BR102019018483A2 - REFLECTIVE PARABOLIC GUTTER COMPENSATED AND SOLAR CONCENTRATOR IN LONGITUDINAL GREENHOUSE BOX FOR QUICK REHEATING OF CIRCULATING THERMAL FLUID, UTILIZABLE AND STOCKABLE IN MEDIUM TEMPERATURES, INTENDED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HOT WATER AND / OR VEGETABLE WATER - Google Patents

Abstract

reflective compensated parabolic trough and solar concentrator in a longitudinal greenhouse box for rapid reheating of circulating thermal fluid, usable and stockpile at medium temperatures, for the production of hot water and / or steam pressed in a heat transfer device including the base model of the parabolic trough entitled already it is preferred by plants producing steam and / or hot water in the world, as it achieves greater solar thermal captures and scales of heating and / or energy generation and much greater security. also, the tanks for thermal fluids that are part of the gutter? with flows, pressures and temperatures controlled by automated solenoid valves and state-of-the-art thermal pumps - it will allow you to quickly store and transfer such fluids for constant or programmed uses (even at night), even on days with clouds or times with low solar capture. by adding innovation in the form of a greenhouse box - airtight, mounted on the best reflective point and capturing both direct and upper solar radiation, as well as the already high temperature provided by the lower reflection concentrated by the compensated paraboloid gutter (temperature up to 70 times more than than normal surfaces) - such a chute will provide rapid reheating of much larger volumes of usable thermal fluid.

Description

REFLECTIVE PARABOLIC GUTTER COMPENSATED AND SOLAR CONCENTRATOR IN LONGITUDINAL GREENHOUSE BOX FOR QUICK REHEATING OF CIRCULATING THERMAL FLUID, UTILIZABLE AND STOCKABLE IN MEDIUM TEMPERATURES, INTENDED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HOT WATER AND / OR VEGETABLE WATER

1) It is scientifically proven that a good part of the current climate changes, intensified in the last decades and with serious socioeconomic and environmental losses, are due to anthropogenic causes, mainly due to the pollutant emissions such as carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen gas and others.

2) Increasingly, these primary causes are associated with the high and substantial pollution and contamination of seas, rivers, lakes, small water courses, groundwater, atmosphere, soils and subsoils due to the uncontrolled deposition, disposal or release of urban waste, more than sewage, animal feces, food waste and agro-industrial and industrial waste, etc. (items that we will call “raw materials” here, since, in our socioeconomic view, everyone will turn into profits, income, jobs, taxes, reduced social costs and sustainable developments). In addition to causing serious problems of emissions and pollution, they invariably lead to serious health problems, also due to the ineffectiveness of basic sanitation systems for human and animal populations, that is, for ecosystems, biomes and the global biosphere.

3) In practice, there is no point in reducing forest, agricultural and environmental degradation in the fields and surroundings of cities, if we increasingly expel men to the peripheries of cities, where, invariably, they become almost an environmental and highly consuming pump. of energy and with expensive and difficult control. In Brazil, today, about 80% of the population already live up to 350 km from the sea and only 16% still live in the fields.

4) Thus, many researchers and companies worldwide are looking for quick solutions, even emergency ones, to solve or even reduce the serious and growing problems described. There, the new solar, wind and biomass sources stand out, since the old ones, such as hydroelectric, SHP and thermoelectric, already present several and serious environmental problems in Brazil and in the World.

5) On the other hand, in the solar case, the small photovoltaic solar abstraction and the large heliothermic solar abstraction have greatly increased their energy and environmental importance worldwide. The use of molten salt (potassium nitrate) or other thermal fluids has promoted a growing and significant technical-economic and environmental revolution in the sustainable generation of a lot of electrical energy by the solar heliothermic source or by solar gutters of the PTC type - “Parabolic Trough Collector ”(As is the case with our proposal), via subsequent heating of water for a lot of steam to produce heating and / or electricity (rankine cycle).

6) In terms of thermal strip capture efficiency, comparatively, according to several authors, flat plate solar collector systems are used in low temperature applications (up to 90 ° C) and only for water production domestic hot plus space heating, etc. Collectors in plate with evacuated tube (“hot pipe”) are generally selected for applications as solar coolers and for industrial heat, provided that with average temperature below up to 150 ° C. Thus, in higher temperature levels, solar concentrating collectors are the only possible choice, according to several authors. See comparative diagnoses in January 2018 in “A Realistic Approach of the Maximum Work Extraction from Solar Thermal Collectors” at the link http://www.mdpi.com:8080/2571-5577/1/1/6/pdf.

7) Thus, currently, the parabolic gutter is considered as the best technology for capture and solar concentration in the temperature range of 200 ° to 400 ° C (as is our patent proposal), while for higher temperature levels they are preferable Fresnel-type solar discs and reflecting mirrors (in large heli-thermal plants, temperatures reach 1,200 ° C, as the higher it is, the more it can be stored in the form of circulating thermal fluid and thus generate much more and at night - see after).

8) However, both types of generations by solar capture (only photovoltaic and heliothermic Fresnel or Disc), in addition to the high prices practiced and their high profits, are being widespread quickly and even with their serious problems, most of which are not revealed. (it became fashionable and with very high demand), capturing “itself”, which leads to the need to research and implement good energy storage models, either via expensive batteries (which represent 50% of the costs of the projects and which only last for 5 years in the case of photovoltaics) or storage, via special thermal fluids in special tanks of the TES (“Thermal Energy Storage”) type in heli-thermal plants, proportionally cheaper and much more modern and effective than stocking in batteries.

9) Few researchers and manufacturing companies reveal, but the real efficiency of solar capture, be it photovoltaic or heliothermic, is very low and only slightly exceeds the efficiency of wind farms where the losses are also very high and also not revealed.

