CA1052213A - Orthopedic cast and method of constructing same - Google Patents
Orthopedic cast and method of constructing sameInfo
- Publication number
- CA1052213A CA1052213A CA229,629A CA229629A CA1052213A CA 1052213 A CA1052213 A CA 1052213A CA 229629 A CA229629 A CA 229629A CA 1052213 A CA1052213 A CA 1052213A
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- plaster
- sheet
- cast
- sheets
- affinity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
Abstract
ORTHOPEDIC CAST AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING SAME
A B S T R A C T
An improved plaster cast and method of preparing it are provided by the present invention. The cast is formed from a casting blank prepared in a novel manner. A first sheet of cellular, resilient, substantially non-extensible, water absorptive material is placed on a supporting surface and a plurality of plaster splints are aligned on the sheet. A
second sheet of the deformable, water absorptive material is then placed over the first sheet to sandwich the plaster splints between the two sheets. The edges of the sheets are then joined together to enclose the plaster splints within the deformable, water absorptive material to form the casting blank. When the blank is to be used to form a cast for a por-tion of the body, it is first saturated with water then shaped around the body portion. The shaped cast is then wrapped with an adhesive or elastic tape to hold it in place while it dries.
A B S T R A C T
An improved plaster cast and method of preparing it are provided by the present invention. The cast is formed from a casting blank prepared in a novel manner. A first sheet of cellular, resilient, substantially non-extensible, water absorptive material is placed on a supporting surface and a plurality of plaster splints are aligned on the sheet. A
second sheet of the deformable, water absorptive material is then placed over the first sheet to sandwich the plaster splints between the two sheets. The edges of the sheets are then joined together to enclose the plaster splints within the deformable, water absorptive material to form the casting blank. When the blank is to be used to form a cast for a por-tion of the body, it is first saturated with water then shaped around the body portion. The shaped cast is then wrapped with an adhesive or elastic tape to hold it in place while it dries.
Description
105;~Z13 This invention relates generally to orthopedics and more specifically to an improved orthopedic cast and method of constructing same.
Plaster casts have been used in the healing arts for many years to immobilize and hold in place a fractured bone. Construction of a plaster cast is a time consuming pro-cedure requiring a high degree of skill~ Normal procedure is for the dry plaster ingredients to be impregnated in a gauze cloth to form what is commonly referred to as a plaster splint. -After the fractured bone is set in place, and the attendant portion of the body is covered with a soft cloth, a number of the plaster splints are moistened and carefully wrapped around the body portion. A minimum of six and as many as fifteen or twenty splints are utilized to form a multiple layered immobil-izing cast. As each splint must be moistened and then carefully laid over the preceding splint followed by wrapping of the splint around the body portion, this is a very time consuming procedure. The person applying the cast must be very careful to control the amount of moisture applied to the individual splints as too much moisture will weaken the cast and too little moisture will result in non-adherence of the individual splints to each other which also causes a weak spot.
Because of the great amount of time as well as skill that is required to construct a conventional plaster cast, it has been impossible to utilize such casts on an emer-gency basis to immobiliæe a broken bone at the scene of an acci-dent. ~hile in many instances such temporary immobilization would greatly facilitate transfer of the patient to a medical center and possibly prevent further and more serious injury, it has not been possible to utilize plaster casts on such an emergency basis.
- -2- i~d~
: .~'.
. . ~ . - . . .
105'~Z13 It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide an immobilizing orthopedic cast which can be constructed in a fraction of the time as required for a con-ventional plaster cast and can therefore be utilized on an emer-gency and temporary basis at the scene of an accident for facil-itating transfer of the patient to a medical center.
As a corollary to the above object, it is an important aim of this invention to provide an immobilizing orthopedic cast which can be constructed by paramedical personnel having a minimal amount of training as compared with the amount of training necessary for a person to be qualified to construct a conventional plaster cast.
An important object of the invention is to pro-vide an orthopedic cast and method of constructing same wherein plaster is encased between two layers of highly absorbent flex-ible material, one layer of which is of a cellular construction to promote water absorption and the other layer of which is of fiber construction to provide reinforcing strength to the cast.
