BRPI0720499B1 - Ophthalmic Lens Cube - Google Patents

Description

(54) Title: BUCKET FOR OPHTHALMIC LENS (73) Holder: JOHNSON & JOHNSON VISION CARE, INC., North American Society. Address: 7500 Centurion Parkway, Suite 100, Jacksonville, FL 32256, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (US); ARIZONA BOARD OF REGENTS ON BEHALF OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, North American Society. Address: 888 N. Euclid Avenue, Room 204, P.o. Box 210158, Tucson Arizona 85721-0158, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (US) (72) Inventor: SIMON PRINCE; SYED TARIQ SHAFAAT; MICHAEL SHERWOOD; ROBERT E. FISCHER; SHAWN MULCAHEY; PAUL HUDSON; GREG MOELLER; GREGORY A. WILLIBY; RUSSELL T. SPAULDING; JOHN C. ΗΟΟΤΜΑΝ; RUSSELL J. EDWARDS; JOHN EDWARD GREIVENKAMP, JR.

Validity Term: 10 (ten) years from 10/02/2018, subject to legal conditions

Issued on: 10/02/2018

Digitally signed by:

Liane Elizabeth Caldeira Lage

Director of Patents, Computer Programs and Topographies of Integrated Circuits

Descriptive Report of the Invention Patent for CUP FOR OPHTHALMIC LENSES ”.

Cross Reference to Related Orders

The present application claims the benefit of the provisional patent application No. 60 / 871,319 of the USA, entitled TEST INTERFEROMETRY TESTING OF LENSES, AND SYSTEMS AND DEVICES FOR SAME deposited on December 21, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The technical field generally refers to optical systems and more specifically systems and methods for testing optical lenses, containers for holding the lenses, and methods for analyzing the optical characteristics of the lenses.

BACKGROUND

The contact lens industry has undergone rapid advances towards higher levels of visual correction. Manufacturers are making progress to provide contact lenses that are designed to combine refractive correction and fit for a patient. Moving beyond standard spherical lenses, manufacturers will be able to provide contact lens wearers with better visual acuity and total comfort.

Metrology (measurement) techniques and instrumentation for lens evaluation, however, did not proceed with rapid advances in lens technology. Current metrology, like methods based on focimeters and moiré deflectometry, lacks the combination of spatial definition, high sensitivity, and the long dynamic range desired to more accurately measure more advanced lenses. Current metrology techniques are generally limited to ophthalmic testing of the effective power of a lens and indirect measurements of power by passing a lens until collimation is detected.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present invention involves the use of a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZ) to analyze the aspherical wavefront transmitted from an ophthalmic lens. The interferometer is capable of analyzing a wide variety of lens types, such as spherical, toric, bifocal, and multifocal lenses. In certain embodiments of the invention, the lenses are mounted in a cuvette in which fresh saline is circulated over the lenses and positioned on a vertical test arm of the interferometer configuration. A referenced technique, such as reverse ray tracing, can be used to remove the aberrations induced at the wavefront while building your image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the detailed description below, is best understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In order to illustrate the use of interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of the lenses, the drawings of their exemplary constructions are shown; however, the use of interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of lenses is not limited to the specific methods and instruments disclosed.

Figure 1 is a diagram depicting an exemplary interferometer configuration for obtaining a lens wavefront.

Figure 2 describes an image of an exemplary reference wavefront.

Figure 3 describes the difference in optical path transmitted with unwanted pixels removed from a positive test lens.

Figure 4 describes an exemplary image of a test wavefront.

Figure 5 describes an estimate of a measured wavefront transmitted through a test lens.

Figure 6 shows a measured wavefront and a modeled wavefront for a calibration lens.

Figure 7 describes a difference wavefront of the difference between the measured wavefront and the modeled wavefront.

Figure 8 shows a Zernike surface and an image of you. Figure 9 shows a localized defect in a tested lens.

Figure 10 shows a region where the halos of light are flattened slightly.

Figure 11 shows defects indicative of possible effort or other changes in the periphery of the lens.

Figure 12 shows lots of spherical versus frequency aberration for four different lenses.

Figure 13 shows the thickness of toric lenses.

Figure 14 is a cross-sectional view of the cuvette.

Figure 15 is an illustration of an expanded cross-sectional view of a portion of the cuvette.

Figure 16 describes an exemplary coupling mechanism. Figure 17 is a top view of an illustration of a bucket that positions the mechanism.

Figure 18 is an illustration of placeholder flags and placeholder sensors.

Figure 19 is a diagram of an included cuvette.

Figure 20 is a flow diagram of an example process for aligning detectors in an interferometer configuration to obtain a lens wavefront.

Figure 21 describes an example target lens used to align the detectors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE MODALITIES

The present invention involves obtaining the information used to evaluate a wide range of types of ophthalmic lens by measuring the transmitted wavefront of the lens. In certain modalities, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used with the lenses submerged in the saline solution and mounted in a cuvette, or in the water cell, which circulates the fresh saline solution. Testing lenses in a saline solution is believed to slow lens dehydration, which can change the lens retraction index. Removal of induced aberrations can be achieved, for example, by reverse ray tracing, where the wavefront in the detector is traced back to a position immediately behind the lens. The reverse ray tracing facilitates the generation of theoretical wavefront, which can be used to evaluate the performance of the transmitted level of the wavefront.

The example type of lenses that can be evaluated include hard contact lenses, hard refractive contact lenses, hard diffraction contact lenses, hard hybrid refraction / diffraction contact lenses, soft contact lenses, soft contact lenses soft refraction, soft diffraction contact lenses, soft hybrid refraction / diffraction contact lenses, hard contact lenses that comprise pharmaceutical contact lenses, active soft contact lenses that comprise pharmaceutical lenses, unique vision lenses, toric lenses, bifocal contact lenses, multifocal lenses, cosmetically tinted lenses, free-form lenses, intraocular lenses, intraocular refraction lenses, intraocular diffraction lenses, intraocular hybrid refraction / diffraction lenses, obsequious lenses, spectacle lenses, spectacle lenses refraction, diffraction lenses, and hybrid refraction / diffraction lenses, composite lenses comprising material multiple and integrated lenses, photochromic lenses, and molds used in the manufacture of the aforementioned lenses. It should be understood that the example lenses should not be limited to the previous list of example lenses. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that other types of lenses are applicable and appropriate for evaluation through analysis of the transmitted wavefront.

