CA1039136A - Cross-flow modular tobacco curing system - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

A curing module is provided of generally rectangular solid configuration of which the bottom is imperforate and includes runners to facilitate lifting by fork lift; the top is imperforate with means for minimizing air leakage between the tobacco and top inner surface; the rear wall is imperforate with horizontal ledges to support the ends of tines which penetrate the tobacco; the front is generally imperforate, but opens to facilitate loading and when closed enables insertion of sharp rods which penetrate the tobacco and provide vertical support;
and two opposed perforate side walls which permit horizontal cross-flow of the curing gas, one wall of which may be hinged to permit mechanized unloading of the cured leaf. Also provided is a simplified curing structure to receive the modules which are stacked by conventional fork lift equipment and to direct curing air horizontally through the perforate sides of the modules at controlled temperature, humidity and velocity.

Description

103913~;
BACKGROUND O~ THE INVENTION
.
Historically, the harvesting and curing of tobacco has presented the greatest bottleneck to efficient, economi-cal production. Tobacco leav~s were hand harvested over a five to eight week period and the leaves strung on sticks which were placed on tiers in curing barns 16 to 24 feet high.
Labor requirements for harvest through curing were in the range of 180 to 220 man-hours per acre. Mechanical harvest-ing and bulk curing systems introduced during the 1960's reduced these requirements to about 50 man-hours per acre.

The advent of mechanical harvesting introduced a new problem, however, from a material handling viewpoint.
A machine is capable of harvesting up to 12 to 15 tons of material per day. This meant that hand rac~ing of tobacco ! at the barn now became the bottleneck to further gains in - efficiency.

My research has indicated certain limitations to the current approaches, particularly in regard to achieving maximum economy in the handling and curing system. With large containers, tobacco is inherently packed to a higher ~'' ~

rw/S~ 2 -density than in the normal racks and barn capacity is increased, llith the small racks, the avera~e density of tobacco in the curjn~ space is six to eight pounds/ft3;
~rhereas, with the large conta~ners, the average density may be 14 to 18 pounds/ft3, For tinnely curing and to achieve hi~h quality, it is necessary that static pressures in the inlet plenum be increased to move air at the required rate through the more dense tobacco. Furthermore, since the drying front moves progressively from the ~nlet to outlet, increasing this djstance through ~!hich the air must be forced has the effect of increasing power re~uirements for the fan and increasing the length of the drying period, factors which are contrary to the goal of improving curing efficiency. Another very important factor is that the tobacco within the container near the exit side is subjected to near saturated air conditions throughout the vellowing phase and for some time into the drying phase until a con-siderable portion of water in the tobacco has been removed from leaves near the inlet side. Ilhile this may be satisfactory for many leaf conditions, a number of con-ditions have been noted in ~rhich leaf deterioration can rapidly occur. Under certain field conditions, depending upon weather ? 50i 1 moisture and temperature, soil pathogens, (particularly Erwinia) can develop rapidly and be splashed onto lower leaves of the plant. During curin~, at high humidities, infected leaves can develop soft rot and rapidly deteriorate both midrib and laminar portions of the leaf.
- During the past two years, several cases of soft rot have 1039~36 been observed to occur jn large curing containers ~Ihere tobacco was infected by leaf rotting pathogens 7 wjth losses up to 50~. It appears evident, that there are strict limitations to the practical distances throu~h ~lhich the air passes through tobacco in lar~e containers.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention relates to a new curing module design and curin~ system which greatly increases the efficiency of handljng and curing tobacco, improves cured leaf quality, facilitates mechanized load-out in preparing cured leaf for market, and substantially reduces curing equipment cost per pound of cured lc-af. These advantages are accomplished by prov;ding a curing module design which provides for horizontal, cross-flow air move-ment through the modules with practical levels of tobaccoresistance to airflow, fork lift handling and stackin~
of curing modules to increase capacity within a curing structure, and side-unloading capability. The cross-flow curing modules are moved easily into the curing facili~y by fork-lift equipment and, by the arrangement of stack-in~, forms a high pressure plenurn on one side of the modules ~Ihich permits effective air movement through the ti~htly packed tobacco ~Ihile providinq ~reatly increased curing capacity per square foot of floor area. Further-more, the module desi~n ~ith side unloading featurepermits rapid, mechanized unloading for market prepara-tion. Unlike existin~ bulk curing systems "~hich necessitate incr~ased statia pressures for the inlet plenum as heighk of curing container is increased, this system permits the establishment of a fixed static pressure as height of the column of material to be cured is increased.

