BRPI0905302A2 - Harmonic, Reactive Power and Voltage Leak Suppressor - Google Patents

Abstract

<B> SUPRESSOI {DEHARMÈNICASVDEENERGIAREATIVAEE VOLTAGE LEAK <D> consisting of memories (65), (66) and (67) diodes (50) to (53) and (55) to (57), tunnel diode (54) and varistor (83), which promote the elimination of harmonic distortions, reactive energy and voltage leaks from the power grid results in improved quality and great energy savings. This set, consisting of a suppressor of harmonic distortions from 3 ¬ to 15 de of reactive energy and voltage leakage that is installed in parallel to the internal electrical network is capable of stabilizing the frequency at 60 Hz between the electrical network and the ground, eliminating network the harmonic distortions induced therein; electrical voltage leaks and diverts reactive energy to a ground rod when in the presence of different voltage, guarantees the quality of energy in the systems and reduction in consumption. It also serves inductive equipment, capacitors and resistors and the needs of the electrical sectors of groups a and b, small, medium and large, in single-phase, two-phase and three-phase installations, and can be used in medium and low voltage networks.

Description

"HARMONIC, REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE LEAKAGE SUPPRESSOR".

This report refers to a harmonic, reactive power and voltage leak suppressor and, more specifically, a 3rd to 15th order harmonic distortion suppressor assembly that meets the needs of the Groups A power sectors and B1 de Small, Medium and Large, in Single Phase, Two Phase and Three Phase installations. The present invention can be produced to meet the needs of Inductors, Capacitors and Resistors in the form of smaller parts placed between the internal socket and the power cable. It is therefore a technology, proven with the use of high precision digital measuring equipment, which, installed in parallel to the Internal Power Grid, is capable of suppressing harmonic distortions, with special emphasis on those from 3rd to 15th. order, reason for special attention and supervision by the Concessionaires.

As is well known to those skilled in the art, the occurrence of harmonic distortions in power grids is a contemporary phenomenon, and its incidence since the 1990s, with the proliferation of electronic devices.

Currently known solutions to attenuate asharmonics are defined in three natures, namely:

- installation adaptations;

- use of particular devices in the supply (inductances, special transformers);

- filtration.

As can be seen below, in the excellent work presented by Schneider / Procobre - Power Quality - Harmonics we have attenuating solutions, which is pioneering the harmonic suppressor, reactive energy and voltage leak suppressor, object of the present invention, as presenting a definitive solution.

Schneider / Procobre, in his work - Energy Quality - Harmonics, presents:

1. Base solutions: To limit the spread of harmonics on the network, provisions can be taken into account, and are particularly observing in case of a new installation.

1.1 Positioning the pollutant loads upstream of the network

The global hamionic disturbance created when the short circuit power decreases.

Out of all economic considerations, it is therefore preferable to connect pollutant loads upstream as possible.

1.2 Regrouping Pollutant Loads When we establish the one-line scheme, we will find to separate the disturbing equipment: in practice, we will feed polluting and non-polluting loads by different bar sets. Thus, by regrouping the polluting charges, we increase the possibility of increasing the angular volume. The vector sum of harmonic currents is weaker than their algebraic sum.

We will also prevent harmonic currents from reaching the cables, which limit voltage drops and heating in the cables.

1.3 Separate sources

In the fight against harmonics, a further improvement is obtained by performing a separate transformer power supply.

1.4 Using Transformers in Isolated Conjugates

The transformer conjugate effect allows the suppression of certain harmonic orders.

1.5 Entering inductances in the installation In the case of supplying frequency inverters, we can smooth out the current by placing line inductances. By increasing the impedance of the supply circuit, let's limit the harmonic current.

Placing anti-harmonic selfs on the capacitor banks allows the impedance of the selfe capacitor assembly to be increased for high frequency ashamionics.

1.6 Choosing an adapted grounding scheme

■ Case of the TNC scheme

In the case of the TNC neutral regime, a single conductor (PEN) ensures protection in the event of a fault (earth) and ensures the circulation of unbalanced currents.

In steady state, the haionic currents circulate in the Pen. It has a certain impedance, which implies small differences of potential (of any volts) between devices, and may result in the malfunctioning of electronic equipment.

The TNC regime must then be reserved for power supply at the beginning of the installation and is prescribed for sensitive loads.

■ Case of the TNS scheme

It is advised in case of presence of hamonics. Neutral conductor and PE protective conductor would be completely separate, the potential of the network is much better fixed.

