BR112019021247B1 - RESIN, STRUCTURES AND SELF-SUPPORTING PLANT RECEPTACLE - Google Patents

Abstract

In the present invention, a family of preferably bio-based resins is disclosed. Resins exhibit a wide range of applicability in terms of proper processing techniques. The resins are designed in a way that allows functionality to be introduced into the resin skeleton capable of providing adhesion in the direction of reinforcements. The invention also relates to samples manufactured with said resin.

Description

DESCRIPTION REPORT field of invention

[001] The present invention relates to a group of resins that are preferably bio-based and degradable in nature and are applicable to a wide range of processing techniques and applications. The invention also relates to structures containing said resins.

Background of the invention

[002] The use of polymers has been growing steadily for decades and this growth is predicted to continue in the coming years. The vast majority of polymers currently produced originate from molecules derived from crude oil components. As a result, these polymers pose two major environmental concerns: first, after end use, incineration of the polymers releases CO2, which contributes to increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. Secondly, most of these petroleum-based polymers lack degradability in nature and therefore, if these polymers are not collected for incineration, they end up in nature as waste pollutants in oceans, forests and recreational areas. Additionally, some of the crude oil-based polymers contain chemical molecules or moieties that can have harmful effects on human health, such as endocrine disruptors such as bisphenols and phthalates. Avoiding or reducing these effects on the environment and human health is desirable.

[003] Polymers are used in a wide range of applications that, among others, include electronics, packaging, construction, matrix in composite materials, adhesives between components and internal adhesive, such as, for example, fiberglass panels, fiberglass panels, cluster. Due to their wide applicability ranges, polymers must have differences in their chemical, physical and mechanical properties, which can be obtained by varying the chemical composition of the polymer or, alternatively, by mixing two or more polymers. Therefore, the possibility of changing the chemical composition of a polymer and the ability to mix it with other polymers is advantageous, as it allows the use of the polymer or polymer derivatives in a wider field of applications and offers the possibility of tailoring the properties of the polymer to a desired application.

[004] In some of the polymeric applications mentioned above, such as matrix in composite materials and internal adhesive, the polymer structure is together with another part or parts that form the overall structure. As an example of this, wood chips are wetted with a solution containing monomeric and oligomeric molecules that react to form the polymer and simultaneously form an adhesion to the wood chips. Therefore, it is even more advantageous if the polymer can be based on monomers and/or oligomers that can react internally and with an external part such as wood, fibers and metals.

[005] A common approach to describe both polymers that can be used without additional reactions and a monomer, oligomer, polymer or mixtures thereof that require additional reaction is the resin. In the following resin should form both compositions that require additional polymerization and compositions that can be used without additional polymerization. The resin can be in gaseous, liquid and solid state.

[006] Poly(lactic acid), hereinafter abbreviated PLA, is a polymer derived from biological sources and is not known to impact human health. US 8,076,406 provides an example of a composite material with PLA as a matrix that also contains polyamide and functionalized polyolefin that are derived from crude oil, which limits the CO2 benefit of the composite and makes the composite structure non-degradable in nature. . Documents US 8,993,705 and WO2013/017895 describe the use of PLA with lignin and saccharides, respectively, to obtain a structure that can have a high content of molecules of biological origin and that can degrade in nature. PLA, however, has two disadvantages. First, it has a high viscosity which is disadvantageous in terms of processing speed and strongly complicates its use in larger structures and structures with a high fiber content. Second, the molecular chain of PLA does not contain any reactive groups in its structure, and therefore the only reactive groups are at the ends of the chain. The absence of reactive groups on the polymer backbone reduces adhesion to other materials and limits the possibilities of grafting other molecules onto the PLA backbone in order to modify its properties. To overcome the high viscosity, lignin can be reacted with the PLA monomer, lactide, as described in US2014/0080992. This approach requires lactide curing for PLA, which provides a long processing time and the lignin itself is viscous.

[007] WO2006053936 describes the creation of a polymer from hydroxy acids comprising at least 60% of the polymer per mole of diols. Lactic acid is a preferred hydroxy acid for the polymer. Since lactide is considered disadvantageous in the invention, the polymer is formed through a condensation reaction, which is disadvantageous in composites, as condensation releases water which can lead to low molecular weight of the polymer and voids within the structure. of the composite. Both the low molecular weight and the presence of voids reduce the mechanical performance. Furthermore, the hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups in the polymer backbone are considered disadvantageous, giving the polymer limited adhesion to other parts.

[008] Fragility is a general problem for PLA. Document US2009/0275706 teaches a hardening of PLA, mixing it with another polymer that can be partially or totally biobased. As two polymers are mixed together, the polymer will have a high viscosity, causing the unwanted effects described above, and due to the lack of reactive groups in the PLA backbone, the number of matching bonds between the two polymers is limited.

[009] Other examples of biobased polymers containing molecules other than PLA have also been reported. In WO2012/041521, a biological base plate with 2 sheets of paper is manufactured using a furan-based biopolymer. In US2010/075878, a lignin-based polymer is disclosed. The polymer has a large molecular weight and therefore a high viscosity.

[010] In document US7897168, a copolymer produced from lactide and Y-butyrolactone and containing a drug for medicinal purposes is disclosed. The introduction of reactive groups in the polymer is not described.

[011] The WO9310169 document teaches a method for obtaining PLA with reactive groups in the structure. It describes the reaction of at least 90 mol% of lactic acid with another carboxylic acid in a condensation reaction. The disadvantage of this approach is that the condensation reaction releases water which can hydrolyze the ester bond in the polymerized structure, which leads to low molecular weight polymers and concomitantly lower mechanical properties compared to said polymer having a higher molecular weight.

[012] In the 2016 document by Valerio et al., Synthesis of glycerol-based polyesters as toughness enhancers for polylactic acid bioplastic through reactive extrusion, a method for obtaining a toughened PLA polymer by grafting another polymer onto the PLA backbone in an extrusion process. As two polymers are mixed together, the individual polymers and the product after grafting have a high viscosity. The high viscosity makes the polymers synthesized using this approach unsuitable for processing techniques such as resin transfer molding and spraying. Furthermore, the degree of grafting is very low as it is reported that only 1.5% of the other polymer was grafted onto the PLA backbone. The authors report that the hardening effect of the other polymer strongly depends on the distribution of the other polymer in the PLA and this distribution is strongly enhanced by the graft. Therefore, it is advantageous to identify a processing method that leads to a higher degree of engraftment.

[013] Document EP15020214 discloses a resin containing at least 50% of lactide oligomers or PLA. The document teaches the use of crosshairs and modifiers that can be applied. Incorporation of reactive groups into the resin network is not described.

