BG110899A - An electric generator wit permanent magnets using a virtual air gap - Google Patents

Abstract

The electric generator with permanent magnets that uses a "virtual air gap" is used for production of electric energy, where a magnetic field of the magnet is commutated without the presence of movable parts. The permanent magnetic field of magnets (116 and 117) closes through loading coils (118 and 119), at what the connecting them magnetic core is saturated. The magnetic resistance of the core,exerted in this way from the core on the flux, may be presented by an equivalent air gap, proportional to the controlling current in coils (104, 107,120, 121, 122, and 125). The control electronic commutates the magnetic flux in such a way, that each loading coil, in each moment, is switched either to one of the permanent magnets, or to the other.

Description

Permanent Magnetic Generator,

USING 'VIRTUAL AIR

PROCEDURE ”

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to the generation of electricity by creating zones of increased magnetic resistance in the magnetic circuit of a permanent magnet and changing the path of the magnetic field. This change in magnetic induction over time induces electric current in suitably positioned load coils.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Currently, there are a small number of patents for generating electricity from a permanent magnet magnetic field, all based on the ability of the ferromagnetic materials to saturate at reaching a specific and individual value for each material, the value of the magnetic induction. The resistance of all magnetic fields passing through this saturated zone increases even to levels corresponding to an equivalent longitudinal gap. Thus, the external magnetic flux (in the case of the permanent magnet) is redirected to alternative paths with less magnetic resistance. This change in the direction and intensity of the magnetic field causes

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induction of electric current in the output coils according to Faraday's law, without moving parts or changing the magnetic field of the source.

One such construction was published in U.S. Patent No. 3368141. With this generator, the combination of the magnetic field of the magnet and that of the control coils creates the necessary magnetic induction to produce current. Thus, in the first half period, one stream increases and the other decreases. In the next half-period, u becomes the opposite. The peculiarity of this scheme is that it works rather on the principle of addition and subtraction of the magnetic fluxes rather than on the principle of saturation of the magnetic core.

Another U.S. patent No. 4006401 discloses a magnetic current generator that typically operates on the principle of saturation of the magnetic core. It separates two separate paths of magnetically soft material at each pole of the permanent magnet. An electrically controlled coil is added to each path, which saturates a section of it, thus creating a zone of high magnetic resistance. The application of electrical voltage to these control coils forces the magnetic field to pass in each semi-cycle through different paths, thus changing the direction of the induced voltage in the output coil.

Advances in the production of modern magnetic materials, and in particular of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, have made it possible to reduce the power costs of controlling and switching the magnetic flux.

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These materials are obtained by the method of super-fast curing of the melt from the corresponding alloy and thus obtaining a vitreous (amorphous) structure. After proper heat treatment of the amorphous alloys, a nanocrystalline structure is obtained with crystalline sizes of 2 - 40 nm separated by an amorphous mass. In physics, each crystal is a single domain. By changing the heat treatment mode, different and very suitable material properties can be achieved for most applications, such as: low coercive intensity; low © saturation magnetostriction and high relative magnetic permeability.

Progress has also been made in the development of materials for permanent magnets, especially those with rare earth elements such as nebium, samarium and cobalt. Currently, permanent magnets of NdFeB material with a coercive intensity Hc exceeding 1 000 000 A / m are produced and residual magnetic induction Br> 1.45 T. The maximum energy of the magnetic field is BH max = 400 kJ / m 3.

Thanks to these new materials, the patents cited below declare that the output power of the devices is greater than the input power.

U.S. Patent No. 6,362,718 describes an electric generator that uses the inertia property of magnetic dipoles. After applying a strong and short electrical impulse to the control coil located on one of the two paths exiting the permanent magnet, the dipoles of the ferromagnetic material are oriented in the direction corresponding to the applied external control

Page 3 counteract the magnetic field created by the magnet. In the next cycle, the same impulse is applied to the other coil to block the other magnetic path and redirect the flow accordingly. The output energy thus obtained from the device exceeds that delivered to the input several times.

U.S. Patent No. 20090096219 discloses a new development of a permanent magnet electric generator in which the magnetic flux is directed in the specified direction by saturating the respective portion of the magnetic circuit. The difference between this patent and US patent No. 4006401 is that the saturation of the magnetic core is done by supplying a control magnetic flux in the same direction as that of the permanent magnet. Here, the authors cite a publication by Konrad and Brundy, "An Improved Method for Virtual Air Gap Length Computation," presented in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 10, October 2005. This article proposes the technique of saturating sub-regions of the core magnetic circuit adjacent to the control coils, and determining the width of this zone according to the electrical current applied.

