapp-d control is avoided, Use of a dedicated computer ~ uld eliminate most of the ~ c electronics now associated with optical measuring equipment. It could also be used to integrate results across the web and simplify and/or maintain calibration. The package w~ uld lend itself to rather universal application and minimize the time and effort on the part of the purchaser.
The key feature of this proposed instrument, which distinguishcs it from existing on-line optical testers, is that it calls for the : i . ' . , I' 106'~036 measurement of both transmittcd and rcflccted light without undue compIications. This, in turn, can cause a great dcal of improvements regarding s--nsitivity, a~curacy, flexibility, and thoroughness of a '.
continuous oprical propcr~y measuring device.
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The following Table will serve to identify the computer symbols used in ~igs. 17-20 with the corresponding conventional symbols and terminologx used in the text.
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Table 21 - Identification of Computer Symbols Used in , 7,.''' Fi~gs. 17-20 I ~ -Computer Conventional Conventional Term ! , -Symbol _ Symbol for Symbol SGCE~' GC~Table 3) specific grade correction factor l ';
RG RD~able 3) ,Nominal reflectance of the diffuser I - -window 135 TD ~. Td Nominal transmit-tance of the diffuser window 135 RZERO R ~able 3) reflectance with (RZTABL) black body backing for each filter wheel position I eguals ~ ,, zero through five.
T T~able 3) Transmittance with ~I~ABL) black body backing for each filter wheel position I equals zero through five.
RINF R ~rable 3) infinite backing (RITABL) ~ reflectance for filter wheel positions I equals zero to five.
S S scatter coefficient ~STABL) for cach filter , ,.
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_ 148 . i . . , - :
'`, , wheel position I equals ~ero through five.
, K K absorption ; (KTABL) coefficient for each filter wheel po3ition I ~ als 7" zero through .. ~A
five.
ZELUOR - fluorescent , concribution to ¦
tristimulus Z
reflectance :: . ~:,.,:
~RINF - tristimulus Z
' infinite backing l ~-reflectance with ,': fluorescence ., :
,~ . .......
XBRINF - ' tristimulus X , '~ in~inite backi~
reflectance with ~, ' fluorescence' , . , BRRINE~' - TAPPI brightness ~--~; (see Table I in ,, the first section ~ ;
~'! ' of this Topic for /l spectral distribu~
; ~ tion of the first ~ ' filter wheel position) ;
POPAC R o/Roo printing opacity ~ ~ YAR89 Ro~ 89 tristimulus Y
Y reflectance with . 89 backing "
~ TOPAC RJRo.89 TAPPI opacity ~, ,; ~ XTRI X C. I. E. tristimulus ~ s ,~ coordinate X
YTRI Y C. I. E. tristimulus coordinate Y
, ' ZTRI Z C. 1. E. tristimulus coordinate Z
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AH, BH a, b Hunte r coordinateq a, b.
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, DISCUSSION OF ~URTHER OR ANTICIPATED
~, MODIFICATIONS AND FURTHER INFORMATION
'~ REL,ATIVE TO Tl{E PRE~ERRED EMBODIMENT
.
Changes Made to the On~nachine System of Figs. 1~
1. Light source lamp terminals were connected to test ~j tip jacks so that lamp voltage (at the lamp) can now be quickly ~ measured without opening the case. -~
'~ 2. An easily removable doorway was cut from the top of the upper head case so that the photocell and amplifier gain circuits ' are much more accessible now. The photocell can now be easily ,~ removed and its 3/16" diameter aperture viewed directly from above i j?
w{thout removing the case. This permits a quick check to see whether the two heads are properly aligned. The diffuser 276, Fig. 3, in the photocell aperture will be uniformly lighted when alignment is correct. Nonuniform illumination of this dlffuser i9 quite apparent 1, when the heads are improperly aligned.
~j 3. A temperature sensitive resistor is located in the upper ; head adjacent to the photocell. Conductors are connected to lugs on the pcwer supply panel so that such resistance measurements are easy l~ to acquire. An empirically prepared chart is used to convert the a resistance to temperature. Thus, an upper head temperature can be monitored from the remote power supply panel. ~his temperature i measuring device has been on the OMOD since it was first constructed.) c 4. The upper head weighs 20 lbs. and the lower head 1 9-3/4 lbs. The wei~ht of the mounting brackets are 7 and 5 lbs., x~ respectively. (The compact size and light weight of these heads is an important advantage when it canes to providing means of installing ,, and traversing across the web).
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o o 5. Thc rcason we choose the 45 ~ geometry i9 because this geometry is used in the standard TAP~I brightness measurement. , Thcre is no standard TAPPi color test geometry at this time. It i9 ;~.
considered that thc 45~ geometry with the light plane in the machine direction is the proper geometry for color measurement as well.
The reason for this is that most of our paper products where bright-ness and color are important are eventually used for written communications purposes. Consequently, they are viewed on a table :
top or desk with the human eye and light source approximating the ' ~:
4S~ geometry as employed in the OMOD. Moreover, the grain direction of the paper (grain long 8 1/2 x 11 letterhead for example) i5 ~uch that this directional effect is al~o simulated by the OMOD.
Diffuse viewing i9 impossible by the human eye and diffuse illumination i9 quite unlikely in most office~ or places of paper use. ~ :
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Anticipated Computer Program Changes 1. We plan to test each individual reading of ~ransmittance and reflectance ¢I and R) and compare it to the previously smoothed values. The latest individual readings will not be used to update the smoothed average whenever a difference between the two is greater than X % . The value of X will remain flexible, but likely in the neighborhood of S-10 % This subprogram will reject and flag bad data since the paper optical properties could hardly change faster than --this between readings. An exception is the very beginning of a run;
however, the heads are not put on sheet until the operation has settled ~' down somewhat anyway. Only the startup of a run will need to be manual or feed forward as far a~ color, brightne~, and opacity control is concerned.
2. Initialization of the smoothing algorithm of R and T will be made to occur only when a grade change occurs; i.e., whenever a new set of specific grade correction factors are entered into the computer memory. There should not be any need for reinitialization for any other reason. Even basis weight changes occur gradually enough to permit the use of the previously stored smoothed averages without serious difficulty. We may, however, consider the use of an operator command to reinitialize such algorithms if found desirable. ~ -3. For the No. 6 paper machine(shown in Figs. 1 and 2 ), .; . , the OMOD heads will be pushed completely off thc web on the front side `~ to allow the basis weight gauge (mounted side of the OMOD) to measure right up to the front edge. The program will, thereforc, need to be modified to reject data acquired whenevcr this occurs. Since the head position will be known, from the basis weight profile monitoring system, such data can be left unused whenever the position "Y" or greatcr ig ~: - 152-r.
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reached. ;: :
It turns out that this particular situation provides a :
convenient means of servicing the OMOD. The traversing mcchanism -;
can be stopped when the OMOD heads are pushed beyond the web edge where they are quite accessible for examination, checking of : ~ :
standardization, etc.
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Il - 153 -106Z~)36 `
CURRENT PROCRAM LISTING -- .
GE-PAC 4_0 Program Listing Characteristlcs The following program listings are considered to bc in conformity with the flow charts of Figs. 8-20. The listing is provided by the General Electric PAC 4020 process control computer, and the following general discussion explains the GE-PAC 4020 program listing characteristics.
1. The first page contains the following unique information:
A. Line l--control statement, with time of day and activity. I
B. Lines 2 and 3 contain program identification numbers. i ~ : -lI. The remaining information is broken into three parts as follows:
A, Thc three left-most columns of numbers consist of assombler-generated machine codlng:
1. The flrst column of numbers consists of the octal , location, relative to the beginning of the program.
2. The second column of numbers consists of the contents ; of the octal location in absolute form-the first two numbers signify the operation code; the third number signifies the index register, if any; and the remalning f five numbers signify the absolute operand of the instruction. l ~, i . , O
i ~ 3. The third column of numbers consists of the contents i~........................................... . . ..
of the octal location in relative form-it is identical to (2), except the five right-most numbers signify ~, the relative operand from the location of the instruction.
B. The next eighty columns correspond to the symbolic instructions from which the assembler generated the machine coding.
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1. Statcments beginning with an asterick or "C" are comments only, with respectively a 6 or 7 in column seventy.
2. Other statements are divided as follows: label, if any; symbolic operation code; symbolic operand, ~ `
if any; index rcgister preceded by a comma, if any;
comment, if any; and 6, 7 or 1 in column seventy. `
3. The 6 in column seventy indicates a programmer- `
defined assembly language statement. The 7 in column seventy indicates a programmer-defined ~ 7' ~`
Fortran language statement. The 1 in column seventy , ~,; indicatos an assembler-defined assembly language statement, such as symbolic coding generatcd from j a programmer-defined Fortran statement. I -f C. The right-most column contains the line sequence numbcr ~ of the printout.
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106~)36 Program Listlng ~or Program Fourteen (~IG~. 8-16) 1 . .
The following listing i9 presented to illustrate the extent of the programming effort to implement the flow charts of Figs. 8-16. It will be observed that the implementation of these flow charts together ~
with the changes previously indicated herein and any necessary ~ , .
debugging is within the routine slcill of the art.
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; 106;~036 PROPOSED OPTICAL CONTROL STRATEGY ~;
While the on~ine automatic control of paper optical properties is an ultimate objective of the work reported herein, the claimed -sub3ect matter relates to onmachine monitoring o~ paper optical properties whether used as an aid to conventional manual control or for otner purposes. Nevertheless, in order to provide a disclosure of the best mode presently contemplated for automatic control as a separate but related area of endeavor, the following discussion is presented. ~-The optical properties of a sheet of paper are dependent upon r all of the materials of which it is madc but primarily upon the furnishcd pulp, filler9, pigmcnt~, dyes, and some additives. It ~g o~ten very difficult to maintaln the optical attributes of the pulp, fillers and ~i addltives constant within a given production run. Such variation is even greater between runs. The optical properties of thc finished paper may, however, be reasonably controlled to specified standards by varying the additions of dyes and fillers and pigments until the desired ,: .
compensations are achieved. The problem is that each furnished -ingredient affects each of the resulting paper optical properties in a i rather complicated manner. Indeed the intuition of experienced papermakcrs has essentially been the sole method of optical property control. Unfortunately, this approach is inefficient, resulting in considerable off-standard paper and/or waste of costly materials.
- Accordingly, a dire need exists within the paper industry for a hi~hly reliable and continuous optical property monitor coupled ~ th a closed loop computer control system.
The value of such closed loop control, based on a feedback : ' . 106~036 color detector, has already becn demonstrated for the a) ntinuous addition of two and sometimes three dyes. (1) (2)Target dye concentra-tions changes of up to three dyes can be determined by solving threc simultaneous equations containing three unknowns. (1) One disadvantage of such control i9 that accurate color monitoring is not presently available unless large and frequen~ empirically determined correction factors are applied to che original output results. A second dis-advantage arises when opacity and ~he fluorescence must also be simultaneously controlled. In this case the nun7ber of independently controlled continuous additions increases from three to five. An r~' optical brightener and an opacifying pigment constitute the two additional factors, An ob~ect of this invention i9 to demonstrate a method by which fluorescence can be continuously monitored. A means by which the optical brightener addition can be separately and independently controlled i5 inherently implied. The paper color is also analyzed without the fluorescent contribution. It is, of course, this latter characterization (without fluorescence) which should be, but which has not in the past been, used to determine the required addition of the conventional dyes. In other words, the effect of the optical brightener is decoupled from the three conventional dyes making possible the simultaneous control of all four dyes.
Anothcr portion of this invention demonstrates a means of continuously determining the scattering coefficient of the moving web for each of the six available light spectrums. It i9 possible to determine the scattering coefficient required to achieve a given opacity specification whenever the basis weight and absorption coefficient are known. When .
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the 1atter are set equal to a given set of product specifications, then the calculated scattering coefficient becomes the target scattering - . ;
coefficient. (The absorption coefficient ean be aequired by off~ine ~ -testing of a sample of the standard color to be matched. In reality, this becomes a target absorption coefficient as well.) The dyes have ,t little, if any, effect on the scattering coefficient but the effect of the slurry pigment is very large. Thus the target scattering coefficient is used as the sole feedback variable to control the slurry pigment feed.
This will insure that the opacity is at or near the specification as long, as the absorption coefficient and basis weight are also on target.
The absorption eoefficient should, of eourse, be on target by virtue of the ~ndependent eolor eontrol. A eompletely independent sy~tem eontrol~ the basls weight.
A method bg whieh the deeoupling of three eonventional dyes, one cptieal brightener and one opacifying pigment has hereby been explained. Heretofore, such decouplirg as revealed in the prior art has been limited to three absorptive dyes and thereby neglecting . .
'~ the need to also achieve a specified degree of fluoreseenee and opacity.
References ~' 1. The development of dynamie eolor control on a paper ' machine by H. Chao and W. Wickstrom; Automatiea, Vol.
- 6 PP 5-18, Pergamon Press, 1970.
2. Another consideration for eolor and formation by Henry H. Chao and Warren A. Wiekstrom, eolor engineering, Sept/
;~ Oet. 197 1.