As a corollary to the above object, one of the objectives of the invention is to provide an immobilizing ortho pedic plaster cast and method utilizing a plaster blank wherein one side of the blank is constructed from a fibrous material and the other side of the blank is constructed from a resilient cellular material having a non-affinity for moistened plaster whereby the latter mentioned side will readily absorb and hold water and will forma resilient cushion for placing next to the wearer's body.
It is still another objective of our invention to provide an orthopedic cast which is easier and quicker to construct than a conventional plaster cast and is also more ~OS'~:Z~3 comfortable forthe patient to wear because of the incor-poration into the cast as an integral part of a resilient layer of material between the rigid plaster and the patient's body.
Another one of the objectives of our invention is to provide an orthopedic cast which may be utilized to set a fracture and may also be utilized to immobilize or support portions of the body such as in the cervical or lumbar regions.
Still another object of this invention is to pro-vide a method of constructing a cast for permanently setting a fractured bone that is easier for a doctor to utilize because of the elimination of the multiple steps required in building a multiple layered cast from individual splints.
In one aspect of the invention there is provided a ~-method of constructing a casting blank from which a plaster cast for a portion of the body may be formed, said method comprising: providing a first outermost sheet of resilient, cellular, substantially non-extensible water absorptive material characterized by a non-affinity for moistened plaster;
depositing a quantity of plaster on said first sheet; pro-viding a second outermost sheet of deformable water absorptive material; placing said second sheet in overlying relationship to the plaster on said first sheet; and joining the peripheral -edges of said first and second sheets to encase said plaster therewithin.
In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a casting blank for use in forming a plaster cast for a portion of the body, said blank comprising: a first sheet of resilient, cellular, substantially non-exten-sible water absorptive material characterized by a non-affinity for moistened plaster; a layer of plaster materialdisposed on said first sheet; and a second sheet of deform-able, water absorptive material disposed in overlying relation-~ - 4 -, j . . .
105'~Z13 ship to said plaster material to sandwich the latter between said first and second sheets, said first and second sheets being joined together at their peripheral edges to enclose said plaster material within said deformable water absorptive material.
In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a top plan view with portions broken away of a casting blank constructed according to the present invention for use in the inventive method of constructing a cast;
Fig. 2 is a perspective view illustrating how the casting blank would be placed to form a cast around the ankle and foot;
Fig. 3 is a side elevational view of the ankle and foot shown in Fig. 2 with the casting blank shaped to conform to the shape of this portion of the body;
Fig. 4 is a side elevational view of a portion of the elbow and upper and lower arm of a person encased within -~
a cast constructed according to the teachings of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is a side elevational view, similar to Fig. 4, and illustrating a further step which may be utilized in constructing a cast according to the method of the present invention; and ' - 4a -' ~`
- : :
~05~2~13 :
Fig. 6 is another side view of the arm and el-bow shown in Figs. 4 and 5 with the completed cast therearound.
Referring initially to Fig. 1, the present in-vention encompasses a novel casting blank 10 and a method of constructing it. A first sheet 12 of deforrnable water absorptive resilient material is placed on a working surface and trimmed to an appropriate size. Even though resilient and deformable in a direction corresponding to its thickness, sheet 12 should be substantially non-extensible in the directions of its length and width. A number of plaster splints 14 are then placed over sheet 12 in general alignment with the latter. Each splint 14 is of a construction well known to those skilled in the art and normally comprises a layer of gauze cloth impregnated with the -~
dry plaster ingredients. It is to be understood, however, that the term "plaster splint" as used in this application is intended to include any plaster-like material which will harden after water has been added, impregnated in a carrier such as the gauze cloth. While it is much preferred to utilize the plaster splints 14, for some applications it is possible to utilize dry plaster ingredients without the cloth carrier strips.
The number of plaster splints 14 may also b~
varied in accordance with the requirements for the particular cast being constructed. For most applications at least six of the splints 14 will be required to give the necessary support and additional splints may be utilized as needed.