Figure 1 is a diagram depicting an exemplary configuration 12 of the interferometer for obtaining a lens wavefront. The interferometer configuration 12 comprises two beam splitters 18, 24, and four mirrors 20, 22, 26, 40 to direct light beams through the reference arm 36 and the vertical test arm 30. The cuvette 28 is positioned on the arm vertical test 30, and the lens, or lenses, to be tested is placed in cuvette 28 (lens not shown in figure 1). The light source 14, such as a laser, for example, produces a coherent beam of light. Coherence is measured in units of length, and in an exemplary modality, the coherence of the source 14 is greater than the difference in the distance between the optical path of the reference arm 36 and the vertical path of the test arm 30. A light leaving source 14 is filtered and shaped using a collimating lens 16. The collimated light beam emanating from the collimating lens 16 is divided into two beams using a beam splitter 18 at 45 °. Essentially, a beam splitter is a special type of mirror where 50% of the light is reflected, and the other 50% is transmitted. Thus, 50% of the collimated light beam emanating from the collimation lens 16 is directed, through the beam divider 18, to the mirror 40 and the other 50% of the collimated light beam is directed to the mirror 20.

The beam directed towards the mirror 20 is reflected by that mirror through the reference arm 36. This beam is referred to as the reference beam. The beam directed towards the mirror 40 is also reflected by the mirror 20 through the vertical test arm 30. Said beam is referred to as the test beam. The test beam passes through the cuvette 28 and the test lens contained therein. Simultaneously, the reference beam passes through air, or any appropriate gas, from the reference arm 36. Using another beam splitter 24, the reference beam and the test beam are recombined, and the interference between the two beams occurs. Two beams emanate from beam splitter 24. One beam, directed towards image lens 42, is indicative of a portion of the test beam that is transmitted through beam splitter 24 combined with a portion of the reference beam that is reflected from the beam splitter 24. The other beam, directed towards the image lens 32, is indicative of a portion of the test beam that is reflected from the beam divider 24 combined with a portion of the reference beam that is transmitted through the beam divider 24.

The beam interference directed at the image lens 32 is recorded using a camera 34. Camera 34 can comprise any appropriate type of camera, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor camera (CMOS), an injection device (CID), or the like, for example. Camera 34 is referred to as the science camera. The image lens 32 is placed between the beam splitter 24 and the science camera 34 to record the image of the test lens on the camera. Thus, the interference recorded by the science camera 34 comprises the image of the interference pattern on the lens under test.

The beam that is directed towards the image lens 42 is collected by the camera 38, which is referred to as the image recording camera. The camera 38 may comprise any appropriate type of camera, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera, an injection device (CID), or the like, for example. The light collected by the image recording camera 38 is indicative of the light that is reflected outside the beam splitter 24 of the reference arm 22 and the light that is transmitted through the beam splitter 24 of the test arm 30. The use of both cameras 34, 38 provide two views of the lens under test. In an exemplary embodiment, the image registration camera 38 is set to a fixed magnification level that allows / allows the image registration camera 38 to consider and record the entire lens under test. The images from the image recording camera 38 are used for measuring the diameter and the circular shape and also for adjusting the placement of the analysis aperture within the optical zone of the test lens. The science camera 34 sees the central portion of the optical zone of the test lens. This provides the maximum spatial definition when measuring the transmitted wavefront of the test lens.

The interferometer 12 configuration does not use the null optical system. That is, there is no device added or removed from the interferometer 12 configuration to remove the signal attributable to the interferometer 12 configuration. Using the null optics would likely require the null optics design for each type of lens, and the wide range of lens types makes this impractical. Testing in a non-zero configuration brings into play at least three design factors of the interferometer 12 configuration. First, because the wavefront is collected and captured by the optical imaging system (for example, the science camera 34 and the image recording camera 38), the parameters of the test wavefront, the image lens, and the detector are combined. Second, the incidence of interference in the detector is resolved. In an exemplary embodiment, interference light halos are prohibited from changing the phase more than pi (π) per pixel, thereby ensuring that the frequency of the halo is less than the Nyquist frequency for the detector. In an alternative modality, however, sub-Nyquist interferometry, with its sparse camera arrangement, is used to solve the high frequency interference generated by aspherical lenses in a non-zero configuration. Third, the reconstructed wavefront in the detector is calibrated to account for the aberrations induced by the optical imaging system of the interferometer 12. The lack of a common path between the wavefronts of the reference arm 36 and the test arm 30 results in different aberrations on each wavefront. An exemplary calibration process for removing induced aberrations is described below.

In an exemplary mode, the interference patterns are digitized and recorded as digital data that are processed to generate the wavefront transmitted to the tested optical system (the lens under test). The measured transmitted wavefront is analyzed to determine characteristics of the optical system such as its diameter, circular shape, relative thickness, defects, and ophthalmic prescription.

In an exemplary embodiment, the mirror 38 located at the top of the reference arm 36 comprises a phase displacement capability. The phase shifting capability can be performed using any suitable material, for example, lead titanoate-zirconate, (Pb [Zr _y Tii-x] O ₃ ), PZT). PZT is a ceramic material that comprises ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. In said embodiment, mirror 38 is a dynamic component attached to the upper mirror of the reference arm. The PZT material provides a small transfer (fraction of a wavelength) to the upper mirror 38. This produces a phase shift in the recorded interference pattern. A series of patterns is recorded. Determining the direction of the phase shift removes the ambiguity of the signal from the test optical power.

For example, on a static interferometer, +1 D and -1 D lenses would be indistinguishable. Using mirror 38 with a phase-shifting capability, however, removes that ambiguity.

As shown in figure 1, test arm 30 is oriented vertically. To prevent contact lenses from being imperfect under their own weight, the lenses are mounted in a horizontal orientation inside the cuvette 28, which is positioned on the vertical test arm 30. To facilitate horizontal positioning of the cuvette 28, the two beam 26, 40 are arranged vertically as shown in figure 1. The interferometer configuration 12 provides a vertical beam path for a test lens placed between the mirrors 26, 40 of the periscope. The interferometer configuration 12 preserves equal test path lengths for the reference arm 36 and the test arm 30 by allowing an enclosure, the cuvette 28, over the lens under test. As described in more detail below, cuvette 28 provides an almost opaque environment, protects the optical system from the saline solution used with the lenses, and blocks the system from external air turbulence.

