CA1039471A - Production of dispersion-based asbestos yarns - Google Patents
Production of dispersion-based asbestos yarnsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1039471A CA1039471A CA210,281A CA210281A CA1039471A CA 1039471 A CA1039471 A CA 1039471A CA 210281 A CA210281 A CA 210281A CA 1039471 A CA1039471 A CA 1039471A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- strand
- dispersion
- asbestos
- yarn
- uncoagulated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
- D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
- D02G3/02—Yarns or threads characterised by the material or by the materials from which they are made
- D02G3/16—Yarns or threads made from mineral substances
- D02G3/20—Yarns or threads made from mineral substances from asbestos
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A dispersion based asbestos yarn as made by a process which includes the steps of forming a strand from an asbestos dispersion, coagulating the dispersion in the strand, extracting residual processing chemicals from the strand and then adjusting the moisture content of the stand to not more than 20% by weight prior to twisting the strand to form a yarn.
A dispersion based asbestos yarn as made by a process which includes the steps of forming a strand from an asbestos dispersion, coagulating the dispersion in the strand, extracting residual processing chemicals from the strand and then adjusting the moisture content of the stand to not more than 20% by weight prior to twisting the strand to form a yarn.
Description
~3~47~
This invention relates to the manufacture of asbestos yarns from dis~ersions of asbestos fibre by a process such as that described in the Complete Spècification of U.K. Patent 824,446. Common to processes of the kind described in this latter specification are the steps of forming a dispersion of asbestos in water using at least one surfactant and/or soap as the dispersing agent, forming a strand or strands from the dispersion which is thereafter coagylated, for example, by contact with a coagulant solution, collecting the coagulated strand or strands and twisting it or them into a yarn, optionally foll~wed by extracting the residual processing chemicals to leave a yarn comprised wholly of asbestos. For practical purposes, this latter step is usually considered to be a highly desirable, if not essential part of the process.
Yarns made by such a process will be referxed to as dispersion-based yarns in this specification.
~, In general, dispersion-based yarns are smoother, lighter and stronger than equivalent yarns made by conventional ` carding and spinning processes. However, they tend to be stiffer than conventional yarns (lacking the flexibility of the latter). It is well-known that a yarn made up from a number of filaments is much more flexible than a monofilament yarn of equivalent size. Accordingly, one way of increasing the flexibility of a dispersion-based yarn is to make a number ; of fine yarns and after extracting the processing chemicals,to twist these together into a single yarn. This requires not only an extra twisting or spinning operation, but also the ability to produce suitably fine yarns.
A solution which would eliminate the extra processing step is to form the dispersion into a number of fine strands which after coagulating the dispersion are collected together
This invention relates to the manufacture of asbestos yarns from dis~ersions of asbestos fibre by a process such as that described in the Complete Spècification of U.K. Patent 824,446. Common to processes of the kind described in this latter specification are the steps of forming a dispersion of asbestos in water using at least one surfactant and/or soap as the dispersing agent, forming a strand or strands from the dispersion which is thereafter coagylated, for example, by contact with a coagulant solution, collecting the coagulated strand or strands and twisting it or them into a yarn, optionally foll~wed by extracting the residual processing chemicals to leave a yarn comprised wholly of asbestos. For practical purposes, this latter step is usually considered to be a highly desirable, if not essential part of the process.
Yarns made by such a process will be referxed to as dispersion-based yarns in this specification.
~, In general, dispersion-based yarns are smoother, lighter and stronger than equivalent yarns made by conventional ` carding and spinning processes. However, they tend to be stiffer than conventional yarns (lacking the flexibility of the latter). It is well-known that a yarn made up from a number of filaments is much more flexible than a monofilament yarn of equivalent size. Accordingly, one way of increasing the flexibility of a dispersion-based yarn is to make a number ; of fine yarns and after extracting the processing chemicals,to twist these together into a single yarn. This requires not only an extra twisting or spinning operation, but also the ability to produce suitably fine yarns.