2. Actions in case of exceeding the limit values

2.1 Passive Filtering ■ Typical Applications:

■ industrial installations with a set of total power harmonic generators exceeding 200 kVA (frequency inverters, uninterruptible power supplies, rectifiers, ...), ■ installation with a need for reactive power compensation,

■ needs to reduce the voltage distortion rate to prevent disturbance of sensitive receivers,

■ needs to reduce current distortion rate to avoid overloads.

■ Working Principle:

We replaced an adjusted LC circuit over each harmonic frequency to be filtered, parallel to the harmonic generator.

This branch circuit absorbs harmonics and prevents them from circulating in the supply.

In general, the passive filter is adjusted over a nearharmonic order close to the harmonic to be eliminated. Several parallel filter connections can be used when we want a strong reduction of the distortion rate over several orders.

2.2 Active Filter (or Active Compensator)

■ Typical Applications:

■ commercial installations with harmonic generators with a total power rating of less than 200 kVA (frequency inverters, uninterruptible power supplies, ...),

■ needs to reduce current distortion rate to avoid overloads.

■ Principle of operation.

These are electronic power systems installed in series or in parallel with the nonlinear load, aiming to compensate for either harmonic voltages or the harmonic currents generated by the load.

The active filter reinjected as opposed to phase harmonics present on the load supply, such that the line current is sinusoidal.

2: 3 Hybrid Filter

Typical Applications:

industrial installations with a set of full-power deharmonic generators exceeding 200 kVA (frequency inverters, unintended power supplies, ...),

■ installation presenting a need for reactive power compensation,

■ needs to reduce the voltage distortion rate to prevent disturbance of sensitive receivers,

■ needs to reduce current distortion rate to avoid overloads,

■ meets compliance with strict harmonic emission limits.

■ Principle of operation.

Both types of previous devices may be associated with the same equipment and constitute a hybrid filter. This new filtering solution allows you to build on the advantages of existing solutions and to cover a wide range of power and performance.

2.4 Selection Criteria

■ Passive filter allows (at the same time):

■ reactive energy compensation,

■ A large filtering capacity allows.

The installation where we replaced the filter should be sufficiently stable with little load fluctuation.

If the supplied reactive power is important, it is advisable to disconnect the passive filter during periods of low load.

A filter connection study shall take into account the eventual presence of a clearing bank and may lead to its suppression.

■ Active compensator allows harmonic filtering over a wide frequency range. It fits no matter what load.

However, its harmonic power is limited.

■ The hybrid filter brings together the performance of passive and active filters. "(Schneider / Procobre - Power Quality - Harmonics -p. 16/17).

Despite partially meeting the needs, these solutions have the drawback of returning harmonics to neutral.

In recent years, the use of increasingly sophisticated electro-electronic equipment in building, commercial and industrial electrical installations in general has been growing rapidly.

"Personal computers, electronic ballasts, speed drives and power supplies in general are examples of loads that have their operation based on power electronics components such as diodes, thyristors, transistors, triac, diacs, which bring with them the inconvenience of causing deformations in the waveforms present in electrical installations, resulting in so-called harmonic voltages and currents "(Schneider / Procobre - Power Quality - Harmonics).

"If an equipment is powered by a non-pure voltage and has a high harmonic distortion rate, power losses may occur. Transformers, in particular, are sensitive components of this problem and can present up to more than 50% loss if they are fed with a very high voltage. "The distorted voltage-fed loads may still have a very poor power factor, overheating the system."

"Another problem to consider is that the resulting harmonics can also distort the voltage waveform, and thus cause harmonics. Voltage distortions can affect electric motors and capacitor banks: In electric motors, for example, the negative harmonic sequence (5a) , 11a, 17a, etc.) so-called because their sequence (ABC or ACB) is opposite to the fundamental sequence, produces rotating magnetic fields.These fields "rotate" in the opposite direction of the fundamental magnetic field and can cause not only motor overheating but even mechanical oscillations. in the motor-load system.