Broadly speaking, therefore, the present invention may be defined as a method of curing or drying tobacco com-prising; a) placing tobacco to be cured in a container of rectangular solid configuration having gas impervious top and bottom walls, a pair of opposed generally impervious side walls and a pair of gas pervious opposed side walls;
b) supporting the tobacco in the containers by passing a plurality of rods therethrough with the axes of the rods parallel to the place of the top and bott~m walls; c) stack-ing a plurality of the containers in a curing barn in at least one row with the row being spaced from a pair of opposed side walls of the barn to define a pair of isolated ohambers between the opposed side.walls of the barn and the air per-vious side walls of the containers, and the chambers being generally coextensive with the row of containers; d3 direct-ing a curing or drying gas stream into one of the isolated chambers; and.e) withdrawing gas from the other of the isol-ated chambers whereby the curing gas stream flows generally horizontally and uniformly through the tobacco maintained in the containers of the row.
. The above method may be carried out through a tobacco curing or drying system comprising: a) a barn having a floor, roof and side walls; b) a transverse partition extending between a pair of opposed side walls and separating the interior of the barn into a curing or drying chamber and a gas conditioning chamber; c) gas heating and gas moving means in the gas conditioning chamber; d) a plurality of containers 103'~1;~6 of rectangular solid con~iguration each having gas imper-vious top and bottom walls, a pair of generally gas imper-vious opposed side walls and a pair of gas pervious opposed side walls; e~ a plurality of rods extending between the pair of gas impervious side walls parallel to the top and bottom walls; f) said pluralit~ of containers b~ing stacked in at least a pair of spaced rows in the curing or drying chamber with each row being spaced from a wall of the curing and drying chamber to define with the walls of the chamber gas outlet zones and said space between the pair of rows comprising a gas inlet zone; and g) means connecting the gas inlet zone and the pair of gas outlet zones with the gas outlet and inlet respectively of the gas moving means in the gas conditioning chamber.
OB~ECTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
To provide a-mechanized handling, curing and unloading system which enables direct placement of tobacco into curing modules holding 1000 pounds or more of tobacco.
To provide a curing module of simplified design and construction which reduces equipment cost per pound of cured material and which permits cross-flow circulation of the curing air with dimensions such that air flow resis-tance is maintained wi-thin nominal levels and fan efficiency is highO
To provide a curing module which enables establishing 26 of yellowing and drying conditions which rw/'i~

iO39136 minilnize the development of leaf deterioration by soft-rot pathogens and which permits timely remova1 of moisture and reduced curing time over existing bulk systems To provide a curing module which supports the tobacco by horizontal tines or rods which penetrate the tobacco perpendicular to the general plane of tobacco leaves and which permits horizontal passage of forced - conditioned air through the tobacco such that yellowing drying and conditioning phases of curing are performed with high reliabllity and uniformity of cured leaf Droduct.

To provide a mndular curing system ~hich receives the above cross-flow modules and which provides conditioned airflo:~ for complete curing and post-curing conditioning of the leaf.

To provide a modular curing system llhich enables by insertion of the above cross-flow modules the for-mation of a vertical high-pressure inlet plenum for effective air movement through the tobacco during curing and reduces heat losses from the curing system.

To provide a modular curing system which reduces the overall equipment investment per pound of cured output in comparison ~ith existing or modified bulk curing units.

These and other objects and advantages ~lill become a~parent to those skilled in the art from the follo~ing discussion of the invention in detail.

103'~13~i eRlEF DE~CRIPTI~rl nF THE DR~

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred form of the cross-flo~l curing module of the invention.