A solution which would eliminate the extra processing step is to form the dispersion into a number of fine strands which after coagulating the dispersion are collected together
- 2 - ~
~L~3~7~
and then twisted into a single yarn before extracting the processing chemicals. This does not, however, impart the desired flexibility to the final yarn, because the fine, coagulated strands tend to stick together, becoming tightly bound in the twisting process and removal of the processing chemicals does not then give a yarn of significantly greater flexibility.
According to the present invention, in one aspect there is provided a process for making a dispersion-based asbestos strand for later twisting to form a yarn, said process comprising the steps of:-(a) forming an elongate continuous stream from an aqueous coagulable dispersion comprised of asbestos fibres, water and dispersion-forming chemicals;
(b) coagulating said dispersion in said stream to form a self-sustaining asbestos fibre strand containing coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals together with uncoagulated residues thereof and water;
(c) whilst said strand is in an untwisted state removing substantially the whole of the coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals and said uncoagulated residues thereof, and (d) adjusting the water content of the strand to provide an untwisted strand formed substantially wholly of said asbestos fibres and containing not more than 20~ by weight of water.
According to the invention in a further aspect there is provided the method of making asbestos yarn which comprises the ~ 3 ~
7~
step of (a) providing an aqueous dispersion of asbestos fibres in dispersion-forming chemicals;
(b) forming at least one elongate continuous stream of said dispersion and c~ntacting said stream with a coagulant for said dispersion to form at least one self-sustaining wet strand of asbestos fibres and coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals together with uncoagulated residues thereof and water;
(c) extracting substantially all of said coagulated dispersion forming ehcmicals and uncoagulated residues thereof from the wet strand;
~ 15 (d) adjusting the water content of the wet strand to ;- provide an essentially dry strand having a moisture content of not more than 20% by weight allowiny the twisting of said dry strand on a spinning frame, and (e) twisting said essentially dry strand to provide said asbestos yarn.
Where it is desired to make a yarn of greater linear density, advantageously at least two and preferably ten or more strands are subjected to the extraction and moisture content adjustment steps just referred to prior to twisting the strands together into a yarn. It has been found that removal of the processing chemicals and drying priox to the insertion of any twist results in a yarn in which the component strands retain their identity and are not tightly bound together, so that the yarn is both softer and more bulky than a yarn made from a single coarse strand.
~ - 3a -.
1~3947~
Even where the process of the invention is applied only to a single strand there is an improvement in the flexibility of the finished yarn when compared to a yarn produced from the same strand by a conventional process in which the processing chemicals are extracted after the insertion of twist.
- 3b -~3947~
The extraction of the residual processing chemicals is also extremely beneficial in reducing corrosion of the conventional textile winding and twisting machinery used;
hitherto this has been very serious practical problem in the manufacture of dispersion-based asbestos yarns.
Although strands may be made individually, collected, extracted and stored prior to twisting them together into a single yarn, it is difficult to ensure that they are for practical purposes identical as regards their properties. It is therefore preferred that all the strands which are eventually to be twisted into a single yarn are formed together and processed together under exactly the same conditions right up to the twisting operation. This may with advantage be accomplished by using a single, multiple nozzle extrusion head, each nozzle being supplied with dispersion from a common supply reservoir fed by a metering pump so as to produce a number of identical or very nearly identical filaments.
he number of nozzles employed to make a given yarn will depend on the yarn nature of the product desired. For a medium weight yarn in the range 500-1000 tex, the number of nozzles will be of the order of from 20 to 50. A further factor is that individual strands of less than about 10 tex are difficult to process under normal production conditions.
Coagulation of the extruded strands may be carried out in a number of ways, but it is preferred that each strand is extruded downwardly through a nozzle, and allowed to fall under gravity through an air gap into a bath of coagulant solution, where it is eventually received on a slowly moving mesh belt. The use of an air gap prevents the problems caused by entry of coagulant into the nozzle, causing premature coagulation.
Collecting the strands on a mesh belt enables them to be handled whilst in the coagulant bath and then withdrawn a, 1~39~
from it without any other handling operation which might damage them. It also facilitates transfer of the strands to the next process step in which the residual processing chemicals are removed. This latter may ~e effected by using at least one solvent liquid, or by using heat to volatilise the organic material. One example of a solvent extraction process is described in detail in U.S. patent specification 3738~05 and a heat extraction process is described in U.S.
patent specification 3452532.