The diameter of the lenses 32 and 42 of the image is capable of capturing all or substantially all of the expected wavefronts. The interferometer configuration 12 is capable of testing positive and negative lenses. With negative lenses, the wavefront after the lens under test differs, so the distance from the lens under test to the image lens is taken into account. The power of the image lens determines the magnification at which the wavefront has its image constructed. Accordingly, the power of the image lenses 32, 42 is taken into account to ensure that the respective wavefronts have their image appropriately constructed by the science camera 34 and the image recording camera 38.

The distance, or spacing, of the pixels that will have their image constructed typically dictates the Nyquist frequency of the detector. Accordingly, the size and spacing of the pixels that will have their image constructed are considered to ensure that the interferometer 12 setting correctly resolves the interference. The size of the pixel to have its image constructed in the science camera 34 and the image recording camera 38 is coordinated with the working number f (also known in the method as the focal ratio, f ratio, and relative aperture) image lens 32 and image lens 42, respectively. The working number f, together with the wavelength, gives the minimum characteristic size that can be produced by the lens under test. This is combined with the pixel size so that neither system is limiting the definition of the other. The term number f of work differs from the more common term number f in that the number f of work takes into account the enlargement of the image system.

As mentioned above, the lens under test, also referred to as the test or optical lens, is immersed in a solution, such as a saline solution, inside the cuvette 28. By immersing the test lens in the solution, the dynamic range of the interferometer 12 is increased. This is due to the decrease in the difference in the refractive index between the optical test and the surrounding environment. In terms of power, there is an upper limit on the amount of power that can be exactly tested for any particular interferometer. This upper limit is correlated with parameters such as the pixel size, the pixel spacing, and the diameter of the image lens. When the optical test is immersed, the power in the transmitted wavefront is reduced, thereby increasing the dynamic range of interferometer 12. In an exemplary mode, the highly sensitive camera with such high pixel density and great gray scale definition is used in conjunction with immersion to provide a test base with an acceptable level of sensitivity and dynamic range. Combining the sensitivity of interferometry with the increased dynamic range of immersion provides a practical technique for testing a wide range of powers, designs, and materials.

Even with immersion in the solution, however, the low power of the test lens will typically produce interference patterns with a large number of light halos because the reference wavefront is flattened. In order to record the high frequency light halos, in an exemplary way, the science camera 34 comprises a four mega pixel CCD detector, in 28 mm square. It is emphasized, however, that the implementation of a four mega pixel CCD camera is exemplary, and that any appropriate detector can be used. Having enough definition to solve the high frequency light halos, the science camera 34 provides high spatial definition in measurement. To facilitate such a large structure, the sensor of the science camera 34 uses a full-screen architecture. The full-frame architecture incorporates an external shutter in order to correctly register the load. In an exemplary mode, to provide the shutter activation, an optical-acoustic modulator is used in conjunction with the spatial filter used for cleaning the beam. When connected and aligned, the modulator produces a first order beam that contains most of the incident laser light. Said first order beam is aligned with the spatial filter. When the modulator is turned off, only the zero-order beam (which is blocked by the spatial filter) is present. Thus, the modulator and the spatial filter create an on / off switch for the light in the interferometer. The modulator is driven by the science camera 34; thus the shutter release and the reading occur simultaneously.

As mentioned above, reverse ray tracing facilitates the generation of theoretical wave fronts, which are used to evaluate performance on the transmitted wavefront. One way to understand how the theoretical wavefront generated is to consider what is being detected: the interference produced by two wave fronts in the plane of the detector (for example, the science camera 34). According to phase displacement interferometry (PSI), the interference reveals the relative optical path difference (OPD) between the two wave fronts. The desired wavefront, however, is the test wavefront on the test piece (lens being tested), not on the science camera 34. To obtain the desired wavefront, a known reference wavefront it is used in conjunction with the OPD to infer the unknown test wavefront in the science camera 34. While the test wavefront propagates through the optical system of interferometer 12, aberrations are induced. A calibration process is used to convert the said wavefront inferred from the test in the science camera 34 into a better estimate of the test wavefront in the contact lens.

A portion of the induced aberrations depends on the incident wavefront. However, the value of the added aberrations is typically a small fraction of the wavefront magnification value. This allows the aberrations to be treated as a disturbance to the wavefront. Mathematically, the wavefront image formation operation is defined in the referred context as:

Img {W} = W + A {W} (1)

W represents the original wavefront, and A {W} represents the induced aberrations. The notation A {W} is used to indicate that the induced aberrations are dependent on the wavefront. The image lens 32 is the source of the induced aberrations. One way to understand why different wave fronts receive different aberrations is to view different wave fronts as displacements in the conjugate system. The conjugate system for the interferometer image lens 32 is the test plane, which is the plane immediately after the test lens located in cuvette 28, and the detector 34 of the science camera. When these conjugate systems do not change, any change in the test lens leads to a different wavefront than is present in the test plane, and thus to a different wavefront that travels through the image system terminated by the image lens 32 and the science camera detector 34.

The detected interference patterns represent the difference between images from two wave fronts, and not the wave fronts themselves. The OPDt (test beam OPD) between the test wavefront image (W _T ) and the reference wavefront image (W _R ) in the detector plane is consequently represented mathematically as:

OPD _T = lmg {W _T } - lmg {W _R } = (W _T + A {W _T }) - (W _R + A {W _R }) (2)

An inverse operation to the image process, of reverse stroke, can be used to determine the wavefront in the lens. When the interferometer prescription is known, the system that generated the aberrations is not a black box, but a collection of optical systems that can be modeled. The model is the tool that allows an inverse operation to the image formation, namely, reverse radius tracing. With the reverse ray tracing, the wavefront in the test plane, typically the plane immediately after the optical test, is produced from the OPD and the reference wavefront in the detector by the ray trace back through the system. The rays would be traced backwards because, since in the interferometer light travels from the test plane to the detector (science camera 34), the rays are followed from the detector (science camera 34) to the test plane. Using equation (1) and equation (2), said inverse operation is defined mathematically as:

li ' _T = Img * ¹ {WT + A (WT}) = lmg * ¹ {OPDT + img (W _R }).