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106'~036 GeNEl~AL DISCUSSION OF TIIE INVENTION PARTICULARLY
IN RELJ~TION TO I~N ONMACHINE SYSTEM
'' ~
The prcsent invention is for the purposc of obtaining ~
quantitative measure of an optical property such as bxightness, color, opacity or fluorescence of single thickness sheet material.
The sheet matexial is substantially homogeneous in its thicl;ness dimension such that the optical property of interest can be reliably cal-culated from reflectance and transmittance measurements on thc basis of existing theory~ Thus the present invention is not applicable to the sensing of localized surface effects (such as due to surface migration of light absorbing powder particles, for example), To the contrary the 'pxesent invention i8 concerned with the average or bulk optical charac~
teristics of the sheet material considexed as a whole, and especially i8 concexnéd with th~ characteristics of paper sheet material as it is delivered from a paper machine after completion of the paper manufac-turing process.
The present invention in its broader aspect does not rcquire strictly homogeneous material since empirical correction factors can be applied for cases where theory is less effective, For example, the paper optical properties of cal~ndered and coated papers may be effectively measured by the system of the preænt invention using grade correction factors to correlate on-machine results with the measurements obtained by standard off-line instruments.
The optical system of the monitoring devicc includes compo-nents such as those shown in Fig. 3 which define or optically a~fcct the incident, reflected andtransmitted li~ht paths such as indicated at 133, 137 and 141-143 in Fi~. 3. ~or thc cnse of a flltcr wIIccl as indicated in ~i~. 4, cach filter wIIcel position may bc considclcd to dcfinc ~
scpnrntc li~IIt cncr~y patII witII its own prcdctcrmincd spcct~l~c~ponsc cI~nrnctcxistics.
-209- i ~' ' ' ' ' . .
106'~036 . ;:
In each filter wheel position, there are two distinct light energy paths for measuring a reflectance value and a transmittance value, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment each such light energy path includes a common incident light path 133, but the paths diverge, one coinciding with the reflectance sensing light path 137 and the other including the transmittance sensing light path. The photometric sensors 203 and 260 thus provide simultaneous reflectance and transmittance output signals with respect to essentially a common region of the web.
The reflectance gensing light path collects light from a circular region with a diameter of about 3/16 inch, and the transmittance sensing light r'' .
path collects light from a total elliptical region which includes substan-tially tlle same circular region as mentioned above. Because of sheet formation effects and other localized variations in web characteristics it is considered valuable that the reflectance and transmittance output signals are based on readings from essentially a common region of the web.
By taking at least one reading in each traverse of the web, and taking such readings at different points along the width in successive traverses, it is considered that accuracies equal to or superior to those of an off-line sampling of a finished reel can be achieved, while at the same time the readings are available immediately in~tead of after comple-tionof a manufacturing run.
By way of example, in the illustrated system a traversal of the web by the sensing head takes about forty-five seconds, so that the sensing head operates at a rate of at least one traversal of the width of the web per minute in the time intervals between the hourly off-sheet standardizing operations.
i .
~ -210-, _ , .... . . ~
, ...
In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, the optical window 135 is itself selected as to its optical characteristics so as to provide the basis for off-sheet stalldardization. To this end it is advan-tageous that the optical window exhibit an absolute reflectance value as measured by the standard automatic color-brightness tester of at least about thirty-five per cent (35%). The corresponding absolute transmittance value as measured on the G. E. Recording Spectrophotometer with conventional optics is about fifty-six per cent (56%). With the illustrated embodiment, once the system is properly adjusted with respect to the zero reflectance readings (as by the use of a black sbeet of known minimal reflectance) the sy~tem maintains such zero adjustment quite stably; accordingly the higher the reflectance value of the optical window, the more effective is the re-flectance standardizationby means of the optical window. On the other hand a transmittance value which is of a reasonable magnitude is also desirable, -90 that the provision of an optical window with substantial values of absolute reflectance and transmittance is advantageous.
With the illustrated embodiment, the transmittance readings for the `
moving web are relatively more nearly independent of misalignment of the upper and lower sensing heads than the reflectance readings. Further it is considered that tilting of the lower sensing head relative to the optical axia of the upper sensing head has less effect on transmittance readings than on . : -reflectance readings. Thus it is considered that it would be advaDtageous to have an optical window such as 135 with an absolute reflectance value of .c, . .
seventy per cent (709~0) or more. A value of reflectance as high as ninety per cent (90%~ would not be unreasonable and would generally still permit a transmittance value of a substantial magnitude to give reasonably com-parable accuracy of reflectance and transmittance readings for on-line opera-tion as herein described.
:; -211-. . , ' ~ - ._., .
I~ ''`'' ~.'.
1()6'~036 While separate photometric sensing means for the reflectance and tran~3mittance readings have been shown, it is possible witl~ the use of fiber optics, for example, to use a common photometric sensor and alter-nately supply light energy from the reflectance and transmittance light paths thereto, providing the response time of the sensor enables reflectance and transmittance readings to be obtained for essentially the same region of the moving web. Generally the possibility of such time multiplexing of reflectance and transmittance readings will depend on the speed of mo~e-ment of the web and the degree of uniformity of sheet formation and the like. r It is very desirable that the system of the present invention be applicable to sheet materials having a wide range of characteristics such as basis weight and sheet formation, and operable at high speeds of move-ment such as 100 to 3000feet per minute. Further, for maximum accuracg, it is necessary that a region of the sheet material being sampled have sub-stantially uniform opacity. Accordingly, especially for sheet material of relatively low basis weight and relatively poor sheet formation, greater accuracy can be expected when the response of the photometric sensor is relatively fast, and when reflectance and transmittance readings are taken simultaneously and are a measure of the characteristics of a common sam-pling region of minimum area (consistent with adequate signal to noise ratios).
Thus multiplexing of re'flectance and transmittance readings is not prefer-red for the case of high speed paper machinery and comparable environ-ments, nor is it desirable to use reflectance and transmittance light paths which intersect the web at spacially offset regions.
With respect to speed of response of the photometric sensing means, substantial improvements over the previously described components ,' .' I
' , , .
, ..
are deemed presently available. If the spectral response and othernecessary characteristics are suitable, a sensor with such a higher speed of response is preferred for the illustrated embodiment. Good experience has been had with a silicon photocell presently considered as having an appropriate spectral response characteristics for color and other measurements in accordance with the present invention. The .. ~ -. ~
specific silicon cell referred to is identified as a Schottky Planar Diffuse ~; Silicon Pin 10 DP photodiode of a standard series supplied by United Detector Technology Incorporated, Santa Monica, California.
, . .
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1~62036 In place of a rotatable filter wheel arrangement as shown in FIGS. . -3 and 4, a set of twel~!e fiber optic light paths may define six simultaneous-ly operative reflectance light paths in upper sensing head 11 and six sim-ultaneously operative transmittance light paths in lower sensing head 12.
The six reflectance fiber optic paths would include respective filters cor- ;
responding to filters 281-286 and respective indlvidual photocells and would : . .
be located to receive respective portions of the reflected light whlch is ..
reflected generally along path 137 In FIG. 3. The six transmittance fiber optlc paths would also include respective filters corresponding to filters r, ~ .
281-286 and respective individual photocells, and ~ould be located to re- ~ :;
ceive respective portions of the transmitted light which is transmitted gen- .
erally along paths such as 141-143 in FIG. 3. The filter means in the incldent llght path such as indlcated at 133 in FW. 3 mlght lnclude a filter in serles wlth fllters 271 and 272 for fllterlng out the ultravlolet component from the incideltt beam, so that the twelve simultaneous photocell readlngs corresponding to those designated RSDl through RSD6, and TSDl through ;~
TSD6 (when the device is off-sheet), and corresponding to those designated RSPl through RSP6, and TSPl through TSP6 (when the devioe is on-sheet) will exclude a fluorescent contribution. (See Table 3 where this notation - .
is introduced. ) . . .
If a reflectance reading corresponding to RSD7 (when the device is ~ . ..
c . .
off-sheet ) and correspondingtol~7(when the device is on-sheet) is desired `~
90 as to enable computation of fluorescent contribution to brightness, it would be necessary to mechanically remove the ultraviolet filter from the incident light path, or otherwise introduce an ultraviolet component of proper magnitude, and obtain another brightr.ess (Z) reading, for example. I -from the number four reflectance photocell. .
~.
.. ~... . ~ .. , ; ' ' " ' ' ' " ' ~ ' ,: : , .. : . .
1(~6Z036 . ,;, , .
As an alternative to the above fiber optic system with a common incident light path~ seven fiber optical tubes incorporating filters corres-p~dig to 281-287 of FIGS, 3 and 4, respectively, at say the light exit -~
. .. . .
points of the tubes, could be used to supply the incident light to seven different points on the paper web. The reflected light from each of these seven points could be monitored by seven different systems, each involving lenses and a photocell, and the number seven reflected light path including also a filter corresponding to fiker 288, FIG. 4. The transmitted light ~ `
from the first six points would also need to be kept separately, and this could be accomplished by six integrating cavities and six photocells. ~ ~
~s a further alternative the seven fiber optical tube~ defining the ``
seven incident light paths could have a second set of seven fiber optical tubes and photocells respectively disposed to receive reflected light from the respective illuminated points, Another set of six fiber optical tubes and photocells could be associated with the first six illuminated points ~ for receiving transmitted light. This could eliminate the need for the i light collecting lense9 in the upper sensing head and the integrating cavi- ~ -ties in the lower sensing head.
The last two mentioned alternatives with seven fiber optical tubes defining the incident light paths appear to be rather complicated systems, - - -but they do offer means of eliminating both the mechanical filter wheel -j as well as any mechanical device to control the presence of ultraviolet light in the incident beam.
Still another alternative is to use "screens" in addition to the filters in the embod~nent of FIGS. l~. The new photodiodes are consider-ed sensitive enoughtomeasure reduced light intensites so that screenswith differenttransmittance values could be used with six of the incident beam "
.. ~ . ' :~ . .
.. .
~ 1062036 filters so that the net photocell output for each reflectance light path, and for each transmittance light path, would be similar enough so that ~-separate and invidual pre-amplification for the respective reflectance outputs would not be necessary, and so that separate and individual pre-amplification for each- transmittance output would not be necessary.
This means that reed switches 341-347 and 351-357, and relays Kl through K7 in F~G. 6 could be eliminated, and that the feeback paths for amplifiers 361 and 429 could have the same resistance value in each filter wheel position. A means of sensing filter wheel position would still y be necessary, butthis could be done in a number of simple ways, one of which would be a single reed switch such as reed switch 358 ~hown in FIG. 6. The number of necessary conductors in the cables 51 and 52, ~IG, 5, would, of course, be reduced in this modification.
The term "screen i~ understood in the art as referrir~;to a net- I -work of completely opaque regions and intervening openings or completely translucent regions, such that light energy is uniformly attenuated over the entire spectrum by an amount dependent on the proportion of opaque to transmitting area.
The device of Figs. 1 and 2 has been tested on a m~chine operating at about 1000 feet per minute, and no p~b-lems have appeared in maintaining the necessary uniform and stable contact geometry be- c tween the head and the moving web.
It will be apparent that many further modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the scope of the novel concepts of the present invention.
,. ;
-216- !
, , . . ... . . .. ,_ . ,_. .__.. . . _ . . ... ..
,A.~
, 1062~)36 . ;
Description Of The Off-The-Machlne Optical Device Of Figs 21-23 . ~ ~
Figs 21-23 illustrate an instrument for use off the -paper machine It is contemplated that this instrument will enable the development of the relationships between off-machine specification and the on-line instrument of Figs. 1-2Q These relationships would include the"grade-correction" factors to be used in the .-on-line system of Figs. 1-20 relative to off-machine optical -specifications. The instrument is shown as including a specimen support 1000 having an aperture 1001 which may conform with the .
aperture 130, Fig. 3, in diameter, The web support 1000 is of extended area so as to be capable of conveniently supporting a full-width web and for ad~ustment of such web to expose successive portions thereof at the aperture 1001 At the same time, the support 10û0 will accommodate a small size paper specimen such as indicated at 1002. Generally the housing for the optical compon~nts will .1 j conform with the housing 11 of the prior embodiment from the standpolnt of light proofing and interior finish.
The optical system as diagrammatically indicated includes a light source means 1010 and the lenses IC11-1016 generally having -~ the characteristics of the lenses 202, 273 and 274 of Fig. 3 of the ~ . c ,-previous embodiment, and such that the spectral response of the system can duplicate that of the prior embodiment. The illustrated optical system further includes a fixed lamp socket 1020 and an iris diaphram 1021 for attenuating the incident light beam.
Fig 21 illustrates also a transmittance sensing head ~-l 1025 which may be hingedly secured to the support 1000 at a single ' ..... . , . , . ,_ , ... . ._. ~., _. . __, .... _ ..
.
.. .. . , . . . . . . ~ . - . ..