Fig. 2 is a sectional vjew on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1 and illustrating the interior ledge supports of the rear wall of the curing module.

Fig. 3 is a sectional view on the line 3-3 of Fig. 1 and illustrating leaf support by tines ~Jhich pene-trate the leaves generally perpendicular to their plane of orientation.
. . .
Fig. 4 is a top plan view of a conveyor with - tilting mechanism for rotating a filled module by 90 degrees.

Fig. 5 is a side elevational view of the conveyor with the tilting mechanism.

Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a cross-flo~
modular curing barn ~lith the doors open.

Fig. 7 is a longitudinal sectional vlew of the barn shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 8 is a sectional vie~l~ on the line 8-8 of Fig. 7.

Fig. 9 is a sectional view on the line 9-9 of Fig. 7-Fig. 10 is a side elevational view partially schematic illustrating fork lift handlin~ ~nd stacking of the cross-flo~-~ modules.

iO3913~

DESCRIPTI~N OF THE PREFERR~D EllBODIMENTS

Referring to Figs. 1-3, specific details of construction of the improved module are illustrated.
While numerous types of materials could be utilized for construction of the module, such as sheet steel, angle iron, etc., preferable ~aterials are lumber, plywood, and expanded metal for economy, light ~eight and ease of constructjon. Module djmensions may vary considerably in terms of width, length and hei~ht; however, greatest economy is realized in the use of 4' X 8~ plywood sheets ~hen the module is approximately 4' cube. Furth~ermore, a container of this size is almost ideal from the stand-point of fork-lift handlin~ and stackin~. The module 10 includes an imperforate bottom 12 mounted to runners 11, an i~perforate top wall 13; generally imperforate rear wall 14, and essentially imperforate front door 15, and t~!o perforate side ~lalls 16 and 17. In the illustrated form of the invention the module 10 is essentially cubical in configuration, and a module of 4' X 4' X 4' outside dimensions is designed to hold from about 900 to about 1300 pounds of uncured tobacco, with an empty container weight of about 175 to 200 pounds.

The runners 11 and imperforate bottnm 12 provide a durable base ~hich facilitates fork-lift handling.
The runners 11 are pre-ferably of 2" X 4" or 4" X 4" oak or pine members for durability and stren~th. The imperfor-ate bottom 12 is preferably of exterior grade plywood of such thiclriess as to withstand heavy loads of stacked ~035~136 modules up to 12 to 20 feet high, ~ 5/8" ~lywood (group 1) sheet on three runners will support stacked modules to 20 feet high, The bottom plywood sheet 12 may be secured to the runners 11 with coated nails, ~rood screws, etc, to form a base upon which the remainder of the module is constructed.

The structural framework to which the plywood sides are attached consists of ~nterior framing of

2" X 4" or 2" X 2" wood members. While exterior framing and braces could conceivably be used, interior framing provides greater interior volume for specified external dimensions and better exterior surfaces for obtaining an effective air seal between modules. Four corner posts 18 are preferably of 2" X 4" size, ~hich rest directly on the bottom 12. Top structural side members 19 are preferably of 2" X 4" size and are turned edgewise to rest on the top ends of the corner posts 18. Front and rear top structural members 20 are also of 2" X 4" size but laid flat, and connected with an end lap joint to the side memhers 19. Froni and rear bottom structural members 21 are of 2" X 2" size and are simple butt jointed to the corner posts 18.

The perforate side walls 16 and 17 permit a hori-zontal, cross-flow of conditioned air through the tobacco during curing. The peripheral portion of plywood, being imperforate, serves to reduce excessive leakage of air along the front, top and rear ~alls. For the front portion 22 and rear portion 23 of the side wall 16, widthS of 3" to 5" for the imperforate par~ of the wall has been found advantageous. For the top portion 24, an 8 to 10 - inch i~perforate baffle is more suit-able, since tobacco tends to settle away from the top wall 13 by gravity as dryin~ proceeds. Construction of the two perforate walls 16 and 17 is almost identical, except the perforate screen 25 of side wall 17 is shown fixed, whereas the perforate screen 26 of wall 16 is shown hinged at the top 27 with a latch 28 to secure the screen. The hinged side screen door 29 permits mechanical dumping of the cured leaf with a fork-lift equipped with a load inverter designed to clamp the module at the top and bottom.