(3)

Equation 3 illustrates a way to implement the reverse ray tracing process. In reference to interferometer 12, the rays are tracked along the reference arm 36, with the optical image system 32 and in the detector, the science camera 34. This is the image of W _R (lmg {WR}). OPDy is then added to the radius, changing its position and angle. At this point, the W _T image can be obtained. The rays are then tracked back to the test plan. In the test plane the rays are converted to a wavefront, which is the Wt estimate of the original test wavefront. The reason the result of the reverse operation is considered as an estimate is that an interferometer model is used to provide the correction. The model and the actual interferometer may differ. Correction or enhancement of the model to improve parity with the real interferometer can be achieved with a process known as reverse optimization. The model is verified by expanding the conjugated systems of the image lens. Only two distances are not known from a prescription: the distance from the top of the cuvette 28 to the image lens 32 and the distance from the image lens 32 to the detector, the science camera 34. In fact, these two distances are the distance from the object and image for the image lens 32. As the image lens is known, knowledge of the magnification between the planes of the conjugate systems provides enough information to uniquely determine the two distances. A paraxial radius stroke is used to update the model given the most recent measurement of magnification.

Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, and Figure 5 illustrate several wave fronts. Figure 2 describes an image of an exemplary reference wavefront, Wr 44. Optical test 46 is a plane-convex glass lens, and the units of the height are waves (543.5 nm). The reference wavefront, Wr 44, is shown to have a considerable amount of power, despite being flat. This occurs because the reference wavefront, W _R 44, in the detector, the science camera 34, has a considerable amount of power. As described in interferometer 12 of figure 1, the collimated light in the reference arm 36 will produce a diverging wavefront in the science camera 34. The referred one is an image of the reference wavefront, W _R 44, because the image has as its systems the plan and the test detector. Figure 3 describes the OPD _T 48 with unwanted pixels, representing the distortion, removed from the test positive lens 50. Figure 4 describes an exemplary image of a test wavefront, Wt 52. The measured OPD _T 48 is added to the image of W _R 44 to produce the image of Wt 52. The images of Wt 48 and W _R 44 differ by OPDt, the magnification of which is considerably less than either wavefront. Because a positive test lens was used for this example, the test wavefront image has a longer radius of curvature (less drooping over the aperture) than the reference wavefront image. The reverse ray trace is applied to the image of the W _T 52 of the test wavefront, resulting in the estimate of the measured wavefront transmitted through the test lens Wt 54 as described in figure 5.

Using the interferometer 12 and the determination of the wavefront with a reverse ray trace, comparisons can be made between a test lens and a model lens. Figure 6 shows a measured wavefront 56 and a model wavefront 58 for the calibration lens. Comparisons can be made between the measured and model wave fronts, providing a means for verifying part, for example. To establish a comparison between measured data and model data, a calibration part is used. In an exemplary embodiment, a flat-convex glass lens is used as a calibration part. Parameters such as index, center of thickness, and radius of curvature are measured independently, providing a complete prescription for the lens. Along with the prescription of the test piece, the prescription of the interferometer allows the generation of a model wavefront in the same position as the measured wavefront. With two wave fronts in the same position, and consequently in the same size, a difference wavefront can be computed simply by subtracting the model wavefront from the measured wavefront.

Figure 7 describes a difference wavefront difference 60 between the measured wavefront 56 and the model 58 wavefront. That difference is computed at 99% of the diameter of the two wave fronts to avoid edge effects. The noise on the difference wavefront 60, due to a combination of factors, obscures the general shape of the difference wavefront 60. The noise on the difference wavefront 60 can be alleviated in any appropriate manner. For example, a Zernike polynomial can be applied to the difference wavefront 60 to remove noise. The Zernike polynomials are known to apply the method. The application of Zernike polynomial cancels the distortion. In an exemplary embodiment, a Zernike fitting is used to remove high spatial frequency noise, and Zernike coefficients are used to compute aberration information on the wavefront.

Figure 8 shows a Zernike surface 62 and its image 64, after an application of 36 term Zernike polynomials falls within the difference wavefront 60. Zernike surface 62 illustrates that blur is the dominant error in the comparison between measured wavefront and model wavefront. In order not to be tied to a particular theory, it is assumed that a power difference is very likely due to a discrepancy in the refractive index for the test lens and the surrounding saline in the interferometer versus the values used in the model. Using the Zernike coefficients for that difference, the power is measured at -0.019 D. In air, that difference becomes -0.054 D. Using a thin lens model, that difference in power can be converted to a uncertainty in the index. The difference of -0.054 D, together with the prescription of the lens, gives an uncertainty for the difference in an index of 0.0015. Since both index values are known to have an uncertainty of approximately 0.001, the notion that the power error can be attributed to the discrepancy in the index is plausible.

In addition to the test for the ophthalmic prescription of a lens, the various characteristics and characteristics of a lens are detectable. For example, the interferogram in figure 9 shows a localized defect 84 of a lens being tested. Thus, the transmitted determination of the wavefront using the interferometer 12 provides the ability to detect defects in optical performance that cause deviations in the light path in the order of a fraction of the wavelength of the light used. Furthermore, the transmitted wavefront determination using the interferometer 12 can produce the spherical power of any spherical contact lens. For toric lenses, cylindrical power and axis can also be obtained. Also, the regions that move away from other parts of a lens are detectable, according to the indications of figure 10. Figure 10 shows a region 86 in which the halos of light are slightly flattened. Region 68 cannot be characterized as a defect (for example, defect 84 in Figure 9), but it will produce a different optical effect such as a change in power, spherical aberration, or the like. The determination of the transmitted wavefront that uses interferometer 12 can also detect information about possible effort or other changes in the lens periphery, as shown in regions 88 of figure 11. Ideally, outside the optical zone, there should be symmetry in the pattern of the halo over the line through the 90 marks. The swirl or misalignment in the light halos 88 near the two fiducial marks 90 indicates an area of possible stress and / or misalignment.

A wealth of information can be produced by analyzing the wave fronts transmitted through interferometer 12. That information can be used to discriminate between materials with different levels of additives, designs with different amounts of aberrations, and the lenses made with the same designs, but different materials. For example, Figure 12 shows lots 90, 92, 94, and 96 of spherical aberration (SPHA) in D per square millimeter (D / mm ² ) versus the frequency for four different lenses. Each tested lens had a power of -1.00 D. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of the information obtained through the analysis of the wavefront can be conducted as illustrated by the statistical block 82, where the mean and standard deviation of the spherical aberration for each lens 90 , 92, 94, and 96 is described.