In either system, it is advantageous to thoroughly wash and de-water the strands, thereby removing excess coagulant as far as is practicable before the extraction step.
Conveniently, hot air could also be used for this purpose.
After solvent extraction, the strands should be dried, preferably allowing them to retain a fairly small moisture content to help reduce dust formation in the twisting operation. Where heat extraction is employed, the desired small moisture content may be provided by "conditioning" the strands; that is, by subjecting them to a moistening process.
This is very important where the extraction is carried out by heating, because the strand will have a very low moisture content after extraction.
Hitherto, the twisting of medium weight dispersion-based yarns has generally required the use of flyer frames or pot spinning in order to deal with the relatively large water content of the unextracted strand, because the mass of the wet strand usually causes excessive ballooning on ring frames.
However, the dry strands which can be produced according to the present invention are light in weight and can readily be twisted on a ring frame, using a rather lower twist factor than for a wet strand. The lower twist appears to help in producing a bulky yarn which gives good "cover" when processed into fabric.
~03947~L
The invention also includes both yarns and never-twisted strands produced by a process according to the invention and textile products made from such yarns or strands.
In order that the invention be better understood, a preferr~d embodiment of it will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing in which the sole figure is a schematic diagram of part of a dispersion-based asbestos yarn production unit.
In the diagram, asbestos dispersion 1 flows down a nozzle 2 into a funnel 3 through which coagulant liquid 4 flows, the funnel being part of a constant head box unit 5. Coagulant is pumped into the unit 5 through a pipe 6 and escapes either through the funnel 3 or over a weir 7, the latter returning .
the coagulant through pipe 8 for re-circulation.
; Dispersion emerging from the nozzle 2 into the coagulant stream forms a strand 9 which is drawn down by the coagulant from the funnel into a short, flexible tube 10, the free end 11 o~ which is travexsed with a generally circular motion to deposit the strand and coagulant stream onto a moving endless wire mesh belt 12. Surplus coagulant falls through the belt into a tank 13, from which it can be re-circulated or recovered. The belt carrying the strand then passes under a water spray generated by a first "rainbox" 14, the excess liquid being removed by a first roller nip 15 and the surplus wash liquor plus coagulant is collected in a tank 16.
The washed and de-watered strand is then carried by the belt under spray nozzles 17 which spray a solvent system onto the strand, surplus/spent solvent plus residual processing chemicals from the strand being collected in tank 18. A second roller nip 15a assists in removing liquid from the strand prior to its passage under a second rainbox 14a which sprays wash water onto the strand. Excess wash liquid is then removed by a third roller nip 15b and collected in a tank 19.
~3~7~
The strand is then carried through a hot air drying chamber 20 and finally collected off the end of the belt at 21. The "dry" strand contains less than 20~ by weight of water, the precise water content being adjustable by changing the drying air temperature and/or the speed of the belt. The dry strand may be reeled or even twisted into a yarn directly from the belt.
A plurality of strands can be extruded on to a single belt and processed together prior to twisting into a single yarn.
; 20 '
~L~3~7~
and then twisted into a single yarn before extracting the processing chemicals. This does not, however, impart the desired flexibility to the final yarn, because the fine, coagulated strands tend to stick together, becoming tightly bound in the twisting process and removal of the processing chemicals does not then give a yarn of significantly greater flexibility.
According to the present invention, in one aspect there is provided a process for making a dispersion-based asbestos strand for later twisting to form a yarn, said process comprising the steps of:-(a) forming an elongate continuous stream from an aqueous coagulable dispersion comprised of asbestos fibres, water and dispersion-forming chemicals;
(b) coagulating said dispersion in said stream to form a self-sustaining asbestos fibre strand containing coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals together with uncoagulated residues thereof and water;
(c) whilst said strand is in an untwisted state removing substantially the whole of the coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals and said uncoagulated residues thereof, and (d) adjusting the water content of the strand to provide an untwisted strand formed substantially wholly of said asbestos fibres and containing not more than 20~ by weight of water.
