BG110821A - Method and device for direct conversion of radiation energy into electric energy - Google Patents

Abstract

The method and the device can be applied in the power engineering, particularly in the nuclear industry and in the electric industry. The device called convertor (1) is a spatial system of linearly situated flat electric capacitors, in whose inter-electrode space a replaceable, nano-size, cluster, with composite structure, powdered material (4) is placed, having isolation and ferromagnetic properties and functioning as a discrete isolator (5). Thus shaped, the convertor (1) is placed in a protective casing (16) with side opposite openings (17). It is subjected to combined, controllable and permeating its volume effects of the alpha, beta and gamma radiation and controllable magnetic field (7). The radiation is generated by a radioactive source (6) situated above the convertor (1) and placed in a protective chamber (20) with moving bottom (21) and connected to the casing (16). The controllable permeating magnetic field is generated by an electric magnet (8) situated around the casing (16), with coils (23) placed on the stems of the magnetic poles (22) inserted into the casing (16) through the openings (17). Due to the interaction between the discrete isolator (5), the radiation andthe magnetic field (7), in the inter-electrode space for each capacitor of the convertor (1) it becomes a spatial, charged with electric charges, polarized, magnetic-electric, dipole, super heterogeneous controllable system, and the convertor (1) becomes a controllable charged combined capacitor accumulator battery. The accumulator battery is charged by a replaceable and controllable radiation source (6), regardless of the generated radiation type, and is discharged also controllably by change of the polarization coefficient of the discrete isolator (5). This is achieved by varying the intensity of the magnetic field (7) generated by an electric magnet (8) by means of the coils (23) serially connected to each other and connected to the outputs (24) of collectors (3) through a PID controlle

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to a method and device for direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy and is a source (battery - battery)

of electricity.

The invention will find application in energy, in particular nuclear as well as in the electrical industry and in areas using autonomous and compact power sources requiring high output and controlled electrical power.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

From reviewing and analyzing published information as closely as possible to ours

method and device, is a well-known method (technology) by Liviu Popa-Simil, a private research firm, LAVM, and by Professor Claude Montel, of the University of Alabama,

USA. The authors presented the method to the "American Scientific Society for Materials Research" in March 2006 in San Francisco, California. It involves the construction of a transducer of stacked layers formed by carbon (electrically non-conductive boron treated) nanotubes coated on the outside with lithium hydride and filled (coated) inside with gold. All gold endings are output to one collector and lithium hydride endings to another. Built in this way, the converter is, in its electrical nature, a block (array) formed by coaxial nanoscale capacitors (geometry) connected in parallel. Undergoing radiation that penetrates through the nanotube layers, and through internal photoelectric radiation, it ejects high-energy electrons from the gold conductors, which gives the combined gold collector a positive potential. As they fly out, they pass through the wall of the nanotubes and fall into lithium hydride, which as a conductor leads them to the other collector, which acquires a negative potential. The resulting total (of all capacitors) of the potential difference is deduced from the two collectors

and can be fed to an electricity consumer. The authors report an extremely high conversion rate of radiation energy to electrical energy, in excess of 90%, and negligible heat release.

The built-in converter charges (accumulates and accumulates) with electrical loads, converting radiation radiation into electrical energy, and is diluted by the exponential dependence of the discharge current, the magnitude of which depends on the value of the load involved.

Due to technological complexity in the construction of this type of converter

the authors move to a volume system - an array of ordered nanoscale layers (layers) in the following order: 10 pt gold; silica (insulator) 20 pt; aluminum 20 pt and aluminum oxide 10 sp. They are nanosized flat electric capacitors connected in parallel (maybe combined) to two collectors. The method for directly converting radiation energy into electrical energy is close and analogous to the one described above (1,2).

A patent (3) is known in which the author proposes to use the high energy of γ-, a-, and β-radiation to more effectively charge voltage in nuclear batteries.

The method involves: two electrodes placed in close contact, one electrode, metal, the other a semiconductor. This creates an energy barrier between their panels. When this contact is exposed to radiation due to the state of the semiconductor surface, the energy barrier increases. This generates a potential difference, which is used for a source of electricity and current in the discharge circuit.

A patent (4) is known in which the author proposes to convert radiation energy into electrical energy by making a converter of semiconductor material and irradiating it with radiation. This creates a number of electron-hole pairs in it. By applying a magnetic field on it in a direction perpendicular to the diffusion direction of the created electron-hole pairs, it seeks to separate the electrons from the holes in a direction perpendicular to the diffusion direction and the magnetic field. In this way, the electrons and holes in the transducer end plates (collectors) are displayed as a potential difference, ie. electrical energy.

A patent (5) is known in which the author proposes a diode atomic battery made of a solid semiconductor crystal comprising three-dimensional column arrays and thin-layer p-n bonds. The battery is charged by the emission of γ- and X-rays from a radioactive source embedded inside the semiconductor crystal. In this way, carriers of electrical loads are generated in the converter, which are output to the final collectors.

Another method proposed by patent (6) is known, in which the author provides a radioisotope photoelectric generator for a high voltage source. The method is based on the photoelectric effect. It is realized by means of a generator composed of materials arranged in alternating layers with large and small atomic number Ζ, which are isolated by vacuum or other insulating material. Low energy photons from

radioactive sources interact mainly with large Z material through a photoelectric process, emitting photoelectrons whose energy reaches that of incident γ-rays. The thickness of a material with a large Z is less than the length of one electron path in this material, and the thickness of the material is small Z is greater. Thus, the transfer of electrons from layers with a large Z to those with a small Z occurs. This transfer is obtained because the electrons are emitted mainly from layers with a large Z and are stopped in those with a small Z. The potential difference between the merged plates with a large Z is created. Z and small Z is in kilovolts. The battery supplies power to

an external electrical consumer (resistor) whose value is chosen to produce the required voltage and control other battery performance.