Numerous other characteristics and parameters of the lens can be obtained by analyzing the wavefront. For example, the thickness of toric lenses can be determined as illustrated in figure 13. Toric contact lenses are spherical cylinder lenses designed to correct astigmatism in the eye. In figure 13, the thickness of three lenses 100,102, and 104 are described. The darker areas indicate increased thickness compared to lighter areas for each lens, having a range from 0.0 mm to 0.500 mm.

As described above, the lenses under test can be placed in a cuvette in which they are submerged in a solution (for example, saline). Figure 14 is a cross-sectional view of cuvette 28 shown on interferometer 12 described in figure 1. Using cuvette 28, the lenses remain in the solution during the test. The materials used in contact lenses include hydrogels, which are hygroscopic. The lenses are placed in the cuvette 28, or in the water cell, to maintain hydration and stability in terms of the refractive index. The cuvette 28 comprises a compartment that has two windows that are coated with anti-reflection (AR). The lens under test is positioned between the two windows. The windows are coated with AR on their external surfaces. The index parity between the window glass and the solution eliminates the need for an AR coating on the internal surfaces.

Generally, and as described in more detail below, the entire cuvette connects with a test configuration, such as interferometer 12, for example, through a kinematic assembly and by means of an automatic connection system that includes the mechanical link to the control system. movement of the interferometer and the electrical control and instrumentation circuits. An outer enclosure houses all the components of the cuvette. The enclosure is configured to uniformly circulate the test solution, to prevent the test solution from escaping, and to monitor the temperature of the test solution. A lens holder contains one or more test cells, configured to hold a lens submerged in a solution, which can be moved within the outer enclosure of the cuvette while maintaining the placement and orientation of the test lens. A first window is configured to allow the beam of the interferometer test arm to incorporate a cell without changing the collimation or coherence length. A second window is configured to allow the test arm beam to remove the cuvette after passing through the lens without further change to the test arm withdraw beam. The centers of the two optical windows are aligned with each other, with the movable lens holder mounted in the middle. The holder is moved to position each cell, one at a time, between the first window and the second window.

The kinematic assembly of the cuvette is achieved by means of a mounting slide, which provides preliminary alignment of the cuvette to the connectors and the mechanical and electrical sensors and provides the vertical use of the locator pin height register (for example, springs ) of a resilient arm, which provides a radial force against the locator pins, to exactly and consistently locate the cuvette in a plane parallel to the assembly slide. The mechanical link is designed to provide protection from positive coupling, and from repeated vibration between the cell and the interferometer without preconditioning the cell link.

Each cell in the lens holder has a window that does not change the collimation or coherence length of an incident collimated beam, and that is transparent to the wavelength or wavelengths of the interferometer's coherent light source. This window forms the surface on which the test lens is mounted. The window in each cell on the lens holder is in the same plane as the remaining windows of the cell on the lens holder. Each cell in the lens holder has a tapered wall designed to allow exact mounting and distortion free of the test lens in the cell. Each cell is designed so that the interferometer image camera can mount the entire lens image. Each cell in the lens holder has at least one channel to allow the solution to flow. Both optical windows in the cuvette are transparent to the wavelength or wavelengths of the coherent light source of the interferometer. The test solution circulating through the cuvette is transparent to the wavelength or wavelengths of the coherent light source of the interferometer. The test solutions in the example include saline solutions, protected saline solution, deionized water, solutions with active drugs, or combinations thereof.

The outer enclosure of the cuvette includes inlet and outlet connections to a temperature controlled test solution source. The outer enclosure is configured to monitor the temperature of the test solution using a temperature probe. In an example configuration, the temperature probe comprises a resistance temperature detector (RTD) that provides information to an external temperature controller to help stabilize the temperature of the solution in the cuvette. In an example configuration, the outer enclosure of the cuvette is constructed of an opaque polycarbonate material that is mechanically stable in the presence of the test solutions.

The cuvette is configured to hold a variety of lens types, such as hard contact lenses, hard refractive contact lenses, hard diffraction contact lenses, hard hybrid refraction / diffraction contact lenses, soft contact lenses, soft refractive contact lenses, soft diffraction contact lenses, soft hybrid refraction / diffraction contact lenses, hard contact lenses comprising pharmaceutical contact lenses, active soft contact lenses comprising pharmaceutical lenses, single contacts, toric lenses, bifocal contact lenses, multifocal lenses, cosmetically tinted lenses, freeform lenses, intraocular lenses, intraocular refraction lenses, intraocular diffraction lenses, intraocular hybrid refraction / diffraction lenses, obsequious lenses , lens glasses, refractive glasses lenses, diffraction glasses lenses, and hybrid refractive / diffraction glasses lenses, for example example.

Referring to figure 14, cuvette 28 is a housing for contact lenses immersed in the solution in such a way that the lenses can be tested using interferometer 12. Bucket 28 is designed to accommodate multiple lenses. In an exemplary embodiment, cuvette 28 can accommodate 30 lenses. Each lens has its own position (cell) in the cuvette 28, and the cells are movable inside the cuvette 28. The lenses can be positioned for testing inside the cuvette 28, and are preferably not deformed by the cuvette or by any internal assembly inside it. . It is also preferable that the entire lens under test is visible. All cuvette windows are preferably of equal optical quality in terms of leveling to prevent the addition of additional power to the transmitted wavefront. The position and presentation of the lens is preferably repeatable lens-by-lens and experiment-by-experiment. The insertion and removal of the lenses and cuvette 28 are typically simple and straightforward. The lenses are preferably not free to move outside of your cells, and the bubbles formed in the solution should not interfere with the measurements. That is, the bubbles must not be visible in a cell.

The bucket 28 comprises the outer walls 106 and 108. The portion 110, or the carousel, in the middle of the bucket 28, comprises the multiple cells 112 of the lens. In an exemplary embodiment, the carousel 110 comprises 30 cells 112 of the lens. Each cell 112 comprises tapered walls 114 (which can conform to a lens), channels 116 for fluid flow, and a window 118 at the bottom of the cell on which the lens rests. The outer walls 106 and 108 can comprise all the appropriate material. In an exemplary embodiment, the outer walls 106 and 108 comprise polycarbonate. Polycarbonate provides the following characteristics to the cuvette 28: low weight, opacity, chemically inert, and low water absorption, which keeps the cuvette 28 dimensionally stable.