10) Undisclosed losses with wind energy capture and generation reach 80%, as exposed by the courageous and experienced company Neolica in its diagnosis: "How to dimension your wind system?" available on the website http://www.neoeolica.com.br/dimensionar.htm. According to them “physically speaking, only a maximum of 45% of the power contained in the winds captured is only removed between 3 and 30 meters in height (there is no way to capture higher), but, in addition, we have to consider some other losses, as none Wind turbine removes 100% of the power from the 45% that is allowed by physics; so we have to reduce other losses such as: aerodynamic, electrical, resistive, wind quality, etc. ”...

11) On the other hand and honestly, now in the case of losses from solar energy, in most tropical countries the sun can only shine bright enough for good catches for up to 9 hours / day and on clear days, without clouds, without dust, without shadows , no cold winds etc ... (in most northern countries you can only get 6 to 7 hours / day) and there is no way to change this.

12) Also, the best current mineral compounds for photonic capture can only capture 22% of the photons that reach the Earth's surface, that is, there are real losses of 78% to 85% in direct captures.

13) This September / 2018, the Department of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of California (UCLA) of the USA released the unprecedented result of development and manufacturing, in partnership with Chinese researchers, of a new record and revolutionary solar cell, built by a mixture of copper plus indium and gallium in double layers, and with the record capacity to capture, still and only, 22.4% of the incoming energy of the sun, in other words, with very high real losses of 77.6% of capture. (see article “new solar cell breaks efficiency record” on the website http://engenhariae.com.br/category/meio-ambiente/). Worse, it is that - in addition to the low real capture time of only 6 to 9 hours / day, there is also no real chance of improving these high losses in the short or medium term, except in a highly reflective and concentrating way, as already used in several heliotérmica plants to Disco or Fresnel more in this our patent application via PTC paraboloid channel (compensated parabola), also to reheat circulating thermal fluid.

14) So, fortunately, a good recent alternative is not to promote direct capture, but in a reflective and concentrated way, as in modern heliotérmic solar plants with Fresnel reflecting mirrors or solar discs with recapture by central towers, but which are far from the mirrors. and in which the incoming photonic temperature reaches 30 times higher than on the surface of photovoltaic pickup plates (already considered by most scientists to be outdated, although they are the fashion). Much more modern are the short and concentrated heliothermic catches via PTC solar gutters (our proposal for small local or hybrid generations) and for heating a lot of circulating thermal fluid, but in acrylic or metallic tubes located only between 40 cm and 60 cm from the reflecting surface of the gutter (the current common or evacuated tubes, acrylic or polycarbonate tubes, etc., get dirty easily or break a lot and are expensive to maintain). In this case, the temperature super magnified by the reflection plus solar concentration (as in a magnifying glass or a magnifying glass) on the capture surface of the tube or collecting pipe (reflected as much as possible by the next parabola or paraboloid) is up to 70 times higher compared to the temperature normal solar energy reached on the surface of current solar heating or photovoltaic pickup plates (performance already achieved in a large PTC plant for reheating circulating thermal fluid and steam electric energy generation in Nevada - USA- See: https: // www .youtube.com / watch? v = lrRTCbXE0Jc).

15) Currently, it is not recommended to use copper or aluminum tubes in the catches for requirements of circulating thermal fluids, however light and more pickups they may be, because in temperatures above 200 ° C the welds can loosen. Necessarily, the faster and higher the thermal capture passing through such tubes, the better the recurring uses of the circulating or stocking thermal fluid and the greater the hours of daily attendance, whether in the form of heating and / or local or micro-regional electrical generation. .

16) Thus, the best and safest is to use in the construction and transport of the hot thermal fluid, as we foreseen in this patent application, the AISI 304 or 316 steel tubes, if possible and safe with a very thin wall. Such tubes can and should be painted with matte black enamel without gloss and not in spray (special paint also used for iron, wood etc.). In addition, it is necessary to concentrate even more heat in the tubes where the concentrated reflective foci will be located (in addition to the high reflection and concentration coming from the bottom), which is achieved by placing a black painted metal plate on the side and along the pickup tube, because the heat captured also in this plate, which has a slightly larger focal area (3 to 5% in tubes in thin 304 steel and in parallel without spaces), will further heat the tube, as long as everything is hermetically isolated from the external environment and inside our unique greenhouse box (with resistant and transparent glass at the top and bottom) and thus capturing the high concentrated radiation below (reflection), but which can also receive the rays and the direct heat of the sun (radiation) on the ceiling . See dimensions and support temperatures of steel tubes for the satellite dish at https://tecflux.com.br/images/produtos/pdfs/MS-01-107-1.pdf.

17) During sunny days, between 10 am and 4 pm, the loss of temperature of water and / or thermal fluid stored in good thermal and airtight tanks (necessarily in 304 steel when storing thermal fluids) is of only 1.0o C per hour, that is, even during the night the storage can be maintained until its final use.

18) In fact, the biggest market challenge for small solar heating is the initial supply plus the maintenance of the necessary, and often very expensive, small agro-industrial heating systems plus the swimming pools. Obviously, the initial heating requires a high flow of water heated up to 90 ° C to quickly provide the local temperature, for example, 30 ° C in the pools (temperature considered ideal for gym pools). However, for well-maintained daily thermal maintenance, especially if programmed pool coverings are provided by a good thermal layer (or by a good insulating system in the case of industrial demand), the only maintenance requirements for volumetric flow and at hot water temperatures, through the solar gutter are not so high. According to a detailed diagnosis by USP (page 5), there was an average daily thermal loss of only 3.76 ° C in 8 hours in an uncovered pool (equal to 0.48 ° C / hour) and, incredibly, only 1.94 ° C in 16 hours in an indoor swimming pool in the unused period, especially at night (equal to 0.12 ° C / hour). See more details and many details about Claudio Azer Maluf's dissertation at http://www.tese.usp.br/tese/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-20082010-150300/publico/Dissertacao Claudio Azer Maluf.pdf.