Summary of the invention

[014] The present invention relates to a group of resins where chemical molecules can be incorporated in and on the structure and resins with reactive groups in the structure and structures manufactured using said group of resins. The invention encompasses resins with various degrees of polymerization, implying from resins containing only monomers to fully polymerized resin, where no further curing is required.

[015] As used herein, the term lactic acid refers to L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid and mixtures thereof. Refers to pure lactic acid and solutions, emulsions and dispersions that contain lactic acid.

[016] As used herein, the term lactide refers to any of the isomeric states of L-lactide, D-lactide and meso-lactide (also referred to as D, L-lactide) or mixtures thereof. Also refers to any state of crystallinity.

[017] As used herein, the term poly (lactic acid), abbreviated PLA, refers to any of the isomeric states of poly (L-lactic acid), poly (D-lactic acid) and poly (L, D -lactic acid) or mixtures of this document. The term mixtures also includes random mixing of any of the isomeric states and scenarios where one or one mixture is coated with another or mixture of isomeric states. Also refers to PLA with any degree of crystallinity, molecular weight and any geometric shape, such as, without limitation, granules, films and fibers.

[018] As used herein, the term monomer refers to a molecule that can undergo polymerization. A monomer can react with the same monomer molecule to produce another molecule that can also be called a monomer. An example in this document is lactic acid which, by condensation, can react with lactide. Both lactic acid and lactide can be used as building blocks for the synthesis of polylactic acid and are therefore called monomers.

[019] For molecules with one or more double bonds of unsaturated carbon, the name of the molecules refers to the cis and trans enantiomers and combinations thereof, unless otherwise specified.

[020] For molecules containing one or more chiral carbon atoms, the name of the molecule refers to both the L and D enantiomers and their combinations, unless otherwise specified.

[021] In general, according to one aspect of the invention, the resin comprises a first composition of: 2-99.99% by weight of monomers capable of forming cyclic monomers and/or cyclic monomers and/or oligomers and polymers to from said monomers, wherein the monomers are capable of forming one or more of the following components: lactones, lactams, lactims, dicyclic esters, cyclic esters, cyclic amides, cyclic aromatic sulfides, cyclic carbonates, 1,5-dioxepan-2- cyclic aromatic one or disulfides, wherein the oligomers are produced from one or more of said components and wherein the polymers are produced from one or more of said components or lactones, lactams, lactams, dicyclic esters, cyclic esters, aromatic sulfides cyclic carbonates, cyclic carbonates, 1,5-dioxepan-2-one, cyclic aromatic disulfides or other molecules capable of undergoing ring-opening polymerization. Examples of monomers that can form lactones and dicyclic esters include lactic acid, modified lactic acid, glycolic acid, and cyclohexanone with peracetic acid. Suitable lactones and dicyclic ester may comprise, but are not limited to lactide, modified lactide, glycolide, Y-butyrolactone, β-butyrolactone, Y-valerolactone and ε-caprolactone. Suitable cyclic carbonates and lactams are trimethylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and ε-caprolactam, respectively. In order to limit the extent of condensation reactions that can lead to low molecular weight and water-induced void generation and, concomitantly, poor mechanical performance in resin-containing structures, the hydroxy acid content is not greater than 50% in mol, preferably below 40% per mol. Oligomers are preferably made up of 2-100 monomers, since structures greater than 100 monomers in this invention are considered polymers. Suitable polymers may be PLA, modified PLA, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and poly(lactic acid-co-caprolactone) and comprising a second composition of: 0.01-98% by weight of molecules capable of copolymerizing or grafting with one or more of said components of the first composition and concurrently preferably having at least one other reactive chemical group or oligomers or polymers containing said molecules. Examples are molecules that can undergo ring-opening polymerization, molecules that have an unsaturated carbon bond, molecules containing one or more isocyanate groups, molecules containing one or more carboxylic acid groups, molecules containing one or more hydroxyl groups, molecules containing one or more more anhydride groups, molecules containing one or more amine groups and molecules containing one or more epoxy groups.

[022] In preferred embodiments, the first composition constitutes 10-99.99% by weight and the second composition constitutes 0.01-80% by weight, more preferably the first composition constitutes 25-99.99% by weight and the second composition constitutes 0.01-50% by weight, more preferably, the first composition constitutes 60-99.99% by weight and the second composition constitutes 0.01-30% by weight.

[023] In preferred embodiments, at least 40% by weight of the sum of the first composition and the second composition originate from a renewable source, more preferably at least 60% by weight and most preferably at least 75% by weight . By renewable source, we mean a natural resource that replenishes to overcome resource depletion through biological reproduction or other recurring natural processes on the human timescale. Examples in this document are plants, animals, and minerals and inorganic substances released through volcanic eruptions or other natural events, such as the creation of limestone through atmospheric carbon dioxide.

[024] The invention covers the resin in any state, which implies solid state, liquid, dispersion, suspension, solution, emulsion and gaseous state. For the solid state, the state can reach any geometry such as granules, granules, flakes, fibers, threads, films, powder and foam.

[025] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the first and second compositions or parts thereof are reacted together to produce the resulting resin or are reacted together and subsequently mixed together or further reacted with additional parts of the first or second composition. By first allowing the first and second compositions to partially or fully react, an improved degree of reaction between the two compositions compared to the prior art is achieved. As the chemical bonds between the two compositions provide better compatibility between the phases and therefore the final performance of the resin than physical mixing, the approach is preferred in many embodiments.

[026] The invention also relates to chemical compositions containing monomers, oligomers and polymers not capable of copolymerizing with one or more of the components of the first composition and the second composition, as such components, which can be used to modify the properties of said composition. Examples include polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polypropylene, modified polypropylene such as methacrylated polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, BASF Ecoflex, Biomax Strong from Dupont, ABS, latex, styrene phenol, starch, modified starch, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polybutylene succinate, saccharides, furanoses, cyclodextrins and lignin.

[027] In other aspects of the invention, the resin contains fibers or fibrous material with a length of 0.001 to 500 mm, more preferably 0.01 to 50 mm, more preferably 0.05 to 10 mm. The terms "fiber" and "fibrous material" refer to a geometry or a material with a geometry in which one dimension is significantly larger than the other, or in other words, a material with a high ratio. For materials with a cylindrical shape, this implies that the length of the object is significantly greater than the diameter, and for rectangular objects, the length in one or two of the dimensions is significantly greater than in the other dimensions.