Figure 15 is an illustration of an expanded cross-sectional view of a portion of cuvette 28. The light from interferometer 12 enters cuvette 28 through the upper window 120 in the direction of arrow 122, and travels down through the lens that is resting on its cell 112 from the lens, and then remove the cuvette through the lower window 122.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is a small distance, labeled 124 in figure 15, between the upper part of the cell wall 114 of the lens and the upper window 120. Said small opening 124 is maintained throughout the cell 28, and designed for keep the lenses in their 112 receptive cells during rotation. Also, in an exemplary embodiment, there are four notches 116 in each cell 112 of the lens. The notches 116 allow the solution to circulate easily through each cell 112, thereby maintaining all cells 112 in thermal equilibrium. It is emphasized that the number of notches 116 described in bucket 28 is exemplary, and that any appropriate number of notches can be implemented. The outer windows 120 and 122 are stepped to provide a groove 126 for a ring or gasket to fit and provide a seal around each window 120, 122. Said configuration also allows the windows to be adjusted or angled in alignment, in instead of staying on a fixed assembly schedule. The medium glass window 128 is also staggered, see area 130, to provide consistent registration between all cells 112. In an exemplary embodiment, the medium window 128 projects from the bottom of the carousel 110 to keep the bubbles in the solution away from the central portion of window 128. The tapered sides 114 of each cell 112 easily center the lens, and do not deform the lens in any way. In addition, wall 114 helps to unload the lenses, because the lenses can be slid over the side of cells 112 and then removed from cell 28 once out of cell 112. Loading and unloading of the lenses can be done through of a door 151, or similar, of bucket 28. In an exemplary configuration, the door is attached to a lock (see lock 188 in figure 19) that prevents automatic rotation of the carousel when the door is open. No special tools are required to work with the lenses, for example, a cotton swab can be used to work with the lenses.

In order to make measurements on multiple lenses with the interferometer 12 without user requirements, in an exemplary mode the interferometer 12 controls the cuvette 28 through the automatic index. Automatic indexing can be carried out using all appropriate means. For example, cell 28 may have its own motor and processor, and simply receives signals from interferometer 12. In another example, more control is contained in interferometer 12, and less control is contained in cell 28. In that mode, the interferometer 12 provides means for the rotation of the cuvette 28. Said can be carried out, for example, by means of a gear, belt, chain, rack, pinion or the like, or a combination thereof.

Figure 16 describes an exemplary coupling mechanism comprising a single motor 132, gearbox 134, pulleys 136, 138, 140, and a toothed belt 142. Carousel 110 through pulley 138 of the cuvette is contained above within the cuvette 28 Motor 132, gearbox 134, drive pulley 140, and tensioner pulleys 136 are fixed components within interferometer 12. Coupling occurs between bucket pulley 138 and gear belt 142 when bucket 28 is introduced in interferometer 12. This type of coupling provides significant coupling around the pulley, reducing the possibility of slippage. The large amount of coupling facilitates and stops the rotation of the cuvette. The efforts in this system are low, and the flexibility of the belt slows down the entire coupling between the motor and the bucket. Also, the flexibility of the belt reduces the entire clearance of the engine 132. This design keeps the carousel 110 suspended; no part of the carousel 110 moves along the bottom of the bucket 28. This eliminates friction and friction (static friction), thereby improving positional accuracy.

No rotation point is typically required for loading: the belt 142 and the pulley 138 will engage in any way. The tensioner pulleys 136 can be adjusted as needed to maintain consistent loading forces. The strength of a belt system is favorable for use with multiple cuvettes 28. To load a cuvette 28 onto interferometer 12, cuvette 28 is simply pulled / pushed longitudinally into assembly 144 (see figure 14) of cuvette 28. Assembly

144 provides vertical stability when cuvette 28 is coupled with interferometer 12 and position marker sensors that control the automatic index.

Figure 17 is a top view of an illustration of a mechanism for positioning the cuvette. In an exemplary embodiment, the position of a cell 112 is determined by two locator pins that are part of the XY locator 146 and the radial locator 148, respectively. Combined with a looser assembly 144, the two locator pins provide repeatable, cinematic placement of the cuvette. The designed coupling allows manual rotation. The gear wheel 150 (see figure 14) pro20 provides manual rotation and is engaged for safety purposes; a drilling point is avoided between the sprocket and the interferometer when the cuvette is loaded into the system. The actuating arm 184 and the gathering arm 186 work as a pair to provide a force for the spring that keeps the bucket 28 pressed against the XY locator 146 and the radial locator 148 through a radial force. Thus, the two arms 184 and 186 allow the kinematic loading of the cuvette 28 into the interferometer.

The automatic index is provided by the wheel with the flags 152 (see figure 14) located just below the gear wheel 150. The relation of the flags 152 with position marker sensors 154 attached to the interferometer 12, as shown in figure 18. While the bucket 28 rotates, flags 152 trigger the position marker sensors

154, which then issues commands to delay and then stop cell 28. Only three cell position sensors 152 are labeled in figure 18 to facilitate. The cuvette 28 is delayed to minimize disturbance to the charged lenses. The positioning of the lens is independent of the mechanism used to rotate the cuvette 28. The motors simply start and stop outside the signals from the 154 position marker sensors. No counting or other motor adjustments are used to determine cell positions. The start position flag 156 is used to initialize the alignment of cuvette 28 with interferometer 12.

Figure 19 is a diagram of closed cell 28. Closed cell 28 provides temperature stability by circulating the solution between cell 28 and an external refrigerator (external refrigerator not shown in figure 19). The design of the cuvette interior allows liquid to flow through and between cells 112. The cuvette comprises three elements for fluid control: a temperature probe 158, an inlet valve 160, and a drain 162. In addition, a flow coupler 164 is also provided. The temperature probe 158 provides an electronic reading of the liquid temperature inside the cuvette 28 near the measurement indicators. Inlet valve 160 and drain 162 provide 20 ports for the solution to circulate through cuvette 28. The inlet portion allows the solution to enter into cuvette 28 and the drain portion allows the solution to come out of cuvette 28. The valve inlet 160 and drain 162 act with the external cooler and the pump through the air chambers equipped with the appropriate fittings.