TECHNICAL NATURE

This invention is directed to methods and devices for producing electric current by sequentially and synchronously connecting two or more windings to two or more permanent magnets.

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The device is a volumetric configuration whose unfolding consists of successively alternating magnets and load coils, with the permanent magnets adjacent to each other having different poles in one direction. The control coils are located in the core of the disks of magnetically soft material that closes the structure.

From each magnet, two main magnetic circuits can be identified, which are separated left and right by its F poles and closed in the poles of the adjacent magnet. In doing so, the magnetic flux passes along each of the four pairs of control magnetic switches (magnetic key) and a small part of it is closed through the load coil. Each magnetic key may consist of one or more coils whose windings pass through the core of the magnetic circuit. Preferably, the windings extend perpendicularly to the plane of the sheets of magnetically soft material constituting the magnetic circuit, in order to avoid the transformer effect and the accumulation of air layer between the individual sheets.

• In the first half-cycle, the control electronic circuit simultaneously supplies voltage to the coils 120, 107 and the opposite ones 122 and 124, thereby saturating the part of the magnetic circuit adjacent to them. The magnetic circuit connecting the two magnets is broken and the flow conditionally exiting the north pole of the permanent magnet 117 is closed through the load coil 119 to the south pole of the same magnet.

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It is analogous to the permanent magnet magnetic circuit 116 which closes its flow through the load coil 118.

In the second half-cycle, the control electronics activates the coils 104, 121 and the opposite ones 123 and 124, with the permanent magnet magnet circuit 117 already closing through the load coil 118 and the permanent magnet 116 through the load coil 119. The direction of the induced voltage in the two load coils are already opposite in polarity to that induced in the first half.

О The material from which magnetic keys are made is preferably nanocrystalline or amorphous ferromagnetic with a substantially rectangular BH hysteresis curve. The operating point of the magnetic switches is selected near the knee of the hysteresis curve of the material.

The advantages of the present invention are: a new circuit of switching magnetic fluxes; higher energy density per unit volume; the design scheme adheres to the maximum use of mass-produced materials and parts.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Attached

FIG. 1, Computer simulation of saturation of a magnetic circuit and distribution of magnetic force lines. Visualization of the virtual air gap effect.

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FIG. 1a, No magnetic switch control voltage applied. The distribution of the magnetic flux is approximately 50:50 in both directions to the adjacent magnet.

FIG. 16, Magnetic switch control voltage 106 (coils 104 and 105). The magnetic flux distribution is 66:33 at a current of 1A.

FIG. 1c, Control current supply 5A to magnetic switch 106. The distribution of magnetic power lines is 90:10.

FIG. 2, Expanding and two-dimensional representation of the volumetric configuration of the apparatus.

FIG. Yes, shows the actual operation of the device. Cycle one

FIG. 36 shows the second cycle of operation of the device.

FIG. 4, Block diagram of the electronics controlling the switching process.

FIG. 5, 3-D volumetric view of the device in embodiment 2 permanent magnets and 2 output windings.

FIG. 6, Top view and partial section of the apparatus.

FIG. 7, View of the device in embodiment 4 permanent magnets and 4 output windings.

EXAMPLES FOR IMPLEMENTATION

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In their article Konrad and Brundy - An Improved Method for Virtual Air Gap Length Computation, published in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 10, October 2005, present a new method for controlling magnetic fluxes. It is based on the saturation of the near area to a current-carrying conductor. This saturation zone is proportional to the current supplied, the number of coils of the coil and the magnetic characteristics of the magnetic core.

~ As can be seen from FIG. 1, in a computer simulation of a saturation of the magnetic circuit, the magnetic force lines exiting the north pole of the permanent magnet 101 are separated left and right through the two magnetic circuits 102 and 103 inversely proportional to their magnetic resistance. Coils 104 and 105 form a magnetic key 106, and coils 107 and 108 a magnetic key 109. In the event that no control voltage is applied to the magnetic keys as shown in FIG. 1a, - the distribution of the magnetic flux is approximately 50:50 in both directions to the adjacent magnet.

• When applying a control voltage to magnetic switch 106 (coils 104 and 105) FIG. 16. The magnetic flux distribution is 66:33 at a current of 1A. And when applying a control current 5A to magnetic key 106, FIG. 1c - the distribution of magnetic force lines is 90:10. The process simulation was performed using the finite element method and the Opera software product.