[028] A resin composition may contain one or more types of fibers and these may include, among others, flax, jute, hemp, kenaf, straw, wild grass, hay, bamboo, coconut, palm leaves, banana stem pulp, cotton, wool and seaweed, seagrass, grass, seaweed, chicken feathers, frayed wood, glass, carbon, aramid, ceramics, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide such as nylon, polylactic acid, copolymer and two-component fibers. The amount of fiber to resin component is 0 to 95 percent by volume, preferably 10-85 percent by volume. The use of fibers in some aspects of the invention is advantageous, as they can modify the mechanical properties of the pure resin, acting as a load-bearing element.

[029] In another plurality of aspects of the invention, the resin contains one or more filler materials. These fillers have a size of 0.001 to 100 mm, preferably 0.001 to 5 mm and can reach any geometric shape. Examples of suitable fillers include silica, microsilica, calcium sulfate, hydrated forms of calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite, talc, glass, sand, gravel, granite, stone, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxides, ceramics and seeds, for example flax, rye, grape and sunflower.

[030] In additional aspects of the invention, the resin contains micro or nano-sized filler material, which implies filler materials with a size between 1 and 50,000 nanometers, more preferably 10-10,000 nanometers. Examples of such fillers include nano clay such as montmorillonite, nano silica, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes and nano cellulose. Nano fillers can be added to increase the strength of the resin mix.

[031] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the second resin composition contains a molecule with at least one carbon double bond and at least one more reactive group. In some preferred embodiments of the invention, said reactive group is located in the alpha, beta or gamma position according to the double bond and is electron withdrawing, such as a carboxylic acid, ester, carbonyl and anhydride. Examples of such molecules include, but are not limited to, maleic acid, itaconic acid, acetic acid, aconitic anhydride, muconic acid, glutinic acid, traumatic acid, fumaric acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, sorbic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, 2-pentenic acid, cinnamic acid, vinyl cinnamate, cinnamyl cinnamate, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid, sinapic acid, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, anhydrides, esters, amides and imides of the mentioned acids. In other embodiments, said molecule contains a carbon double bond and at least one alcohol group such as ethenol, propenol, 1,3-dihydroxypropenol, 2-butenol, coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol and esters and ethers of alcohols mentioned. In other embodiments, said molecule contains a carbon double bond and one or more amine groups or at least one amine group and one more reactive group.

[032] In other preferred embodiments of the invention, the second composition contains one or more cyclic molecules with one or more reactive groups. Examples of suitable molecules are glucocontact lactone, modified glucono lactone such as partially esterified glucono lactone, methacrylated glucono lactone, partially acetylated glucono lactone, partially acetylated glucono lactone, glucuronolactone, Y-methyl-α-methylene-y-butyrolactone, α-methylene —Y— butyrolactone, 2,5-morpholinodione and 3-hydroxybutyrolactone.

[033] In some preferred embodiments of the invention, especially embodiments in which the resin is present in a monomeric or low polymerization state, the first composition and/or the second composition contain one or more molecules with a melting point below 70° C, preferably below 60°C, more preferably below 30°C, in order to lower the melting point of the resin mixture. Suitable molecules are eugenol, isoeugenol, (hydroxyethyl) methacrylate, safrole, Y-butyrolactone, ε-caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, trazol, anethole, ethyl cinnamate and methyl methacrylate, although other molecules are also applicable as known to the person skilled in the art .

[034] The hydrophilicity of the resin can be adapted by varying the proportion between the first composition and the second composition, selecting different molecules within the first composition and the second composition, and varying the proportion between the chemical constituents in the first composition and the second composition. As an example, a more hydrophilic resin is obtained if the first composition contains lactide instead of ε-caprolactone and if the second composition contains itaconic acid instead of methacrylic acid. Also a resin consisting of 85% lactide and 15% itaconic acid is more hydrophilic than resin composed of 95% lactide and 5% itaconic acid. The hydrophilicity of the resin can be adjusted to improve compatibility between the resin and certain types of fibers and substrates on which the resin is to be used as a coating and materials on which the resin will act as an adhesive. Therefore, in some applications a high hydrophilicity is advantageous and in other applications a low hydrophilicity is advantageous and, therefore, controlling the hydrophilicity of the resin is a desirable feature of the invention.

[035] In some aspects of the invention, the resin contains one or more crosslinkers. With the use of crosslinkers, the rigidity of the polymerized resin network can be increased, which can be applied to increase the glass transition temperature, strength and rigidity of the polymerized resin. The term crosslinker denotes a molecule capable of chemically reacting with one or more chemical groups in the first composition or in the second composition or by copolymerizing with one or more components in the first composition and/or the second composition to form crosslinks and thereby connect polymer chains. The crosslinker must contain at least two reactive chemical groups capable of undergoing reaction with any of the components of the first composition or of the second composition or by copolymerization or grafting, capable of forming a connected polymeric network, such as molecules with at least two carbon double bonds unsaturated or molecules capable of undergoing ring-opening polymerization having, however, at least one unsaturated carbon double bond. In some advantageous embodiments of the invention, the crosslinker can undergo chemical reaction with one or more components present in the second composition. Examples of reactive chemical groups capable of reacting with components in the second composition and capable of forming part of the crosslinking molecule include, but are not limited to, amines, carboxylic acids, unsaturated carbon bonds, hydroxyls, isocyanates, oxiranes, anhydrides and carbonyls. The choice of the appropriate reactive group in the crosslinker depends on the reactive groups present in the first composition and the second composition, as known to those skilled in the art. Suitable crosslinking agents include but are not limited to amino acids, peptides, fatty acid derived amines such as coco amine, olein, tallow amine, soy amine and lauryl amine, 1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane, bisphenol A glycidyl ether, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, 1,4-butanediol, itaconic acid, maleic acid, 2,5-furandycarboxylic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, mellitic acid, mandelic acid , lactic acid, malic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, terephthalic acid, aconitic anhydride, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, pyrromellitic anhydride, glycerol, xylitol, ethylene glycol, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, isophorone diamine, jefamines, diamino diphenyl methane, diethyl toluene diamine, diamino diphenyl sulfone, methyl diamino cyclohexane, diamino cyclohexane. Examples of molecules capable of crosslinking the polymeric network through a copolymerization and/or grafting step are cinnamyl cinnamate, vinyl cinnamate, α-methylene-Y-butyrolactone and isoprene. In preferred embodiments, at least part of the crosslinking molecules or some of the crosslinking molecules originate from a renewable source.