19) In Brazil, according to Agência FAPESP, it has already been possible to heat the water (not thermal fluid) to 180 ° C in a PTC system with a serpentine, according to a 2005 survey by UNESP Guaratinguetá (Prof. Teófilo and Prof. Gilberto). In normal similar systems, the water can only heat up to 60 ° C. See the article “Brazilian researchers create a more efficient solar heater” - Agência FAPESP - 09/27/2005 https://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/ noticia.php? article = 01011 5050927 & id = 010115050927 # .W3snuFRKjIU.

20) This fact, added to modern storage (TES), of any size, with thermal fluid circulating for 4 hours up to 15 hours / day, without needing an immediate thermal recharge (as in this proposal where we expect an additional thermal of 4 hours) can produce heater or generator results up to 10 times higher than photovoltaic capture or heating via simple plates, although not yet scientifically dimensioned by the sum (already achieved in a large PTC plant in Nevada - USA) before the normal solar temperature reached on the surface of solar heating or photovoltaic pickup plates (see site “Sun arts and production”).

21) Thus, unlike the only photovoltaic systems on the roofs (which cannot generate electricity at night and / or on cloudy days and with only difficult and expensive electrical storage only in large and expensive batteries), the thermal cycling fluid renewer / storage system in very high temperatures (up to 1,200 ° C) of the large heliothermic plants already in operation in the USA, Spain, Japan and other countries - uses molten salt (potassium nitrate or saline mixtures or thermal fluids) as if it were a large battery or thermal battery much cheaper and for long-term use, almost a small volcano under total control.

22) In such heliothermic plants, Fresnel mirrors or large disks, always following the sun, reflect and amplify the intense sunlight directing it to a central photonic capturing tower due to the high reflection and medium concentration (up to 30 times more) and where molten salt or thermal fluid circulates, driven by special thermal pumps (CSP System - “Concentrating Solar Power”, that is, Thermoelectric Solar Concentration System without fuel).

23) Thus, in addition to capturing daily sunlight to generate electricity for up to (northern countries with an average solar day of only 9 to 10 hours per day compared to up to 12 to 13 total hours in Brazil according to ANEEL depending on the location, but being 9 hours the most frequent and indicated for use or economical capture), the heliothermic system also heats and stores such molten salt or similar, then, between 600 and 1,200 degrees Celsius. With their use, in continuous heat exchanges, such solar plants already achieve 98% of total thermal efficiency and generate additional energy for up to 15 hours, even without the capture of total solar radiation (example as in Gemasolar plants in Andalusia - Spain and Ivanpah from Google in the Mojave Desert - California - USA).

24) Thus, only with the recent technology and the high efficacy of the uses of the circulating thermal fluids - daily or stocked for nocturnal uses in the current large heliothermic solar plants in the USA, Spain, Dubai and Japan etc .. - can we achieve generate solar electricity for 24 hours.

25) During the day, the thermal energy captured in the mirrors and concentrated in the central tower is used in about 50% - or at the discretion of local demand - to produce steam and generate electricity and the remaining 50% goes to continuously heat the thermal fluid still warm or cold (coming from a triple system of large concrete thermal tanks in the subsoil to reduce losses and / or in giant tanks of special steel on the surface and already with additional thermal capture).

26) In their system, the internal temperature in the tower reaches up to 1,200 ° C and the thermal fluid circulates for up to 15 hours / day, moving steam / water cycles up to 150 times or more experimentally (the most common is the fluid more than boiling circular for 6 to 8 hours until warm, then flowing to the warm tank, which will then cool to room temperature in the cold tank, after which, driven by special pumps - resistant to high heat and corrosion - the fluid chosen will return for re-heating in the central tower. For the lowest prices, a good thermal range can be transferred to steam production from water that is already warm or recaptured in the form of “condensate” (in the so-called “heat transfer”, “ heat exchangers ”or simply transferrers.) With much less risk of handling and much cheaper, most use the so-called liquid salt or“ molten salt ”.

27) In addition to liquid salt or molten salt, there are several commercial brands of thermal fluids already tested in solar plants and in other forms, according to diagnoses by Kearney and Herrmann in 2002.

28) In 2002, the Therminol VP-1 thermal fluid (manufactured by “Eastman Chemical Company”) was the one with the greatest capacity for immediate heat exchange at 300 ° C (2,319 j / kg K) and also the one that held the lowest solidification point at 13 ° C (“melting point” or “freezing point”), but its maximum working temperature, that is, its maximum heating only reaches about 400 ° C (“boiling point”).

29) Hitec-XL (concentrated calcium nitrate and also called special “molten salt”, which is probably cheaper) from Coastal Chemical Co. has an intermediate heat exchange at 300 ° C (1,447 j / kg) K) and also has a good solidification low point of 130 ° C (“melting point”) - that is, very close to the necessary 100 ° C of water for steam -, but its maximum working temperature reaches 500 ° C. Thus, in projects, it can achieve an optimum thermal fluctuation ("range") of 370 ° C (500 ° C - 130 ° C), which will allow its circulating use for many hours plus the range of several steam cycles / water (using special heat exchangers for very hot or warm thermal fluid “versus” water at room temperature).

30) In the case of the use of simple and cheap normal liquid salt (“molten salt”), its maximum heating is 600 ° C and the exchange capacity at 300 ° C is good (1,495 j / kg K), but , its solidification point is also high (220 ° C), that is, well above the boiling point of water of 100 ° C (“boiling point”). With this, the use of liquid salt would allow the achievement of far fewer hours of work and fewer recurrent steam / water cycles, unless the productivity of reheating the entire system, in liters per minute of liquid salt, is high and sufficient to provide many daily changes.

31) In addition, in an economical aspect of thermal storage costs, in US $ / KWh, Therminol costs about 2.5 times higher than Hitec-XL and 10.0 times higher than normal liquid salt (as D. Kearney of Kearney & Associates plus U. Herrmann of Nava Flabeg Solar International).