A second sheet 16 of water absorptive deformable material is trimmed to the appropriate size and placed over the splints 14 on the first sheet. The sheets 12 and 16 are each of a size such that they present a surface area larger 3~ than the surface area of the splints 14 so that the edges of the sheets extend beyond the edges of the splints. Both of sheets . . :. . ~ . . .
lO~i~Z13 12 and 16 are formed from a water absorptive deformable material.
Both sheets 12 and 16 are substantially non-extensible as explain-ed for sheet 12 previously. A preferred construction for many applications is to use a first sheet of resilient non~extensible cellular construction, such as foam rubber, and a second sheet of fiber material, such as flannel cloth. The foam rubber mate-rial will absorb water very rapidly thus facilitating wet-out of the plaster. The foam rubber is also a material to which the plaster will not adhere thus prov ding a comfortable resilien-t ~0 padding to be placed next to the wearer's body. The flannel material, on the other hand, while also being non-extensible, readily absorbs a quantity of plaster and the latter becomes embedded within the fibers of cloth. The fibers serve as rein-forcing strands which significantly increase the strength of the completed cast. In other applications it may be desirable to construct both layers of flannel or other fiber material.
In still other applications a construction utilizing two layers of cellular material may be desired.
Next, the edges of sheets 12 and 16 are joined together through use of a suitable adhesive, or other appropriate means. The completed casting blank 10 will thus comprise upper and lower layers of a deformable water absorptive material (ei-ther the same material or different material) with a quantity of plaster sandwiched between the two layers. It has been found helpful to provide a centering ring 18 imprinted on the surface of one of the sheets to facilitate centering of a portion of the body such as foot 20 to be enclosed within the cast formed from blank 10.
When a cast is to be constructed from blank 10, the latter is saturated with water to activate the chemical reaction that will harden the plaster. Because splints 14 are , . ~ . . .
~.~5'~Z13 enclosed within sheets 12 and 16, the amount of water utilized is easier to control. Generally, by submerging blank 10 for from 20 to 40 seconds (until the dry plaster becomes soft) the sheets 12 and 16 will become saturated and an adequate but not excessive quantity of water is available for splints 14. Excess water is drained and pressed from blank 10 before the latter is moved into position for shaping around foot 20. The blank is shaped around the foot to conform to the shape of the latter by folding and "kneading" it into place. The completed cast as illustrated in Fig. 3 and designated by the numeral 22 will normally harden in ten minutes or less although this time may be accelerated by the application of warm air.
The blank 10 is illustrated in Fig. 3 shaped into an elbow cast 240 It will generally be preferred for a cast formed from blank 10 to be wrapped with tape 26 to hold the cast in place while it is drying. Tape 26 may be an inelas-tic adhesive type or may comprise an elastic material commonly referred to as an elastic bandage. The tape remains in place after the plaster cast hardens and provides some additional sup-port for the cast as well as a degree of protection against dam-age. As a final dressing for the cast, a stockinette 28 may be pulled over the tape 26. Manifestly, stockinette 28 may be easily removed and washed as required.
While the foregoing method has been described with particular reference to use of a cast in immobilizing a fractured bone, the economy and simplicity of a cast constructed according to the present invention makes it readily usable in the lumbar and abdominal regions for support purposes. It may also be used in the cervical area to provide support and immo-bilization to a degree not heretofore possible with conventional"collars", yet in situations which would not justify the place-ment of a conventional cast.
_7_ :lOS;~Z13 In another novel application of plaster casts made possible by the present invention a girth-type band is pro-vided for wearing around the waist of a patient~ A pocket in the lumbar region receives a cast formed from a casting blank and using the method of the present invention. In this manner support and immobilization of the back is achieved to an extent previously not possible unless a large, uncomfortable cast was utilized. In any use of the cast, after hardening it may be cut into for examination of the injured area and then replaced by wrapping tightly with tape.