~ ` `
106'~036 corner so as to minimize the obstruction provided to movement of a paper web over the support surface 1000. The transmittance sensing head 1025 may include an optical window 1026 of the same diameter, thickness and physical composition and characteristics as the window 135 of the prior embodiment. The description with respect to the window 135 is specifically incorporated here with r~spect to the window 1026 in its entirety. As illustrated, the lower surface of window 1026 may directly contact the paper ;
specimen 1002 which will be in smooth continuous contact therew*h j,7' `' ';
over the optical viewlng area o~ the system whlch may be of the same dimenslons as that described with respect to the prior embodlment The sensing head 1025 may comprlse a light integrating cavity 1028 and a transmittance sensing light photocell It will be understood that the reflectance and transmlttance light path~have the incident path in common, and that in the illustrated embodiment the transmittance light path into the integrating cavity 1028 may conform with those described with respect to Fig. 3 Also, the reflectance light path generally conforms with that of Fig. 3 and includes a reflectance photocell 1032 The photocell 1032 may have a plate 1033 with a 3/8-inch aperture and may conform with c the plate 275 of Fig. 3. Thus, a` piece of diffusing glass correspond-ing to the glass 276 of Fig. 3 may be located in the aperture so that the light distribution over the surface of the photocell 1032 will conform to the light distribution with respect to ~he surface of photocell 203 in Fig. 3.
' . '.
1~6'2036 `
The instrument of Fig. 21 further includes an incident light filter disk 1040 and a reflected light filter disk 1041. The disls may be provided with low torque motors 1042 and 1043 which may op?irate essentially as described with respect to the motor 209 of Fig. 3. Both filter wheels 1040 and 1041 are under constant torque from a motor and slip-clutch arrangement. Each is prevented from ~-~
turning by a stoppn 6eated in a small hole in the wheel. Each of the twenty-one filters in a wheel has a corresponding hole. The wheel rotates whenever a solenoid pulls the pin clear of the wheel. It stops àgain after the pin is dropped and a new hole comes under the pin allowing it to seat. Since this arrangement essentially conforms w~th that shown in Fig. 3, the details are not further illustrated in E7ig. 21. It will be apparent that the indexing of the filter wheels 1040 and 1041 may be controlled from an on~ine computer system 1230 , . . .
in the same manner as generally described with respect to the Ireceding ~ ~
embodiment, so that further detai? with respect to such on~ine computer ~, is unnecessary with respect to Fig. 21.
~ Figs. 22 and 23 diagrammatically indicate the respective i, filters 1101-1121 and 1201-1221 of the filter disks 1040 and 10~1. The ; filters 1101-1106 and 1201-1206 may conform identically to the filters 281-286 of Fig. 4, while filter positions 1107 and 1207 may be free of filters. The filters 281-286 have been designed as a standard , filter for measuring TAPPI brightness, standard filters for a four-filter colorimeter and conventionally designated X (blue), X (red), .
Z and Y~, and a filter required by the TAPPI standard method for oE~city measurement, conventionally designated as a YA filter. Thus filters 1101 through 1106 may be designated as TAPPI brightness, X (blue), X (red), Z, Y and Y . The filters 287 and 288 were C A
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~; ' ' ' '"' : ' ' ' " . ' ' . ' ' ' ' ' . . ~ . .
:"
1~6Z~)36 designated Z (blue) and Z (yellow). In this case, the complete number seven filter of the embodiment of Fig. 4 can be located at a p~sition (for example position 1204) in the reflected beam. The filters 1108 through 1121 and 1208 through 1221 may comprise ` , interference-type narrow~and filters which together transmit the complete visible spectrum.
, By way of example each of the filter diameters may be ' 3/4 inch. The reflectance and transmittance photocells 1032 and 1030 may be of the Schottky Silicon Photodiode type as presently used in a Model S-4 brightness and color tester. Am~ifiers for each of r-the photodiodes can be the same as in the S~4 instrument (i e., Analog 234 K and AD 741 C), Two digital volt meters 1225 and 1226 , can be used, one for reflectance and the other for transmittance and these may be 3 1/2 digit, 0-2-- millivolt instruments with 8-4-2-1 BCD positive logic output similar to that of the present S-4 instrument.
jj As indicated at 1040a and 1041a,a portion of each of the ;~ .
i fflter wheels 1040 and 1041 is preferably exposed outside of the case so that the number of the filter in the optical train can be observed directly by the op~rator. The filter wheel arrangement !' accommodates a manual placement of both wheels to any ~sition desired. Thus manual means is provided for unlocking the solenoid operated pin for each of the wheels, whereupon the wheels may be manually manipulated at the exposed region such as 1040a.
The ability for any operator to test a machine wide strip by moving it either left to right or right to left is desirable and is accommodated by the illustrated arrangement.
By providing at least one open position in the reflectance filter wheel, such as a position 1207, it will be apparent that the . ~
106'~036 : -~' . .
filter wheels lOgO and 1041 may provide the seven reflectance measurements and the six transmittance measurements with respect to the plper specimen 1002 in pxecise conformity with the correspond-, ing measurements of the on-machine device. Reflectance and transmittance values could be obtained by the on~ine com~uter system ~ -;i 1230 from simultaneous readings of the photocells 1030 and 1032, .-- or the readings could be taken separately, Since the sensing head -1025 i9 conveniently removable, the instrument of Fig. 21 can also measure thickpad reflectivities, Roo. The basic design consideration -~:~ is that the reflectivity value determined on a thickpad would be in ,~ , 'i agreement with the established scale and that the thickp~d reflectivity calculated from a reflectance and transmittance measurement made on a single sheet would be in agreement with the directly measured value. To accomplish this objective, fourteen narrow-band filters 1108-1121 and 1208-1221 are employed to obtaln data permitting n calculation of the thickp~d reflectivity through the weighted-ordinate integration a~roach. Filters of identical kind are selectively introduced in the incident and reflected beam. Transmittance and reflectance measurements are performed with the open hole position such as 1207 in the reflected beam and the filter disk 1040 located through its various positions in the incident beam. The open hole 1107 in ,f ~: the incident beam is used with filter disk rotation in the reflected beam. In this way, fluorescence appearing in any part of the spectrum is handled properly.
The scope of the program presently under way includes . .
construction of the instrument as shown in Figs. 21-23 and testing of its op~ration to insure that it performs in accordance with the basic objective predicting thickp~d reflectivity via the fourteen narrow-, - 221 -,. I
, . .
., .
. 106~V36 -`
,........................................................................ .
." ~:1 , band filter and weighted ordinate integration approach.
,, The results of a feasibility study conducted at The J' Institute Of Paper Chemistry in which an ~utomatic Color~rightness ,~ Tester equipped with sixteen narrow-band filters was employed to l obtain Ro and Roo values and the General Electric Recording i~ Spectrophotometer was employed to obtain transmittance data indicate ~i .
the success of this approach in calculating the thickp~d reflectivity - n ~- complred to the directly measured values. This work was conducted `
by a joint applicant herein, and is set forth in the following section.
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106;~036 ~. .... .
~ APPENDIX
: ~ ;
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FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT~ON OE A LA~ORATORY INSTRUMENT
BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF OMOD
., , ~ : .:
i The ACBT equipped with the æixteen narrow-band f~lters was used to obtain , -~ Ro and Roo values for six of Nekoosa Edwards paper samples. Transmittance ! ;--~ data for the same specimens were obtained using the conventional GERS.
Roo values were calculated using the following formulas.
:;, ~ , . .:
a=(l+F~Z - T2)/Fb - -FbO=(a/2)_ J (a/2)2-l ~he values for T, Ro~ R~o measured, R~o calculated values are given in Table , I, The data shc~t reasonable agreement between the measured and calculated ~0 values. There are several factors which contribute to the differences Fluorescence was not properly accounted for a~d s~ne of the samples do Sluoresce~ partlcularly 9am~lesl8 and 29. The ~smplss were lllumlnated ~tlth a colllmated besm whereas the theoretlcal relatlonship 18 ba~ed on dlffuse lllum1natlon and dlffuse vlewlng. ~he samples do change somewhat wlth handllng as a large number of readlngs must be taken on each speclmen. The same spe- ~ -clmens were evaluated on filters No. 6 and 21 after all the data were collected. I
The datn glven ln ~able III show that some changes occurred as a result of handllng durlng the many tests.
, . , . .
~rlstimulus values were calculated from the Roo values obtslned from the T
and Ro values using the weighting factor~ given by the CIE system. These tristimulus values were then comp~red wlth the dlrectly measured trlstimulus values obtained on the ACBT uslng the "trlstlmulus fllters". The data, glven ln Table II show good agreement for most of the samples. Here agaln the same factors discussed earlier are responsible for the aifferences. In addition, the broad-band tristimulus functions of the ACBT no doubt differ slightly fram the theoretical functlons. It appears that sample 29 (cherry bond) ;-shows the largest discrepancy.
It appears feasible to design and construct an instrument similar to OMoD
but also equipped with narrow-band filters which uould give very nearly the correct tristlmulus values in either mode. ~erhaps the reasons for the dis-crepancles' noted could be determined and further improvements made. c , ~ :.:, . . .
.
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: 106'~036 q~able I
"
A' S~ le T Ro RINFM RINFC RI~ RINFC .~
6-3 o.og40 0.6180 0.6250 0.6270 0.0020 618 0.1070 0.~730 o,471,o o.l~801 o.oo6 620 0.1150 0.5590 0. s700 0.5701 -o. ooOl 623 0.0420 o.l~440 o.44so 0.4450 o.oooo 629 0.0250 0.2940 0.2940 0.2942 -0.0002 630 O. OllO 0.2330 0.2~40 0.2330 O. OOlO
7-3 0.1120 0.6920 0.7120 o.7095 0.0025 18 0.1270 0.7610 0.7880 o.7933 -o-oo53 .1350 0.5930 0.6100 0.6104 -o. oool~
723 0.0420 o.4440 o.4l-60 o.44so O.OOlO
729 0.0280 0.3110 0.3I10 0.3113 -o.ooo3 73o o. oo9o 0.2190 0.2210 0.2190 0.0020 8-3 0.1350 0.7270 0.7580 0.7578 0.0002 818 0.1460 0.8200 o.8740 o.8go3 0.0163 820 0.1500 0.6160 o.6400 o.63g8 0.0002 823 o.o490 o.4640 o.4660 o.46s4 o.ooo6 829 0.0350 0.3300 o.33oo 0-3305 -0-00o5 7' 830 0.0120 0.2390 0.2~00 o~ 2390 O. OOlO
9-3 0.1480 0.7370 o.7760 0.7768 o.0008 918 0.1550 0.8050 o.8660 o.876s -0.0105 920 0.1610~ 0.621~0 o,6s30 0,6s2s o.ooo5 923 o,o630 0.4910 o.l~g40 o.4g36 o,ooo4 929 0,021~0 0.2810 0.2810 0.2812 -0,0002 .0170 0.2700 0,2710 0,2701' o~ooo9 10'-3 0.1600 o.7460 0.7980 0,7962 0.0018 1018 0,1650 0,7g80 o.8700 0.8778 -0.0078 1020 0,1740 o.6380 o.6740 o.6738 0.0002 1023 o.logo 0.5820 o.5930 0.5928 0.0002 1029 0.0130 0.20go 0,2090 0,2090 -o~oooo 1030 o,o430 o,36so o.36go o.36s8 0.0032 11-3 0,1660 0,7520 o,8110 o,808g 0.0021 1118 0.1680 o.7950 o.8740 o.8766 0.0026 1120 0.1750 o.63go 0.67so o.67s4 -o,ooo4 1123 0.1310 o.6260 o.6440 o.644s -o.ooo5 1129 o,oogo 0,1590 0,1590 0.1590 -o.oooo 1130 o.o860 o.4700 o.4760 0.4745 0.0015 12-3 0,1680 o.7480 0.80go 0,8051 0.0039 1218 0.1730 0.7910 o,8760 o.8766 o.ooo6 1220 0.1670 0.6210 0.6510 0.6515 -0.0005 1223 o.yoo o.6170 o.63so o.6346 o.oo~4 1229 O.OlOO 0,1400 0,1400 0.1400 -0.0000 1230 0.1220 0,5400 o.5530 0.5517 0.0013 -3 ~0,1680 0.7420 o.8000 0.7971 0.0029 1318 0,1740 0.7890 o,8760 0,8744 0.0016 c 1320 0,1520 0.5950 0,6170 0.6176 o.ooo6 3 0.1170 0,5920 o,6040 o.604g -o.ooo3 1329 O,OllO 0.1360 0,1360 0.136 1330 0.1520 o.sg60 0.6200 0.6186 0.0014 14-3 0,1700 0.7350 0,7900 o.78g3 o.ooo7 1418 0.1770 o.7880 o,8760 o.8769 -o.ooog 1420 0.1280 o.s480 o.s600 0.5613 0.0013 1423 O.O9lO o.s400 0.5470 o.s464 o;ooo6 .0160 0.1510 0.1510 0.1510 -o. oooo 1430 0.1860 o.64so o.6goo o.6878 0.0~22 -224-' ...
.
036 ``
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..
Table I continued Sample ~ Ro RINFM RINFCRIWFM-RINFC .
15-3 0.1680 0.7320 0.7870 o.783g0.0031 1518 0.1800 o.7870 o.8780 o.87g6-0.0016 1520 o~ lOOO0.5000 0.5060 0.5068-0.0008 1523 o. o6go0.4870 o- 4900 0.4901-o. ooOl 1529 o.o470 0.3230 0.3250 0.32380.0012 1530 o.ægo 0.7010 o.8000 o.79520.0048 16 3 0.1720 o.7330 0.7910 0.78820.0028 1618 0.1810 0.7880 o.8840 0.8832o.ooo~
1620 0.0820 0.4560 o.4600 0.4599 O.