32) Before moving on to heat transfer systems (heat tranfers), take a look at the special pumps for the necessary and safe propulsion of the thermal fluid at high temperatures, from the exit of the parabolic solar gutter to the storage tanks and from these to the exchangers of heat. The best results are obtained with special thermal pumps for solar collection systems and the TOPSFLO TS5-15PV type capable of pumping at least 4 liters / minute of fluids or hot water. Although more difficult, they can be obtained in special stores in Brazil or fully imported through e-bay or aliexpress;

33) In Brazil, there are several (three-way solenoid valves resistant to high temperatures) with thermoregulators, more controllers of supply flow and necessary demands (inlet and outlet), available on the market (ohiogas, b2bmaquinas, solutioncontrols, etc.). more pressure, including operated by nanotechnology or by suitable multi-reader software.

34) Also, in the Brazilian market we have several heat exchangers from thermal fluid to hot water or steam on offer (termoteck, bermo, engepra, asvotec, sondex and also the small ones from sodramar specific for hot water). They allow to produce several volumes of water or hot steam under low or high pressure, through continuous thermal changes, but without direct contact of the circulating thermal fluid between 40 ° C and 370 ° C with cold or warm water. The final selection of the type and volume of the exchanger required will depend on calculations, preliminaries, the supply and demand of hot water at 38 ° C or steam at 100 ° C to drive electric generating turbines. In general, in medium and large heliothermic solar plants, it is necessary to offer only 0.9 liters per minute of thermal fluid stored or circulating at 400 ° C to heat steam to 100 ° C sufficient to generate 01 KWh. When stored in adequate and non-circulating conditions, the hourly thermal losses of the superheated fluid are minimal.

35) Let us see, in a comparative and preliminary way, some global results of generating systems or producers of heating by other ways and not by parabolic gutters, as is our proposal in this patent application. The highlights are solar catches in modern reflecting discs and concentrators ("solar dish") on the ground or through roof panels or on pareds with ET ("evacuated tubes", the evacuated tubes also called "hot pipe").

36) The small plant below, still experimental and individual for micro generation, in a domestic yard and DIY = made by yourself - in a totally different way (small reflecting solar disk with micro turbine generating at the foot) can produce 3 liters / minute of steam at 9.6 bar and with it generate in turbines with 12 thousand RPM. It uses the heliostationary solar disk system, which is considered the best solar system today by giant heliothermic solar plants (with individual electrical generation to collect individually and to add up as in a solar tree, albeit with the serious difficulty of water supply). In it, the solar reflecting disk (as in a parabola or paraboloid of the PTC type) is only 1.8 meters in diameter and has a container for only 3 liters of water (still as a demonstration). See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J 1XCIqASSo & feature = youtu.be.

37) In an enlarged form of the same previous project, in 2009, the company Solartron Energy Systems from Australia plus the USA manufactures large solar discs that capture and reflect reflectors capable of producing 44 thousand BTU / hour, sufficient to generate 13 KWh per disc. Now the super disk, also with turbine and generator at the foot, is 4.5 meters in diameter, that is, it is more suitable for local generations in large heliothermic projects, as previously mentioned. If we consider that each complete disk occupies a total area of 6.0 square meters - including free sides for movement - there would be about 1,600 disks installed in 01 hectare (100 mx 100 m), which would allow generating up to a very high 20.8 MW in one small thermo solar plant installed on just 01 hectare (1,600 discs x 13 KW), but with high demand for circulating water or even thermal fluid, ditto, unless already by generation through the expensive ORC systems. The big problem may be nighttime generations, as such systems do not yet store thermal fluid at the foot, although some have already tested storage at special batteries at the foot, but of the PV type, photovoltaic.

38) Still comparatively, on the e-bay website there is a small solar roof or wall heater with minimum dimensions of only 37 cm long x 24 cm wide x 90 cm deep (in thermo-siphon and with evacuated tube - ET), but already capable of heating 40 liters / minute of hot water to 50 ° C. See: https://www.ebay.com/itm/Solar-Hot-Water-Heater-Kit-with-15-20-or-30 -Evacuated-Tube-Collectors- / 331878211226? ul = BR. The offer of this small e-bay heater is above the ideal need of up to 30 ° C for a swimming pool, but where it is needed, on average and according only to the principle of thermal equivalence (without calculating pressure, enthalpies etc.), 420 liters of very hot water at 100 ° C for the initial heating of a swimming pool with 6 thousand liters, but reducing a lot and to only about 120 liters / hour (2 liters / minute), when only for the necessary thermal maintenance (losses of only 0 , 48 ° C / hour), especially if the pool is well covered (losses of only 0.12 ° C / hour) and with an average demand of only about 70 liters / hour equal to 1.2 liters / minute.

39) Now, comparing the previous results cited with those obtained with parabolic gutters, highly reflective and solar concentrators and with the temperature in the capturing focal center (in this case, in the center of the capturing greenhouse box) the supply of the potential will be great. After all, at the focal point, very close to these gutters, temperatures can reach up to 70 times more than on the surfaces of the current ET plates of roofs and walls or of solar collector tiles on the roofs. Also, they heat up to 30 times more than in solar discs or Fresnel mirrors in the heli-thermal power plant towers.

40) With this, in today's modern PTCs it is possible to estimate a maximum demand of 0.3 liters per minute of thermal fluid to generate 01 KWh with steam at 100 ° C.

41) In the USA, in places with much less sunstroke than in Brazil, several PTC-type parabolic gutters on offer (e-bay, amazon etc.) are able to produce 4.0 liters / minute of hot water at 75o C.

42) In England, let us see the results of a simple and demonstrative system of the following video (DIY), assembled by an English researcher and inventor (see film in English at the link below) on a more mirrored wooden gutter with more suitable connections and with only 31 cm long by 15 cm wide. As a demonstrative test, he heated 228 ml of circulating water (half a glass in the English measure) from 30 ° (local ambient temp) to 100 ° degrees (vapor point) in just 420 seconds (6 seconds per 01 degree) and equal to 7 minutes. Altogether, the system fits more than 2 liters of water. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvaObFiOuWQ&feature=youtu.be.