An interferometer 12 with cuvette 28 provides a viable method and system for using wavefront analysis to test contact lenses. Testing against a flat reference wavefront allows the determination of the absolute power of the lens. The increase in dynamic range due to the immersion of the lenses in the saline solution allows a wide range of tested prescriptions without the use of the null optical system or other means of removing the power from the lens. This method and system is applicable to a wide variety of lenses, including spherical lenses. No assumptions are needed regarding the type of part being tested. All that is needed is the prescription of the test lens.

Figure 20 is a flow diagram of an example process for aligning detectors in an interferometer configuration to obtain a lens wavefront. In an exemplary embodiment, the cameras (for example, the image recording camera 38 and the science camera 34) are aligned before testing a lens. The alignment comprises converting the coordinate system of the image recording camera 38 to the coordinate system of the science camera 34. To perform the alignment, an image point on the image recording camera 38 is selected and a corresponding image point is determined in the science camera 34. The image camera 38 and the science camera 34 differ, at least, in the magnification capacity. Also, the cameras may differ in the respective displacement on the x axis, on the y axis, and / or in the rotation of corresponding image points.

In an example alignment process, a test target (for example, a target lens from known landmarks) is used to determine the relationship between the two cameras. Figure 21 shows an example target lens 178. The target lens 178 comprises ten concentric circles. The image point 180 in the example has a position of 0 on the x axis and 1 on the y axis. This is denoted as (0,1) in figure 21. The image point 182 of the example has a position of 2 on the x axis and 0 on the y axis. This is denoted as (- 2.0) in figure 21. To calibrate the detectors, the points of intersection with the x and y axes and circles are used. Using the test target, in an example process, five values are determined. In step 166, the magnification of the first detector (for example, the science camera 34) is determined. The magnification of the science camera is referred to here as ms. The magnification of the second detector (for example, the image recording camera 38) is completed in step 168. The magnification of the image camera is referred to here as mr. In step 170, the position on the x axis of the science camera 34 which corresponds to the position of the zero position of the x axis on the image recording camera 38 is determined. Said position on the x-axis of the science camera 34 is referred to here as xO. In step 172, the position on the y axis of the science camera 34 that corresponds to the position of the zero position of the y axis on the image recording camera 38 is determined. Said position on the y-axis of the science camera 34 is referred to here as the yO. The angle of the rotational difference between the science camera 34 and the image recording camera 38 is determined in step 174. This angle of the rotational difference is referred to here as 0s. In step 176, using the determined values dmr, dms, xO, yO, and 8s the position of the center of the target lens measured in the image recording camera 38 is converted to the corresponding position in the science camera 34. More generally , the values mr, ms, xO, yO, and Os are used to convert the coordinate system of the image recording camera 38 to the coordinate system of the science camera 34.

In an example embodiment, the coordinates in the coordinate system of the science camera 34 are converted from the coordinates in the coordinate system of the science camera to a corresponding point according to the following formulas.

Xs = (xl * cos Os + yl * sen Os) mi / m _s + XO (4) ys = (-xl * sen 6s + Yi * cos Os) mi / m _s + yO (5) where: xs represents a position on the x axis of the axis on the science camera that corresponds to the position on the x axis of the axis of the corresponding point on the image camera, the ys represent the position of the y axis on the science camera that corresponds to the position of the axis y of the corresponding point on the image camera, ms represents the magnification of the science camera 34, ml represents the magnification of the image registration camera 38, xO represents the position on the x axis of the science camera 34 of the position of the image axis x zero inside the image camera 38, yO represents the position on the y axis of the science camera 34 of the position of the zero y axis on the image camera 38, and Os represents the angle of the rotational difference between the camera science 38 and the imaging camera 34.

In one example, the interferograms obtained from the science camera and the image camera are combined into a single wavefront for a portion of the lens being tested. The interference patterns in the science camera and the image camera are captured. Modulation is computed for the image camera. Computing the modulation leads to a value for each pixel of the interference pattern captured by the image camera. Modulation is used to identify the pixels associated with the lens edge. An ellipse is fitted to the identified pixels and the center of the ellipse is determined. Using any appropriate mapping equation (for example, predetermined), the determined center, which represents the center of the lens as captured by the image camera, is drawn to the center of the science camera. The appropriate region of the interference pattern captured by the science camera is masked to leave the region of interest for the lens. The transmitted wavefront of this region of interest is computed for further analysis.

The various techniques described here can be performed in relation to equipment or software or, where appropriate, with a combination of both. Thus, the methods for using interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of the lenses, or for certain aspects or portions, may take the form of the program code (ie instructions) included on real media, such as floppy disks, CD-ROMs, HDs, or some other readable memory medium, where, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an instrument for using interferometry to testing the transmitted wavefront of the lenses.

The programs can be executed in the machine language of the set or, if desired. In any case, the language can be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations. The methods for using interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of lenses can also be practiced through communications included in the form of the program code that is transmitted over some transmission medium, such as cabling, with optical fibers, or through any form of transmission, where, when the program code is received and loaded into and executed by a machine, such as an EPROM, a server, a programmable logic device (PLD), a client computer, or similarly, the machine becomes an instrument for the use of interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of the lenses. When run on a general purpose processor, the program code combines with the processor to provide an original instrument that operates to invoke functionality using interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of the lenses. In addition, all the storage techniques used in relation to the use of interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of the lenses can invariably be a combination of equipment and software.

When the use of interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of lenses is described in relation to the example modalities of the various figures, it must be understood that other similar modalities can be used or modifications and additions can be made to the modalities described for perform the same functions for the use of interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of the lenses without departing from there. Consequently, the use of interferometry for testing the transmitted wavefront of lenses as described here should not be limited to any single modality, but should be interpreted in the scope and space according to the dependent claims.