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As can be seen from the two-dimensional representation of the apparatus in FIG. 2, its device consists of two or more permanent magnets 116 and 117, each of which may be composed of a set of smaller-sized magnets. In parallel to them and between each of the two magnets, the load (output) windings 118 and 119 are arranged along the envelope, corresponding to the number of magnets (with more magnets). The coils are respectively located on cores 126 and 127 made of ferromagnetic material. The poles of the permanent magnets and the ® cores of the coils are connected to each other by magnetic switches 106, 109, 110 and 111 on one side and arranged opposite to them 112, 113, 114 and 115. The adjacent magnets have different poles in one direction. .

The windings of the magnetic switches are placed in the core of the magnetic circuit and are one or more coils consisting of several windings of copper conductor. The coils themselves are inserted into openings drilled transversely to the plane of the sheets of magnetically soft material. This avoids the transformer effect between the control and output coils existing in U.S. Patent No. 20090096219. On the other hand, the air layer between the individual nanocrystalline magnetic alloy sheets (which is about 20% of the thickness of the package) is missing and saturation is increased. easy.

It is preferable that the material for making the magnetic keys be of a high rectangular hysteresis curve (equivalent to Hitachi Metal's Finemet FT-3H). As an example: Saturation induction - Bsat = 1.2 T,

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Residual magnetization - Br> 1.0 T, Rectangular coefficient of the BH hysteresis curve> 0.85.

As a material for making permanent magnets it is appropriate to use modern Neodymium-Boron or Samarium-Cobalt materials. They are characterized by a residual magnetization reaching Br = 1.45 T and a coercive intensity Hc> 1 000 000 A / m.

In FIG. 3 the process of operation of the apparatus can be seen. At the initial moment before the control voltage is applied, the magnetic flux exiting the north pole of the permanent magnet 117 is split through the open magnetic keys 110 and 106 to the left at that moment and the magnetic keys 109 and 111 to the right, to the south pole of the permanent magnet 116 The same magnetic flux is closed from the north pole of 116 through magnetic switches 115 and 114 on the left and 112 and 113 on the right to the south pole of 117.

Through electronics with a final stage consisting of power transistors, current is supplied to the control coils 120, 107, 122 and 124 of FIG. For. In this way, the core of magnetic keys 109, 110 is saturated,

112 and 114 and the induction in them resists all magnetic fluxes passing through these cores. Therefore, the magnetic flux exiting the north pole of a permanent magnet 117 is directed in the direction of the currently unlocked key 106, through the unsaturated core 126 of the load coil 119, through the open magnetic key 113 and closes in the south pole 117. Similarly, the movement of the magnetic flux from the north pole of permanent magnet 116 through the unsaturated core of magnetic key 115,

Page 10 • · The magnetic circuit 127 of the load coil 118, open magnetic switch 111 to the south pole at 116.

In FIG. 36, the second cycle of the device operation is displayed. Again, the control electronics supply voltage to the magnetic switches 106, 111, 113 and 115 open during the first cycle through their windings 104, 121, 123 and 125. Their cores are saturated and resist magnetic fluxes passing through them so far. At the same time, the electronics synchronously disconnects the supply of current to the control coils 120, 107, 122 and 124. Thus, the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet 116 exits from its north pole in the direction of the open magnetic key 112, the core 126 of the load coil 119, magnetic key 110 to the south pole of 116. In doing so, the motion of the magnetic flux induces an electromotive voltage in the coil 119 backwards by the polarity of that induced during the first period. This change in the direction of the induced voltage is sufficient under Faraday's law to produce electric current. Similarly, the magnetic flux of 117 passing through switches 109, 114 and the core 127 induces electromotive voltage, but already with reverse polarity in the load coil 118.

In FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the control electronics. The pulses for switching on and off the magnetic switches are supplied by a clock generator 151 of the two current limiters 152 and 153. Their purpose is to maintain the optimum operating current through the control coils 104, 107, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 and 125. Power switches can be used as current switches 154 and 155 for

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preferably with low inherent resistance to the open state transition. The resistors 156 and 157 serve to determine the current flowing through the windings.