In the case of capacitor banks, what happens is that the randomness of a band of capacitors decreases with increasing frequency, causing it to drain energy through the higher frequency harmonics. Increasing power drained by capacitors can cause dielectric overloads that can even lead to capacitors failing. As for single-phase equipment, such as personal computers, reactors, and others, problems also exist. For such equipment the odd harmonics such as a3a, 5a, 7a, etc. are especially harmful. We also have the damaging actions of the triple-named harmonics that are 3rd, 9th, and 15th. These harmonics are in phase, meaning that the first phase (A) triples the harmonic, (B) triples again, and (C) makes a final multiplication, so that all three of them resume in the neutral-conductor phase in a system. three phases with 4 conductors. The result of this is a neutral conductor overload, which can mean problems if it is not properly sized to withstand this current correction. (Technique de Newton C. Braga - No 134 - TOTAL ELECTRONIC Magazine) Technically, a harmonic is the component of a periodic waveform. whose frequency is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency (60 Hz electrical energy incident). Such component distorts the fundamental frequency, resulting in damages to its use, being usually called "dirty energy" the wave under the influence of such frequencies. "Energiasuja", then, is the popular expression used to describe a wide variety of contamination in current and voltage. Especially harmful are Harmonic Distortions ranging from 180 Hz to 900 Hz (3rd through 15th Order), and are monitored by dealers until the 13th Order.

The main equipment causing the harmonics are: frequency inverters, speed variators, thyristor drives, direct or alternating current drives, rectifiers, drives, electronic power converters, induction and arc ovens, machine UPSs arc welding, bringing as a consequence:

Capacitors: blown fuses, and reduced service life.Motors: reduced service life and inability to reach maximum power.

Fuses / Circuit Breakers: False / erroneous operation and damaged components.

Transformers: increased iron and copper losses and reduced capacity.

Meters: erroneous measurements and possibility of larger accounts.

Phones: interference.

Sources: erroneous operations due to multiple zero passages.

In this way, more and more, the need to deal with the problem of "dirty energy" has been realized.

Harmonic is a continuous phenomenon, and should not be confused with short-lived phenomena that occur only for a few cycles. Transients, electrical disturbances, overvoltage surges, and undervoltage are not harmonics. These system disturbances can normally be eliminated by applying line filters (transient suppressors). However, these line filters do not reduce or eliminate harmonic currents and voltages.

Harmonic distortion, therefore, is a specific type of "dirty energy" that is usually associated with the increasing use of electro-electronic equipment.

To this day, the approached philosophy has been to minimize the effects of the problems that arose:

Impairment of equipment operation Excessive wear of equipment;

High maintenance index;

Excessive burning of lamps and reactors;

PLC stops s;

Sinking of tension.

What has been done so far, as described above, is to work on the immediate effect, seeking mitigating solutions for specific cases, and considering the most reliable and affordable solution, the use of harmonic filters. A harmonic filter is essentially a capacitor for correction of power factor, combined in series with a reactor (inductor), ie the correction of the Power Factor by attempting to compensate for Reactive Energy by placing capacitors in the Power Grid.

These filters, because they use the Neutral in the discharge of distortions, do not decontaminate the power grid, returning the dirty energy to the transformers, ie to the general electrical system.

Considering that reactive energy is an energy overload created by utilities and large consumers to meet peak demand (5:30 pm to 9:30 pm) by introducing the power generated by capacitor banks. This energy does not produce work, causing damaging voltage peaks to electro-electronics. And considering that voltage leaks are energy losses originated in splices made, sub-dimensioned cables and similar factors, existing in networks and / or electrical equipment.

The aim of the present invention is to provide a reactive energy and voltage leakage suppressor, which has a better quality of electric power and, consequently, an improved utilization of the generated load; For this purpose it consists of Memories, Diodes, Tunnel Diode and Varistor, it sends to the Grounding the reactive energy and harmonic distortions of the Electricity Network without returning them to the Neutral, correcting the deformation of waves caused by Parasite and Harmonic Frequencies, returning to the Electricity Network, as a consequence. , a better quality energy ("clean energy"), while eliminating voltage leaks, resulting in effective energy consumption savings.

These and other objects and advantages of the present invention are achieved with a harmonic, reactive energy and voltage release suppressor formed by a set of three blocks - inductive, capacitive and resistive - which, by intelligently associating, are able to create a Impedance = 0 (zero), stabilizing the frequency at 60 Hz between the Powerline and Grounding, eliminating the harmonic distortions induced therein. The set also comprises two devices: (1) In the presence of Differentiated Voltage the Internal Filter Activation Mechanism is activated, diverting the Reactive Energy to an Earth Rod, ensuring the quality of the energy in the system, even in the "Empty Hours" and, (2 ) - Electric Voltage Leak Suppressor.

The harmonic suppressor, reactive power and voltage release, meets the equipment Inductors, Capacitors and Resistors and the needs of the electric sectors of Groups A and B, Small, Medium and Large, and in Single Phase, Two Phase and Three Phase installations. in medium and low voltage networks.