[036] To further improve the period of application of the resin, said resin, in some embodiments, contains a flame retardant, as flame retardancy is a regulatory requirement for some products containing resin. The flame retardant can be reacted with one or more components of the first composition or the second composition or, alternatively, any other crosslinker, filler or fiber component in the resin. In preferred embodiments, the flame retardant is halogen-free. An example of a class of such molecules is phosphorus containing such as amine-functionalized phosphoric amides, hydroxyl-functionalized phosphoric amides, aryl phosphates, ammonium polyphosphates and amine-functionalized phosphoric esters. In other advantageous embodiments of the invention, the flame retardant is a molecule containing silicon, such as silanes, such as, for example, tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetramethyl orthosilicate and tetramethyl and aminopropyltriethoxysilane orthosilicate. Spirocyclic diphosphoryl melamine bisphosphorus pentaerythritol, organomodified silicates, ethyl phosphorodichloridate, aryl polyphenylphosphonates, aryl polyphenylphosphonates, bisphosphoryl melamine pentaerythritol spirocyclic bisphosphorates are also suitable flame retardants. In other aspects of the invention, the flame retardant is an inorganic molecule such as aluminum hydroxides, zinc borates and sodium tetraborate and hydrated forms of said two molecules.

[037] Polymers of a degradable nature are desirable, but for polymers applied in external conditions, degradability may be undesirable for the use of the polymer-containing product. To overcome this application barrier, the resin in some embodiments contains one or more molecules capable of preventing degradation by organisms found in nature, such as fungicides, pesticides, antibacterials and antibiotics. A wide variety of commercially available options for said molecules are available and the compatibility between the resin and the already available molecules and synthesized molecules with degradation impedance effect can be evaluated by those skilled in the art. In preferred embodiments, the degradation impedance of the organism is achieved using environmentally friendly products such as tea tree oil, citronella oil, cinnamaldehyde, oregano oil, rosemary oil, algae, bacillus subtillis and sodium bicarbonate. The choice of molecule or substance in the resin to improve its resistance in natural environments can be adapted to the bacterial and fungal strains present around the site of application of the product containing polymer made from resin of the present invention.

[038] Another important property for certain applications of polymers is UV stability. For resin compositions where inherent UV stability is below the required level, UV stability can be increased by adding one or more antioxidants or UV absorbers to the resin composition. To improve the UV stability of products containing the resins of this invention, molecules such as hindered amine light stabilizers, oxanilides, benzophenones, benzotriazoles, oxalic acid, and commercially available blends such as OnCap™ UV stabilizer and CESA® light, can be employed.

[039] In some aspects of the invention, the resin contains one or more antioxidants to stabilize the resin and products containing the resin under oxidizing conditions. Preferred antioxidants originate from a renewable resource such as ascorbyl palmitate, astaxanthin, vitamin and tocopherols. Suitable antioxidants also include butylated hydroxytoluene, t-butylhydroquinone and hydroquinone.

[040] In order to adapt the physical appearance of products made with the resin of this invention, one or more dyes can be added to the resin composition as a dye. Colorant selection is based on the visual impression characteristics of the final product and the effect of each colorant is known to those familiar with the field and examples include the commercial Dispersol® and Palanil® series. Preferably, the dye originates from a renewable source, such as the commercially available dye series under the following names: Renol®, OnColor™ BIO, dyes and Macrolex.

[041] In various embodiments of the invention, the resin contains one or more components capable of releasing a gaseous component by heating or by chemical reaction with another molecule. Outgassing can create a porous structure of polymers made from the resin, which can have a desirable impact in, for example, applications involving insulation or transport protection or to decrease resin density. The range of suitable components is wide, as molecules capable of release as a gas include molecules that are not gaseous at ambient temperature and pressure, such as water. Thus, as is to be understood in the present invention, the released molecules can include, but are not limited to, H2O, CO2, CO, SO2 and NO2. Examples of suitable components are citric acid, malic acid, baking powder, isocyanates and sodium bicarbonate.

[042] In various aspects of the invention, the resin comprises one or more nucleating agents. The polymers produced from the resin can be present in an amorphous, semi-crystalline or fully crystalline state. A totally amorphous polymer loses its mechanical strength at temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg), which is undesirable for applications that require stability at high temperatures. For a semi-crystalline polymer, said amorphous phase of the polymers will soften around the Tg, while its crystalline phase retains its strength until the melting temperature, which is generally higher than the Tg. Therefore, for a fixed chemical composition of a polymer, a polymer containing crystals retains at least part of its strength at higher temperatures than said polymer in a totally amorphous state. During cooling from the curing or processing temperature of the resin, the degree of crystallinity of the resulting polymer depends on the cooling schedule on which the polymer is exerted to where a lower cooling rate produces a greater likelihood of introducing crystals than a faster cooling rate. As is known to those skilled in the art, the influence of the cooling rate of the curing or processing temperature on crystallization is related to certain temperature domains and not the total temperature range from the curing or processing temperature to room temperature. By nucleating agent is meant a substance that allows crystalline structures to form at higher cooling rates than in the absence of the nucleating agent. It is not necessary that the nucleation lead to the highest possible degree of crystallization, although this impact of the nucleating agent is advantageous in some embodiments. As nucleating agents generally act as nuclei for the polymer to crystallize, particles that do not undergo internal reactions or form covalent bonds to the resin or polymer components can be applied as nucleating agents, which provides a multitude of possibilities for nucleating agents. suitable nucleating agents, such as talc, calcium carbonate and barium sulfate. Another example of nucleating agents are substances capable of being mixed with the resin and, in some scenarios, chemically or physically interacting with it or with certain constituents such as hydrazide compounds and cyclodextrins.

[043] Resins are used in a very wide field of applications, which is reflected in the different nature of commercially available resins, as some resins contain monomers and oligomers that require additional curing in the end user of the resin, while other resins contain species fully polymerized, allowing direct use by heat with techniques such as injection molding, film stacking and extrusion molding. The resins disclosed in the present invention cover resins that require additional curing, over partially polymerized resins to fully polymerized resins to achieve a wider application spectrum.

[044] In various aspects of the invention, the resin contains the monomers of the first composition and the second composition and any additional components, as mentioned above. In advantageous embodiments, said resin is a one-component system which implies that the resin contains a plurality of chemical constituents and one or more catalysts, initiators or curing agents for initiating and completing the curing of the monomers to polymerize the resin. A one-component resin system can be produced by mixing the different chemical constituents of the resin in a liquid state and after mixing add the catalysts, initiators and/or curing agents to the chemical constituents mixed by stirring. Right after the addition of catalysts, initiators and/or curing agents, the liquid mixture is cooled to a temperature where the resin, initiators, catalysts or curing agents are not reactive, which implies that the chemical structures in the resin do not suffer. or only to a very limited extent undergo polymerization or other chemical reactions. In other embodiments, said resin is provided as a 2-component system in which one component contains the chemical constituents that are reactive to the catalysts, initiators or curing agents and the other component contains the catalysts, initiators and curing agents and potentially any non-reactive components of the invention for the catalysts, initiators and curing agents. Suitable catalysts and initiators depend on the chemical constituents of the resin and are known to those skilled in the art.