The imperforate portion of side walls 16 and - 15 17 is secured to the structural framework of the module by wood screws, nails or the like. The perforate screen portions 25, 26 may be easily fabricated from expanded metal welded into an angle iron frame 30. For the fixed perforate screen 25, wood screws should be used to attach the frame 30 to the plywood. Butt hinges - 27 are preferably welded to the angle frame 30, then the hinge connected with screws to the ply~ood panel 24.

The imperforate rear wall 14 is constructed also of plywood of 1t2" or 5/~" exterior grade. The wall panel is cut to fit inside the side and top wall plywood panels, as shown, and to rest directly on the bottom 1?. This panel ~ay bc secured by nails, etc.

to the interior framework members 18, 19, 20 and 21.
Provided also on the inner surface of the rear wall 14 are several horizontal ledges 31, Fig. 3 which may be spaced from 6" to 8" apart. These ledges, as will be described later, serve to support the ends of rods or tines which in turn provide vertical support for the tobacco during curing. The led~es 31 may consist of 1" X 2" furring strips, 1 1/2" X 1 1/2" angle iron, etc.
secured ~irmly to the rear wall 14.

The front generally imperforate door 15, as shown in Fig. 1 is recessed within the opening 32, is removable and is attached by means of wood bolts 33.
While this door may be hinged, it appears preferable to simply remove the door as needed, since hin~e mounts 1~ would receive considerable strain immediately after filling the module and sealing could pose a problem.
The door 15 is constructed preferably of 1/2" or 5/8"
exterior ply~Yood and is reinforced by wood furring strips 34 along tlle periphery and center. A number of holes 35 of about 1/2" diameter are provided in the plywood sheet to enable insertion of sharpened rods 38, Fig. 3, ~Jhich penetrate the tobacco after the module is filled. The holes are spaced preferably in ro~qs at about 6 to 10-inch intervals "Yith holes sta~ered relative to holes in 2S adjacent rows. The sharpened rods 38 should be sliqhtly smaller in diameter than the hole diameter, to permit insertion but to m;nimize air leakage through the holes 3S.

-1 1_ 103913~i During ~illing, the module lO is oriented such that the opening for the door 15 is at the top. Tobacco leaves, cut-strip tobacco, or chopped material may be conveyed directly into the module Also hand harvested leaves (or complete tobacco plants) may be packed by hand directly into the module. At this point, the door is installed, and con-nected by means of wood bolts 33 which pass through the holes 36, and appropriate nuts installed. A gasket may be provided on the face 37 of the construction members of the module to assure minimal air lea~age from inside to outside the `
container.

Insextion of the rods or tines 38 and rotation of the container are accomplished after the door 15 is secured to the module lO. The module lO may either have the door lS at the top or be rotated 90 degrees to the orientation of Fig. l for insertion of-the rods. Insertion of rods after rotation is permissible only if the tobacco is suf-ficiently firm within the container such that it does not tend to settle away from top wall 13 during rotation. The rods penetrate the do~r~ pass through the tobacco within the container and are supported on the rear wall ledges 31 as previously described.

Referring now t~ Fig. 3 showing a sectional view of the curing module and illustrating the tine support of to-bacco, rods 38 pass through the door 15, through the tobacco 39 and rest on the ledges 31 on the rear wall 14.