Claims (21)

1. Bucket (28) configured to hold a plurality of ophthalmic lenses, characterized by comprising: a carousel (110) comprising a plurality of cells 5 (112), where: each cell (112) is configured to hold an ophthalmic lens submerged in a solution; and the carousel (110) is rotatable inside the bucket (28); a first window (120) configured to allow the light 10 enter a cell (112); a second window (122) forming a surface of a cell (112) opposite the first window (120), the second window (122) configured to allow light to come out of a cell (112), where a cell (112 ) is positionable to allow light to travel through the first window 15 (120) and a second window (122) through the rotation of the carousel (110); and a housing that is positioned around the carousel (110) and configured to prevent not only the solution from leaking out of the cuvette (28) but also to circulate the solution between the plurality of cells (112). 20 2. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that it still comprises a configured coupling mechanism: to cinematically couple the cuvette (28) to an interferometer (12); and 25 allow the rotation of the carousel (110) through the interferometer (12). Bucket (28) according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that the coupling mechanism comprises at least one pulley (138) attachable to a drive belt (142). 4. Cell (28) according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the coupling mechanism provides vibration isolation between the cell (28) and the interferometer (12). Petition 870180066393, of 7/31/2018, p. 5/12 5. Bucket (28) according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that the coupling mechanism still comprises: a slide mechanism configured to provide: coupling of the cuvette (28) and the interferometer (12); and 5 initial alignment of the cuvette (28) and the interferometer (12). 6. Bucket (28) according to claim 4, characterized in that the bucket (28) additionally comprises: a locator pin configured to position the cuvette (28) in a plane parallel to the slide mechanism; and; 10 a resilient arm (184, 186) coupled to the locator pin, the resilient arm configured to provide radial force against the locator pin. 7. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that it additionally comprises: 15 a portion of the inlet (160) representing a first opening, through which the solution can enter the cuvette (28); and a portion of the drain (162) representing a second opening, through which the solution can exit the cuvette (28). 8. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized 20 due to the fact that the cuvette is configured to stabilize the temperature of a solution in it. 9. Cell (28) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the cell also comprises a temperature probe configured to monitor the temperature of a solution in it. 10. Cell (28) according to claim 1, characterized in that each cell (112) comprises a tapered wall (114). 11. Bucket (28) according to claim 10, characterized by the fact that the tapered wall (114) is configured to facilitate the placement of an ophthalmic lens in the cell (112) without deformation of the lens 30 placed in the cell (112). 12. Cell (28) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that each cell comprises at least one channel (116) Petition 870180066393, of 7/31/2018, p. 6/12 configured to allow the solution to flow through it. 13. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the housing comprises polycarbonate. 14. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized 5 by the fact that the housing is opaque. 15. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the solution comprises at least one of a saline solution, a coated saline solution, deionized water, and a solution that comprises a pharmaceutical active. 16. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the center of the first window and the center of the second window are aligned, such that an ophthalmic lens positioned in a cell (112) between the first window ( 120) and the second window (122) is visible in its entirety through the first window (120) and the second window (122). 17. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that each cell comprises walls that substantially correspond to the shape of an ophthalmic lens such that said lenses are not deformed when positioned in a cell. 18. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized 20 because it still comprises a middle window located at the bottom of the carousel, between the first and second windows. 19. Cell (28) according to claim 1, characterized in that the second window (122) of the plurality of cells is coplanar. 20. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the first window (120) and the second window (122) are configured to preserve collimation and a coherence of the light that spreads through them. 21. Bucket (28) according to claim 1, characterized 30 due to the fact that the cuvette (28) is configured to accommodate at least one ophthalmic lens selected from a group of ophthalmic lenses comprising: a hard contact lens, a hard refractive contact lens, Petition 870180066393, of 7/31/2018, p. 7/12 a hard diffraction contact lens, refractive contact lens / hard hybrid diffraction, a soft contact lens, a soft refraction contact lens, a soft diffraction contact lens, refraction contact lens / of soft hybrid diffraction, a hard contact lens comprising 5 a pharmaceutical asset, a soft contact lens comprising a pharmaceutical asset, a single vision lens, a toric lens, a bifocal contact lens, multifocal lenses, a cosmetically tinted lens, a freeform lens, an intraocular lens, an intraocular refraction lens, an intraocular diffraction lens, intraocular hybrid refraction / diffraction lens, 10 an accommodating lens, a spectacle lens, a refractive spectacle lens, a diffraction spectacle lens, and a refractive / hybrid diffraction spectacle lens, a composite lens comprising a plurality of integrated materials, a photochromic lens, and a mold for making a lens. Petition 870180066393, of 7/31/2018, p. 12/8 1/21 CN Ε <D σ) to Ε -SCO 5 CO <u E <ro 00 O CO CN FIG 2/21 FIG 3/21 CO FIG Each contour is 2.00 waves. ί ......... The D 4/21 Each contour is 5.00 waves FIG 5/21 LO FIG 6/21 7/21 1 ^ FIG 8/21 Each contour is 0.01 waves FIG 9/21 oo FIG 10/21 FIG 11/21 12/21 CM FIG 13/21 CO 14/21 with οοι cmI FIG 15/21 LO CO CM Μ ^- CM 16/21 CO o LL CM CO oo co 17/21 18/21 19/21 σ> «Ο FIG 20/21 «Φ Ό φ Ε <φ ο φ φ Ό Ο Φ Ε 'ι, Ω_ Ο Ό Ο • Φ Ω_ Ε φ (Ο (0 Ε φ σ> φ Ε φ Ε <φ φ φ Ό Ο Ό Ο Ό Ο ιφ Ο. Ε φ φ Ε φ φ Ο <0 Ε φ Ο) σ g Ε «φ ο ο Ε φ <Φ c ° ο φ ίτ φ Ο η ξ-8 Ιφ Ο Ο 'Φ Φ <> = Ν Ο Φ Ο ο “ο Φ“ 1_ · Φ Φ ο Ε Ό Ε φ φ Ό · £ C Φ Ο Ω CL ο r *. φ Ό. c «φ φ φ * - -σ φ co Ε ο 'ο Ε ra <ra c ra e C ®>. ^N So · § £ & § S g ® o ro E (D S? Φ o Ω 9CN rE o a) ιφ O) Ο Φ 5 £ φ φ Ό Ό Φ OJ Φ => £ <? <Φ E ° ‘Φ rR Φ ™ -φ Φ Φ E o o c c φ «Φ Φ õ 2 2 Φ Φ .Ε E £ ‘Φ h- e» Ύ hco l · » Use certain values, convert the location of the center of the measured lens on the imaging camera to the corresponding location on the science camera (coordinate conversion system) 21/21 FIG