43) In Italy, at the beginning of 2018, the Universities of Naples and Trento (see diagnosis and its graphs later) developed and manufactured a small solar collector system for rapid heating of molten salt in a place with low sun exposure (still using capture by copper solar pancake - “rodilhas” - and with excessive distance between the capturing and concentrating solar disk and the focal point in the pancake). At the daily thermal peak, the system offered 0.48 liters / minute of molten salt at 390 ° C and 8.5 bar between 12:39 pm and 12:42 pm, but reducing to 0.19 liters / minute of thermal fluid at 370 ° C between 13:06 h and 13:09 h. (See “An innovative small-scale prototype plant integrating a solar dish concentrator with a molten salt storage system” at the link https://www.unitn.it/alfresco/download/workspace/SpacesStore/2ffa7d3c-e76c-4b1a-9849- 3538caca0f18 / Final% 20Published% 20Paper% 20RENE2018.pdf

44) Comparatively, in Brazil, currently, most solar concentrating gutters only for hot water already offer about 2.0 to 4.0 liters / minute of hot water between 100 ° C to 180 ° C (above the vapor point) .

45) Thus, the thermal or electric production in our solar concentrating parabolic trough to heat circulating thermal fluid (in a special greenhouse box, unprecedented and capturing by both sides and photonic types (reflection and radiation), located only about 50-70 cm from the base and with 3% inch pipes made of fine 304 steel) or stocked at high temperatures may be higher and more than enough.

46) Considering an average hourly supply of 0.33 liters / minute of thermal fluid at 370 ° C (without considering that our project has even better technologies), as occurred in the project above Italy, we will have a possible average added offer and the partly store between 60 to 100 liters in 3 hours of solar thermal peak for each minimum parabolic gutter 2.00 meters long x up to 70 cm wide.

47) In the case of electric generating turbines and their demands for vapors or gases, now comparing the demands for hot gases or hot steam and pressured by mini electric generating turbines, in the USA, in September / 2017, GE Research presented a fantastic new turbine with a weight of only 65 kg and a price of just 150 pounds (= R $ 750.00; only for the turbine, that is, without the CO2 production and storage system), still powered only by carbon dioxide under high pressure temperature - perhaps also steam in the future - and capable of electrifying 10,000 homes (see https://youtu.be/ZDNADiH6NlY).

48) In Canada there is a special steam turbine powered by 250 ° C and pressed at 9 or 10 bar and with a consumption of only 6.8 ton./ hour/1.0 MW (17.0 ton./2.5 MWh) equal to only 6.8 kg / hour / 01 KW and 0.12 kg per minute / KW) and with water recovery (condensate). When possible at high pressure (30-50 bar) and at 400 ° C, steam consumption reduces to just 4.6 ton./hour steam also to generate 1.0 MWh. See http://www.vengeancepower.com.

49) In the Netherlands, the small company Greenturbine (http://www.greenturbine.eu/GT15.html) manufactures and sells small steam turbines to generate from 1.5 KWh to 15.0 KWh. The small turbine, weighing only 25 kg, rotates at 26,000 RPM to generate 15.0 KWh and consumes only an incredible 9.8 kg per hour / KW (0.04 kg / second) of steam with a pressure of 10-12 bar and in up to 220 ° C.

50) In India, NSF Groups' Nsterbo manufactures and sells mini steam turbines, 100% recoverable, to generate just 3.75 KWh and with a consumption of only 230 kg / hour of steam at 250 ° C and only 0.5 bar, that is, the steam consumption of this Indian of 61.3 kg hour / 01 KWh is practically equal to that of the Brazilian BR Mini of 70.0 kg hour / 01 KW, as follows.

51) In Brazil, in 2008, in a doctoral thesis by UNESP Guaratinguetá (SP) by Julio Cesar Batista - about micro generation of electric energy in his new Tesla steam turbine (generation of 100 KW) - the following were presented field results (page 80): a) At the necessary, constant and maximum steam flow rate of the boiler used (m = 220 kg / h) the demand was equal to 4 kg / minute of steam or of compressed air or gas; b) There was a constant and absolute pressure at the turbine inlet to a constant 100 KWh of 8.3 bar (830 kpa) at a temperature of 172o C (dry saturated steam = title 1); c) The pressure at the turbine outlet reduced to 1.0 bar (100 kpa) and already at a temperature of 100o C (state of vapor saturation for liquid or condensed water). See https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle/11449/106422/batista jc dr guara.pdf? Sequence = 1.

52) Also, the mini turbines generating hot pressed steam manufactured by Br mini require only 70.0 kg hour / 01 KWh (equal to 1.2 kg or 1.2 liters / minute) of steam at 6.9 bar to generate 1.0 KWh. Still in Br mini, the demands for steam heated to just 172 ° C in small boilers (steam supply of less than 4 kg / minute) even at low pressure (only 8.5 bar) for micro generations are low and allow good generations (up to 100 KWh) in the new Tesla turbines.

53) Obviously, the steam produced by the rapid thermal exchange of thermal fluid circulating between 40 ° C and 380 ° C, as provided for in our patent application, now slowly with cold or warm water (recoverable or not) can offer even more hot and pressed steam.

54) Obviously, the calculations of the necessary temporal offerings of superheated thermal fluid at the entrance and exit of the plant plus hot steam in the same way and also of recovered water (also called condensate) by each heliothermic plant and of any type depend on complete calculations involving many variables such as volumes, temperatures, pressure, enthalpies etc.