27 As noted in this Figure, the tobacco is now oriented rw/~ 12 -generally vertic~ ith the ~eneral plane of the leaves perpendicular to the perforate side walls. Hence ajr can be forced ~yith relatlve ease through the perforate side walls and the tobacco. As pointed out earlier, as dryin~ proceeds there is always the tendency for air leak-age along side wal1s as the tobacco shrinks. This can be overcome to a great extent by the described design of the imperforate portion of the side walls 16 and 17. Since shrinkage and gravity both tend to cause separation of tobacco from the top wall 13 inner surface 40, longitudinal top strips 41, are used advantageously to help block leak-age along the top wall. Other means for reducing this leakage include gravity baffle strips mounted similar to - strips 41 or flexible strips of canvas, plastic, rubber, -1~ etc. which are attached to the perforate side walls such that the air pressure mainta~ns the strips in contact with the tobacco.

The above discussion pertains essentially to the improved features and fabrication of the curinQ module, 20- and to cross-flow characteristics which can be achieved with this module. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art of harvest and curing of tobacco that the cross-flow curing module lends itself to various mechanjzed or hand harvest schemes. For example, with mechanical harvesting two modules can be positioned side by side ~ith the open front door side oriented upwardly on the rear of the machine to receive the defoliated tobacco. Current mechanical harvesters have two forks which lift a trailer on the rear of the machine. A

preferred arrangement with the cross-flo~ modules of 4' cube sjze is to provide ~our forks which si~ply lift two empty modules from the bed of a transport truck or trailer.
The bed on the truck should be provided ~rith cross members 5 on which the modules are carried to permit insertion of the harYester forks beneath the rear wall 14 of the module.
An additional man on the rear deck of the harvester can assist in distributing tobacco into the modules and assure proper filling of corners, or a mechanical distributor can be provided. After filling, the modules are lowered to the transport truck or trailer, taken to the barn and there lifted by fork l~ft from the transport unit. Operations of installing the door, insertions of rods and rotating 90 remain to be completed before the module is positioned into the curing barn.

Figures 4 and 5 illustrate a simple mechanism for aiding the above-mentioned operations. The fork-lift, as discussed, lifts the fitled module from tne transport unit and places the module 10 on a roller conveyor 60. The door 15 is installed and rods inserted. The module 10 is next rolled to the mechanical tilt device, shown generally at 61. This device rotates the closed module 90 de~rees to permit lifting from the module bottom 21 with a fork lift.
The tilt mechanism 61 includes a platform 62 connected rigidly to a main shaft 63 which has two forks 64 welded at right anyles to platform 62, The main shaft 63 is mounted on bearin~s 65 with one end sprocket driven by a suitable gear motor 66 A hydraulic cylinder could similarly provide the necessary force for rotatin~ the tilt mechanism.

1039~36 l~ith hand harvesting, the module 10 may be filled and packed by hand in the field, as on a trailer puiled behjnd a tractor in the skip row, or the leaves from various harvestin~ aid leaf conveyor belts may carry and drop the leaves directly into the containers. ~nother possible scheme is to hand pack the modules at the curing site,.i.e, ~here the tobacco is brought to the curing facility in bulk or in small containers, sheets, sleds and the like. In any event, the module must be turned by 90 after filling and closure, and this preferably by tilt device 61, or other suitable means such as chain hoist.

Regardless of the method of loading the modules and regardless of the form of the tobacco loaded there into, it is desirable to obtain an optimum loading density. It 1~ will be reco~nized that the loading density of tobacco for modules ~lill vary with the size and form of the tobacco material loaded therein. Ilhile a density of 14-20 lbs/ft3 is considered to be optimum, a ran~e of from 10-25 lbs/ft would be functional Design and construction of the cross-flo~ modular curing system 70, ~hich receives the modules 10 and provides conditioned air for complete curing and post-curing con-ditioning, are illustrated in reference to Figs. 6-10. ~he curing system 70 includes preferably a concrete floor 71 upon ~hich the remainder of the curing facility is constructed.
Above the concrete floor 71, the curing system 70 includes side ~alls 72, a rear wall 73, a roof 74, an interior parti-tion ~lall 75, a front gable ~all 76, hinged front doors 77, an interior ceilin~ 87, and a heating-conditioning unit 78 103gl36 along with certain dampers and duct openin~s to be described later. The side wa11s 72 may be constructed of readily available building materials, for example, framed with 2" X 4" studs and plates, covered with plywood on the interior surface, and covered with plywood or sheathing insulating board and metal siding on the exterior surface.
The side walls 72 support only the structural frame of the building, hence economy of construction may be satis~ac-torily obtained by eliminating the interior surface of ply-wood; however, some suitable insulating board should beprovided between the wall studs to conserve heat.

