CA1044307A - Heated pressure fusing system - Google Patents
Heated pressure fusing systemInfo
- Publication number
- CA1044307A CA1044307A CA196,230A CA196230A CA1044307A CA 1044307 A CA1044307 A CA 1044307A CA 196230 A CA196230 A CA 196230A CA 1044307 A CA1044307 A CA 1044307A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- nip
- fusing
- circuit
- roll
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
- G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
- G03G15/2014—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
- G03G15/2039—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat with means for controlling the fixing temperature
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An improved control for maintaining a substantially constant temperature at the contact arc or nip defined by pressure heated fusing rolls. A sensing device senses the surface temperature of each of the rolls and supplies signals to a control circuit which combines the signals in a parallel resistance network. An output signal is supplied to electrical heating elements associated with at least one of the rolls to maintain a constant temperature at the nip.
An improved control for maintaining a substantially constant temperature at the contact arc or nip defined by pressure heated fusing rolls. A sensing device senses the surface temperature of each of the rolls and supplies signals to a control circuit which combines the signals in a parallel resistance network. An output signal is supplied to electrical heating elements associated with at least one of the rolls to maintain a constant temperature at the nip.
Description
:` - L~ .
, .... . .
3~7 `
!
This invention relates to an improved heated pressure -~ fusing system for use with an electrostatographic reproduction 0~
system and in particular to a closed loop control circuit for maintaining constant temperature at the fusing nip under varying operating conditions.
It has been recognized that one of the preferred ways for fusing a powder image to a substrate is to bring the - powder into direct contact with a hot surface, such as a heated roller. The roller surface may be dry, i.e. no appli-cation of a liquid release agent to the surace of that roller - as described for example, in U. S. Patents 3,498,596 and 3,666,247. Alternatively, the fuser roll surface may be coated with a release agent such as silicone oil as described in U. S. Patents 3,268,351 and 3,256,002. Heated pressure fusing systems are particularly well suited for high speed and volume copier/duplicator systems. It has been found, however, that higher temperatures and energy losses occur under varying operating conditions which include changes in ambient conditions, different copy volumes and/or speeds, varying sheet weights, etc. As a result of these higher tem-; peratures the sheets tend to curl and stick to the roll sur-faces which is undesirable from the standpoint of sheet handling and stripper finger wear on the roll surface due to excessive paper forces.
In the prior art devices only a single sensing device has been used to detect temperature at or near the nip as described for example, in U. S. Patents 3,688,082 and 3,313,913 and British Patent 1,316,616. While these devices are satisfactory in a sense, they have certain disadvantages as already mentioned above.
- ~-- ~
3~7 The present invention is an improved heated pressure ;
fusing system which enables a constant temperature to be maintained at the fusing nip under varying load conditions.
Thus, in accordance with the present teachings, a fusing system is provided with a first and second fuser -roller formung a nip and an apparatus for maintaining a substantially constant temperature at the nip between the rollers. A first sensor is provided for detecting the temperature of the first roller-surface and a second sensor -. . .
being provided to detect the temperature of the second roller surface. The first and second sensors producing first and second output resistances respectfully and responsive to the temperatures. A first circuit is provided connected to the first and second output resistances to produce a combined output resistance indicative of the temperature -~
at the nip. A second circuit is provided coupled with the first circuit and receiving input voltage signals representative of the combined output resistance and input voltage signals representative of a reference set point indicative of the desired nip temperature to produce electrical output signals to the heating means. The electrical ouput signal~vary with the difference of the input voltage signals in response to the combined surface temperature of the rollers to maintain a substantially constant temperature at the nip.
'' Figure 1 illustrates schematically a xerographic reprod~lcing apparatus incorporating a heated pressure fuser roll apparatus constructed in accordance with the present q.~,~ -L
3'~7 .,, .
invention;
Figure 2 is a graphic illustration illustrating fusing temperatures and their effect on offset and fusing -- quality;
Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating details of the present invention; and Figure 4 is a circuit diagram according to the present invention.