55) In the meantime, let us see below an important comparative test carried out in 2014 on specific offers of thermal fluid and hot steam, etc., carried out by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and several Chinese and Mongolian Universities (see “The Badaling 1MW Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power pilot plant ”at https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82779621.pdf). The study involved solar generation in a parabolic trough (with 6 PTCs with an absorbing tube 4.1 meters long and 7 cm wide and with a greater focal length of 1.71 m to the focal point of collection) in a pilot plant in Badaling, province of Yanging (China) and to generate, specifically, high 1.0 MWh (in 01 hectare of long parabolic gutters with winds of 13.8 m / s). Thus, on average and in such 6 solar PTC dishes (see table 2) about 99.4 m3 / hour of thermal fluid with a pressure of 10 bar (1.0 mpa) and which was heated to 380 ° C was offered , equal to 1.7 liters / minute to generate 1.0 KWh. This fluid, acting in a circulating manner on water at 104o C, produced 6,500 kg / hour of hot steam at 375 ° C and with a pressure of 32 bar (3.2 mpa) equal to the continuous supply of 0.11 kg / minute of steam. to generate 1.0 KWh.

56) Thus, both the expected hourly offers of thermal fluid by our PTC solar concentrating gutter plus the final offers in the form of home, building, agro-industrial hot water or for clubs or leisure; or energetic steam (small rankine turbines such as those of the BR-mini above) are entirely consistent and possible, provided that the best technologies are deployed, with the best materials and many tests, step-by-step, bench and natural. Both the energy vapor and the water heating - obtained only by means of the PTC solar capture concentrated in the greenhouse box - will be produced by the circulation or storage of such thermal fluid between 40 ° C and 370 ° C in the integral, connected and dependent parts thereof. chute (not by isolated systems)

• a) Marcador 01 - Calha parabólica a ser construída em acrílico espelhado, muito reflexivo e leve e com dimensões a estabelecer conforme a demanda e o local (usualmente com 2,0 metros de comprimento por 0,5 a 0,7 metros de largura máxima por 05 cm de altura). A base de sustentação será em polietileno ou em madeira leve. Tal calha será compensada, construida e muito testada no formato de “paraboloide” (formato de ovo), de forma a refletir e a concentrar o máximo de energia termica solar (de 30 a 70 vezes mais do que na superficie normal, como já detectado e provado), mas no ponto focal ampliado de captura térmica necessária da caixa-estufa (10-15 cm) para bons fluxos. Os testes e as adequações necessárias para a captura térmica máxima serão tanto com raios laser refletidos, como em testes de bancada com luzes artificiais mais de campo com naturais;
• b) Marcador 02 - Detalhes da reflexão solar simulada e que pode ampliar em até 70 vezes a temperatura no ponto de captura da parábola (já alcançada em usina PTC de grande porte em Nevada -EUA) ante a temperatura normal solar alcançada na superfície das placas captadoras de aquecimento solar ou fotovoltaicas;
• c) Marcador 03 - Estrutura captadora tanto da radiação direta superior, como da reflexão solar parabólica intensiva inferior, na forma de caixa longitudinal com efeito estufa (toda negra), construída em perfis de aço 304 também captador térmico (mínimo de 2,00 metros comprimento x 0,10 cm de largura x 0,03 cm altura) e com lado inferior e superior em vidro protetor transparente e contendo 3 tubos de aço 304 com ¾ polegada e parede finíssima por onde circula fluido térmico em reaquecimento;
• d) Marcador 04 - Sistema elétrico com “hardware” programado para movimentação progressiva e temporal da calha no sentido helioestacionário;
• e) Marcador 05 - Base da calha parabólica a ser construída em madeira leve ou polietileno;
• f) Marcador 06 - Saída do fluido térmico circulante e super aquecido rapidamente em até 370° C, conforme já detectado em pesquisa similar de 2018 pelas Universidade de Nápoles e de Trento - Itália, em local com baixa exposição solar e ainda utilizando panqueca solar de aço 304 com distância excessiva do disco solar captador e concentrador (ainda não era em PTC com concentração bem maior) e para reaquecimento de “molten salt”;
• g) Marcador 07 - Cilindros em aço 304 e termo resistentes, termos-isolados EPS de alta densidade (isopor especial) ou evacuados (principio da garrafa térmica) e altamente herméticos (conforme modelos TES das grandes usinas heliotérmicas) estocadores cronometrados de fluido térmico circulante a até 370° C e por 4 a 6 horas/dia até esfriar e voltar a ser reaquecido (no dia seguinte), configurando-se como reserva térmica a utilizar para continuidade da produção de vapor diário, mesmo após cessar a captação solar diária ou em dias chuvosos, nublados, com sombras, poeiras etc.. Durante dias ensolarados, entre as 10 da manhã e as 4 horas da tarde, a perda de temperatura da água e/ou do fluido térmico estocado em bons tanques térmicos e herméticos (necessariamente em aço 304 quando de estocagem de fluidos térmicos) é apenas de 1o C por hora, ou seja, até mesmo durante a noite a estocagem pode ser mantida até seu uso final. Diariamente, no período entre 11:00 h e 14:00 h, ou seja, de 3 horas continuas e com maior captura térmica solar, ou mais quando possível, pelo menos 80% do fluido térmico reaquecido na PTC naquele horário, conforme aplicativos de medições térmicas mais de fluxos e de direcionamentos por nanotecnologias, será desviado para estoques nestes cilindros de maior capacidade. No cilindro menor haverá o fluido térmico não-estocado e para uso operacional por até 10 horas/dia. Estes cilindros adequados fazem parte da calha parabólica completa e deles dependentes para seus fins e não de sistemas em separado;
• h) Marcador 08 - Bombas térmicas injetoras/compressoras em aço 304 ou similar com duplo estágio e com controles de velocidades e de fluxos (alta ou baixa pressão). Estas bombas adequadas também fazem parte da calha parabólica completa e delas dependentes para seus fins e não de sistemas em separado. Os melhores resultados são os obtidos com bombas térmicas especiais para sistemas de captação solar e do tipo TOPSFLO TS5-15PV capazes de bombear pelo menos 4 litros/minuto de fluidos ou de água quente.Embora mais difíceis, elas podem ser obtidas em lojas especiais no Brasil ou plenamente importadas pelo e-bay ou aliexpress;
• i) Marcador 09 - Válvulas térmicas em aço 304 ou similares com solenóides e controladoras, compensadoras e direcionadoras, acionadas por nanotecnologias e/ou por hardware e softwares específicos com diversas medições simultâneas e para adequar as estocagens de fluidos circulantes aos fluxos necessários, conforme os horários, às temperaturas necessárias e às ofertas e às demandas. Estas válvulas adequadas também fazem parte da calha parabólica completa e delas dependentes para seus fins e não de sistemas em separado;
• j) Marcador 10 - Tubo em aço 304 ou similares de entrada e de condução do fluido térmico circulante conforme a oferta e as demandas térmicas horárias, mais de volumes e de pressão à cada momento. Da saída da calha até a entrada nos cilindros estocadores será em aço 304 com ¾ polegada. Nos demais, e mediante controles constantes dos itens acima, será em aço 304 com polegada, com 1/8 de polegada ou até menor como possível nos sistemas trocadores de calor do fluido térmico com a água para apenas aquecimento a 38° C e/ou produção de vapor a 100° C;
• k) Marcador 11 - Sistema em aço 304 ou similares, trocador de calor de fluido térmico superaquecido com água ofertada - sem contato direto - para produção de vapor com diversos fins, seja na forma de tubo de fogo (“fire tube”) ou de trocador de calor (“heat exchanger”). Neste trocador especifico, o fluido térmico como o Therminol VP I (vide especificações antes) - em reaquecimento diurno ou estocado para uso noturno quando necessário ou programado - entra, de forma circulante e sob pressão até 8,5 bar (850 kpa) até precisar ser reaquecido diuturnamente na calha, entre 40° C e 370° C. No Brasil, há algumas marcas no mercado, sendo algumas controladas por nanotecnologias ou por softwares especiais de leitura e de operação. Estes trocadores de calor adequados também fazem parte da calha parabólica completa e delas dependentes para seus fins e não de sistemas em separado;
• l) Marcador 12 - Tubo em aço 304 ou similares com ¾ polegada para saída e condução pressionada por bomba normal com solenóide de água quente a 38° C (diversos usos) ou de vapor a 100° C (idem) na saída do transferidor de calor;
• m) Marcador 13 - Tubo em cobre com ¾ polegada para saída e condução pressionada por bomba especial com solenóide para retorno do fluido térmico morno ou já frio (mínimo de 36° C) até a calha solar para recarga térmica imediata ou no dia seguinte;
• n) Marcador 14 - Tubo em cobre com ¾ polegada para entrada e recepção de água quente a 38° C ou mais na entrada do transferidor de calor;
• o) Marcador 15 - Bomba especial de recalque e auxiliar a do marcador 8.