1623 0.0530 0.l~3700.4380 0.438s -o.
1629 0.1680 o.6070 o.6400 o.6363o.oo37 16~0 0.2430 0.7220 0.8610 o.8s320.0078 17-3 0.1770 o.7400 o.8080 0.80180.006 1718 0.1840 o.7880 0.8920 o.88820.0038 1720 o.o680 o.4æo o.4240 o.4244-o.ooo4 1723 0.0410 o.3g60 o.3g60 0.3968-0.0008 1729 0.2400 0.7140 0.8240 0.8321-0.0081 1730 0.2470 0.7240 o.87go o.86s40.0136 18-3 0.1870 o.7480 0.8290 0.82280.00~2 1818 0.1880 0.7900 0.9020 O.9OOlo.oolg 1820 o.o660 0.4170 0.4190 0.4192-0.0002 1823 o.o380 o.3880 0.3880 o.3887 -o.
1829 0.2520 0.7300 o.8780 o.8g28-0.0148 1830 0.2510 o.7240 o.88so o.873gO.O~
;~ 19-3 ~.lg5o ~.756~ o.a53o ~.a~5oo.oOao 1918 0.1930 o.7900 0.9140 O.9lll0.0029 1920 0.0710 0.4230 0.4250 0.4256-o.ooo6 1923 0.0410 0.3930 o.3940 o.3g380.0002 1929 0.2580 0.7300 0.8g80 O.9lll-0.0131 1930 0.2550 0.7230 o.8goo o.8806o.o~g4 -3 ~0.2030o.7640 o.87go 0.8715o-oo75 2018 0.1980 o.7930 0.9270 0.934s-o.o~75 o.o560 0.4110 o.l~l3o 0.4132-0.00~2 o.o400 0.3840 o.3840 o.3847-o.ooo7 .2610 0.7280 o.go80 0.9142-0.006 ~ 2030 0.2590 0.7240 o.8g60 o.8g40 0.
1 21-3 0.2110 o.7630 o.8g60 0.8838o.olæ
118 0.2020 o.78go 0.9340 o.g337o-o~o3 120 o.o9oo o.46so 0.4770 o.46gg0,0071 ; 2123 o.os60 0.4410 o.4480 0.4427o.oo53 129 0.2610 0.7240 O.9llO o.8gggO.O~
130 J 0.2600 0.7180 0.8g80 0.87920.0188 ~rsnsmittsnce measured with GERS
. . .
~ . Ro Reflectance with black backing measured on the ACBT
,~ RINFN Reflectance of opaque pad measured on the ACB~
'-~ RINFC Reflectsnce of opaque pad as calculated from Ro and T
RINFN-RINFC Difference between the m~asured and calculnted ~00 ~alues Sample ~he first ~umber (6 through 21) desi~nates the fllter number. ffle .
last two characters deslgnste the sample number.
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101i~03~
Table II
X y Z
Ssmple C M C M C M
3 77 7 77.9 79-6 79.3 90.4 90.6 -18 86.5 86.3 88.o 87.6 102.1~ 102.5 49.3 50.0 55.1 55.2 76.4 76-3 23 45.0 45-3 52.8 52.9 59.7 59.9 29 52.2 50.9 34.2 31.5 33. 31.8 71.1 69.9 68.5 68.2 3~.0 3~.9 C Yalues calculated fr~m narrou-band fllter data.
M Values determined using the "tristimNlus filters".
'' :',':
Sample Description 3 AdYantsge offset w~ve 50 lb. ~ -18 S-20 Nekoosa Bond B-20 NeXoosa Bond Blue 23 5-20 Nekoosa Bond Gree~
29 S-20 Nekoosa Bond Cherr~ -5-20 Nekoosa Bond Buff , .
;~ .
Table III
Change in thc Measured R ~ Value~ with Handling for No. 6 and 21 Filters on the ACBT
No. 6 ~ilter (401 nm) Start of test o.6?5 0.474 0.570 0.445 0.294 0.234 End of te~to.6?3 o.465 0.570 0.4450.293 0.234 , No. 21 Filtcr (697 nm) Start Or test o.ô96 0.9340.477 o,448 0.911 o.898 E~d of test o.889 0.9?70.474 o.446 o.895 o.898 i :
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[The section enti~led "Captions for the l?igure3"
and Figs; 1-7 of drawings are omitted ' ' , ' ' .
106Z03~
GE~NEnAL DISCUSSION OF THE DISCLOSURE OF ~IGS. 1-20 A basic conception of the on-machine system of ~IGS. 1-20 is crucially concerned with the art of paper manufacture wherein numerous grades and weights of p~per are to be manufactured, and wherein access to the paper web for measurement of paper op~ical properties during the manufacturing process is restricted to a section between the calendering stack and the reel. The environment at this location has been detailed in the preceding section. By measuring two essentially independent optical p~rameters, for example measuring both the reflectance and transmittance with respect to incident light ,r .
of the necessary spectral distribution, it is p~ssible to calculate plp~r optlcal properties on the basis of existing theory with an essential independence of basis weight. The feasibility and effectiveness of this approach is confirmed in the preceding section.
Closely related to the foregoing is the conception of utilizing as nearly as practicable the o~tical response characteristics and geo-metry of existing instruments used in the paper industry, so as to achieve as close a correlation as possible with present off-line measure-ments of color and brightness, for example. Also of substantial significance is the conception of providing a rugged and comp3ct tem-~erature-stabilized instrument capable of reliable and accurate on-machine measurement of color, brightness and opacity.
The reduction to practice of these basic conceptions has included several sp~nsored projects at the Institute of Paper Chemistry as reflected by the preceding section and has included laboratory test-ing of a ~ototype device for accuracy and reliability on a wide range of paper samples, with careful comp3rison being made with corres-,, .
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, 106Z036 ~
ponding measurements using standard laboratory instruments. Details of the life testing of the prototype unit over a ten-month period and the adaption of the device to reliable and stable operation on the p~p er machine have been included herein to document the practical im~e-mentation of the on-machine system. Because of the critical need for rapid calculation of plper o~tical properties in an on rnachine device, the necessary computer programming has been developed and is fully disclosed herein.
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, ,~ . , . , . ' ' An important aspect of the disclosure relates to the measurement of the basis weight of the moving paper web concurrently with the simul-taneous measurement of reflectance and transmittance values for essentially a common region of the web. Using the calculated value of infinite reflec-tance R (including the grade correction factar) and the value of t~ansmit-tance T, fox example, for the same sample region, along with a concur- -~
rently obtained, average value f~r basis weight, essentially accurate values_ of scattering coefficient s and the absorption coefficient k are obtained.
Such coefficients will exhibit essential independence of any variations in the basis weight ~f the paper sheet material under these circumstances. ; ~ ;~
The measurement of both a reflectance and a transmittance value for a common sample region has an advantage over the measurement of two reflectance parameters under conditions 9uch as found in the paper manufacturing process since the transmittance measurement is relatively insensitive to misalignment or tilting of the optical axis 515 of the backing assembly or lowerænsing head 12, FIG. 3, relative to the optical axis 15 of the sensing head 11. This advantage is especially important for sheet material of relatively high opacity where t~o reflectance parameters would tend to be relatively close in value.
Generally the results of laboratory tests discussed herein are expected to be applicable to the on-line system. Thus the spread between values of RooFC (See Table 3) obtained by the illustrated on-line system and the corresponding values of AR FC taken as standard should not differ oo by more than about plus or minus two points on a scale of zero to one hundred, prior to any grade correction, for a wide range of paper sheet materials of different color and basis weight.
~ -141-' , !
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~o6Z036 . ..
The samples for which such accuracy was obtained in the labora-tory included a range of basis weights of from 60 grams per square meter to 178 grams per square meter for white paper. Without the use of a correction factor, calculated R values which fell within two points of the :~ -~
measured value included samples of paper colored white (several tints), green, blue, canary, russett, ivory, gray and buff. Colors including pink, gold, salmon, and cherry required a significant correction factor for the XR~ YC~ and YA functions. All of the calculated Roo values involving the ~; XB and Z functions fell within 0.77 units of the measured value ona scale of zero to 100, again without the use of any correction factor and regard-less of color or basis weight.
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106'~036 Thc tcrm quantitative measure of papAr optical properties as used in the claims refers to output quantities of a numerical nature such as supplicd by the on-line digital computer system -996, Fig, 6, programmed as explained herein with reference to Figs.
7-20. Examples of such guantities are those indicated in block 990, Fig. 20: these quantities are identified with thc corresponding con- -ventional paper optlcal properties in Table 21.
The term on-machine optical monitoring device is intended generically and refers to the device 10, Figs. 1 and 2, and other comparable devices for sensing two essentially independent optical response parametcrs such that a paper optical property ig characterized prlor to use of any correction factors with substantially improved .:
accuracy in comparison to any characterization (prior to correction factors) of such paper optical property from either of such optical responsc parameters taken by itself. Such a monitoring device may bc used as an aid to manual control of the paper making proccss or may be used as part of a closed loop automatic control system, Thus "monitoring" does not exclude active control in response to thc output signals from the monitoring device.
Within the scope of the present sub~ect matter, one or more of the ' following pap^r optical prop^rties may be sensed: brightness, color, fluorcscence, and/or opacily. Control of brightness and fluorcscence offers a very substantial potential for cost reduction in the production ' of a si~nificant range of paper types. Color control, on the other hand, may have important consequcnccs regarding flexibility of manufacture, product uniformity, and grade change flcxibility.
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106'~(~36 The value of on-line opacity control has already been demonstrated to a large degree in a prior closed loop analog opacity controller. In this installation, the average opacity across the web i6 controlled almost exactly at any given desired value.
In previous manually controlled operations, the PKT (Pigmentary Potassium Titanate K20-6Ti02 by du Pont) was set to some value chosen by the beater engineer and usually held to such value for the duration of the run of a given grade and weight. In the meantime, the paper opacity varied up and down, d~pending on process conditions at the time. Since the installation of the analog opacity controller, the opacity set point is adjusted rather than the PKT flow, thus holding opacity constant at the desired level Instead of opacity, the PKT i~ow now varies up and down to compensate for other presently unavoidable process upsets resulting from variations in broke richness, PKT solids, dye usage save-all efficiency, and other machine retention conditions. For a complete discussion of the installation of the analog opacity controller, reference is made to F.P. Lodzinski article "Exper-ience With a Transmittance-Type On-Line Opacimeter for Monitoring and Controlling Opacity", Tappi, The Journal of The Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry, Vol. 56, No. 2, Feb. 1973.
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'' 106;~036 ~-To assist in indicating the scope of the presellt joint invention, the substance of excerpts from an early conception record by one of the :~:
present inventors are sct forth in the following paragraphs, headed "Proposed Instrument Design". The proposed design can be provided with a comrnon backing window member conforming with window 135, and ~.
as thus modified is presented as an alternative embodiment of the joint . invention. - -s' r ~ . .
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10~;~036 .
Proposed Instrument Design~
.
An instrument made up of two seanning sensing heads, one above and one below the moving paper web, and a dedicated computer with -appropriate couplers for input and output, i8 envisioned. The bottom he~d would receive light transmitted through the sheet and subsequently .
analyzed for its~X, Y, and Z tristimulus components. It would also contain a backing of some specifled effective reflectance (possibly a blaek body of zero, or near zero, refleetance) loeated ~ust ahead or behind (machine dlrection) of the transmitted light recep~or compartment(s~, The upper head ~Duld contain the light souree, a~ well as a retleeted light receptor. Tbe latter oceurs after reflection from the moving web at a point just above the baeking, on the bottom head and would also bé analyzed for its X, Y, and Z tristimulu~ components.
Borh light receivers and, for that matter, the light souree itself could be integrating cavities of a type. This ~uld be one way to insure the uniform distribution of emitted, tranamitted, and reflected light in the `-X-direction in addition to providing identical samples of light going to each phoroelectric cell installed with filters within the cavities themselves, Thermostatically controllcd heaters or coolers w~uld likely be desirable for temp^rature control. The flux of the light source could be monitored or controlled by a third p~rtial, or full, set of filter-pho~ocell combin:ltions. The availability of both the transmitted ~) and reflected (Rg) light signals described above allows for preeise eomputation of the refiectance with an infinite backing (Ro~ It i~ ' ~he l~tter, Roo value, wllicll is required to characterize color, bri~htness, ' :~ ~ ' ' ' .
- 1~5 -~., '' ~
~06'~036 and an index of fluorescencc, In addition, it would eliminate the nced for any grade corrections in measuring either printing or TAPPI
opacity, both of which could be made available if desired.
A small, rather low-cost, dedicated computcr with ap?ropriate interface equipment, could be used tO receive all signals, compute all p^rtinent optical properties, and determine the signal for direct, closed loop control of:
a. 2-5 separate conventional dye addltions:
b. fluorescent dye feed to the size press; and c. PKT, TiO2, or other slurry flow 90 that brlghtness, opacity, color (L, a,b) and fluorescence could be maintained almost exactly as chosen b~r, p-rhaps even a master ,' computer, if dcsired.