[045] In various aspects of the invention, the resin contains monomers, oligomers and/or polymers of the first composition and the second composition, but not only monomers, so that the resin is partially polymerized and additional polymerization of the resin components is required. A one-component resin system can be produced by mixing the different chemical constituents of the resin in a liquid state with catalysts, initiators or curing agents. The chemical components of the resin can be added immediately or gradually to the polymerization vessel. After mixing the components, the resin can undergo further polymerization, but degrees of polymerization greater than 95% cannot be obtained, since resins with higher degrees of polymerization are considered fully polymerized in this invention. After obtaining the desired degree of polymerization, the liquid mixture is cooled to a temperature where the constituents of the resin or the catalysts, initiators or curing agents are non-reactive, which implies that the chemical structures in the resin do not undergo or only change. to a very limited extent undergo polymerization or other chemical reactions.

[046] In alternative embodiments, said resin is provided as a 2-component system. This system can be prepared by mixing the different chemical constituents of the resin in the liquid state with catalysts, initiators or curing agents. After mixing the components, the resin can polymerize further, but the duration must be less than that to achieve polymerization degrees greater than 95%.

[047] When the desired degree of polymerization is obtained, an inhibitor can be added and mixed with the resin, where the inhibitor is one or more molecules that strongly slow down the rate of polymerization or terminate polymerization. The amount of inhibitor should match the amount of catalysts, initiators and curing agents present in the resin at the time of addition of the inhibitor. By mixing the inhibitor into the resin, said resin is cooled and is a part of the two-component system. The other part of the two component system contains catalyst, initiator or curing agent and any other components potentially disclosed in the invention.

[048] In various embodiments of the invention, the resin contains fully polymerized constituents of the first composition and the second composition that implies a degree of polymerization of at least 95% and, optionally, any other component capable of being part of the resin, as described in this invention. A one-component resin system can be produced by mixing the different chemical constituents of the resin in the liquid state with the catalysts, initiators or curing agents all at once or by adding the components to the reaction mixture step by step. The resin is the mixture of components that are allowed to polymerize, where after the resin is transformed into granules, granules, fibers, foam, films or other geometric shapes. For fibers and other structures that allow the fabrication of said structures consisting of two or more chemically different phases, the present invention also relates to embodiments where the resin covered by the present invention does not fully constitute the total resin content of said structure.

[049] The present invention also relates to polymer parts and composite parts made with the resin of the present invention. According to this invention, the composite is defined as a material consisting of at least 2 macroscopically different phases. In the following, only selected examples of structures capable of being fabricated using the resin of this invention are presented, and variations and combinations of the examples can be performed as is known to those skilled in the art.

[050] In various embodiments of the invention, the resin or resin mixtures comprising the resin of this invention is used as a sprayable adhesive. The resin can be used to bond various substrates such as natural fibers such as wood, wood chips, hemp, flax, jute, kenaf, coconut, bamboo, sphagnum, cotton, seaweed, seagrass, herbs, algae, wool, sisal , straw and hay, other fibers such as glass, rock wool, carbon aramid, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene terephthalate, polylactic acid, copolymer fibers, non-fibrous materials such as wood, metal, glass, granite, stone , sand and polymers. After impregnation of the substrate, the structure comprising the impregnated substrate and any excess resin is molded to a desired dimension using methods such as compression molding. In embodiments, where the resin is not fully polymerized, a polymerization step may occur prior to and/or subsequent to the modeling step.

[051] In several ways, the resin is used as an adhesive in the manufacture of chipboard, chipboard and fiberboard. In certain embodiments, the resin is mixed with one or more solvents to create a solution, dispersion or emulsion to lower its viscosity, as this can facilitate processing. Applicable solvents can be, but are not limited to, water, ethanol, formaldehyde, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, lactide and lactic acid esters such as methyl lactate and ethyl lactate. The resin is sprayed, poured or allowed to flow in or mixed with the ground wood making up the chipboard or paperboard or the resin in the form of granules, granules, powder or fibers, and the ground wood. After impregnating the wood with the liquid resin or mixing the wood with the solid resin, the wood-resin structure is subjected to hot pressing, as is done in the manufacture of chips, particles and fiberboard using conventional resins.

[052] In various embodiments, the resin is used as an adhesive in the manufacture of wood panels and adhesive. The resin is sprayed, poured or allowed to flow onto or into the straws and/or chopped straws that make up the wood panel and adhesive or resin in the form of granules, granules, powder or fibers. After impregnating the wood with liquid resin or mixing straws and solid resin, the structure undergoes hot pressing, carried out when manufacturing wooden panels with adhesive using conventional resins.

[053] Fiber-reinforced composite materials are generally manufactured by resin transfer molding (RTM) or vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) processes. Both processes involve two basic steps: first, fabrication of a fiber preform within a mold in the shape of the finished composite material, where the preform is composed of a plurality of fibers in most cases present as layers fabric and second impregnation of the preform with a resin. The present invention encompasses the composite structure manufactured by RTM and VARTM using the resin disclosed in this invention.

[054] In RTM processes, the resin is injected into the mold with pressure. In the VARTM process, resin is drawn into the mold by applying a pressure inside the mold that is less than the pressure outside the mold. If a partially polymerized resin is used, the resin is injected or sucked into the mold at a temperature above its melting point and after impregnation of the preform, a reduction in temperature will cause the resin to solidify and form the matrix. of the composite material. For thermosetting resins or resins that are not fully polymerized, the resin is injected or sucked into the mold at a temperature where it is in a liquid state and after impregnation of the preform, the resin is allowed to cure through polymerization in which the material final composite is obtained.

[055] In various aspects of the invention, the resin of the invention or mixtures containing the resin of the invention is used in the production of composite structure manufactured by RTM or VARTM techniques. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the preform consists of fibers originating from a renewable source such as flax, wood, jute, hemp, kenaf, sisal, bamboo, coconut, pineapple, seaweed, seagrass, seagrass, grass , algae, PLA and polyglycolic acid. In other embodiments, the preform may, exclusively or jointly with fibers from a renewable source, contain artificial fibers such as glass, carbon, ceramic, steel, aramid, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and nylon. In other embodiments, the preform may contain, in addition to any of the fibers mentioned, fillers such as sand, stone, granite and gravel. The temperature, pressure and duration settings during processing depend on the size of the composite structure, the type of fiber in the preform, the composition of the resin and the degree of polymerization of the resin, and can be adjusted by those skilled in the art to obtain a fully impregnated and cured composite structure.