57) Detailing my patent application for the development and manufacture of a small, but highly reflective PTC type parabolic gutter a little better, see the main explanatory notes for each Arabic type “numerical marker” shown in the drawing :

• a) Marker 01 - Satellite dish to be built in mirrored acrylic, very reflective and light and with dimensions to be established according to the demand and the location (usually 2.0 meters long by 0.5 to 0.7 meters maximum width per 05 cm height). The support base will be made of polyethylene or light wood. Such gutter will be compensated, built and extensively tested in the shape of a “paraboloid” (egg shape), in order to reflect and concentrate the maximum solar thermal energy (30 to 70 times more than on the normal surface, as already detected) and proven), but at the expanded focal point of necessary thermal capture of the greenhouse box (10-15 cm) for good flows. The tests and adaptations necessary for maximum thermal capture will be both with reflected laser rays, and in bench tests with artificial lights more than field with natural ones;
• b) Marker 02 - Details of simulated solar reflection and that can increase the temperature at the point of capture of the parabola up to 70 times (already reached in a large PTC plant in Nevada -USA) compared to the normal solar temperature reached on the surface of the plates solar heating or photovoltaic sensors;
• c) Marker 03 - Structure that captures both the upper direct radiation and the lower intensive parabolic solar reflection, in the form of a longitudinal greenhouse box (all black), built in 304 steel profiles also a thermal pickup (minimum 2.00 meters) length x 0.10 cm wide x 0.03 cm high) and with a lower and upper side made of transparent protective glass and containing 3 ¾ inch 304 steel tubes and a very thin wall through which thermal fluid in reheating circulates;
• d) Marker 04 - Electrical system with “hardware” programmed for progressive and temporal movement of the rail in the heliosynchronous direction;
• e) Marker 05 - Base of the parabolic trough to be built in light wood or polyethylene;
• f) Marker 06 - Output of the thermal fluid circulating and superheated rapidly by up to 370 ° C, as already detected in a similar survey of 2018 by the University of Naples and Trento - Italy, in a place with low sun exposure and still using solar pancake of 304 steel with excessive distance from the capturing and concentrating solar disk (not yet in PTC with much higher concentration) and for reheating of “molten salt”;
• g) Marker 07 - 304 stainless steel cylinders and thermo resistant, high density EPS insulated (special styrofoam) or evacuated (thermos principle) and highly airtight (according to TES models of large heliothermic plants) timed circulating thermal fluid stockers at up to 370 ° C and for 4 to 6 hours / day until it cools and reheated (the next day), configuring itself as a thermal reserve to be used to continue the daily steam production, even after the daily solar collection or on rainy, cloudy days, with shadows, dust etc. .. During sunny days, between 10 am and 4 pm, the loss of temperature of the water and / or thermal fluid stored in good thermal and airtight tanks (necessarily in 304 steel when storing thermal fluids) is only 1 C per hour, that is, even during the night the storage can be maintained until its final use. Daily, between 11:00 am and 2:00 pm, that is, 3 hours continuous and with greater solar thermal capture, or more when possible, at least 80% of the thermal fluid reheated at PTC at that time, according to measurement applications thermal flows and flows through nanotechnologies, will be diverted to stocks in these cylinders of greater capacity. In the smaller cylinder there will be thermal fluid not stored and for operational use for up to 10 hours / day. These suitable cylinders are part of the complete parabolic channel and dependent on them for their purposes and not separate systems;
• h) Marker 08 - Thermal injector / compressor pumps in 304 steel or similar with double stage and with speed and flow controls (high or low pressure). These suitable pumps are also part of the complete parabolic channel and dependent on them for their purposes and not separate systems. The best results are obtained with special thermal pumps for solar collection systems and type TOPSFLO TS5-15PV capable of pumping at least 4 liters / minute of fluids or hot water. Although more difficult, they can be obtained in special stores in the Brazil or fully imported by e-bay or aliexpress;
• i) Marker 09 - Thermal valves in 304 steel or similar with solenoids and controllers, compensating and directing, activated by nanotechnologies and / or by specific hardware and software with several simultaneous measurements and to adapt the storage of circulating fluids to the necessary flows, according to schedules, necessary temperatures and offers and demands. These suitable valves are also part of the complete parabolic channel and dependent on them for their purposes and not on separate systems;
• j) Marker 10 - Tube in 304 steel or similar inlet and conduction of the circulating thermal fluid according to the offer and the hourly thermal demands, more than volumes and pressure at each moment. From the exit of the trough to the entrance to the stocking cylinders it will be in 304 steel with ¾ inch. In the others, and by means of the controls contained in the items above, it will be in 304 steel with an inch, with 1/8 of an inch or even smaller as possible in the heat exchanger systems of the thermal fluid with the water for only heating to 38 ° C and / or steam production at 100 ° C;
• k) Marker 11 - System in 304 steel or similar, heat exchanger of thermal fluid superheated with water offered - without direct contact - for the production of steam for various purposes, either in the form of a fire tube or heat exchanger. In this specific exchanger, thermal fluid such as Therminol VP I (see specifications before) - in daytime reheating or stored for night use when necessary or programmed - enters, circulating and under pressure up to 8.5 bar (850 kpa) until needed be reheated daily in the trough, between 40 ° C and 370 ° C. In Brazil, there are some brands on the market, some of which are controlled by nanotechnologies or special reading and operating software. These suitable heat exchangers are also part of the complete parabolic channel and dependent on them for their purposes and not separate systems;
• l) Marker 12 - Tube in 304 steel or similar with ¾ inch for outlet and conduction pressed by a normal pump with a 38 ° C hot water solenoid (various uses) or 100 ° C steam (idem) at the outlet of the heat transfer heat;
• m) Marker 13 - Copper tube with Tub inch for outlet and conduction pressed by special pump with solenoid to return the warm or already cold thermal fluid (minimum of 36 ° C) to the solar chute for immediate thermal recharge or the next day;
• n) Marker 14 - ¾-inch copper tube for entering and receiving hot water at 38 ° C or more at the entrance of the heat exchanger;
• o) Marker 15 - Special discharge and auxiliary pump for marker 8.