Kubelka-Munk equations, quantitative color descriptions, and their inter-relationships, recently acquired wet end mathematical models, along with existing control theory, are all presently available in some ~, form or other to convert the input signals from the scanning heads to s~ optical measurements and flow feeds with which paper manufacturers are familiar, The combined mathematical technology above is also sufficient for adequate decoupling of this otherwise complicated information so that overlapp-d control is avoided, Use of a dedicated computer ~ uld eliminate most of the ~ c electronics now associated with optical measuring equipment. It could also be used to integrate results across the web and simplify and/or maintain calibration. The package w~ uld lend itself to rather universal application and minimize the time and effort on the part of the purchaser.
The key feature of this proposed instrument, which distinguishcs it from existing on-line optical testers, is that it calls for the : i . ' . , I' 106'~036 measurement of both transmittcd and rcflccted light without undue compIications. This, in turn, can cause a great dcal of improvements regarding s--nsitivity, a~curacy, flexibility, and thoroughness of a '.
continuous oprical propcr~y measuring device.
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: s 1062036 ;``
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The following Table will serve to identify the computer symbols used in ~igs. 17-20 with the corresponding conventional symbols and terminologx used in the text.
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Table 21 - Identification of Computer Symbols Used in , 7,.''' Fi~gs. 17-20 I ~ -Computer Conventional Conventional Term ! , -Symbol _ Symbol for Symbol SGCE~' GC~Table 3) specific grade correction factor l ';
RG RD~able 3) ,Nominal reflectance of the diffuser I - -window 135 TD ~. Td Nominal transmit-tance of the diffuser window 135 RZERO R ~able 3) reflectance with (RZTABL) black body backing for each filter wheel position I eguals ~ ,, zero through five.
T T~able 3) Transmittance with ~I~ABL) black body backing for each filter wheel position I equals zero through five.
RINF R ~rable 3) infinite backing (RITABL) ~ reflectance for filter wheel positions I equals zero to five.
S S scatter coefficient ~STABL) for cach filter , ,.
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_ 148 . i . . , - :
'`, , wheel position I equals ~ero through five.
, K K absorption ; (KTABL) coefficient for each filter wheel po3ition I ~ als 7" zero through .. ~A
five.
ZELUOR - fluorescent , concribution to ¦
tristimulus Z
reflectance :: . ~:,.,:
~RINF - tristimulus Z
' infinite backing l ~-reflectance with ,': fluorescence ., :
,~ . .......
XBRINF - ' tristimulus X , '~ in~inite backi~
reflectance with ~, ' fluorescence' , . , BRRINE~' - TAPPI brightness ~--~; (see Table I in ,, the first section ~ ;
~'! ' of this Topic for /l spectral distribu~
; ~ tion of the first ~ ' filter wheel position) ;
POPAC R o/Roo printing opacity ~ ~ YAR89 Ro~ 89 tristimulus Y
Y reflectance with . 89 backing "
~ TOPAC RJRo.89 TAPPI opacity ~, ,; ~ XTRI X C. I. E. tristimulus ~ s ,~ coordinate X
YTRI Y C. I. E. tristimulus coordinate Y
, ' ZTRI Z C. 1. E. tristimulus coordinate Z
.~ . ' . . .
~;'; LH 1, Hunter coordinate ~; L
AH, BH a, b Hunte r coordinateq a, b.
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~ 1062036 `
. . .
, DISCUSSION OF ~URTHER OR ANTICIPATED
~, MODIFICATIONS AND FURTHER INFORMATION
'~ REL,ATIVE TO Tl{E PRE~ERRED EMBODIMENT
.
Changes Made to the On~nachine System of Figs. 1~
1. Light source lamp terminals were connected to test ~j tip jacks so that lamp voltage (at the lamp) can now be quickly ~ measured without opening the case. -~
'~ 2. An easily removable doorway was cut from the top of the upper head case so that the photocell and amplifier gain circuits ' are much more accessible now. The photocell can now be easily ,~ removed and its 3/16" diameter aperture viewed directly from above i j?
w{thout removing the case. This permits a quick check to see whether the two heads are properly aligned. The diffuser 276, Fig. 3, in the photocell aperture will be uniformly lighted when alignment is correct. Nonuniform illumination of this dlffuser i9 quite apparent 1, when the heads are improperly aligned.
~j 3. A temperature sensitive resistor is located in the upper ; head adjacent to the photocell. Conductors are connected to lugs on the pcwer supply panel so that such resistance measurements are easy l~ to acquire. An empirically prepared chart is used to convert the a resistance to temperature. Thus, an upper head temperature can be monitored from the remote power supply panel. ~his temperature i measuring device has been on the OMOD since it was first constructed.) c 4. The upper head weighs 20 lbs. and the lower head 1 9-3/4 lbs. The wei~ht of the mounting brackets are 7 and 5 lbs., x~ respectively. (The compact size and light weight of these heads is an important advantage when it canes to providing means of installing ,, and traversing across the web).
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106Z036 ;
o o 5. Thc rcason we choose the 45 ~ geometry i9 because this geometry is used in the standard TAP~I brightness measurement. , Thcre is no standard TAPPi color test geometry at this time. It i9 ;~.
considered that thc 45~ geometry with the light plane in the machine direction is the proper geometry for color measurement as well.
The reason for this is that most of our paper products where bright-ness and color are important are eventually used for written communications purposes. Consequently, they are viewed on a table :
top or desk with the human eye and light source approximating the ' ~:
4S~ geometry as employed in the OMOD. Moreover, the grain direction of the paper (grain long 8 1/2 x 11 letterhead for example) i5 ~uch that this directional effect is al~o simulated by the OMOD.
Diffuse viewing i9 impossible by the human eye and diffuse illumination i9 quite unlikely in most office~ or places of paper use. ~ :
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Anticipated Computer Program Changes 1. We plan to test each individual reading of ~ransmittance and reflectance ¢I and R) and compare it to the previously smoothed values. The latest individual readings will not be used to update the smoothed average whenever a difference between the two is greater than X % . The value of X will remain flexible, but likely in the neighborhood of S-10 % This subprogram will reject and flag bad data since the paper optical properties could hardly change faster than --this between readings. An exception is the very beginning of a run;
however, the heads are not put on sheet until the operation has settled ~' down somewhat anyway. Only the startup of a run will need to be manual or feed forward as far a~ color, brightne~, and opacity control is concerned.
2. Initialization of the smoothing algorithm of R and T will be made to occur only when a grade change occurs; i.e., whenever a new set of specific grade correction factors are entered into the computer memory. There should not be any need for reinitialization for any other reason. Even basis weight changes occur gradually enough to permit the use of the previously stored smoothed averages without serious difficulty. We may, however, consider the use of an operator command to reinitialize such algorithms if found desirable. ~ -3. For the No. 6 paper machine(shown in Figs. 1 and 2 ), .; . , the OMOD heads will be pushed completely off thc web on the front side `~ to allow the basis weight gauge (mounted side of the OMOD) to measure right up to the front edge. The program will, thereforc, need to be modified to reject data acquired whenevcr this occurs. Since the head position will be known, from the basis weight profile monitoring system, such data can be left unused whenever the position "Y" or greatcr ig ~: - 152-r.
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reached. ;: :
It turns out that this particular situation provides a :
convenient means of servicing the OMOD. The traversing mcchanism -;
can be stopped when the OMOD heads are pushed beyond the web edge where they are quite accessible for examination, checking of : ~ :
standardization, etc.
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Il - 153 -106Z~)36 `
CURRENT PROCRAM LISTING -- .
GE-PAC 4_0 Program Listing Characteristlcs The following program listings are considered to bc in conformity with the flow charts of Figs. 8-20. The listing is provided by the General Electric PAC 4020 process control computer, and the following general discussion explains the GE-PAC 4020 program listing characteristics.
1. The first page contains the following unique information:
A. Line l--control statement, with time of day and activity. I
B. Lines 2 and 3 contain program identification numbers. i ~ : -lI. The remaining information is broken into three parts as follows:
A, Thc three left-most columns of numbers consist of assombler-generated machine codlng:
1. The flrst column of numbers consists of the octal , location, relative to the beginning of the program.
2. The second column of numbers consists of the contents ; of the octal location in absolute form-the first two numbers signify the operation code; the third number signifies the index register, if any; and the remalning f five numbers signify the absolute operand of the instruction. l ~, i . , O
i ~ 3. The third column of numbers consists of the contents i~........................................... . . ..
of the octal location in relative form-it is identical to (2), except the five right-most numbers signify ~, the relative operand from the location of the instruction.
B. The next eighty columns correspond to the symbolic instructions from which the assembler generated the machine coding.
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1. Statcments beginning with an asterick or "C" are comments only, with respectively a 6 or 7 in column seventy.
2. Other statements are divided as follows: label, if any; symbolic operation code; symbolic operand, ~ `
if any; index rcgister preceded by a comma, if any;
comment, if any; and 6, 7 or 1 in column seventy. `
3. The 6 in column seventy indicates a programmer- `
defined assembly language statement. The 7 in column seventy indicates a programmer-defined ~ 7' ~`
Fortran language statement. The 1 in column seventy , ~,; indicatos an assembler-defined assembly language statement, such as symbolic coding generatcd from j a programmer-defined Fortran statement. I -f C. The right-most column contains the line sequence numbcr ~ of the printout.
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106~)36 Program Listlng ~or Program Fourteen (~IG~. 8-16) 1 . .
The following listing i9 presented to illustrate the extent of the programming effort to implement the flow charts of Figs. 8-16. It will be observed that the implementation of these flow charts together ~
with the changes previously indicated herein and any necessary ~ , .
debugging is within the routine slcill of the art.
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; 106;~036 PROPOSED OPTICAL CONTROL STRATEGY ~;
While the on~ine automatic control of paper optical properties is an ultimate objective of the work reported herein, the claimed -sub3ect matter relates to onmachine monitoring o~ paper optical properties whether used as an aid to conventional manual control or for otner purposes. Nevertheless, in order to provide a disclosure of the best mode presently contemplated for automatic control as a separate but related area of endeavor, the following discussion is presented. ~-The optical properties of a sheet of paper are dependent upon r all of the materials of which it is madc but primarily upon the furnishcd pulp, filler9, pigmcnt~, dyes, and some additives. It ~g o~ten very difficult to maintaln the optical attributes of the pulp, fillers and ~i addltives constant within a given production run. Such variation is even greater between runs. The optical properties of thc finished paper may, however, be reasonably controlled to specified standards by varying the additions of dyes and fillers and pigments until the desired ,: .
compensations are achieved. The problem is that each furnished -ingredient affects each of the resulting paper optical properties in a i rather complicated manner. Indeed the intuition of experienced papermakcrs has essentially been the sole method of optical property control. Unfortunately, this approach is inefficient, resulting in considerable off-standard paper and/or waste of costly materials.
- Accordingly, a dire need exists within the paper industry for a hi~hly reliable and continuous optical property monitor coupled ~ th a closed loop computer control system.
The value of such closed loop control, based on a feedback : ' . 106~036 color detector, has already becn demonstrated for the a) ntinuous addition of two and sometimes three dyes. (1) (2)Target dye concentra-tions changes of up to three dyes can be determined by solving threc simultaneous equations containing three unknowns. (1) One disadvantage of such control i9 that accurate color monitoring is not presently available unless large and frequen~ empirically determined correction factors are applied to che original output results. A second dis-advantage arises when opacity and ~he fluorescence must also be simultaneously controlled. In this case the nun7ber of independently controlled continuous additions increases from three to five. An r~' optical brightener and an opacifying pigment constitute the two additional factors, An ob~ect of this invention i9 to demonstrate a method by which fluorescence can be continuously monitored. A means by which the optical brightener addition can be separately and independently controlled i5 inherently implied. The paper color is also analyzed without the fluorescent contribution. It is, of course, this latter characterization (without fluorescence) which should be, but which has not in the past been, used to determine the required addition of the conventional dyes. In other words, the effect of the optical brightener is decoupled from the three conventional dyes making possible the simultaneous control of all four dyes.
Anothcr portion of this invention demonstrates a means of continuously determining the scattering coefficient of the moving web for each of the six available light spectrums. It i9 possible to determine the scattering coefficient required to achieve a given opacity specification whenever the basis weight and absorption coefficient are known. When .
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the 1atter are set equal to a given set of product specifications, then the calculated scattering coefficient becomes the target scattering - . ;
coefficient. (The absorption coefficient ean be aequired by off~ine ~ -testing of a sample of the standard color to be matched. In reality, this becomes a target absorption coefficient as well.) The dyes have ,t little, if any, effect on the scattering coefficient but the effect of the slurry pigment is very large. Thus the target scattering coefficient is used as the sole feedback variable to control the slurry pigment feed.
This will insure that the opacity is at or near the specification as long, as the absorption coefficient and basis weight are also on target.
The absorption eoefficient should, of eourse, be on target by virtue of the ~ndependent eolor eontrol. A eompletely independent sy~tem eontrol~ the basls weight.