Plaster casts have been used in the healing arts for many years to immobilize and hold in place a fractured bone. Construction of a plaster cast is a time consuming pro-cedure requiring a high degree of skill~ Normal procedure is for the dry plaster ingredients to be impregnated in a gauze cloth to form what is commonly referred to as a plaster splint. -After the fractured bone is set in place, and the attendant portion of the body is covered with a soft cloth, a number of the plaster splints are moistened and carefully wrapped around the body portion. A minimum of six and as many as fifteen or twenty splints are utilized to form a multiple layered immobil-izing cast. As each splint must be moistened and then carefully laid over the preceding splint followed by wrapping of the splint around the body portion, this is a very time consuming procedure. The person applying the cast must be very careful to control the amount of moisture applied to the individual splints as too much moisture will weaken the cast and too little moisture will result in non-adherence of the individual splints to each other which also causes a weak spot.
Because of the great amount of time as well as skill that is required to construct a conventional plaster cast, it has been impossible to utilize such casts on an emer-gency basis to immobiliæe a broken bone at the scene of an acci-dent. ~hile in many instances such temporary immobilization would greatly facilitate transfer of the patient to a medical center and possibly prevent further and more serious injury, it has not been possible to utilize plaster casts on such an emergency basis.
- -2- i~d~
: .~'.
. . ~ . - . . .
105'~Z13 It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide an immobilizing orthopedic cast which can be constructed in a fraction of the time as required for a con-ventional plaster cast and can therefore be utilized on an emer-gency and temporary basis at the scene of an accident for facil-itating transfer of the patient to a medical center.
As a corollary to the above object, it is an important aim of this invention to provide an immobilizing orthopedic cast which can be constructed by paramedical personnel having a minimal amount of training as compared with the amount of training necessary for a person to be qualified to construct a conventional plaster cast.
An important object of the invention is to pro-vide an orthopedic cast and method of constructing same wherein plaster is encased between two layers of highly absorbent flex-ible material, one layer of which is of a cellular construction to promote water absorption and the other layer of which is of fiber construction to provide reinforcing strength to the cast.
As a corollary to the above object, one of the objectives of the invention is to provide an immobilizing ortho pedic plaster cast and method utilizing a plaster blank wherein one side of the blank is constructed from a fibrous material and the other side of the blank is constructed from a resilient cellular material having a non-affinity for moistened plaster whereby the latter mentioned side will readily absorb and hold water and will forma resilient cushion for placing next to the wearer's body.
It is still another objective of our invention to provide an orthopedic cast which is easier and quicker to construct than a conventional plaster cast and is also more ~OS'~:Z~3 comfortable forthe patient to wear because of the incor-poration into the cast as an integral part of a resilient layer of material between the rigid plaster and the patient's body.
Another one of the objectives of our invention is to provide an orthopedic cast which may be utilized to set a fracture and may also be utilized to immobilize or support portions of the body such as in the cervical or lumbar regions.
Still another object of this invention is to pro-vide a method of constructing a cast for permanently setting a fractured bone that is easier for a doctor to utilize because of the elimination of the multiple steps required in building a multiple layered cast from individual splints.
In one aspect of the invention there is provided a ~-method of constructing a casting blank from which a plaster cast for a portion of the body may be formed, said method comprising: providing a first outermost sheet of resilient, cellular, substantially non-extensible water absorptive material characterized by a non-affinity for moistened plaster;
depositing a quantity of plaster on said first sheet; pro-viding a second outermost sheet of deformable water absorptive material; placing said second sheet in overlying relationship to the plaster on said first sheet; and joining the peripheral -edges of said first and second sheets to encase said plaster therewithin.
In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a casting blank for use in forming a plaster cast for a portion of the body, said blank comprising: a first sheet of resilient, cellular, substantially non-exten-sible water absorptive material characterized by a non-affinity for moistened plaster; a layer of plaster materialdisposed on said first sheet; and a second sheet of deform-able, water absorptive material disposed in overlying relation-~ - 4 -, j . . .
105'~Z13 ship to said plaster material to sandwich the latter between said first and second sheets, said first and second sheets being joined together at their peripheral edges to enclose said plaster material within said deformable water absorptive material.