According to the invention in a further aspect there is provided the method of making asbestos yarn which comprises the ~ 3 ~
7~
step of (a) providing an aqueous dispersion of asbestos fibres in dispersion-forming chemicals;
(b) forming at least one elongate continuous stream of said dispersion and c~ntacting said stream with a coagulant for said dispersion to form at least one self-sustaining wet strand of asbestos fibres and coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals together with uncoagulated residues thereof and water;
(c) extracting substantially all of said coagulated dispersion forming ehcmicals and uncoagulated residues thereof from the wet strand;
~ 15 (d) adjusting the water content of the wet strand to ;- provide an essentially dry strand having a moisture content of not more than 20% by weight allowiny the twisting of said dry strand on a spinning frame, and (e) twisting said essentially dry strand to provide said asbestos yarn.
Where it is desired to make a yarn of greater linear density, advantageously at least two and preferably ten or more strands are subjected to the extraction and moisture content adjustment steps just referred to prior to twisting the strands together into a yarn. It has been found that removal of the processing chemicals and drying priox to the insertion of any twist results in a yarn in which the component strands retain their identity and are not tightly bound together, so that the yarn is both softer and more bulky than a yarn made from a single coarse strand.
~ - 3a -.
1~3947~
Even where the process of the invention is applied only to a single strand there is an improvement in the flexibility of the finished yarn when compared to a yarn produced from the same strand by a conventional process in which the processing chemicals are extracted after the insertion of twist.
- 3b -~3947~
The extraction of the residual processing chemicals is also extremely beneficial in reducing corrosion of the conventional textile winding and twisting machinery used;
hitherto this has been very serious practical problem in the manufacture of dispersion-based asbestos yarns.
Although strands may be made individually, collected, extracted and stored prior to twisting them together into a single yarn, it is difficult to ensure that they are for practical purposes identical as regards their properties. It is therefore preferred that all the strands which are eventually to be twisted into a single yarn are formed together and processed together under exactly the same conditions right up to the twisting operation. This may with advantage be accomplished by using a single, multiple nozzle extrusion head, each nozzle being supplied with dispersion from a common supply reservoir fed by a metering pump so as to produce a number of identical or very nearly identical filaments.
he number of nozzles employed to make a given yarn will depend on the yarn nature of the product desired. For a medium weight yarn in the range 500-1000 tex, the number of nozzles will be of the order of from 20 to 50. A further factor is that individual strands of less than about 10 tex are difficult to process under normal production conditions.
Coagulation of the extruded strands may be carried out in a number of ways, but it is preferred that each strand is extruded downwardly through a nozzle, and allowed to fall under gravity through an air gap into a bath of coagulant solution, where it is eventually received on a slowly moving mesh belt. The use of an air gap prevents the problems caused by entry of coagulant into the nozzle, causing premature coagulation.
Collecting the strands on a mesh belt enables them to be handled whilst in the coagulant bath and then withdrawn a, 1~39~
from it without any other handling operation which might damage them. It also facilitates transfer of the strands to the next process step in which the residual processing chemicals are removed. This latter may ~e effected by using at least one solvent liquid, or by using heat to volatilise the organic material. One example of a solvent extraction process is described in detail in U.S. patent specification 3738~05 and a heat extraction process is described in U.S.
patent specification 3452532.
In either system, it is advantageous to thoroughly wash and de-water the strands, thereby removing excess coagulant as far as is practicable before the extraction step.
Conveniently, hot air could also be used for this purpose.
After solvent extraction, the strands should be dried, preferably allowing them to retain a fairly small moisture content to help reduce dust formation in the twisting operation. Where heat extraction is employed, the desired small moisture content may be provided by "conditioning" the strands; that is, by subjecting them to a moistening process.
This is very important where the extraction is carried out by heating, because the strand will have a very low moisture content after extraction.
Hitherto, the twisting of medium weight dispersion-based yarns has generally required the use of flyer frames or pot spinning in order to deal with the relatively large water content of the unextracted strand, because the mass of the wet strand usually causes excessive ballooning on ring frames.
