CA1038287A - Prophylactic treatment of trees for wilt diseases - Google Patents
Prophylactic treatment of trees for wilt diseasesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1038287A CA1038287A CA190,234A CA190234A CA1038287A CA 1038287 A CA1038287 A CA 1038287A CA 190234 A CA190234 A CA 190234A CA 1038287 A CA1038287 A CA 1038287A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- chloro
- creosol
- trees
- catechol
- tree
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Abstract
PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT OF TREES COMPRISING
INJECTING A HALOGENATED AROMATIC COMPOUND
Abstract A treatment for trees infected with fungus diseases producing characteristic wilt which comprises injecting a solution including as the active ingredient thereof a halogenated compound structurally similar to the lignin. Typical examples include halogenated compounds of the creosols, catechol and dimethoxy toluene.
INJECTING A HALOGENATED AROMATIC COMPOUND
Abstract A treatment for trees infected with fungus diseases producing characteristic wilt which comprises injecting a solution including as the active ingredient thereof a halogenated compound structurally similar to the lignin. Typical examples include halogenated compounds of the creosols, catechol and dimethoxy toluene.
Description
`` It has been known that a number of three diseases are brought about by fungus infections of the xylem layer of the tree. Two common examples of such infections are oak wilt and its destruction of American Elms. In each of these cases the disease can be spread by means of root grafts, although the most common vector for the disease in Dutch elm disease is the elm bark beetle. The present invention is directed to a treatment of trees , which is prophylactic in its effects. That is, it both has pre-ven;tative as well as curative effect, It has long been known to treat fungus infections of -`
plants including ~rees with various types of fungicides which are --~ introduced into the vascular system of the plant by soaking the soil about the roots with the appropriate chemical or by injecting into the piant the desired fungicide~ However, while prior inves- -tigators have proposed a number of treatments purporting to act -as a cure or control for such diseases none of them have proved ;~ satisfactory to the extent of gaining widespread and successful usage. In order for a fungicide to be satisfactory for this in-tended purpose it must not only act to prevent the spread of the fungus throughout the tree and to neighboring trees but also must do so without causing damage to the tree being treated.
,~ - -' .
. . .
.'''' .,~ ~., ';
, :. -- 1 --... .
.-. . . , ~ ..
. . -~0382~7 In accordance with the present invention it has been discovered that by selecting compounds which are structurally similar to the lignins of the trees as the treating agent the com-pounds are compatible chelnically with the tree and tend to produce little, if any, adverse effect upon the tree itself. By halogena-ting these compounds--preferably with chlorine--the compounds are made highly toxic to the vector which brings about either oak wilt or Dutch elm disease.
The chemical structure of the lignins has been exten-sively investigated by many individuals over a period of years.
While the structure of the lignin is not known with complete cer-tainty it is known to be of a polymeric construction and is quite probably a polymer of the basic building block indicated below.
., --C--C -_ c--f3 See Construction and Biosynthesis of Lignin by K.
Freudenberg et al, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
In accordance with the invention it has been found that j if compounds having a structure similar to that given above are , halogenated and then introduced into the vascular system of the tree by the injection technique, that at least temporary protec-tion of a tree against infection by either Dutch elm or oak wilt ~ disease, respectively, can be achieved. For those trees which are 'd already infected treatment with the chemical compounds in accor-.~
dance with the present invention arrests further progress of the diseases and dependent upon the extent of progress of the disease can even bring about recovery of portions of the tree already showing symptoms of the disease.
-., : ,, i .
1038Z~7 The ~ajority of the compounds in accordance with the in-vention are insoluble or only sparingly soluble in water. There-fore, it is necessary to prepare a solution of the active treatment chemical in a suitable carrier that will achieve its distribution through the circulatory system of the tree. While a number of solvents are suitable for the purpose it has been found that either methyl or ethyl alcohol and aqueous mixtures thereof are particularly useful for dissolving the compounds to be used in the treatment.
The following examples will more specifically illustrate the nature of the treatment in accordance with the present inven-tion.
Example I - -The first class of compounds which will be illustrated are the halogenated creosols. It has be~n found that creosols - -having a structural formula as indicated below may be suitably -treated to halogenate the same at either or both of the five and six positions on the ring.