A method bg whieh the deeoupling of three eonventional dyes, one cptieal brightener and one opacifying pigment has hereby been explained. Heretofore, such decouplirg as revealed in the prior art has been limited to three absorptive dyes and thereby neglecting . .
'~ the need to also achieve a specified degree of fluoreseenee and opacity.
References ~' 1. The development of dynamie eolor control on a paper ' machine by H. Chao and W. Wickstrom; Automatiea, Vol.
- 6 PP 5-18, Pergamon Press, 1970.
2. Another consideration for eolor and formation by Henry H. Chao and Warren A. Wiekstrom, eolor engineering, Sept/
;~ Oet. 197 1.
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106'~036 GeNEl~AL DISCUSSION OF TIIE INVENTION PARTICULARLY
IN RELJ~TION TO I~N ONMACHINE SYSTEM
'' ~
The prcsent invention is for the purposc of obtaining ~
quantitative measure of an optical property such as bxightness, color, opacity or fluorescence of single thickness sheet material.
The sheet matexial is substantially homogeneous in its thicl;ness dimension such that the optical property of interest can be reliably cal-culated from reflectance and transmittance measurements on thc basis of existing theory~ Thus the present invention is not applicable to the sensing of localized surface effects (such as due to surface migration of light absorbing powder particles, for example), To the contrary the 'pxesent invention i8 concerned with the average or bulk optical charac~
teristics of the sheet material considexed as a whole, and especially i8 concexnéd with th~ characteristics of paper sheet material as it is delivered from a paper machine after completion of the paper manufac-turing process.
The present invention in its broader aspect does not rcquire strictly homogeneous material since empirical correction factors can be applied for cases where theory is less effective, For example, the paper optical properties of cal~ndered and coated papers may be effectively measured by the system of the preænt invention using grade correction factors to correlate on-machine results with the measurements obtained by standard off-line instruments.
The optical system of the monitoring devicc includes compo-nents such as those shown in Fig. 3 which define or optically a~fcct the incident, reflected andtransmitted li~ht paths such as indicated at 133, 137 and 141-143 in Fi~. 3. ~or thc cnse of a flltcr wIIccl as indicated in ~i~. 4, cach filter wIIcel position may bc considclcd to dcfinc ~
scpnrntc li~IIt cncr~y patII witII its own prcdctcrmincd spcct~l~c~ponsc cI~nrnctcxistics.
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In each filter wheel position, there are two distinct light energy paths for measuring a reflectance value and a transmittance value, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment each such light energy path includes a common incident light path 133, but the paths diverge, one coinciding with the reflectance sensing light path 137 and the other including the transmittance sensing light path. The photometric sensors 203 and 260 thus provide simultaneous reflectance and transmittance output signals with respect to essentially a common region of the web.
The reflectance gensing light path collects light from a circular region with a diameter of about 3/16 inch, and the transmittance sensing light r'' .
path collects light from a total elliptical region which includes substan-tially tlle same circular region as mentioned above. Because of sheet formation effects and other localized variations in web characteristics it is considered valuable that the reflectance and transmittance output signals are based on readings from essentially a common region of the web.
By taking at least one reading in each traverse of the web, and taking such readings at different points along the width in successive traverses, it is considered that accuracies equal to or superior to those of an off-line sampling of a finished reel can be achieved, while at the same time the readings are available immediately in~tead of after comple-tionof a manufacturing run.
By way of example, in the illustrated system a traversal of the web by the sensing head takes about forty-five seconds, so that the sensing head operates at a rate of at least one traversal of the width of the web per minute in the time intervals between the hourly off-sheet standardizing operations.
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In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, the optical window 135 is itself selected as to its optical characteristics so as to provide the basis for off-sheet stalldardization. To this end it is advan-tageous that the optical window exhibit an absolute reflectance value as measured by the standard automatic color-brightness tester of at least about thirty-five per cent (35%). The corresponding absolute transmittance value as measured on the G. E. Recording Spectrophotometer with conventional optics is about fifty-six per cent (56%). With the illustrated embodiment, once the system is properly adjusted with respect to the zero reflectance readings (as by the use of a black sbeet of known minimal reflectance) the sy~tem maintains such zero adjustment quite stably; accordingly the higher the reflectance value of the optical window, the more effective is the re-flectance standardizationby means of the optical window. On the other hand a transmittance value which is of a reasonable magnitude is also desirable, -90 that the provision of an optical window with substantial values of absolute reflectance and transmittance is advantageous.
With the illustrated embodiment, the transmittance readings for the `
moving web are relatively more nearly independent of misalignment of the upper and lower sensing heads than the reflectance readings. Further it is considered that tilting of the lower sensing head relative to the optical axia of the upper sensing head has less effect on transmittance readings than on . : -reflectance readings. Thus it is considered that it would be advaDtageous to have an optical window such as 135 with an absolute reflectance value of .c, . .
seventy per cent (709~0) or more. A value of reflectance as high as ninety per cent (90%~ would not be unreasonable and would generally still permit a transmittance value of a substantial magnitude to give reasonably com-parable accuracy of reflectance and transmittance readings for on-line opera-tion as herein described.
:; -211-. . , ' ~ - ._., .
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1()6'~036 While separate photometric sensing means for the reflectance and tran~3mittance readings have been shown, it is possible witl~ the use of fiber optics, for example, to use a common photometric sensor and alter-nately supply light energy from the reflectance and transmittance light paths thereto, providing the response time of the sensor enables reflectance and transmittance readings to be obtained for essentially the same region of the moving web. Generally the possibility of such time multiplexing of reflectance and transmittance readings will depend on the speed of mo~e-ment of the web and the degree of uniformity of sheet formation and the like. r It is very desirable that the system of the present invention be applicable to sheet materials having a wide range of characteristics such as basis weight and sheet formation, and operable at high speeds of move-ment such as 100 to 3000feet per minute. Further, for maximum accuracg, it is necessary that a region of the sheet material being sampled have sub-stantially uniform opacity. Accordingly, especially for sheet material of relatively low basis weight and relatively poor sheet formation, greater accuracy can be expected when the response of the photometric sensor is relatively fast, and when reflectance and transmittance readings are taken simultaneously and are a measure of the characteristics of a common sam-pling region of minimum area (consistent with adequate signal to noise ratios).
Thus multiplexing of re'flectance and transmittance readings is not prefer-red for the case of high speed paper machinery and comparable environ-ments, nor is it desirable to use reflectance and transmittance light paths which intersect the web at spacially offset regions.
With respect to speed of response of the photometric sensing means, substantial improvements over the previously described components ,' .' I
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are deemed presently available. If the spectral response and othernecessary characteristics are suitable, a sensor with such a higher speed of response is preferred for the illustrated embodiment. Good experience has been had with a silicon photocell presently considered as having an appropriate spectral response characteristics for color and other measurements in accordance with the present invention. The .. ~ -. ~
specific silicon cell referred to is identified as a Schottky Planar Diffuse ~; Silicon Pin 10 DP photodiode of a standard series supplied by United Detector Technology Incorporated, Santa Monica, California.
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1~62036 In place of a rotatable filter wheel arrangement as shown in FIGS. . -3 and 4, a set of twel~!e fiber optic light paths may define six simultaneous-ly operative reflectance light paths in upper sensing head 11 and six sim-ultaneously operative transmittance light paths in lower sensing head 12.
The six reflectance fiber optic paths would include respective filters cor- ;
responding to filters 281-286 and respective indlvidual photocells and would : . .
be located to receive respective portions of the reflected light whlch is ..
reflected generally along path 137 In FIG. 3. The six transmittance fiber optlc paths would also include respective filters corresponding to filters r, ~ .
281-286 and respective individual photocells, and ~ould be located to re- ~ :;
ceive respective portions of the transmitted light which is transmitted gen- .
erally along paths such as 141-143 in FIG. 3. The filter means in the incldent llght path such as indlcated at 133 in FW. 3 mlght lnclude a filter in serles wlth fllters 271 and 272 for fllterlng out the ultravlolet component from the incideltt beam, so that the twelve simultaneous photocell readlngs corresponding to those designated RSDl through RSD6, and TSDl through ;~
TSD6 (when the device is off-sheet), and corresponding to those designated RSPl through RSP6, and TSPl through TSP6 (when the devioe is on-sheet) will exclude a fluorescent contribution. (See Table 3 where this notation - .
is introduced. ) . . .
If a reflectance reading corresponding to RSD7 (when the device is ~ . ..
c . .
off-sheet ) and correspondingtol~7(when the device is on-sheet) is desired `~
90 as to enable computation of fluorescent contribution to brightness, it would be necessary to mechanically remove the ultraviolet filter from the incident light path, or otherwise introduce an ultraviolet component of proper magnitude, and obtain another brightr.ess (Z) reading, for example. I -from the number four reflectance photocell. .
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As an alternative to the above fiber optic system with a common incident light path~ seven fiber optical tubes incorporating filters corres-p~dig to 281-287 of FIGS, 3 and 4, respectively, at say the light exit -~
. .. . .
points of the tubes, could be used to supply the incident light to seven different points on the paper web. The reflected light from each of these seven points could be monitored by seven different systems, each involving lenses and a photocell, and the number seven reflected light path including also a filter corresponding to fiker 288, FIG. 4. The transmitted light ~ `
from the first six points would also need to be kept separately, and this could be accomplished by six integrating cavities and six photocells. ~ ~
~s a further alternative the seven fiber optical tube~ defining the ``
seven incident light paths could have a second set of seven fiber optical tubes and photocells respectively disposed to receive reflected light from the respective illuminated points, Another set of six fiber optical tubes and photocells could be associated with the first six illuminated points ~ for receiving transmitted light. This could eliminate the need for the i light collecting lense9 in the upper sensing head and the integrating cavi- ~ -ties in the lower sensing head.
The last two mentioned alternatives with seven fiber optical tubes defining the incident light paths appear to be rather complicated systems, - - -but they do offer means of eliminating both the mechanical filter wheel -j as well as any mechanical device to control the presence of ultraviolet light in the incident beam.
Still another alternative is to use "screens" in addition to the filters in the embod~nent of FIGS. l~. The new photodiodes are consider-ed sensitive enoughtomeasure reduced light intensites so that screenswith differenttransmittance values could be used with six of the incident beam "
.. ~ . ' :~ . .
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~ 1062036 filters so that the net photocell output for each reflectance light path, and for each transmittance light path, would be similar enough so that ~-separate and invidual pre-amplification for the respective reflectance outputs would not be necessary, and so that separate and individual pre-amplification for each- transmittance output would not be necessary.
This means that reed switches 341-347 and 351-357, and relays Kl through K7 in F~G. 6 could be eliminated, and that the feeback paths for amplifiers 361 and 429 could have the same resistance value in each filter wheel position. A means of sensing filter wheel position would still y be necessary, butthis could be done in a number of simple ways, one of which would be a single reed switch such as reed switch 358 ~hown in FIG. 6. The number of necessary conductors in the cables 51 and 52, ~IG, 5, would, of course, be reduced in this modification.
The term "screen i~ understood in the art as referrir~;to a net- I -work of completely opaque regions and intervening openings or completely translucent regions, such that light energy is uniformly attenuated over the entire spectrum by an amount dependent on the proportion of opaque to transmitting area.
The device of Figs. 1 and 2 has been tested on a m~chine operating at about 1000 feet per minute, and no p~b-lems have appeared in maintaining the necessary uniform and stable contact geometry be- c tween the head and the moving web.
It will be apparent that many further modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the scope of the novel concepts of the present invention.
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-216- !
, , . . ... . . .. ,_ . ,_. .__.. . . _ . . ... ..
,A.~
, 1062~)36 . ;
Description Of The Off-The-Machlne Optical Device Of Figs 21-23 . ~ ~
Figs 21-23 illustrate an instrument for use off the -paper machine It is contemplated that this instrument will enable the development of the relationships between off-machine specification and the on-line instrument of Figs. 1-2Q These relationships would include the"grade-correction" factors to be used in the .-on-line system of Figs. 1-20 relative to off-machine optical -specifications. The instrument is shown as including a specimen support 1000 having an aperture 1001 which may conform with the .
aperture 130, Fig. 3, in diameter, The web support 1000 is of extended area so as to be capable of conveniently supporting a full-width web and for ad~ustment of such web to expose successive portions thereof at the aperture 1001 At the same time, the support 10û0 will accommodate a small size paper specimen such as indicated at 1002. Generally the housing for the optical compon~nts will .1 j conform with the housing 11 of the prior embodiment from the standpolnt of light proofing and interior finish.
The optical system as diagrammatically indicated includes a light source means 1010 and the lenses IC11-1016 generally having -~ the characteristics of the lenses 202, 273 and 274 of Fig. 3 of the ~ . c ,-previous embodiment, and such that the spectral response of the system can duplicate that of the prior embodiment. The illustrated optical system further includes a fixed lamp socket 1020 and an iris diaphram 1021 for attenuating the incident light beam.
Fig 21 illustrates also a transmittance sensing head ~-l 1025 which may be hingedly secured to the support 1000 at a single ' ..... . , . , . ,_ , ... . ._. ~., _. . __, .... _ ..
.
.. .. . , . . . . . . ~ . - . ..