In FIG. 5 you can see the preferred volume configuration and implementation of the device. The magnetic keys 110, 106, 109 and 111 are executed in the form of part of the toroid 128, and respectively the keys 112, 113, 114 and 115 - as part of the toroid 129. The permanent magnets 116 and 117 are opposite to each other with respect to the axis forming the cylinder and between toroids 128 and 129. The two magnets are oriented with their poles of the same name in one direction. The cores 126 and 127, together with their load coils 119 and 118, are placed between the two toroids 128 and 129, spaced 90 angular degrees by the location of the permanent magnets 116 and 117. The control coils 104, 107, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 and 125 are made as embedded conductors in radially drilled holes in the two toroids 128 and 129. Their location should be at 45 angular degrees from the axes connecting the two magnets 116 and 117 and the two load windings 118 and 119. The length of the permanent magnets 116 and 117 and the cores 126 and 127 should be the same. Any difference is critical because it causes deformation of the disks 128 and 129, and hence the deterioration of the magnetic characteristics of the material of the magnetic keys.

The working magnetic induction in the material of the structure is chosen according to the rules for designing magnetic amplifiers. That is, it must be around the knee of the hysteresis curve of the material, and in no case exceed the induction of saturation.

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Ha FIG. 6, a top plan view and a partial section of the device can be seen, here added as a block, the power control electronics 130. Characteristic of the operation of the device is that the opposite coils 107 and 124 are engaged simultaneously with 120 and 122 In this case, the core 126 of the load coil 119 closes through itself the magnetic flux of the magnet 117. And in the next half-time, the other coils opposite to each other, pairs 104 and 123, simultaneously with 121 and 125 are included. In this case, the core 126 of the load coil 119 closes through was its magnetic flux of magnet 116. Or it could be seen as "plugging" one load coil into one magnet or into the other.

As I mentioned earlier, the unit can be fitted with more than 2 permanent magnets and 2 coils. An example of such a construction can be seen in FIG. 7. The solution shown is 4 + 4 and can be used when needed for a more powerful and compact construction. Here, too, the basic principle of action remains - the positioning of the adjacent magnets 131, 134, 138 and 142 with their different poles in one direction. The switching of the control coils is as described above. Control coils 133, 137, 141 and 145 are engaged during the first half period and 135, 139, 143 and 147. During the second half, load coils 131,136,140 and 144 can again be considered as "included". to one magnet, to the other. In this case, the disks 132, due to their larger size, can be made by individual sectors.

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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention can be used when or where electrical power is required. When the magnetic induction setpoint is correctly selected, the energy input to the control is many times less than that received at the output coil. Its main application is in motor vehicles, as a replacement for batteries in the construction of hybrid and electric vehicles. IN

Combustion installations using non-renewable energy sources. And many others.

Claims (6)

1. A permanent magnet generator using a virtual air gap comprising permanent magnets, magnetic cores and electrical windings, characterized in that it consists of 2, 4, 6, etc. the number of magnets (116), (117) each disposed relative to the previous one with its opposite pole in one direction to generate a constant magnetic flux; © the same number of magnetic cores (126), (127) with winding output windings (118), (119) wound thereon, located between each of the two magnets and used to close the magnetic flux through themselves; 8, 16, 24, etc. the number of ferromagnetic sections (106), (109), (111), (110), (112), (113), (114), (115) with an electrical conductor integrated into its core, connecting each pole of the permanent magnet with the output coil adjacent to it and acting as magnetic switches for the flow passing through them. © 2. The generator according to claim 1, characterized in that the high-current controller (130) includes synchronous and simultaneously controlling coils (120), (122), (107) and (124) during the first cycle and control coils (104 ), (123), (121) and (125) - during the second cycle. 3. The generator set according to items 1 and 2 of the claims, characterized in that the supply voltage of Page 15 • The coils controlling the coils saturate the magnetic circuit around them and force the permanent coil. close the magnetic flux through the core of the output coil. 4. The generator set according to items 1, 2 and 3 of the claims, characterized in that it produces alternating electromotive voltage on the output (load) windings by closing through their core the magnetic flux of one magnet first, and during the next cycle the other magnet. 5. The permanent magnet generator according to item 1 of the claims, characterized in that its magnetic switches are made of nanocrystalline magnetic soft ferromagnetic material having a substantially rectangular BH hysteresis curve. 6. The generator set according to items 1 and 5 of the claims, characterized in that it is made of one or more coils which summarize the respective magnetic key, their windings being inserted into separate holes drilled perpendicular to the plane of the sheets of ferromagnetic material.