However, the dry strands which can be produced according to the present invention are light in weight and can readily be twisted on a ring frame, using a rather lower twist factor than for a wet strand. The lower twist appears to help in producing a bulky yarn which gives good "cover" when processed into fabric.
~03947~L
The invention also includes both yarns and never-twisted strands produced by a process according to the invention and textile products made from such yarns or strands.
In order that the invention be better understood, a preferr~d embodiment of it will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing in which the sole figure is a schematic diagram of part of a dispersion-based asbestos yarn production unit.
In the diagram, asbestos dispersion 1 flows down a nozzle 2 into a funnel 3 through which coagulant liquid 4 flows, the funnel being part of a constant head box unit 5. Coagulant is pumped into the unit 5 through a pipe 6 and escapes either through the funnel 3 or over a weir 7, the latter returning .
the coagulant through pipe 8 for re-circulation.
; Dispersion emerging from the nozzle 2 into the coagulant stream forms a strand 9 which is drawn down by the coagulant from the funnel into a short, flexible tube 10, the free end 11 o~ which is travexsed with a generally circular motion to deposit the strand and coagulant stream onto a moving endless wire mesh belt 12. Surplus coagulant falls through the belt into a tank 13, from which it can be re-circulated or recovered. The belt carrying the strand then passes under a water spray generated by a first "rainbox" 14, the excess liquid being removed by a first roller nip 15 and the surplus wash liquor plus coagulant is collected in a tank 16.
The washed and de-watered strand is then carried by the belt under spray nozzles 17 which spray a solvent system onto the strand, surplus/spent solvent plus residual processing chemicals from the strand being collected in tank 18. A second roller nip 15a assists in removing liquid from the strand prior to its passage under a second rainbox 14a which sprays wash water onto the strand. Excess wash liquid is then removed by a third roller nip 15b and collected in a tank 19.
~3~7~
The strand is then carried through a hot air drying chamber 20 and finally collected off the end of the belt at 21. The "dry" strand contains less than 20~ by weight of water, the precise water content being adjustable by changing the drying air temperature and/or the speed of the belt. The dry strand may be reeled or even twisted into a yarn directly from the belt.
A plurality of strands can be extruded on to a single belt and processed together prior to twisting into a single yarn.
; 20 '
Claims (10)
1. A process for making a dispersion-based asbestos strand for later twisting to form a yarn, said process comprising the steps of:-(a) forming an elongate continuous stream from an aqueous coagulable dispersion comprised of asbestos fibres, water and dispersion-forming chemicals;
(b) coagulating said dispersion in said stream to form a self-sustaining asbestos fibre strand containing coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals together with uncoagulated residues thereof and water;
(c) whilst said strand is in an untwisted state removing substantially the whole of the coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals and said uncoagulated residues thereof, and (d) adjusting the water content of the strand to provide an untwisted strand formed substantially wholly of said asbestos fibres and containing not more than 20% by weight of water.
(b) coagulating said dispersion in said stream to form a self-sustaining asbestos fibre strand containing coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals together with uncoagulated residues thereof and water;
(c) whilst said strand is in an untwisted state removing substantially the whole of the coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals and said uncoagulated residues thereof, and (d) adjusting the water content of the strand to provide an untwisted strand formed substantially wholly of said asbestos fibres and containing not more than 20% by weight of water.
2. A process according to Claim 1 including the further step of washing the self-sustaining strand prior to the step of removing the coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals and the uncoagulated residues thereof.
3. A process according to Claim 1 including the further step of removing excess liquid from the self-sustaining strand prior to the step of removing the coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals and uncoagulated residues thereof.
4. A process according to Claim 1 including the further step of twisting the strand into a yarn after adjusting the water content thereof.
5. A process according to Claim 1 wherein at least two self-sustaining strands are formed, together with the further step of twisting said strands together into a single yarn following the step of adjusting the water content thereof.
6. A process according to Claim 1 wherein the coagulated dispersion forming chemicals, uncoagulated residues thereof and water are removed by heating the strand.
7. A process according to Claim 1 wherein the coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals and uncoagulated residues thereof are removed by treating the strand with at least one solvent liquid.