In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a top plan view with portions broken away of a casting blank constructed according to the present invention for use in the inventive method of constructing a cast;
Fig. 2 is a perspective view illustrating how the casting blank would be placed to form a cast around the ankle and foot;
Fig. 3 is a side elevational view of the ankle and foot shown in Fig. 2 with the casting blank shaped to conform to the shape of this portion of the body;
Fig. 4 is a side elevational view of a portion of the elbow and upper and lower arm of a person encased within -~
a cast constructed according to the teachings of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is a side elevational view, similar to Fig. 4, and illustrating a further step which may be utilized in constructing a cast according to the method of the present invention; and ' - 4a -' ~`
- : :
~05~2~13 :
Fig. 6 is another side view of the arm and el-bow shown in Figs. 4 and 5 with the completed cast therearound.
Referring initially to Fig. 1, the present in-vention encompasses a novel casting blank 10 and a method of constructing it. A first sheet 12 of deforrnable water absorptive resilient material is placed on a working surface and trimmed to an appropriate size. Even though resilient and deformable in a direction corresponding to its thickness, sheet 12 should be substantially non-extensible in the directions of its length and width. A number of plaster splints 14 are then placed over sheet 12 in general alignment with the latter. Each splint 14 is of a construction well known to those skilled in the art and normally comprises a layer of gauze cloth impregnated with the -~
dry plaster ingredients. It is to be understood, however, that the term "plaster splint" as used in this application is intended to include any plaster-like material which will harden after water has been added, impregnated in a carrier such as the gauze cloth. While it is much preferred to utilize the plaster splints 14, for some applications it is possible to utilize dry plaster ingredients without the cloth carrier strips.
The number of plaster splints 14 may also b~
varied in accordance with the requirements for the particular cast being constructed. For most applications at least six of the splints 14 will be required to give the necessary support and additional splints may be utilized as needed.
A second sheet 16 of water absorptive deformable material is trimmed to the appropriate size and placed over the splints 14 on the first sheet. The sheets 12 and 16 are each of a size such that they present a surface area larger 3~ than the surface area of the splints 14 so that the edges of the sheets extend beyond the edges of the splints. Both of sheets . . :. . ~ . . .
lO~i~Z13 12 and 16 are formed from a water absorptive deformable material.
Both sheets 12 and 16 are substantially non-extensible as explain-ed for sheet 12 previously. A preferred construction for many applications is to use a first sheet of resilient non~extensible cellular construction, such as foam rubber, and a second sheet of fiber material, such as flannel cloth. The foam rubber mate-rial will absorb water very rapidly thus facilitating wet-out of the plaster. The foam rubber is also a material to which the plaster will not adhere thus prov ding a comfortable resilien-t ~0 padding to be placed next to the wearer's body. The flannel material, on the other hand, while also being non-extensible, readily absorbs a quantity of plaster and the latter becomes embedded within the fibers of cloth. The fibers serve as rein-forcing strands which significantly increase the strength of the completed cast. In other applications it may be desirable to construct both layers of flannel or other fiber material.
In still other applications a construction utilizing two layers of cellular material may be desired.
Next, the edges of sheets 12 and 16 are joined together through use of a suitable adhesive, or other appropriate means. The completed casting blank 10 will thus comprise upper and lower layers of a deformable water absorptive material (ei-ther the same material or different material) with a quantity of plaster sandwiched between the two layers. It has been found helpful to provide a centering ring 18 imprinted on the surface of one of the sheets to facilitate centering of a portion of the body such as foot 20 to be enclosed within the cast formed from blank 10.
When a cast is to be constructed from blank 10, the latter is saturated with water to activate the chemical reaction that will harden the plaster. Because splints 14 are , . ~ . . .
~.~5'~Z13 enclosed within sheets 12 and 16, the amount of water utilized is easier to control. Generally, by submerging blank 10 for from 20 to 40 seconds (until the dry plaster becomes soft) the sheets 12 and 16 will become saturated and an adequate but not excessive quantity of water is available for splints 14. Excess water is drained and pressed from blank 10 before the latter is moved into position for shaping around foot 20. The blank is shaped around the foot to conform to the shape of the latter by folding and "kneading" it into place. The completed cast as illustrated in Fig. 3 and designated by the numeral 22 will normally harden in ten minutes or less although this time may be accelerated by the application of warm air.