[056] Samples containing the resin of the present invention or polymer mixtures comprising resin of the present invention can be manufactured using the resin in its polymerized state with processing techniques such as injection molding and extrusion. The resin of the invention used in these techniques contains, in some embodiments, shortcut fibers and potentially fillers. The resin of the invention, the resin together with other liquid or solid resins or the resin premixed with other resins is added to injection molding or extrusion molding equipment at a temperature where the added resin is processable in the equipment in which it follows normal processing procedures, as known by those skilled in the art, followed by modeling into the desired geometry of the samples.

[057] In a plurality of aspects of the invention, fibrous structures containing the resin in a not fully polymerized state are manufactured in what is often called a prepreg. The fibrous structure is often similar to the fibrous preforms used in RTM and VARTM processing, but it is not limited to this, as other geometries are applicable, as well as mixtures of different types of fibers within the same fibrous structure can be used. The fibrous structure is moistened with the resin disclosed in the present invention or mixtures containing said resin by immersing the fibrous structure in the resin in liquid state, pouring the resin on the fibrous structures, spraying the resin on the fibrous structure or any other technique which guarantees complete wetting of the fibrous structure with the resin.

[058] In some embodiments, the resin is in an unpolymerized state when wetting the fibrous structure. In these embodiments, the resin or fibers contain an initiator and potentially one or more catalysts for polymerizing the resin. By wetting the fibrous structure, the wetted structure can be employed at a temperature and duration that leads to partial curing of the resin.

[059] In other embodiments, the resin is partially polymerized by wetting the fibrous structure.

[060] The present invention also comprises samples made of or containing the prepreg material described above. In advantageous embodiments, the fibrous structure contains natural fibers and/or glass fibers, since strong adhesion between natural fibers and the resin is easily obtained compared to conventional resins.

[061] Another embodiment of the invention are structures manufactured using the resin of the invention or mixtures containing the resin of the invention in a fibrous form using an airlaid technique. In the airlaid technique, an adhesive in fibrous form is mixed by air currents with one or more other components, which are preferably fibrous. Particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention comprise other components which are hydrophilic fibres, such as natural fibers and glass fibres, since the resin has a strong bond therewith. After mixing, the mixture of adhesive and other components is collected and shaped and raised to a temperature where the adhesive achieves sufficient flow to wet the other components in the mixture. After heating, the mixture can be reshaped to produce the final structure. In some embodiments, heating may be prior to mixing the adhesive with the other components or prior to shaping the mixture. Subsequently, the airlaid structure can be exerted for hot pressing.

[062] In other embodiments of the invention, the airlaid structures are made using adhesive fibers obtained from the resin of the present invention or mixtures containing resins of the present invention and adhesive fibers containing other chemical compositions capable of being within and outside the limits of the resin of the present invention. present invention. In preferred embodiments, any fiber not within the scope of the present invention has a renewable content of at least 30% by weight, more preferably 50% and most preferably at least 80% by weight. Any of the combinations of adhesive fibers mentioned above may be present as bicomponent fibers and/or copolymers.

[063] Another embodiment of the invention are structures manufactured using the resin of the invention or mixtures containing the resin of the invention in a fibrous form using a needle puncture technique. In the needle puncture process, an adhesive in fibrous form is inserted into a structure of fibers or mats. Particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention comprise other components which are hydrophilic fibres, such as natural fibers and glass fibres, since the resin has a strong bond therewith. After mixing, the mixture of adhesive and other components can be raised to a temperature where the adhesive achieves sufficient flow to wet the other components in the mixture to create a preform or final product.

[064] In various embodiments of the invention, the resin is used as an adhesive for pultruded fibers. In pultrusion, the fibers are pulled through the resin in a liquid state, where the resin wets the fibers. Upon wetting, the fibers are normally consolidated and the resin is, if necessary, cured. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the resin has a viscosity below 2000 mPa-s, more preferably below 1000 mPa-s and most preferably below 500 mPa-s at the processing temperature to ensure complete and rapid wetting. of the fibers.

[065] In other embodiments, the resin is in a fibrous form, but is not limited thereto.

[066] In another embodiment of the invention, the resin is used as an adhesive in the production of containers for seed germination and plant growth. The plant receptacle, sometimes called a plug, although it can come in a variety of geometries and sizes, contains a growth medium in which seeds can germinate and plants can grow, and this growth medium must be held together by one or more binders to make the receptacle self-sufficient. The resin of the present invention is a suitable binder for the growing medium as it can offer degradability in nature and exhibits strong adhesion to a wide range of fibers and natural substances, and is therefore advantageous as an adhesive for environmentally safe plant containers. Containers containing the resin of this invention can be manufactured by mixing the resin in its solid state with the growth medium capable of being present in the dry, wet or paste state. After mixing and potentially a pre-drying step, the mixture is heated to a temperature where the resin becomes liquid and thus establishes contact points with the growth medium. If necessary, the mix can undergo additional heat treatment to cure the resin. In other embodiments, the receptacle containing the resin is produced by pouring or spraying the resin onto the growth medium or allowing the resin to be pushed or pulled into the growth medium. After wetting the growth medium, if necessary, the mixture can undergo a subsequent heat treatment to cure the resin. In other embodiments of the invention, a gaseous component is added to the mixture of resin and growth medium when the resin is in a liquid, moldable, or flexible state, in order to increase the porosity of the receptacle.

[067] In other embodiments of the invention, the resin is mixed with the growth medium in a fibrous form. The mixture of the growth medium and the fibrous resin can be carried out by different procedures. An example of a mixing procedure with dry fibers and growth medium using airlaid processing. Another example of a mixing procedure is mixing the growth medium in a wet or paste state with the fibrous resin. After mixing, the mixture can be dried using methods such as centrifugation and heat. An advantage of using the resin in a fibrous form is that heating to high temperatures that would sterilize the growth medium can be omitted.

[068] The following examples of resin compositions are provided to exemplify some embodiments of the invention. The examples are not covering all embodiments as only some of the suitable molecules in the resin are covered and the concentration range of the exemplified molecules may vary beyond the examples shown. Furthermore, the geometry of the resin may vary from that shown in the examples.

Example 1:

[069] A round bottom flask equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 110°C and 20 g of lactide and 5 g of PLA are added. After 10 minutes, the temperature is raised to 165°C and, with stirring, the PLA is dissolved in the lactide. After dissolution, the temperature is reduced to 130°C and 5 g of glycolide and 1 g of aconitic acid are added, after which the mixture is stirred, after which the contents of the flask are cooled to room temperature and this constitutes a part of a two component resin system.