8. A never-twisted asbestos strand made by a process according to any one of Claims 1 to 3.
9. The method of making asbestos yarn which comprises the step of (a) providing an aqueous dispersion of asbestos fibres in dispersion-forming chemicals;
(b) forming at least one elongate continuous stream of said dispersion and contacting said stream with a coagulant for said dispersion to form at least one self-sustaining wet strand of asbestos fibres and coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals together with uncoagulated residues thereof and water;
(c) extracting substantially all of said coagulated dispersion forming chemicals and uncoagulated residues thereof from the wet strand;
(d) adjusting the water content of the wet strand to provide an essentially dry strand having a moisture content of not more than 20% by weight allowing the twisting of said dry strand on a spinning frame, and (e) twisting said essentially dry strand to provide said asbestos yarn.
(b) forming at least one elongate continuous stream of said dispersion and contacting said stream with a coagulant for said dispersion to form at least one self-sustaining wet strand of asbestos fibres and coagulated dispersion-forming chemicals together with uncoagulated residues thereof and water;
(c) extracting substantially all of said coagulated dispersion forming chemicals and uncoagulated residues thereof from the wet strand;
(d) adjusting the water content of the wet strand to provide an essentially dry strand having a moisture content of not more than 20% by weight allowing the twisting of said dry strand on a spinning frame, and (e) twisting said essentially dry strand to provide said asbestos yarn.
10. An asbestos yarn produced according to the process of any one of Claims 4, 5 and 9.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB4778373A GB1478042A (en) | 1973-10-12 | 1973-10-12 | Yarn manufacture |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1039471A true CA1039471A (en) | 1978-10-03 |
Family
ID=10446232
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA210,281A Expired CA1039471A (en) | 1973-10-12 | 1974-09-27 | Production of dispersion-based asbestos yarns |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5064530A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE820883A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7408457A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1039471A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2447497A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2247564B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1478042A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN140174B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1021722B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7413278A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL101228B1 (en) |
| RO (1) | RO76320A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7411716L (en) |
| SU (1) | SU619110A3 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA746303B (en) |
-
1973
- 1973-10-12 GB GB4778373A patent/GB1478042A/en not_active Expired
-
1974
- 1974-09-18 SE SE7411716A patent/SE7411716L/ not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1974-09-27 CA CA210,281A patent/CA1039471A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-10-01 IN IN2211/CAL/74A patent/IN140174B/en unknown
- 1974-10-03 ZA ZA00746303A patent/ZA746303B/en unknown
- 1974-10-04 DE DE19742447497 patent/DE2447497A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1974-10-08 IT IT53417/74A patent/IT1021722B/en active
- 1974-10-09 BE BE149374A patent/BE820883A/en unknown
- 1974-10-09 NL NL7413278A patent/NL7413278A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1974-10-09 RO RO7480172A patent/RO76320A/en unknown
- 1974-10-10 FR FR7434058A patent/FR2247564B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-10-10 BR BR8457/74A patent/BR7408457A/en unknown
- 1974-10-11 JP JP49117011A patent/JPS5064530A/ja active Pending
- 1974-10-11 PL PL1974174764A patent/PL101228B1/en unknown
- 1974-10-11 SU SU742070735A patent/SU619110A3/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE7411716L (en) | 1975-03-26 |
| IN140174B (en) | 1976-09-25 |
| JPS5064530A (en) | 1975-05-31 |
| ZA746303B (en) | 1975-11-26 |
| AU7388074A (en) | 1976-04-08 |
| NL7413278A (en) | 1975-04-15 |
| RO76320A (en) | 1981-04-30 |
| SU619110A3 (en) | 1978-08-05 |
| DE2447497A1 (en) | 1975-04-24 |
| FR2247564B1 (en) | 1976-10-22 |
| FR2247564A1 (en) | 1975-05-09 |
| PL101228B1 (en) | 1978-12-30 |
| BR7408457A (en) | 1975-12-30 |
| GB1478042A (en) | 1977-06-29 |
| BE820883A (en) | 1975-04-09 |
| IT1021722B (en) | 1978-02-20 |
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