Referring now to the drawings there is shown in Figure 1 an embodiment of the fusing system of the subject invention in a suitable environment such as an automatic xerographic reproducing machine. The automatic xerographic reproducing machine includes a xerographic plate or surface - 10 formed in the shape of a drum. The plate has a photoconduc-tive layer or light receiving surface on a conductive backing, journaled in a frame to rotate in the direction indicated .; . ~. ~ .. .
by the arrow. The rotation will casue the plate surface to sequentially pass a series of xerographic processing stations.
For the purpose of the present disclosure the several xero-? graphic processing stations in the path of movement of the plate surface may be described functionally as follows:
A charging station A, at whi~h a uniform electro-static chaxge is deposited on the photoconductive platel An exposure station B, at which light or a radiation pattern of copies to be reproduced is p~ojected onto the plate surface to dissipate the charge in the ~xposed areas thereof to thereby form a latent electrostatic image of the copy to be reproduced;
A developing station C, at wh~ch xerographic develop-ing material, including toner particles ~aving an e~ectrostatic . ~L r ~ 7 charge opposite that of the latent electrostatic image, is cascaded over the latent electrostatic image to form a toner powder image in configuration of the copy being reproduced;
A transfer station D at which the toner powder image is electrostatically transferred from the plate surface to a trans~er material or a support surface;
A drum cleaning and discharge station E at which the plate surface is wiped to remove residual toner particles remaining thereon after image transfer and at which the plate is exposed to a relatively bright light source to effect substantially complete discharge of any residual electrostatic charge remaining thereon; and - A fusing station F at which the powder image is permanently affixed to the support material to produce a high - 15 quality print with a minimum of offset in accordance with the invention as will be explained more fully hereinafter.
_ Referring now to Figure 2 there is shown a graphic display illustrating fuser roll temperature on a horizontal axis and pressure or backup roll temperature on a vertical axis. It will be appreciated that when the temperature is in the range of over 370F for the fuser roll and over 250F
for the backup or pressure roll there is difficulty in avoiding offset on the rolls. Also where temperatures are low, for - example, the fuser temperature is below 370F and temperature of pressure or backup roll is below 150F that there is difficulty in obtaining high quality fixes. The rectangular block area or zone H depicts the range for maintaining the temperature of the fuser roll ~f offset is to be minimal and fusing quality is to be high during the operation of a present or single temperature sensing device. As copies are run on --5--, I :
.. - ..
~':J4~3U7 the machine the pressure roll temperature will continue to rise until offsetting occurs. Block area or zone I shows the parameters for operation with the present invention. As copies are produced on the machine the pressure roll temperature will rise. This will cause the fuser roll temperature to drop.
The dropping fuser roll temperature will stablize the pressure roll temperature. The operation will insure that the tempera-ture in the nip is always within the fusing window, i.e., greater than minimum and less than offset temperature regard-less of varying ambient conditions, copying volume and/or speed, and sheet stock.
In accordance with the present invention a constant temeprature at the nip or contact arc is maintained to effect a minimum of offset while maintaining high quallty image fusing. As best shown in Figure 3 the fusing roll surface is thermally sens~ by a sensor 201 and the pressure or backup roll is thermally sensed by a sensor 205. An input 210 from sensor 201 and an input 211 from sensor 205 is combined in a sensing combining network 215. Desirably the sensing combining network 215 is a parallel circuit such that an output signal - 220 is a result of the combined effect of the temperatures of the fusing rolls and pressure roll surfaces. This output 220 normally is the sum of the reciprocals of the two sensors 201 and 205. The signal 220 is then supplied to a control circuit 222 which becomes output signal 230 in the form of discrete on-off electrical signals which are supplied to one - or more heating elements 235 which supplies heat to the nip of the fuser roll. These heat pulses may be supplied to any suitable electrical heating element such as a lamp or the like.