- The re~r wall 73 is provided to protect the heating-conditioning unit 78 from ~Jeather and to form along with the interior wall 75 a suction plenum for inducin~ outside air ~5 79 to move within the roof plcnum 80 for pre-heating prior to entering the heating-ccnditioning unit 78. The rear wall 73 may be constructed the same as the side walls 72, and should include a door (not sho~ln) for access to the heating-conditioning unit room 90. The roof 74 is of conventional - 20 construction including rafters, bracing and the like pre-- ferably covered ~/lith galvanized metal roofing, painted black or dark color to absorb solor energy. Preferably the gab~e wall is uninsulated, since heat transmission throu~h the wall from outside to inside the roof plenum ~0 ~lill aid in improvin~ the efficiency o-f the system. The interior parti-tion wall 75 and the interior ceiling 87 serve to form a curing chamber sho~n generally at 100 for receivin~ the modules 10. ~lall 75 is preferably constructed Wi th 2" X 4" studs covered on bnth sides with plywood and should be insulatecl to prevent condensation on the ~lall _16-1~')39136 surface during the high humi~ity phase of curing and to minimize heat loss, The ceiling 87 may be of plywood nailed to the ceiling joists ~2. Insulation between the ` ceiling joists will aid in preventing condensation on the ceiling. Note should be given that the walls and ceiling of the curing chamber 100 should be tight to minimize air leakage. ~inged front doors 77 provide complete freedom of moving the curing modules 10 into and from the curing system 70. The top door is provided as shown in Fig. 6, since the curing system 70 as illustrated accommodates modules 10 stacked four high, which, with 4-ft. cubicals, would require an interior chamber height of at least 16 feet. A triple-door arrangement provides greater ease of closure and sealing than two extremely high doors. A center support post 83 provides a means for securing the doors 76 with tight seals. A suitable gasket material should be used to weatherstrip the doors to minimize air leakage.

A fork lift 75' for handling of the modules 10 permits ease of loading and stacking filled containers in the curing chamber 100, as illustrated in Fig. 10.
In the curing facility 70 illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8, modules are stacked four high and in two rows. The first column of modules in each row is placed directly against the partition wall 75 to effect a ti~ht seal.
If necessary, a gasket material may be glued to the - wall 75 to assure a tight fit. Similarly, the second and additional columns of modules are positioned, - sealing against the previously formed column. As 1039~3~i depicted in Fig. 7, the curing chamber 100 is designed to receive two rows of curing modules, 4 high, and 5 front to back, giving a total of 40 modules. When the two rows are completed, the front doors 77 are closed to seal with the last two columns of modules. Th;s can easily be accomplished by compressible gasket material attached to the front doors 77. Complete sealing and formation of a central, high pressure inlet plenum is accomplished by means of the flexible strips 84 attached to the ceiling 87. Note should be made that by the manner of stacking and sealing, the space between the two rows of stacked modules becomes a high pressure plenum when air is intro-duced through air inlet 110. Similarly the two spaces formed between each row of stacked modules 10 and the side walls 72 of the curing facility 70 become the return or low pressure plenums. These high and low pressure plenums provide an exceptional degree of access for inspec-ting the progress of curing in any curing module 10. Pre-ferably the high pressure plenum should be about 3-ft. wide and the low pressure plenum about 2-ft. wide. Air return outlets 111 to the heating-conditioning unit 78 are provided - near the upper corners of the partition wall 75. Air is therefore forced horizontally through the perforate side walls 16, 17 of the curing modules 10, as illustrated by the arrows 112 of Fig. 12.