' C ff3 s~J-OCf~
o h~
A single halogenation with chlorine to produce either 5 or 6 chloro creosol produces a compound-having sufficient toxicity to the fungus which brings about the Dutch elm disease to achieve arrest of the spread Gf Dutch elm disease within an infected tree or to other trees by root graft. The treatment material is effec-tively distributed throughout the tree by the trees own vascular ~-~ system.
In treatment of a tree a solution of a creosol in : ~
methyl alcohol was made by mixing 100 milliliters of 6 chloro .
.
, ~ .
~03~Z~7 creosol in one gallon of methyl alcohol. The quantity injected into a tree to achieve the desired results will, of course, de-pend upon the size of the tree. For a 24-inch diameter trunk and a 40-foot high tree it has been found that one gallon of solution is a desirable amount. Larger concentration and/or larger total amount of active ingredient may be used, but as the above concen-tration and total amount provides the desired prophylactic treat-ment no useful purposes are served by use of more material.
Lesser concentration levels of the active ingredient and - 10 smaller total quantity for the same size tree may be used. How-ever, the indicated amount is believed optimum.
For smaller or larger trees one may proportion to the size of the tree and by simple ari~hmetic make adjustment as to the amount to be injected.
Sampling of trees treated in accordance with the above ; procedure, which trees had previously been tested to establish theexistence of Dutch elm disease, resulted in all cases in arrest of further spread of the disease following treatment.
s The trees so treated showed no short-term adverse effects20 to the foliage from the treatment and in the subsequent year to treatment were free of further incursions by the Dutch elm disease. ~ -In some instances there was an apparent increase in the number of sucker branches and leaves in the growing season subsequent to treatment.
Treatment with 5-chloro creosol and 5,6-dichloro creosol ln similar concentrations and quantities per equivalent tree size produce substantially the same beneficial results.
- Example II
-~ A second class of compounds useful in treatment of in-30 fected trees in accordance with the invention is the Catechol s .~
A~
.. .
103~287 series that has been halogenated to produce the desired toxicity of the compound to the fungus inducing the wilt diseases. The structural formula for the preferred compound of the Catechol series, 6-chloro Catechol ~ g ven below:
. ~ - .
As in the case for the compounds illustrated in Example I above, a quantity of this compound is dissolved in a suitable carrier, which is typically methyl or ethyl alcohol, in the same proportions -as in Example I and is injected into the xylem layer of the elm ~-tree. Distribution of the compound occurs through the vascular -system of the elm tree and is effective in preventing the initial infection by the fungus or alternatively, if the fungus has already infected the tree, to prevent its further spread.
Various substitutions can be made in this basic Catechol structure to produce closely related compounds capable of achieving the prophylactic effects of the invention. For example, a compound - -such as 5-methyl Catechol may be suitably modified by introduction of chlorine at either or both of the 3 and 4 positions and used in like proportions as thé active ingredient for injection into a ~ree~ ~ikewise, homologues of the Catechol such as veratrole which has been halogenated to produce the desired toxicity are similarly effective in treatment of trees infected with Dutch elm or to prevent infect~on by the Dutch elm fungusO Other related compounds include chlorinated coniferyl alcohol, vanillin and the .
~ like.
, .
- Example III
.: ~
`- A substituted veratrole, 5-chloro-3,4 dimethoxytoluene, ., .
~ 30 was prepared and mixed in a methyl alcohol carrier in the quantity .~
~ ~ - 5 . . .
103~287 corresponding to that of Example I. ~lm trees were injected with the xesulting solution in concentration and quantity corres-ponding to those given for Example I with the results obtained being substantially the same as those for the creosols and Cate-chols of the previous examples.
The technique for injection of the active chemicals and carrier may follow the prior art practices of injecting solutions into trees for similar purposes. In the interest of introducing the treatment chemical and carrier at a rapid rate I prefer to introduce a quarter-inch diameter tube through the bark into the cambium layer and then inject by means of this quarter-inch tube the solution into the tree under approximately 100 pounds per square inch pressure. As a fluid is compatible with the existing structures and fluids of the tree it is rapidly disseminated throughout the tree by this technique. The time involved is of --very short order which provides an important economic advantage for the treatment of numerous trees per unit time by an operator.