In the following the present invention will be described in reference to the accompanying drawing in which:

Figure 1 represents a diagram of the deharmonic suppressor, reactive energy and voltage leakage object of the present invention.

According to the illustrations described above, the components of the diagrams are defined primarily by their numerical references, namely:

01 to 42 - Memory terminals (65), (66) and (67)

43 to 49 - Capacitors

50 to 53 and 55 to 57 - Rectifier Diodes

54 - Tunnel Diode

58 to 61 - Resistors

15 62 to 64 - Led Identifier

65 to 67 - Memory

68 to 70 - Power Switch

71 to 73 Transformers

74 - Voltmeter

20 75 - Ammeter

76 to 79 - Grounding (Rod)

80 to 82 - voltage input 127/220/380/440 / 660v

83 Varistor

84 to 89 - Suppressor Plate

According to the illustration and numerical references above, the reactive energy harmonic suppressor and voltage release illustrated in Figure 1 have their connection terminals (80) (81) and (82) as positive mains receivers. , each of which corresponds to one of the voltage phases, and can receive voltages ranging from 1-27 to 660 volts, connecting to transformers (73) (72) and (71), respectively at 220V, which in turn instead connect via OV to the ground rods (78) (77) and (76), respectively.

The power received at terminal (82) further feeds the voltmeter (74), leading to ground rod (78).

Already the energy received in the terminal (81) also feeds the Ammeter (75), leading to the transformer (72).

As can be seen from figure 1 the transformer (71) supplies the rectifier diode (50), which connects to the capacitor (43), which in turn supplies the terminal (05) of the memory (65). The OVDC of the transformer (71) feeds the terminal (09) of the memory (65), whose terminals (1) / (2) feed, under key control (68) both the terminals (13) and (14) of the memory (65). as the resistor (59), the led (62); diode (55); the capacitor (47) and finally the 127V of the transformer (73) being driven through the OV to the ground rod (78).

The terminal (12) of memory (65) supplies the terminal (19) of memory (66), while the 12V of transformer (72) supplies diode (51) and capacitor (44) that connects to terminal (20) of memory (66), buffering with the end (19) of memory (66), closing the circuit with memory (65). The memory terminals 17 and 18 of the memory 66 are rammed. Memory terminals (15) / (16) (66) supply, under control of switch (69), both memory terminals (27) / (28) and resistor (60); Ied (63); diode (56); the capacitor (48) and finally the 127V of the transformer (72) being conducted through the OV to the ground (77). The OVDC of the transformer (72) supplies the terminal (24) of the memory (66). The terminals (25) and (26) of memory (66) respectively feed the terminals (32) and (33) of memory (67).

The 1 ° 12V of the transformer (73) supplies the diode (52) and the capacitor (45) which connects to the memory terminal (35) (67). The memory terminals (29) / (30) supply, under control of key (70) both osterminals (41) / (42) of memory (67) and resistor (61); Ied (64); diode (57); the empowering (49); the 127V of the transformer (71) being driven through the OV to the ground rod (76); diodes (84) - (85) - (86) and (87); the capacitors (88) and (89) that attaches to the ground rod (79). The 2nd 12V of the transformer (73) connects to the capacitor (46) that powers the diode (53) that powers the plate (58) that connects to the conductor (83) which in turn connects to the tunnel diode ( 54), triggering the mechanism that conducts reactive energy to the ground rod (79). The transformer OVDC (73) powers the memory terminal (39) (67) and the board (58).

Claims (1)

1. "Voltage Leakage Reactive Power Harmonic Suppressor", of a memory, diode, tunnel diode and varistor type, to be installed in parallel with the internal power grid and characterized by the fact that it provides reactive energy and harmonic distortions to ground. from the electrical grid without returning them to neutral, correcting the deformation of waves caused by parasitic and harmonic frequencies, further eliminating voltage leaks; being said suppressor formed by three blocks - inductive, capacitive and resistive - which, when associated in an intelligent way, are able to create an Impedance = 0 (zero), stabilizing the 60 Hz frequency between the mains and the ground, suppressing the harmonic distortions of the 3rd to 15th order; It is also composed of a set of internal filter activation mechanism activated in the presence of differentiated voltage, diverting the reactive energy to a ground rod, guaranteeing the energy quality even in "empty hours" and a suppressor of voltage releases, in order to meet the needs of small, medium and large groups A and B, capable of meeting single-phase, two-phase and three-phase installations, and can be used in medium and low voltage networks.