- It is to be noted that this unique arrangement of stacking and formation of high and low pressure (inlet and return) plenums is accomplished without the necessity of special construction, thereby introducing further economy to the design. Furthermore, ~he cross-flow 103~136 distance through the curing modules is maintained to a nominal level of 4 feet or less which has the effect of reducing air flow resistance and accelerating the cure. Stacking permits high capacit~v loading within the curing space and does not necessitate high cross-flow distances to achieve high capacity. By retaining nominal cross-flow distances of 4 feet or less, curing conditions are more uniform throughout the tobacco than in current bulk curing systems where air is forced upwardly or do~nwardly through depths of up to six or seven feet. The hazard of rotting pathogens is also greatly reduced since drying throughout the modules I0 can take place earlier.

It is also of particular interest to note that heat loss from the central high pressure plenum is reduce~ in comparison with conventional bulk barn designs.
This is due to the fact that heat dissipating surface area is reduced. ~ssuming a 3-ft ~lide central high pressure plenum, a cross-f10w modular system 70 as described has 216 ft2 of heat dissipating surface area in the high pressure plenum compared with 977 ft2 ~or typical bulk barns to cure an equivalent amount of tobacco. Further-more, with the cross-flow design, air exitin~ from the modules 10 has been evaporatively cooled, thereby placing the "cooler" air next to the exterior walls 72 of the curing facility This aids further in minimizing heat transfer through the walls of the curing facility.

Referring again to Figs. 7-9, the specific modes of operation of the curing facility 70 ~lill be described.

~ 039136 After the fac~lity is filled, the doors are closed and the heating~conditjon~ng un~t 78 energized. Air ~nlet damper 113 is normally closed to permit essentially complete recycling of the curing air, and the desired curing temperature is established by thermostatic control. The heating-conditioning unit 78 ;ncludes a fan 114, a suitable gas or oil-fired burner 115, and a water atomizer 116 (optional). Typically for curing of Virginia-type tobacco (flue-cured type), tobacco is yellowed for 36-72 hrs. at about 90-100F and 85 to 90%
r.h. These conditions may be easily maintained thermo-statically with either automatic or manual damper control.

In this case, air at regulated temperature is forced into the central plenum through air inlet 110 to develop a static pressure which produces cross-flow circu-lation through the tobacco in the curing modules 10 and the air is essentially recycled back to the heating-conditioning unit 78 by means of the air return outlets 111. A small quantity of fresh air, from roof plenum 80, may be intro-duced by opening the air inlet damper slightly if desired,or if automatically controlled the damper will adjust to maintain the preset conditions.

- For leaf and stem drying, the air temperature introduced to the curing chamber 100 is normally gradually increased about 2-4 F/hr until reaching 170F. nuring this tlme, increasing amounts of fresh outside air are introduced to the heating-conditioning unit as shown by the arrow 117 in Fig. 7 ~Yhen the air inlet damper 113 is o?ened.

It is to be noted that by the design of th~ roof plenum 80 and gravlty louver damper 118, fresh alr is drawn through the roof plenum ~here it is preheated by solar ener~y tduring the day period) and by conduction through the chamber ceiling 87 prior to reaching the inlet to the heating-conditioning unit 78. This further contributes to high efficiency of energy utilization by minimizing heat loss from the structure and the advantage of heat gain through the roof 74.

Under these conditions of curing, as the inlet damper 113 opens, it simultaneously blocks the return air from the curing chamber. This causes the static pressure in the return 1O~ pressure plenums near the - walls 72 to increase above atmospheric pressure, forcing air to the outside through gravity louver dampers 119, ~hich are located on both side walls 72 of the curing - faci1ity 70. As leaf and stem drying near completion, the inlet damper 113 is gradually closed to conserve energy. The total curin~ time is normally about 4 to 5 days.

Following drying, leaf conditioning to moisture contents of 16 to 18% is accomp1ished by adding known amounts of atomized ~ater into the air stream (or by introducing humid outside air, if available).