:g :, ~' '~' ' ~ -6-, - ~
, , j , .
plants including ~rees with various types of fungicides which are --~ introduced into the vascular system of the plant by soaking the soil about the roots with the appropriate chemical or by injecting into the piant the desired fungicide~ However, while prior inves- -tigators have proposed a number of treatments purporting to act -as a cure or control for such diseases none of them have proved ;~ satisfactory to the extent of gaining widespread and successful usage. In order for a fungicide to be satisfactory for this in-tended purpose it must not only act to prevent the spread of the fungus throughout the tree and to neighboring trees but also must do so without causing damage to the tree being treated.
,~ - -' .
. . .
.'''' .,~ ~., ';
, :. -- 1 --... .
.-. . . , ~ ..
. . -~0382~7 In accordance with the present invention it has been discovered that by selecting compounds which are structurally similar to the lignins of the trees as the treating agent the com-pounds are compatible chelnically with the tree and tend to produce little, if any, adverse effect upon the tree itself. By halogena-ting these compounds--preferably with chlorine--the compounds are made highly toxic to the vector which brings about either oak wilt or Dutch elm disease.
The chemical structure of the lignins has been exten-sively investigated by many individuals over a period of years.
While the structure of the lignin is not known with complete cer-tainty it is known to be of a polymeric construction and is quite probably a polymer of the basic building block indicated below.
., --C--C -_ c--f3 See Construction and Biosynthesis of Lignin by K.
Freudenberg et al, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
In accordance with the invention it has been found that j if compounds having a structure similar to that given above are , halogenated and then introduced into the vascular system of the tree by the injection technique, that at least temporary protec-tion of a tree against infection by either Dutch elm or oak wilt ~ disease, respectively, can be achieved. For those trees which are 'd already infected treatment with the chemical compounds in accor-.~
dance with the present invention arrests further progress of the diseases and dependent upon the extent of progress of the disease can even bring about recovery of portions of the tree already showing symptoms of the disease.
-., : ,, i .
1038Z~7 The ~ajority of the compounds in accordance with the in-vention are insoluble or only sparingly soluble in water. There-fore, it is necessary to prepare a solution of the active treatment chemical in a suitable carrier that will achieve its distribution through the circulatory system of the tree. While a number of solvents are suitable for the purpose it has been found that either methyl or ethyl alcohol and aqueous mixtures thereof are particularly useful for dissolving the compounds to be used in the treatment.
The following examples will more specifically illustrate the nature of the treatment in accordance with the present inven-tion.
Example I - -The first class of compounds which will be illustrated are the halogenated creosols. It has be~n found that creosols - -having a structural formula as indicated below may be suitably -treated to halogenate the same at either or both of the five and six positions on the ring.
' C ff3 s~J-OCf~
o h~
A single halogenation with chlorine to produce either 5 or 6 chloro creosol produces a compound-having sufficient toxicity to the fungus which brings about the Dutch elm disease to achieve arrest of the spread Gf Dutch elm disease within an infected tree or to other trees by root graft. The treatment material is effec-tively distributed throughout the tree by the trees own vascular ~-~ system.
In treatment of a tree a solution of a creosol in : ~
methyl alcohol was made by mixing 100 milliliters of 6 chloro .
.
, ~ .
~03~Z~7 creosol in one gallon of methyl alcohol. The quantity injected into a tree to achieve the desired results will, of course, de-pend upon the size of the tree. For a 24-inch diameter trunk and a 40-foot high tree it has been found that one gallon of solution is a desirable amount. Larger concentration and/or larger total amount of active ingredient may be used, but as the above concen-tration and total amount provides the desired prophylactic treat-ment no useful purposes are served by use of more material.
Lesser concentration levels of the active ingredient and - 10 smaller total quantity for the same size tree may be used. How-ever, the indicated amount is believed optimum.
For smaller or larger trees one may proportion to the size of the tree and by simple ari~hmetic make adjustment as to the amount to be injected.
Sampling of trees treated in accordance with the above ; procedure, which trees had previously been tested to establish theexistence of Dutch elm disease, resulted in all cases in arrest of further spread of the disease following treatment.
s The trees so treated showed no short-term adverse effects20 to the foliage from the treatment and in the subsequent year to treatment were free of further incursions by the Dutch elm disease. ~ -In some instances there was an apparent increase in the number of sucker branches and leaves in the growing season subsequent to treatment.