[070] In another flask, 50 ml of stannous octoate are mixed with 0.4 g of glycerol at room temperature. This forms the other part of the two component resin system.

Example 2:

[071] A flask equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 105°C and 17 g of L-lactide, 5 g of mesolactide, 3 g of glycolide, 1 g of diethyl aconitate and 1 .5 g of aconitic anhydride with stirring. The flask contents are allowed to cool to room temperature and this forms one part of a two-component resin system.

[072] In another flask, 20 mL of zinc octoate and 40 mL of stannous octoate are mixed with 0.6 g of glycerol and 0.5 g of propylene glycol with a molecular mass of 1,000 Da at room temperature. This forms the other part of the two component resin system.

Example 3:

[073] A flask equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 105°C and 20 g of lactide, 3 g of glycolide, 1 g of gamma-butyrolactone, 1 g of ethyl cinnamate, 1.5 g of Aconitic anhydride, 0.2 g of glycerol and 0.8 ml of propylene glycol with a molecular mass of 2000 Da are added with stirring. After obtaining a homogeneous mixture, 30 mL of stannous octoate and 7 mL of ethanol are added with stirring and the mixture is immediately cooled to provide a one-component resin system.

Example 4:

[074] A round bottom flask equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 110°C and 20 g of lactide, 1 g of 3-hydroxybutyrolactone, 2 g of dimethyl itaconate, 0.5 g of cinnamyl cinnamate and 5 g of PLA and 1 g of PLA and 1 g of polybutylene succinate are added. After 20 minutes, the temperature is raised to 165°C and, with stirring, the PLA and the polybutylene succinate are dissolved in the lactide. After dissolution, the temperature is reduced to 130°C and 5 g of ε-caprolactone and 1 g of muconic acid are added, after which the mixture is stirred and the contents of the flask are cooled to room temperature, which constitutes a part of a two component resin system.

[075] In another flask, 60 mL of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine are mixed with 0.4 g of isophorone diamine at room temperature. This forms the other part of the two component resin system.

Example 5:

[076] To an aluminum container, 50 g of lactide, 20 g of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), 0.7 g of talc and 60 mL of stannous chloride are added, and the container is sealed and placed in a oven preheated to 160°C and left for 1 hour and a half, when the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) is dissolved in the lactide by stirring. The oven temperature is reduced to 140°C and 1 g of itaconic acid and 0.5 g of fumaric acid are added to the mixture with stirring. After 2 hours at 140°C, 2 g of tyrosine are added gradually with stirring. The mixture is then cooled and represents a partially polymerized component in the system.

Example 6:

[077] A flask equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 105°C and 15 g of lactide, 2 g of itaconic acid, 0.3 g of lysine, 50 mg of 4-pyrrolidinopyridine and 2 g of fiber of jute with a length between 100 and 500 μm are mixed with stirring. After mixing, the temperature is increased to 150°C, where it is held for 3 h. To the mixture are added, with stirring, 0.5 g of Dupont Biomax Strong 120, 0.6 g of polyethylene glycol and 0.4 g of methionine. The mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature and represents a partially polymerized one-component system.

Example 7:

[078] A flask equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 120°C and 15 g of lactide, 5 g of lactic acid, 2 g of cinnamic acid, 0.5 g of sinapyl alcohol and 30 mL of stannous octoate are mixed with stirring and this temperature is maintained for 3 h, after which the temperature is increased to 160°C for 2 h. 1 g of tryptophan is added with stirring and after bubbling ceases, 15 mg of mequinol is added as an inhibitor and the reaction mixture is cooled. This part constitutes one part of a partially polymerized two-component resin system.

[079] In another flask, 40 mL of zinc octoate were mixed with 0.1 g of glycerol, 0.4 g of isophorone diamine and 0.5 g of propylene glycol with a molecular mass of 3,000 Da at room temperature. This forms the other part of the two component partially cured resin system.

Example 8:

[080] A Teflon container equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oven at 120°C and 15 g of lactide, 5 g of PLA, 2 g of aconitic acid, 1 g of maleic anhydride, 0.5 g of methyl itaconate , 0.5 g of methyl itaconate, 0.5 g of diethyl itaconate, 50 mg of hydroquinone and 0.7 g of straw with a size of 250-500 μm and 30 μL of stannous octate are mixed with stirring. After 15 minutes, the temperature is increased to 160°C, where the PLA dissolves in the mixture by stirring and the temperature is maintained for 5 h. An amount of 3.3 g of tryptophan and 2 mg of Macrolex® Red EG are added with stirring and the mixture is allowed to polymerize further at 160°C for 2 h. The mixture is cooled and exemplifies a fully polymerized single component system.

Example 9:

[081] A procedure similar to example 8 is followed, except that 15 mg of mequinol is added with stirring before cooling the sample.

Example 10:

[082] A flask equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 120°C and 5 g of lactide, 2 g of fumaric acid, 1 g of itaconic acid, 0.8 g of gallic acid and 0.2 mL of glycerol. After 20 minutes, 10 g of initiator containing polylactic oligomers with a molecular weight of 1000-3000 Da are added and the temperature is raised to 170°C, where it is maintained for 4 h and 3 g of PLA are added. When the PLA is dissolved with the help of stirring, the mixture is cooled down.

Example 11:

[083] A flask with nitrogen flow equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 120°C and 10 g of lactide, 2 g of glycolide, 2 g of fumaric acid, 5 g of aconitic acid and 20 ml of 4 - (dimethyl-amino)pyridine are mixed with stirring. The mixture is allowed to react for 3 h at 120°C before the temperature is raised to 160°C, where 1 g of Nylon 6 is added with stirring, so that the Nylon 6 dissolves in the mixture. After 5 h at 160°C, the temperature is reduced to 150°C and 2 g of bis(aminophenyl) methylphosphine oxide, 0.8 g of Jeffamine D230 and 0.5 g of 3 mm PLA fibers are added gradually with agitation. The temperature is maintained at 150°C for 1 h and the resin is cooled. After cooling, the resin is crushed into granules smaller than 1 cm and placed in a vacuum oven at 70°C for 1 h.

Example 12:

[084] A flask equipped with a stirrer is placed in a water bath at 70°C and 10 g of lactide, 1 g of glycolide, 0.6 g of Novozym 435, 200 mg of inhibitor-free methacrylic acid and 150 mL of toluene as solvent are added to the flask. The contents of the flask are left to react for 48 h, after which 0.15 g of tryptophan are added with stirring. The contents of the vessel are poured onto a glass plate which is placed in a vacuum oven at a pressure of 50 mbar and a temperature of 60°C to allow the toluene to evaporate. After evaporating the toluene, the polymer is recovered.