~ ` `
106'~036 corner so as to minimize the obstruction provided to movement of a paper web over the support surface 1000. The transmittance sensing head 1025 may include an optical window 1026 of the same diameter, thickness and physical composition and characteristics as the window 135 of the prior embodiment. The description with respect to the window 135 is specifically incorporated here with r~spect to the window 1026 in its entirety. As illustrated, the lower surface of window 1026 may directly contact the paper ;
specimen 1002 which will be in smooth continuous contact therew*h j,7' `' ';
over the optical viewlng area o~ the system whlch may be of the same dimenslons as that described with respect to the prior embodlment The sensing head 1025 may comprlse a light integrating cavity 1028 and a transmittance sensing light photocell It will be understood that the reflectance and transmlttance light path~have the incident path in common, and that in the illustrated embodiment the transmittance light path into the integrating cavity 1028 may conform with those described with respect to Fig. 3 Also, the reflectance light path generally conforms with that of Fig. 3 and includes a reflectance photocell 1032 The photocell 1032 may have a plate 1033 with a 3/8-inch aperture and may conform with c the plate 275 of Fig. 3. Thus, a` piece of diffusing glass correspond-ing to the glass 276 of Fig. 3 may be located in the aperture so that the light distribution over the surface of the photocell 1032 will conform to the light distribution with respect to ~he surface of photocell 203 in Fig. 3.
' . '.
1~6'2036 `
The instrument of Fig. 21 further includes an incident light filter disk 1040 and a reflected light filter disk 1041. The disls may be provided with low torque motors 1042 and 1043 which may op?irate essentially as described with respect to the motor 209 of Fig. 3. Both filter wheels 1040 and 1041 are under constant torque from a motor and slip-clutch arrangement. Each is prevented from ~-~
turning by a stoppn 6eated in a small hole in the wheel. Each of the twenty-one filters in a wheel has a corresponding hole. The wheel rotates whenever a solenoid pulls the pin clear of the wheel. It stops àgain after the pin is dropped and a new hole comes under the pin allowing it to seat. Since this arrangement essentially conforms w~th that shown in Fig. 3, the details are not further illustrated in E7ig. 21. It will be apparent that the indexing of the filter wheels 1040 and 1041 may be controlled from an on~ine computer system 1230 , . . .
in the same manner as generally described with respect to the Ireceding ~ ~
embodiment, so that further detai? with respect to such on~ine computer ~, is unnecessary with respect to Fig. 21.
~ Figs. 22 and 23 diagrammatically indicate the respective i, filters 1101-1121 and 1201-1221 of the filter disks 1040 and 10~1. The ; filters 1101-1106 and 1201-1206 may conform identically to the filters 281-286 of Fig. 4, while filter positions 1107 and 1207 may be free of filters. The filters 281-286 have been designed as a standard , filter for measuring TAPPI brightness, standard filters for a four-filter colorimeter and conventionally designated X (blue), X (red), .
Z and Y~, and a filter required by the TAPPI standard method for oE~city measurement, conventionally designated as a YA filter. Thus filters 1101 through 1106 may be designated as TAPPI brightness, X (blue), X (red), Z, Y and Y . The filters 287 and 288 were C A
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;'" ' " .
~; ' ' ' '"' : ' ' ' " . ' ' . ' ' ' ' ' . . ~ . .
:"
1~6Z~)36 designated Z (blue) and Z (yellow). In this case, the complete number seven filter of the embodiment of Fig. 4 can be located at a p~sition (for example position 1204) in the reflected beam. The filters 1108 through 1121 and 1208 through 1221 may comprise ` , interference-type narrow~and filters which together transmit the complete visible spectrum.
, By way of example each of the filter diameters may be ' 3/4 inch. The reflectance and transmittance photocells 1032 and 1030 may be of the Schottky Silicon Photodiode type as presently used in a Model S-4 brightness and color tester. Am~ifiers for each of r-the photodiodes can be the same as in the S~4 instrument (i e., Analog 234 K and AD 741 C), Two digital volt meters 1225 and 1226 , can be used, one for reflectance and the other for transmittance and these may be 3 1/2 digit, 0-2-- millivolt instruments with 8-4-2-1 BCD positive logic output similar to that of the present S-4 instrument.
jj As indicated at 1040a and 1041a,a portion of each of the ;~ .
i fflter wheels 1040 and 1041 is preferably exposed outside of the case so that the number of the filter in the optical train can be observed directly by the op~rator. The filter wheel arrangement !' accommodates a manual placement of both wheels to any ~sition desired. Thus manual means is provided for unlocking the solenoid operated pin for each of the wheels, whereupon the wheels may be manually manipulated at the exposed region such as 1040a.
The ability for any operator to test a machine wide strip by moving it either left to right or right to left is desirable and is accommodated by the illustrated arrangement.
By providing at least one open position in the reflectance filter wheel, such as a position 1207, it will be apparent that the . ~
106'~036 : -~' . .
filter wheels lOgO and 1041 may provide the seven reflectance measurements and the six transmittance measurements with respect to the plper specimen 1002 in pxecise conformity with the correspond-, ing measurements of the on-machine device. Reflectance and transmittance values could be obtained by the on~ine com~uter system ~ -;i 1230 from simultaneous readings of the photocells 1030 and 1032, .-- or the readings could be taken separately, Since the sensing head -1025 i9 conveniently removable, the instrument of Fig. 21 can also measure thickpad reflectivities, Roo. The basic design consideration -~:~ is that the reflectivity value determined on a thickpad would be in ,~ , 'i agreement with the established scale and that the thickp~d reflectivity calculated from a reflectance and transmittance measurement made on a single sheet would be in agreement with the directly measured value. To accomplish this objective, fourteen narrow-band filters 1108-1121 and 1208-1221 are employed to obtaln data permitting n calculation of the thickp~d reflectivity through the weighted-ordinate integration a~roach. Filters of identical kind are selectively introduced in the incident and reflected beam. Transmittance and reflectance measurements are performed with the open hole position such as 1207 in the reflected beam and the filter disk 1040 located through its various positions in the incident beam. The open hole 1107 in ,f ~: the incident beam is used with filter disk rotation in the reflected beam. In this way, fluorescence appearing in any part of the spectrum is handled properly.
The scope of the program presently under way includes . .
construction of the instrument as shown in Figs. 21-23 and testing of its op~ration to insure that it performs in accordance with the basic objective predicting thickp~d reflectivity via the fourteen narrow-, - 221 -,. I
, . .
., .
. 106~V36 -`
,........................................................................ .
." ~:1 , band filter and weighted ordinate integration approach.
,, The results of a feasibility study conducted at The J' Institute Of Paper Chemistry in which an ~utomatic Color~rightness ,~ Tester equipped with sixteen narrow-band filters was employed to l obtain Ro and Roo values and the General Electric Recording i~ Spectrophotometer was employed to obtain transmittance data indicate ~i .
the success of this approach in calculating the thickp~d reflectivity - n ~- complred to the directly measured values. This work was conducted `
by a joint applicant herein, and is set forth in the following section.
.~
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106;~036 ~. .... .
~ APPENDIX
: ~ ;
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FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT~ON OE A LA~ORATORY INSTRUMENT
BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF OMOD
., , ~ : .:
i The ACBT equipped with the æixteen narrow-band f~lters was used to obtain , -~ Ro and Roo values for six of Nekoosa Edwards paper samples. Transmittance ! ;--~ data for the same specimens were obtained using the conventional GERS.
Roo values were calculated using the following formulas.
:;, ~ , . .:
a=(l+F~Z - T2)/Fb - -FbO=(a/2)_ J (a/2)2-l ~he values for T, Ro~ R~o measured, R~o calculated values are given in Table , I, The data shc~t reasonable agreement between the measured and calculated ~0 values. There are several factors which contribute to the differences Fluorescence was not properly accounted for a~d s~ne of the samples do Sluoresce~ partlcularly 9am~lesl8 and 29. The ~smplss were lllumlnated ~tlth a colllmated besm whereas the theoretlcal relatlonship 18 ba~ed on dlffuse lllum1natlon and dlffuse vlewlng. ~he samples do change somewhat wlth handllng as a large number of readlngs must be taken on each speclmen. The same spe- ~ -clmens were evaluated on filters No. 6 and 21 after all the data were collected. I
The datn glven ln ~able III show that some changes occurred as a result of handllng durlng the many tests.
, . , . .
~rlstimulus values were calculated from the Roo values obtslned from the T
and Ro values using the weighting factor~ given by the CIE system. These tristimulus values were then comp~red wlth the dlrectly measured trlstimulus values obtained on the ACBT uslng the "trlstlmulus fllters". The data, glven ln Table II show good agreement for most of the samples. Here agaln the same factors discussed earlier are responsible for the aifferences. In addition, the broad-band tristimulus functions of the ACBT no doubt differ slightly fram the theoretical functlons. It appears that sample 29 (cherry bond) ;-shows the largest discrepancy.
It appears feasible to design and construct an instrument similar to OMoD
but also equipped with narrow-band filters which uould give very nearly the correct tristlmulus values in either mode. ~erhaps the reasons for the dis-crepancles' noted could be determined and further improvements made. c , ~ :.:, . . .
.
~ .
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: 106'~036 q~able I
"
A' S~ le T Ro RINFM RINFC RI~ RINFC .~
6-3 o.og40 0.6180 0.6250 0.6270 0.0020 618 0.1070 0.~730 o,471,o o.l~801 o.oo6 620 0.1150 0.5590 0. s700 0.5701 -o. ooOl 623 0.0420 o.l~440 o.44so 0.4450 o.oooo 629 0.0250 0.2940 0.2940 0.2942 -0.0002 630 O. OllO 0.2330 0.2~40 0.2330 O. OOlO
7-3 0.1120 0.6920 0.7120 o.7095 0.0025 18 0.1270 0.7610 0.7880 o.7933 -o-oo53 .1350 0.5930 0.6100 0.6104 -o. oool~
723 0.0420 o.4440 o.4l-60 o.44so O.OOlO
729 0.0280 0.3110 0.3I10 0.3113 -o.ooo3 73o o. oo9o 0.2190 0.2210 0.2190 0.0020 8-3 0.1350 0.7270 0.7580 0.7578 0.0002 818 0.1460 0.8200 o.8740 o.8go3 0.0163 820 0.1500 0.6160 o.6400 o.63g8 0.0002 823 o.o490 o.4640 o.4660 o.46s4 o.ooo6 829 0.0350 0.3300 o.33oo 0-3305 -0-00o5 7' 830 0.0120 0.2390 0.2~00 o~ 2390 O. OOlO
9-3 0.1480 0.7370 o.7760 0.7768 o.0008 918 0.1550 0.8050 o.8660 o.876s -0.0105 920 0.1610~ 0.621~0 o,6s30 0,6s2s o.ooo5 923 o,o630 0.4910 o.l~g40 o.4g36 o,ooo4 929 0,021~0 0.2810 0.2810 0.2812 -0,0002 .0170 0.2700 0,2710 0,2701' o~ooo9 10'-3 0.1600 o.7460 0.7980 0,7962 0.0018 1018 0,1650 0,7g80 o.8700 0.8778 -0.0078 1020 0,1740 o.6380 o.6740 o.6738 0.0002 1023 o.logo 0.5820 o.5930 0.5928 0.0002 1029 0.0130 0.20go 0,2090 0,2090 -o~oooo 1030 o,o430 o,36so o.36go o.36s8 0.0032 11-3 0,1660 0,7520 o,8110 o,808g 0.0021 1118 0.1680 o.7950 o.8740 o.8766 0.0026 1120 0.1750 o.63go 0.67so o.67s4 -o,ooo4 1123 0.1310 o.6260 o.6440 o.644s -o.ooo5 1129 o,oogo 0,1590 0,1590 0.1590 -o.oooo 1130 o.o860 o.4700 o.4760 0.4745 0.0015 12-3 0,1680 o.7480 0.80go 0,8051 0.0039 1218 0.1730 0.7910 o,8760 o.8766 o.ooo6 1220 0.1670 0.6210 0.6510 0.6515 -0.0005 1223 o.yoo o.6170 o.63so o.6346 o.oo~4 1229 O.OlOO 0,1400 0,1400 0.1400 -0.0000 1230 0.1220 0,5400 o.5530 0.5517 0.0013 -3 ~0,1680 0.7420 o.8000 0.7971 0.0029 1318 0,1740 0.7890 o,8760 0,8744 0.0016 c 1320 0,1520 0.5950 0,6170 0.6176 o.ooo6 3 0.1170 0,5920 o,6040 o.604g -o.ooo3 1329 O,OllO 0.1360 0,1360 0.136 1330 0.1520 o.sg60 0.6200 0.6186 0.0014 14-3 0,1700 0.7350 0,7900 o.78g3 o.ooo7 1418 0.1770 o.7880 o,8760 o.8769 -o.ooog 1420 0.1280 o.s480 o.s600 0.5613 0.0013 1423 O.O9lO o.s400 0.5470 o.s464 o;ooo6 .0160 0.1510 0.1510 0.1510 -o. oooo 1430 0.1860 o.64so o.6goo o.6878 0.0~22 -224-' ...
.
036 ``
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..