The blank 10 is illustrated in Fig. 3 shaped into an elbow cast 240 It will generally be preferred for a cast formed from blank 10 to be wrapped with tape 26 to hold the cast in place while it is drying. Tape 26 may be an inelas-tic adhesive type or may comprise an elastic material commonly referred to as an elastic bandage. The tape remains in place after the plaster cast hardens and provides some additional sup-port for the cast as well as a degree of protection against dam-age. As a final dressing for the cast, a stockinette 28 may be pulled over the tape 26. Manifestly, stockinette 28 may be easily removed and washed as required.
While the foregoing method has been described with particular reference to use of a cast in immobilizing a fractured bone, the economy and simplicity of a cast constructed according to the present invention makes it readily usable in the lumbar and abdominal regions for support purposes. It may also be used in the cervical area to provide support and immo-bilization to a degree not heretofore possible with conventional"collars", yet in situations which would not justify the place-ment of a conventional cast.
_7_ :lOS;~Z13 In another novel application of plaster casts made possible by the present invention a girth-type band is pro-vided for wearing around the waist of a patient~ A pocket in the lumbar region receives a cast formed from a casting blank and using the method of the present invention. In this manner support and immobilization of the back is achieved to an extent previously not possible unless a large, uncomfortable cast was utilized. In any use of the cast, after hardening it may be cut into for examination of the injured area and then replaced by wrapping tightly with tape.
Claims (10)
OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of constructing a casting blank from which a plaster cast for a portion of the body may be formed, said method comprising: providing a first outermost sheet of resilient, cellular, substantially non-extensible water absorp-tive material characterized by a non-affinity for moistened plaster; depositing a quantity of plaster on said first sheet;
providing a second outermost sheet of deformable water absorp-tive material; placing said second sheet in overlying relation-ship to the plaster on said first sheet; and joining the peripheral edges of said first and second sheets to encase said plaster therewithin.
providing a second outermost sheet of deformable water absorp-tive material; placing said second sheet in overlying relation-ship to the plaster on said first sheet; and joining the peripheral edges of said first and second sheets to encase said plaster therewithin.
2. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said depositing step comprises placing at least one plaster splint on said first sheet of material.
3. A method as set forth in claim 2, wherein said depositing step comprises placing a plurality of said plas-ter splints over said first sheet.
4. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the step of providing said second sheet comprises providing a sheet of fibrous material characterized by an affinity for moistened plaster.
5. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said step of providing a second sheet comprises providing a sheet of resilient cellular material characterized by a non-affinity for moistened plaster.
6. A casting blank for use in forming a plaster cast for a portion of the body, said blank comprising: a first sheet of resilient, cellular, substantially non-exten-sible water absorptive material characterized by a non-affinity for moistened plaster; a layer of plaster material disposed on said first sheet; and a second sheet of deformable, water ab-sorptive material disposed in overlying relationship to said plaster material to sandwich the latter between said first and second sheets, said first and second sheets being joined together at their peripheral edges to enclose said plaster material within said deformable water absorptive material.
7. The invention of claim 6, wherein said layer of plaster material comprises a plurality of plaster splints.
8. The invention of claim 7, wherein said first and second sheets are bonded together.
9. A casting blank as set forth in claim 2, wherein said second sheet comprises a fibrous material characterized by an affinity for moistened plaster.
10. A casting blank as set forth in claim 9, wherein said second sheet comprises a resilient cellular material characterized by a non-affinity for moistened plaster.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA229,629A CA1052213A (en) | 1975-06-18 | 1975-06-18 | Orthopedic cast and method of constructing same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA229,629A CA1052213A (en) | 1975-06-18 | 1975-06-18 | Orthopedic cast and method of constructing same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1052213A true CA1052213A (en) | 1979-04-10 |
Family
ID=4103373
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA229,629A Expired CA1052213A (en) | 1975-06-18 | 1975-06-18 | Orthopedic cast and method of constructing same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1052213A (en) |
-
1975
- 1975-06-18 CA CA229,629A patent/CA1052213A/en not_active Expired
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