Example 13:

[085] 2 g of the resin of example 9 at 180°C are mixed with 8 g of PLA resin using mechanical stirring. After mixing, the resin is cooled.

Example 14:

[086] In an extruder, 10 g of the resin of example 9, 10 g of polybutylene succinate and 80 g of PLA are mixed and extruded into granules.

Example 15:

[087] In an extruder, 10 g of the resin of example 9, 10 g of polybutylene succinate, 80 g of PLA and 15 g of 2 mm flax fibers are mixed and extruded into granules.

Example 16:

[088] A flask with nitrogen flow equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 120°C and 10 g of lactide, 2 g of glycolide, 2 g of aconitic acid, 0.5 g of cinnamic acid, 0. 1 g of sorbitol and 1 g of maleic anhydride are mixed until a homogeneous liquid is obtained. Then 30 ml of stannous octoate and 10 mg of t-butyl peroxide are added, after which the temperature is raised to 155°C and this temperature is maintained for 3 h.

Example 17:

[089] A flask equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 140°C and 20 g of lactide and 0.1 g of glucone delta-lactone are mixed until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. Then 10 ml of stannous octoate are added with stirring. The mixture is allowed to react for 3 and a half hours.

Example 18:

[090] A flask with nitrogen flow equipped with a stirrer is placed in an oil bath at 100°C and 20 g of L-lactide and 4 mL of ε-capro-lactone are added. When these components are melted and mixed, 30 µL of 1-dodecanol and 45 µL of stannous octate are added, after which the temperature is raised to 140°C. After 1 hour at 140°C, 0.85 g of cinnamic acid and 0.08 g of dicumyl peroxide are added, after which the temperature is raised to 165°C. Four hours after raising the temperature to 165°C, the resin is melted in the flask. From nuclear magnetic resonance, it appears that 60% of the double bonds in cinnamic acid have reacted.

Example 19:

[091] To a nitrogen flow flask equipped with a stirrer in an oil batch at 165°C are added 20 g of lactide, 3 g of aconitic acid, 30 μL of dodecanol, 45 μL of stannous octoate and 0.31 g of benzyl peroxide. The mixture is allowed to react for 12 h and is then melted in the flask. The molten resin is in this example referred to as a prepolymer.

[092] In a new flask with nitrogen flow, mix 2 g of the prepolymer with 20 g of lactide and 0.2 g of itaconic acid at 155°C until homogeneous mixtures are obtained.

Example 20:

[093] Prepolymer of example 19, in an amount of 10 g, is placed in an extruder and mixed with 40 g of PLA and extruded into new granules.

Claims (17)

1. Resin, characterized in that it comprises a first composition of: 2-99.99% by weight of monomers capable of forming cyclic monomers and/or cyclic monomers and/or oligomers and polymers from said monomers, where the monomers are capable to form one or more of the following components: lactones, lactams, lactims, dicyclic esters, cyclic esters, cyclic amides, cyclic aromatic sulfides, cyclic carbonates, 1,5-dioxepan-2-one or cyclic aromatic disulfides, where oligomers are produced by one or more of said components and wherein the polymers are produced from one or more of said components or lactones, lactams, lactins, dicyclic esters, cyclic esters, cyclic aromatic sulfides, cyclic carbonates, cyclic aromatic disulfides 1,5-dioxepan -2-one, cyclic aromatic disulfides or other molecules that are capable of undergoing ring-opening polymerization and where the hydroxy acids correspond to an amount less than or equal to 50 mole % of the first composition and comprising a second composition of: 0.01- 98% by weight of molecules capable of copolymerizing with one or more of the said components of the first composition and simultaneously with at least one other reactive chemical group selected from hydroxyl, isocyanate, carboxylic acid, amine and epoxy or oligomers or polymers containing said molecules and wherein at least 40% by weight of the sum of the first composition and the second composition comes from a renewable source being a natural resource that replenishes itself to overcome resource depletion through biological reproduction or other natural processes recurring over the time scale human. 2. Resin according to Claim 1, characterized in that the first composition constitutes 10-99.99% by weight and the second composition 0.01-80% by weight. 3. Resin according to Claim 1, characterized in that the first composition constitutes 25-99.99% by weight and the second composition constitutes 0.01-50% by weight. 4. Resin according to Claim 1, characterized in that the first composition constitutes 60-99.99% by weight and the second composition constitutes 0.01-30% by weight. 5. Resin, according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that at least 60% by weight of the sum of the first composition and the second composition originates from a renewable source, being a natural replenishment resource to overcome the depletion of resources through biological reproduction or other natural recurrent processes within the human time scale. 6. Resin according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the first composition or the second composition contains one or more molecules with a melting point below 70°C. 7. Resin according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the second composition contains at least one molecule with at least one carbon double bond and at least one more reactive group or at least one molecule capable of undergoing ring-opening polymerization and containing at least one more reactive group. 8. Resin, according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the resin is in a monomeric state or in a partially polymerized state or in a fully polymerized state. 9. Resin, according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it contains monomers, oligomers and polymers not capable of copolymerizing with one or more of the components of the first composition and the second composition. 10. Resin according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it contains fibers or fibrous material with a fiber length of 0.001 to 500 mm. 11. Resin, according to any one of Claims 1 to 10, characterized in that it contains one or more crosslinkers capable of undergoing chemical reaction with one or more chemical groups of the first composition or of the second composition or crosslinking the polymer network by copolymerization . 12. Resin according to any one of Claims 1 to 11, characterized in that it includes one or more antioxidants, UV absorbers, dyes, fungicides, pesticides, antibacterials, antibiotics, fillers and/or flame retardants. 13. Structure, which contains the resin, as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the resin of the structure constitutes a sprayable adhesive. 14. Structure, which contains the resin, as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the resin is capable of being used as an adhesive in the production of fiberboard, particle board, chipboard or fiberboard straw. 15. Structure, which contains the resin, as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 12, characterized in that it is manufactured by means of resin transfer molding or vacuum assisted resin transfer molding or injection molding or extrusion or pultrusion or needle punching or by airlaid processing or a process that includes airlaid processing as one of the production steps. 16. Structure, called prepreg, characterized in that it contains a fibrous structure moistened with unpolymerized or partially polymerized resin, as defined in the resin of any one of Claims 1 and 8. 17. Self-supporting Plant Receptacle, characterized in that it contains the resin, as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 12, contains a growth medium and where the resin constitutes an adhesive to the growth medium.