It has been found that the temperature of the pressure or .. -. ~ . ..
~r~ 3~7 . . .
backup roll is sufficiently high that this will serve as feedback to the control for the fusing nip enabling a greater - latitude of temperature to be used for the heating element - associated with the fuser rolls as best shown by zone I in Figure 2. Typically, it has been found that the fuser roll may range in temperature from 380 F to 310F when the pressure roll temperature ranges from 150F to 290F, respectively.
The operation of the invention may be best understood in connection with the circuit of Figure 4. This circuit is designed to give a high output of operational amplifier 250, when the combined resistance of sensors 201 and 205 is greater than a predetermined set point. When the combined resistance drops below this set point the operational amplifier 250 gives a low output which will de-energize heating elements 235. The system is designed to control the temperature about the set point adding heat when the resitance goes above and _ _ allowing the system to cbol when the resistance goes below.
In the machine standby mode when both sensors 201 and 205 are cold or the combined sensor re stance is greater than the set point, the output of amplifier 250 will go high causing the heating elements to turn on. Since the pressure roll is still cold its sensor 205 has a very high resistance and has a negligible effect on the set point. The heating elements will continue to oscillate as the fuser roll sensor 201 o~cillates about the set point.
When copies are being produced the pressure roll comes into contact with the fuser roll to provide a nip for fusing. The pressure roll will start heating up causing the pressure roll sensor 205 resistance t~ decrease. Since the combined resistance is controlled at ~e same set point, ~43~7 wllen the pressure roll sensor 205 resistance decreases it forces the fuser roll sensor 201 resistance to increase in order to maintain the combined resistance constant. An increase in fuser roll sensor 201 resistance will cause the fuser roll temperature to drop. Since the heating elements are located inside the fuser roll, equilibrium will be reached when both the fuser roll and pressure roll temperatures stablize resulting in a constant temperature in the nip.
' By this system it has been found that a constant temperature maintained at the fuser nip insures high quality fixes without undesirable offset on the surface of the fuser roll. Moreover, it will be appreciated that with a closed loop system there is a conservation of energy for producing heat at the fusing nip. It will be further appreciated that with the constant temperature at the fusing nip that the pa,per will not curl and that high quality fixes will be maintained at varying copying volumes and operating conditions.
While there have been shown and described and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that various ~ .
omission and substitutions and changes in the form and details - of the device illustrated and in its operation may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.
., .
, .... . .
3~7 `
!
This invention relates to an improved heated pressure -~ fusing system for use with an electrostatographic reproduction 0~
system and in particular to a closed loop control circuit for maintaining constant temperature at the fusing nip under varying operating conditions.
It has been recognized that one of the preferred ways for fusing a powder image to a substrate is to bring the - powder into direct contact with a hot surface, such as a heated roller. The roller surface may be dry, i.e. no appli-cation of a liquid release agent to the surace of that roller - as described for example, in U. S. Patents 3,498,596 and 3,666,247. Alternatively, the fuser roll surface may be coated with a release agent such as silicone oil as described in U. S. Patents 3,268,351 and 3,256,002. Heated pressure fusing systems are particularly well suited for high speed and volume copier/duplicator systems. It has been found, however, that higher temperatures and energy losses occur under varying operating conditions which include changes in ambient conditions, different copy volumes and/or speeds, varying sheet weights, etc. As a result of these higher tem-; peratures the sheets tend to curl and stick to the roll sur-faces which is undesirable from the standpoint of sheet handling and stripper finger wear on the roll surface due to excessive paper forces.
In the prior art devices only a single sensing device has been used to detect temperature at or near the nip as described for example, in U. S. Patents 3,688,082 and 3,313,913 and British Patent 1,316,616. While these devices are satisfactory in a sense, they have certain disadvantages as already mentioned above.
- ~-- ~
3~7 The present invention is an improved heated pressure ;
fusing system which enables a constant temperature to be maintained at the fusing nip under varying load conditions.