2~ Unl~ading of the cured tobacco is accompl~shed mechanically. The fork lift 120 removes the curing modules from the curing chamber 100 and places them out-side where the rods or tines 38 are removed. The fork lift 10391;~6 120, equipped llith a load inverter, then raises the module 10 and dumps the cured tobacco from the module 10 by tilting the container to the side havin~ the hinged side screen door 29, The latch 28 is released and the contents of the module 10 transfer readily to a sheet or other suitable container used for packaging tobacco for market. Removal of the front door 15 of the module 10 is not required until the module is again ready for re- -filling with freshly harvested leaf.

The above description of the invention presents in detail the specific embodiments which lead to noted advances in technology of handling and curing tobacco.
It is apparent that certain modifications in curing module construction or curing system layout may be made without altering the spec~fic embodiments. For example, the curing module could include either none, one or two hin~ed perForate doors on the module sides. In regards - to curing system layout, considerable latitude exists for size and capacity of the structure. One could provide also a layout with one row of modules stacked one or more high with the high pressure plenu~ on one side and the low on the other. Or, a system layout could be provided with more than two ro\~s of stacked modules with alternate high and low pressure vertical plenums.

~lhile the above description and operating pro-cedures have been descrjbed for tobacco of the flue-cured type, it is apparent that the cross-flo~1 modular tobacco curin~ system ma~ be used for curing other tobaccos such as 103~13f~
Burley, Maryland, cigar filler tobacco, Oriental, etc.
by simple modification of curing schedules for tempera-ture, humidity and air flow.

From the foregoing general and detailed descrip-tion of the various embodiments of the invention, it will be seen that the aims and objects hereinbefore set forth and others are fully accomplished.

Claims (4)

I CLAIM:

1. A method of curing or drying tobacco comprising;
a. placing tobacco to be cured in a container of rectangular solid configuration having gas impervious top and bottom walls, a pair of opposed generally impervious side walls and a pair of gas pervious opposed side walls;
b. supporting the tobacco in the con-tainers by passing a plurality of rods therethrough with the axes of the rods parallel to the plane of the top and bottom walls;
c. stacking a plurality of the con-tainers in a curing barn in at least one row with the row being spaced from a pair of opposed side walls of the barn to define a pair of isolated chambers between the opposed side walls of the barn and the air pervious side walls of the containers, and the chambers being generally coextensive with the row of containers;
d. directing a curing or drying gas stream into one of the isolated chambers; and e. withdrawing gas from the other of the isolated chambers whereby the curing gas stream flows generally horizontally and uniformly through the tobacco maintained in the con-tainers of the row.

2. The invention defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of quadrangular containers of rectangular solid configuration are stacked in a curing barn in at least a pair of spaced rows with each row being spaced from a wall of the curing barn to define with the walls of the barn at least three chambers having length and height demensions generally coextensive with the rows of containers, directing a curing or drying gas stream into the chamber between the pair of rows of containers; and withdrawing gas from the pair of chambers defined between the rows of containers and the walls of the curing barn whereby the curing gas stream flows generally horizontally and uniformly through the tobacco maintained in the pair of containers.

3. A tobacco curing or drying system comprising:
a. a barn having a floor, roof and side walls;
b. a transverse partition extending between a pair of opposed side walls and separating the interior of the barn into a curing or drying chamber and a gas conditioning chamber;

c. gas heating and gas moving means in the gas conditioning chamber;

d. a plurality of containers of rectangular solid configuration each having gas impervious top and bottom walls, a pair of generally gas impervious opposed side walls and a pair of gas pervious opposed side walls;
e. a plurality of rods extending between the pair of gas impervious side walls parallel to the top and bottom walls;
f. said plurality of containers being stacked in at least a pair of spaced rows in the curing or drying chamber with each row being spaced from a wall of the curing and drying chamber to define with the walls of the chamber gas out-let zones and said space between the pair of rows comprising a gas inlet zone; and g. means connecting the gas inlet zone and the pair of gas outlet zones with the gas outlet and inlet respectively of the gas moving means in the gas condition-ing chamber.

4. The invention defined in claim 3 including gas flow control means communicating the ambient atmosphere with the pair of gas outlet zones in the curing or drying barn.