Treatment with 5-chloro creosol and 5,6-dichloro creosol ln similar concentrations and quantities per equivalent tree size produce substantially the same beneficial results.
- Example II
-~ A second class of compounds useful in treatment of in-30 fected trees in accordance with the invention is the Catechol s .~
A~
.. .
103~287 series that has been halogenated to produce the desired toxicity of the compound to the fungus inducing the wilt diseases. The structural formula for the preferred compound of the Catechol series, 6-chloro Catechol ~ g ven below:
. ~ - .
As in the case for the compounds illustrated in Example I above, a quantity of this compound is dissolved in a suitable carrier, which is typically methyl or ethyl alcohol, in the same proportions -as in Example I and is injected into the xylem layer of the elm ~-tree. Distribution of the compound occurs through the vascular -system of the elm tree and is effective in preventing the initial infection by the fungus or alternatively, if the fungus has already infected the tree, to prevent its further spread.
Various substitutions can be made in this basic Catechol structure to produce closely related compounds capable of achieving the prophylactic effects of the invention. For example, a compound - -such as 5-methyl Catechol may be suitably modified by introduction of chlorine at either or both of the 3 and 4 positions and used in like proportions as thé active ingredient for injection into a ~ree~ ~ikewise, homologues of the Catechol such as veratrole which has been halogenated to produce the desired toxicity are similarly effective in treatment of trees infected with Dutch elm or to prevent infect~on by the Dutch elm fungusO Other related compounds include chlorinated coniferyl alcohol, vanillin and the .
~ like.
, .
- Example III
.: ~
`- A substituted veratrole, 5-chloro-3,4 dimethoxytoluene, ., .
~ 30 was prepared and mixed in a methyl alcohol carrier in the quantity .~
~ ~ - 5 . . .
103~287 corresponding to that of Example I. ~lm trees were injected with the xesulting solution in concentration and quantity corres-ponding to those given for Example I with the results obtained being substantially the same as those for the creosols and Cate-chols of the previous examples.
The technique for injection of the active chemicals and carrier may follow the prior art practices of injecting solutions into trees for similar purposes. In the interest of introducing the treatment chemical and carrier at a rapid rate I prefer to introduce a quarter-inch diameter tube through the bark into the cambium layer and then inject by means of this quarter-inch tube the solution into the tree under approximately 100 pounds per square inch pressure. As a fluid is compatible with the existing structures and fluids of the tree it is rapidly disseminated throughout the tree by this technique. The time involved is of --very short order which provides an important economic advantage for the treatment of numerous trees per unit time by an operator.
:g :, ~' '~' ' ~ -6-, - ~
, , j , .
Claims (6)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method for the treatment of trees for the fungus disease of the vascular system thereof caused by ceratocystis ulmi which comprises injecting into the vascular system of the tree an alcoholic carrier solution of a fungicidally effective quantity of a chlorinated compound selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-creosol, 6-chloro-creosol, 5,6,-dichloro-creosol, 6-chloro-catechol, 5-chloro-3,4-dimethoxy-toluene, 3-chloro-5 methyl-catechol, and 4-chloro-5 methyl-catechol.
2. The method in aecordance with claim 1 wherein the chlorinated compound is selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-creosol, and 6-chloro-creosol, 5,6-dichloro-creosol, 6-chloro-catechol and 5-chloro-3,4-dimethoxy-toluene.
3. The method in accordance with claim 2 wherein the active treating agent is a chlorinated creosol selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-creosol and 6-chloro creosol dissolved in ethyl alcohol as a carrier.
4. The method in accordance with claim 2 wherein the active treating agent is selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-creosol and 6-chloro-creosol dissolved in methyl alcohol as a carrier.
5. The method in accordance with claim 2 wherein the active agent is 5-chloro-creosol.
6. The method in accordance with claim 4 wherein the concentration of the active treating agent is greater than 10 milligrams per liter in the carrier.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US32305673A | 1973-01-12 | 1973-01-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1038287A true CA1038287A (en) | 1978-09-12 |
Family
ID=23257579
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA190,234A Expired CA1038287A (en) | 1973-01-12 | 1974-01-14 | Prophylactic treatment of trees for wilt diseases |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1038287A (en) |
-
1974
- 1974-01-14 CA CA190,234A patent/CA1038287A/en not_active Expired
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