Table I continued Sample ~ Ro RINFM RINFCRIWFM-RINFC .
15-3 0.1680 0.7320 0.7870 o.783g0.0031 1518 0.1800 o.7870 o.8780 o.87g6-0.0016 1520 o~ lOOO0.5000 0.5060 0.5068-0.0008 1523 o. o6go0.4870 o- 4900 0.4901-o. ooOl 1529 o.o470 0.3230 0.3250 0.32380.0012 1530 o.ægo 0.7010 o.8000 o.79520.0048 16 3 0.1720 o.7330 0.7910 0.78820.0028 1618 0.1810 0.7880 o.8840 0.8832o.ooo~
1620 0.0820 0.4560 o.4600 0.4599 O.
1623 0.0530 0.l~3700.4380 0.438s -o.
1629 0.1680 o.6070 o.6400 o.6363o.oo37 16~0 0.2430 0.7220 0.8610 o.8s320.0078 17-3 0.1770 o.7400 o.8080 0.80180.006 1718 0.1840 o.7880 0.8920 o.88820.0038 1720 o.o680 o.4æo o.4240 o.4244-o.ooo4 1723 0.0410 o.3g60 o.3g60 0.3968-0.0008 1729 0.2400 0.7140 0.8240 0.8321-0.0081 1730 0.2470 0.7240 o.87go o.86s40.0136 18-3 0.1870 o.7480 0.8290 0.82280.00~2 1818 0.1880 0.7900 0.9020 O.9OOlo.oolg 1820 o.o660 0.4170 0.4190 0.4192-0.0002 1823 o.o380 o.3880 0.3880 o.3887 -o.
1829 0.2520 0.7300 o.8780 o.8g28-0.0148 1830 0.2510 o.7240 o.88so o.873gO.O~
;~ 19-3 ~.lg5o ~.756~ o.a53o ~.a~5oo.oOao 1918 0.1930 o.7900 0.9140 O.9lll0.0029 1920 0.0710 0.4230 0.4250 0.4256-o.ooo6 1923 0.0410 0.3930 o.3940 o.3g380.0002 1929 0.2580 0.7300 0.8g80 O.9lll-0.0131 1930 0.2550 0.7230 o.8goo o.8806o.o~g4 -3 ~0.2030o.7640 o.87go 0.8715o-oo75 2018 0.1980 o.7930 0.9270 0.934s-o.o~75 o.o560 0.4110 o.l~l3o 0.4132-0.00~2 o.o400 0.3840 o.3840 o.3847-o.ooo7 .2610 0.7280 o.go80 0.9142-0.006 ~ 2030 0.2590 0.7240 o.8g60 o.8g40 0.
1 21-3 0.2110 o.7630 o.8g60 0.8838o.olæ
118 0.2020 o.78go 0.9340 o.g337o-o~o3 120 o.o9oo o.46so 0.4770 o.46gg0,0071 ; 2123 o.os60 0.4410 o.4480 0.4427o.oo53 129 0.2610 0.7240 O.9llO o.8gggO.O~
130 J 0.2600 0.7180 0.8g80 0.87920.0188 ~rsnsmittsnce measured with GERS
. . .
~ . Ro Reflectance with black backing measured on the ACBT
,~ RINFN Reflectance of opaque pad measured on the ACB~
'-~ RINFC Reflectsnce of opaque pad as calculated from Ro and T
RINFN-RINFC Difference between the m~asured and calculnted ~00 ~alues Sample ~he first ~umber (6 through 21) desi~nates the fllter number. ffle .
last two characters deslgnste the sample number.
;
,"~ .
p ~ , .
., . , i ' -.': . .
101i~03~
Table II
X y Z
Ssmple C M C M C M
3 77 7 77.9 79-6 79.3 90.4 90.6 -18 86.5 86.3 88.o 87.6 102.1~ 102.5 49.3 50.0 55.1 55.2 76.4 76-3 23 45.0 45-3 52.8 52.9 59.7 59.9 29 52.2 50.9 34.2 31.5 33. 31.8 71.1 69.9 68.5 68.2 3~.0 3~.9 C Yalues calculated fr~m narrou-band fllter data.
M Values determined using the "tristimNlus filters".
'' :',':
Sample Description 3 AdYantsge offset w~ve 50 lb. ~ -18 S-20 Nekoosa Bond B-20 NeXoosa Bond Blue 23 5-20 Nekoosa Bond Gree~
29 S-20 Nekoosa Bond Cherr~ -5-20 Nekoosa Bond Buff , .
;~ .
Table III
Change in thc Measured R ~ Value~ with Handling for No. 6 and 21 Filters on the ACBT
No. 6 ~ilter (401 nm) Start of test o.6?5 0.474 0.570 0.445 0.294 0.234 End of te~to.6?3 o.465 0.570 0.4450.293 0.234 , No. 21 Filtcr (697 nm) Start Or test o.ô96 0.9340.477 o,448 0.911 o.898 E~d of test o.889 0.9?70.474 o.446 o.895 o.898 i :
.. :
i . , ' ' ' :, -226- ~
.~ . i .
Claims (17)
1. Apparatus for measuring at least one optical property of single thickness sheet material, comprising an optical measuring system including light source means, a sheet receiving region for receiving a single thickness of sheet material, and photometric sensor means for receiving light energy from the light source means after impingement on sheet material at said sheet receiving region to provide reflectance and transmittance measure-ment components with respect to such sheet material at said sheet receiving region, the optical measuring system having further means operable in conjunction with said photometric sensor means for providing resultant output information from the system in accordance with at least one optical measurement spectral response function corresponding to such at least one optical property, and an optical window member for partially reflecting and partially transmitting light incident thereon, said window member being disposed for partially reflecting light energy received from the sheet receiving region back toward the sheet receiving region and for partially transmitting light energy so as to provide for at least one standardization reading from the photometric sensor means in the absence of sheet material in said sheet receiving region.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 with said further means comprising a plurality of spectral response filter means having respective spectral response characteristics for character-izing respective optical properties, said filter means being mounted for controlling the spectrum of light energy from the light source means received by the photometric sensor means, and providing for the generation of a plurality of reflectance measurement components with at least one thereof including a fluorescent component and another thereof excluding a fluorescent component and both in accordance with a common optical measurement spectral response function.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 with said further means comprising spectral response filter means having a spectral response characteristic in accordance with a brightness measurement spectral response function such that one of said outputs may be used to provide a quantitative indication of the brightness of the single thickness sheet material with substantially greater accuracy than a corresponding quantitative indication based on a reflectance or transmittance measurement alone.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 with said further means comprising a plurality of spectral response filter means having spectral response characteristics in accordance with respective color component measurement spectral response func-tions such that the optical system provides outputs for character-izing the color of the single thickness sheet material with substantially greater accuracy than a characterization on the basis of reflectance or transmittance measurements alone,
5. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 with said further means including spectral response filter means having a spectral response characteristic in accordance with an opacity measurement spectral response function such that one of said outputs may be used to provide a quantitative indication of the opacity of the single thickness sheet material with substantially greater accuracy than a corresponding quantitative indication based on a reflectance or transmittance measurement alone.
6. Apparatus according to claim 1 with said further means comprising a series of narrow band filter means together covering a spectrum of light energy for characterizing said plurality of optical properties, and mounted for controlling the spectrum of light energy from the light source means received by the photometric sensor means.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 with said further means comprising two series of narrow band filters each for covering a spectrum of light energy for characterizing fluorescence, one series being arranged to block ultraviolet energy from reaching the sheet receiving region and the other series accommodating the transmission of ultraviolet energy to the sheet receiving region, thereby to provide respective series of outputs from the measuring device suitable for characterizing the fluorescence of the sheet material.
8. Apparatus for measuring at least one optical property of sheet material, comprising an optical measuring system including light source means, sheet receiving means for receiving light energy therefrom, photometric sensor means for receiving light energy from the sheet receiving means for providing respective reflectance and transmittance output signal components as a function of respective reflectance and transmit-tance parameters of a single thickness sheet material at the sheet receiving means, and further means operable in conjunction with said photometric sensor means for providing a quantitative output based on the reflectance and transmittance output signal components and in accordance with an optical measurement spectral response function for characterizing the optical property, said further means comprising an optical window member disposed in optical coupling relation to said sheet receiving means during the sensing of the reflectance and transmittance parameters of sheet material at said sheet receiving means and comprising translucent diffusing material.
9 Apparatus according to claim 8 with said optical window member in conjunction with said photometric sensor means providing said reflectance output signal component and said transmittance output signal component, both with a sheet material at the sheet receiving means and without a sheet material at the sheet receiving means, for characterizing the optical property of the sheet material and for providing a reference standardizing measurement of the optical property with respect to the optical window member alone.
10. Apparatus according to claim 8 or 9 with said translucent diffusing material having an absolute reflectance of about thirty-five percent.
11. Apparatus according to claim 8 or 9 with said translucent diffusing material having an absolute reflectance in the range from about 35% to about 90%.
12. Apparatus according to claim 8 or 9 with said further means in conjunction with said photometric sensor means being operable for providing a quantitative output based on said reflectance and transmittance output signal components and in accordance with an opacity measurement spectral response function.
13. Apparatus according to claim 8 or 9 with said further means in conjunction with said photometric sensor means being operable for providing a quantitative output based on said reflectance and transmittance output signal components and in accordance with a brightness measurement spectral response function.
14. Apparatus according to claim 8 or 9 with said further means in conjunction with said photometric sensor means being operable for providing a quantitative output based on said reflectance and transmittance output signal components and in accordance with each of a plurality of color component measure-ment spectral response functions for characterizing the color of single thickness sheet material at the sheet receiving means.
15. Apparatus according to claim 8 or 9 with said further means in conjunction with said photometric sensor means being operable for providing a quantitative output based on said reflectance and transmittance output signal components and in accordance with each of an opacity measurement spectral response function and a brightness measurement spectral response function.
16. Apparatus for obtaining a quantitative measure of an optical property of a moving web of substantially homogeneous sheet material, which comprises: (a) an optical monitoring device having a web receiving region fox receiving in operative relation thereto a web of sheet material moving along a web path, (b) said optical monitoring device having an optical system with photo-metric sensor means capable of providing two essentially independent output signals and with two distinct light energy paths each including light source means, spectral response filter means and said photometric sensor means, said photometric sensor means being responsive to light energy received from the web receiving region after impingement on sheet material in said region, (c) each of said two distinct light energy paths having substantially a common spectral response characteristic sufficient to characterize said optical property but being respectively arranged for collecting said light energy from the web receiving region after impingement on said web under respective substan-tially differentiated conditions so as to provide respective essentially independent output signals from said photometric sensor means such as to essentially characterize two essentially independent optical response parameters of the sheet material and such as to characterize the optical property with substantially greater accuracy than any characterization of said optical property by either one of such optical response parameters taken by itself, (d) automatic digital computer means connected on line with said optical monitoring device and coupled with said photometric sensor means for receiving therefrom said respective essentially independent output signals in accordance with the respective essentially independent optical response parameters and automatically operable on the basis of said output signals to calculate a quantitative indication of said optical property, (e) said monitoring device including an optical window member disposed on the opposite side of the web receiving region from said light source means, and having an extended web-engaging surface adjacent the web receiving region for slidably supporting the web of sheet material as it moves through said web receiving region, said optical window member comprising a translucent diffusing material, (f) one of the light energy paths being a reflectance sensing light path for sensing of reflectance of the sheet material as backed by said translucent diffusing material of said optical window member and the other of said light energy paths being a transmittance sensing light path for sensing the transmittance of the sheet material and the translucent diffusing material of said optical window member in series.
17. Apparatus according to claim 16 with means mounting said monitoring device for movement transversely of the web path to sample the reflectance and transmittance of the web of sheet material at different portions of the width thereof, and mounting said monitoring device for movement to an off-web position to one side of the web path such that said translucent diffusing material of said optical window member is clear of the web of sheet material, and means for automatically signalling said digital computer means when the monitoring device is in the off-web position and for causing the computer means to thereupon store the output signals from the photometric sensor means as reflectance and transmittance values for the translucent diffusing material of the optical window member itself exclusive of the sheet material.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA229,679A CA1062036A (en) | 1975-06-19 | 1975-06-19 | Paper machine optical monitoring device and method |
| CA246,328A CA1038192A (en) | 1975-06-19 | 1976-02-23 | Paper machine optical monitoring device and method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA229,679A CA1062036A (en) | 1975-06-19 | 1975-06-19 | Paper machine optical monitoring device and method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1062036A true CA1062036A (en) | 1979-09-11 |
Family
ID=4103379
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA229,679A Expired CA1062036A (en) | 1975-06-19 | 1975-06-19 | Paper machine optical monitoring device and method |
| CA246,328A Expired CA1038192A (en) | 1975-06-19 | 1976-02-23 | Paper machine optical monitoring device and method |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA246,328A Expired CA1038192A (en) | 1975-06-19 | 1976-02-23 | Paper machine optical monitoring device and method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (2) | CA1062036A (en) |
-
1975
- 1975-06-19 CA CA229,679A patent/CA1062036A/en not_active Expired
-
1976
- 1976-02-23 CA CA246,328A patent/CA1038192A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA1038192A (en) | 1978-09-12 |
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