Thus, in accordance with the present teachings, a fusing system is provided with a first and second fuser -roller formung a nip and an apparatus for maintaining a substantially constant temperature at the nip between the rollers. A first sensor is provided for detecting the temperature of the first roller-surface and a second sensor -. . .
being provided to detect the temperature of the second roller surface. The first and second sensors producing first and second output resistances respectfully and responsive to the temperatures. A first circuit is provided connected to the first and second output resistances to produce a combined output resistance indicative of the temperature -~
at the nip. A second circuit is provided coupled with the first circuit and receiving input voltage signals representative of the combined output resistance and input voltage signals representative of a reference set point indicative of the desired nip temperature to produce electrical output signals to the heating means. The electrical ouput signal~vary with the difference of the input voltage signals in response to the combined surface temperature of the rollers to maintain a substantially constant temperature at the nip.
'' Figure 1 illustrates schematically a xerographic reprod~lcing apparatus incorporating a heated pressure fuser roll apparatus constructed in accordance with the present q.~,~ -L
3'~7 .,, .
invention;
Figure 2 is a graphic illustration illustrating fusing temperatures and their effect on offset and fusing -- quality;
Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating details of the present invention; and Figure 4 is a circuit diagram according to the present invention.
Referring now to the drawings there is shown in Figure 1 an embodiment of the fusing system of the subject invention in a suitable environment such as an automatic xerographic reproducing machine. The automatic xerographic reproducing machine includes a xerographic plate or surface - 10 formed in the shape of a drum. The plate has a photoconduc-tive layer or light receiving surface on a conductive backing, journaled in a frame to rotate in the direction indicated .; . ~. ~ .. .
by the arrow. The rotation will casue the plate surface to sequentially pass a series of xerographic processing stations.
For the purpose of the present disclosure the several xero-? graphic processing stations in the path of movement of the plate surface may be described functionally as follows:
A charging station A, at whi~h a uniform electro-static chaxge is deposited on the photoconductive platel An exposure station B, at which light or a radiation pattern of copies to be reproduced is p~ojected onto the plate surface to dissipate the charge in the ~xposed areas thereof to thereby form a latent electrostatic image of the copy to be reproduced;
A developing station C, at wh~ch xerographic develop-ing material, including toner particles ~aving an e~ectrostatic . ~L r ~ 7 charge opposite that of the latent electrostatic image, is cascaded over the latent electrostatic image to form a toner powder image in configuration of the copy being reproduced;
A transfer station D at which the toner powder image is electrostatically transferred from the plate surface to a trans~er material or a support surface;
A drum cleaning and discharge station E at which the plate surface is wiped to remove residual toner particles remaining thereon after image transfer and at which the plate is exposed to a relatively bright light source to effect substantially complete discharge of any residual electrostatic charge remaining thereon; and - A fusing station F at which the powder image is permanently affixed to the support material to produce a high - 15 quality print with a minimum of offset in accordance with the invention as will be explained more fully hereinafter.
_ Referring now to Figure 2 there is shown a graphic display illustrating fuser roll temperature on a horizontal axis and pressure or backup roll temperature on a vertical axis. It will be appreciated that when the temperature is in the range of over 370F for the fuser roll and over 250F
for the backup or pressure roll there is difficulty in avoiding offset on the rolls. Also where temperatures are low, for - example, the fuser temperature is below 370F and temperature of pressure or backup roll is below 150F that there is difficulty in obtaining high quality fixes. The rectangular block area or zone H depicts the range for maintaining the temperature of the fuser roll ~f offset is to be minimal and fusing quality is to be high during the operation of a present or single temperature sensing device. As copies are run on --5--, I :
.. - ..
~':J4~3U7 the machine the pressure roll temperature will continue to rise until offsetting occurs. Block area or zone I shows the parameters for operation with the present invention. As copies are produced on the machine the pressure roll temperature will rise. This will cause the fuser roll temperature to drop.