Claims (5)

Solar concentrating parabolic trough (or described as solar concentrating trough or solar concentrating system or solar concentrating trough or solar catching trough or solar reflecting trough or solar heating trough), characterized by concentrating and reflecting the solar radiation captured at the base and at high temperatures up to a exclusive and airtight collection greenhouse box above and next, protected by transparent upper and lower glass and through which tubes with heatable thermal fluid circulate and to be used immediately for thermal exchange with water, without direct contact, aiming at the production of heating and / or production of energetic steam and / or to be stored for later use in thermal tanks plus its special pumps and solenoid valves, all automated and part of the gutter, its dependent. Parabolic solar concentrating trough (or described as solar concentrating trough or solar concentrating system or solar concentrating trough or solar catching trough or solar reflecting trough or solar heating trough or solar collecting trough), characterized by concentrating and reflecting the solar radiation captured at the base and in high temperatures up to an exclusive and airtight collector greenhouse box, protected and protected by transparent top and bottom glass, through which tubes with heatable thermal fluid circulate and to be used immediately for thermal exchange with water, without direct contact, aiming at production of heating and / or production of energetic steam and / or to be stored for later use in thermal tanks plus its special pumps and solenoid valves, all automated and part of the gutter, its dependent. Solar concentrating parabolic trough (or described as solar concentrating trough or solar concentrating system or solar concentrating trough or solar reflecting trough or solar heating trough or solar collecting trough), characterized by concentrating and reflecting the solar radiation captured both at the base, as by collecting direct superior radiation, both at high temperatures, up to an exclusive and airtight collecting greenhouse box, protected by transparent upper and lower glass and through which tubes with heatable thermal fluid circulate and to be used immediately for exchange thermal with water, without direct contact, aiming at the production of heating and / or production of energetic steam and / or to be stored for later use in thermal tanks plus its special pumps and solenoid valves, all automated and part of the gutter, its dependent. Solar concentrating parabolic trough (or described as solar concentrating trough or solar concentrating system or solar concentrating trough or solar reflecting trough or solar heating trough or solar collecting trough), characterized by concentrating and reflecting the solar radiation captured both at the base, as by collecting direct superior radiation, both at high temperatures, up to an exclusive and airtight collecting greenhouse box, protected by transparent upper and lower glass and through which circulating tubes with circulating hot water to be used immediately for heating and / or production of energetic steam and / or to be stored for later use in suitable thermal tanks plus its special pumps and solenoid valves, all automated and part of the gutter, its dependent. Solar concentrating parabolic trough (or described as solar concentrating trough or solar concentrating system or solar concentrating trough or solar reflecting trough or solar heating trough or solar collecting trough), characterized by concentrating and reflecting the solar radiation captured both at the base, as by collecting direct superior radiation, both at high temperatures, up to an exclusive and airtight collection greenhouse box, protected by transparent upper and lower glass and through which tubes with hot steam circulate to be used immediately for heating and / or production of electric energy and / or to be stored for later use in suitable thermal tanks plus its special pumps and solenoid valves, all automated and part of the gutter, its dependent.

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