The dropping fuser roll temperature will stablize the pressure roll temperature. The operation will insure that the tempera-ture in the nip is always within the fusing window, i.e., greater than minimum and less than offset temperature regard-less of varying ambient conditions, copying volume and/or speed, and sheet stock.
In accordance with the present invention a constant temeprature at the nip or contact arc is maintained to effect a minimum of offset while maintaining high quallty image fusing. As best shown in Figure 3 the fusing roll surface is thermally sens~ by a sensor 201 and the pressure or backup roll is thermally sensed by a sensor 205. An input 210 from sensor 201 and an input 211 from sensor 205 is combined in a sensing combining network 215. Desirably the sensing combining network 215 is a parallel circuit such that an output signal - 220 is a result of the combined effect of the temperatures of the fusing rolls and pressure roll surfaces. This output 220 normally is the sum of the reciprocals of the two sensors 201 and 205. The signal 220 is then supplied to a control circuit 222 which becomes output signal 230 in the form of discrete on-off electrical signals which are supplied to one - or more heating elements 235 which supplies heat to the nip of the fuser roll. These heat pulses may be supplied to any suitable electrical heating element such as a lamp or the like.
It has been found that the temperature of the pressure or .. -. ~ . ..
~r~ 3~7 . . .
backup roll is sufficiently high that this will serve as feedback to the control for the fusing nip enabling a greater - latitude of temperature to be used for the heating element - associated with the fuser rolls as best shown by zone I in Figure 2. Typically, it has been found that the fuser roll may range in temperature from 380 F to 310F when the pressure roll temperature ranges from 150F to 290F, respectively.
The operation of the invention may be best understood in connection with the circuit of Figure 4. This circuit is designed to give a high output of operational amplifier 250, when the combined resistance of sensors 201 and 205 is greater than a predetermined set point. When the combined resistance drops below this set point the operational amplifier 250 gives a low output which will de-energize heating elements 235. The system is designed to control the temperature about the set point adding heat when the resitance goes above and _ _ allowing the system to cbol when the resistance goes below.
In the machine standby mode when both sensors 201 and 205 are cold or the combined sensor re stance is greater than the set point, the output of amplifier 250 will go high causing the heating elements to turn on. Since the pressure roll is still cold its sensor 205 has a very high resistance and has a negligible effect on the set point. The heating elements will continue to oscillate as the fuser roll sensor 201 o~cillates about the set point.
When copies are being produced the pressure roll comes into contact with the fuser roll to provide a nip for fusing. The pressure roll will start heating up causing the pressure roll sensor 205 resistance t~ decrease. Since the combined resistance is controlled at ~e same set point, ~43~7 wllen the pressure roll sensor 205 resistance decreases it forces the fuser roll sensor 201 resistance to increase in order to maintain the combined resistance constant. An increase in fuser roll sensor 201 resistance will cause the fuser roll temperature to drop. Since the heating elements are located inside the fuser roll, equilibrium will be reached when both the fuser roll and pressure roll temperatures stablize resulting in a constant temperature in the nip.
' By this system it has been found that a constant temperature maintained at the fuser nip insures high quality fixes without undesirable offset on the surface of the fuser roll. Moreover, it will be appreciated that with a closed loop system there is a conservation of energy for producing heat at the fusing nip. It will be further appreciated that with the constant temperature at the fusing nip that the pa,per will not curl and that high quality fixes will be maintained at varying copying volumes and operating conditions.
While there have been shown and described and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that various ~ .
omission and substitutions and changes in the form and details - of the device illustrated and in its operation may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.
., .
Claims (3)
1. A fusing system with a first and second fuser roller forming a nip and an apparatus for maintaining a substantially constant temperature at the nip between the rollers, having a first sensor detecting the temperature of the first roller surface and the second sensor detecting the temperature of the second roller surface, the first and second sensors producing first and second output resistances respectively and responsive to the said temperatures, a first circuit connected to the first and second output resistances to produce a combined output resistance indicative of the temperature at the nip and a second circuit coupled with the first circuit and receiving input voltage signals representative of the combined output resistance and input voltage signals representative of a reference set point indicative of the desired nip temperature to produce electrical output signals to a heating means, said electrical output signals varying with the difference of the input voltage signals in response to the combined surface temperature of the rollers to maintain a substantially constant temperature at the nip.
2. The system according to Claim 1 with the first circuit means including a parallel resistance network.
3. The system of Claim 1 where the heating means is disposed inside one of the rollers.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00376770A US3833790A (en) | 1973-07-05 | 1973-07-05 | Heated pressure fusing system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1044307A true CA1044307A (en) | 1978-12-12 |
Family
ID=23486414
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA196,230A Expired CA1044307A (en) | 1973-07-05 | 1974-03-28 | Heated pressure fusing system |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3833790A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5724546B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1044307A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2419351C3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2236219B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1475161A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7405292A (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2705893C3 (en) * | 1977-02-11 | 1979-09-27 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | Thermal fuser |
| US4162847A (en) * | 1977-10-06 | 1979-07-31 | International Business Machines Corporation | Hot roll fuser early closure inhibitor |
| DE7908775U1 (en) * | 1979-03-28 | 1979-07-19 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | DEVELOPMENT CHAMBER |
| JPS60239787A (en) * | 1984-05-14 | 1985-11-28 | Sharp Corp | Heat fixing device |
| US4672177A (en) * | 1985-11-12 | 1987-06-09 | International Business Machines Corporation | Environmental sensor control of a heated fuser |
| US5019862A (en) * | 1986-01-23 | 1991-05-28 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Heat control for photoreceptor |
| JPH0814744B2 (en) * | 1986-05-28 | 1996-02-14 | ミノルタ株式会社 | Fixing device |
| US4977431A (en) * | 1987-10-26 | 1990-12-11 | Mita Industrial Co., Ltd. | Fixing apparatus and method of controlling temperature of the same |
| JPH01303470A (en) * | 1988-05-31 | 1989-12-07 | Sharp Corp | Copying machine |
| GB2283583B (en) * | 1993-10-15 | 1998-06-24 | Seiko Epson Corp | Temperature control in a fixing device for an image forming apparatus |
| US5701554A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1997-12-23 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Fixing apparatus having controller for setting a target temperature and for estimating the amount of heat transferred to a pressure roller |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3027285A (en) * | 1958-08-28 | 1962-03-27 | American Photocopy Equip Co | Office laminating machine |
| US3074695A (en) * | 1960-07-18 | 1963-01-22 | Farrel Birmingham Co Inc | Apparatus for controlling roll temperatures |
| US3584291A (en) * | 1969-07-30 | 1971-06-08 | Powers Regulator Co | Proportional electric heat control system |
-
1973
- 1973-07-05 US US00376770A patent/US3833790A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1974
- 1974-03-28 CA CA196,230A patent/CA1044307A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-04-18 NL NL7405292A patent/NL7405292A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1974-04-22 DE DE2419351A patent/DE2419351C3/en not_active Expired
- 1974-06-28 JP JP7422874A patent/JPS5724546B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1974-07-01 FR FR7422884A patent/FR2236219B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-07-05 GB GB2988674A patent/GB1475161A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2419351B2 (en) | 1980-03-20 |
| FR2236219A1 (en) | 1975-01-31 |
| FR2236219B1 (en) | 1977-06-24 |
| DE2419351C3 (en) | 1980-11-27 |
| GB1475161A (en) | 1977-06-01 |
| US3833790A (en) | 1974-09-03 |
| JPS5039554A (en) | 1975-04-11 |
| DE2419351A1 (en) | 1975-01-23 |
| NL7405292A (en) | 1974-06-25 |
| JPS5724546B2 (en) | 1982-05-25 |
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