Another method (7) is based on multilayered heterostructures with calibrated interband transitions. The composition of a continuous solid solution of SiO ₂ to Si changes gradually to achieve a high degree of scattering of radiation-irradiated coherence. Thus, the radiation of any scattering center is in phase with external scattered radiation rays. A resonant interaction is obtained

between the external scattered radiation beams and the atoms and molecules of the heterostructure. The result is an efficient conversion of radiation frequency and radiation into electrical current in the converter.

The thoughts, opinions and ideas given in articles (1,2) are known that in the case of nuclear reactions heat is released, mass defects are transmitted, i.e.

the binding excess energy in the nuclear fuel is transformed into the kinetic energy of the generated particles (radiation). They pass through the lattice of the material and interact with it through ionization and nuclear collisions. When composite layers are made of conductor-insulator and placed in the path of such radiation, the ionization energy becomes the accumulation (accumulation) of electrical loads due to polarization. The result is a super capacitor charged by moving particles that is charged by them.

Another point of view is the use of composite (two-material) nanoparticles, organized to act as sequentially coupled electrical dipoles, representing nano-sources of high-voltage-generating potential (2).

A method is known for creating three-dimensional nanostructures. It has been published

in a press release on the MTI site (8).

The first results were obtained back in 2005, when the inventors were able to create a miniature capacitor having a three-dimensional structure. Researchers are currently working on several technologies to create flat blade structures. According to them, the most difficult and complicated part of joining the nanocomponents is the attraction between the different planes. They are currently using a magnet for this purpose. Representatives of MTI believe that the invention will find application in the creation of miniature electronic devices of the new generation in other fields.

The main imperfections of the considered methods (ways) for direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy are: use of radiation sources of one kind, with low values of the created radiation field and its technological invariability. The controllability of radiation is also lacking. There are no batteries that use spent nuclear fuel, residual waste, or solid and formed radioactive waste as a source (with combined radiation). No technology has been developed to build inverters operating with controlled (in terms of charging and energy recovery) discrete, nanoscale superheterogeneous systems and capacitors. In their construction, interchangeable specific nano-sized material, capable of constructing such heterogeneous controllable systems under certain controlled impacts, is incorporated. The process (method) is greatly complicated when the converters generate high-value electrical power, especially in the part of safety radiation protection and materials for its implementation.

A device (9) constituting a specific atomic battery is known.

It is characterized by the fact that an electric current is generated by irradiation of a thin semiconductor plate (solar battery) with α-rays from a plutonium source.

An atomic battery (block - array) of semiconductor cells, including plutonium, is available. The author believes that such a battery can generate considerable electrical power.

The method and the device (10) are known, the method comprising: two electrodes with high conductivity, located at a certain distance from each other, one positive and the other negative. Between them, a porous insulating membrane is positioned on the side of the negative electrode. A powder layer is formed on the inside of the positive electrode

an actinoid element such as thorium actin, etc., mixed with a binder. As a result, an electromotive force arises between the two electrodes. The actinoid element undergoes changes from α-decay and ionizing electrons are formed when the α-radiation passes through the isolated space in the direction of the negative electrode. The active substance, in addition to the actinoid elements, also contains a substance that accumulates positive ions formed after α-decay upon separation of ionizing electrons. This storage material is powdered crystals based on carbon or cobalt based.

Accumulation of electricity is also possible when an external voltage is applied between the two electrodes, and electrons are introduced into the layer of the active substance from the outside. The battery can become multicellular by placing a carbon-containing dielectric layer between them and the layers overlapping.

A device (11) known as a microchannel type composite isotope battery is known. The composite (composite) battery includes: an insulated support, on which, from left to right, an isolated first radiation source, a first receiving pole, a second radiation source, a second receiving pole are placed.

The peculiarity of the battery is that a microchannel plate is inserted between the second radiation source and the second receiving pole, the first radiation source being connected via a high voltage end (+) to the microchannel plate and the low voltage end (- ) of the microchannel plate is connected by a wire to the first receiving pole. The second radiation source is for the anode and the second receiving pole is for the cathode. Another feature is the distance between the multi-channel plate and the second radiation source (anode), which is 0.5 to 5 cm.

The other distance between the plate and the second receiving pole (cathode) is from 0.5 to 5 cm. The distance between the first radiation source and the first receiving pole is from 0.5 to 5 cm. Another feature is that a multi-pole plate is used microchannel plate.

The battery works as follows: a high voltage is generated from the first isotope battery formed by primary electrons. The second radiation source is the emitting pole, which feeds the electrons into the microchannel plate, the latter multiplying them (acting as a photomultiplier) by feeding them to the second receiving pole. The second radiation source and the second receiving pole form a second isotope battery with primary electrons. Between them is a microchannel plate that multiplies electrons. The battery is placed under vacuum and an electrical voltage (potential difference) is generated between the second radiation source (anode) and the second receiving pole (cathode) and current flows between them.

The microchannel plate is made of material (lead glass) and is an array of multiplication elements containing thousands or millions of parallel cylinders. When there is a strong electric field in the space of the cylinders, approximately 10 ⁴ volts / cm, the incoming emitted particles bombard the negative pole and separate electrons that multiply.

The now (realized or patented) isotope batteries with direct conversion of radiation energy to electrical energy have low energy values, but with a long lifetime. This determines their use in important areas such as mobile phones, micro- and nano electronics, nanomechanics and robotics, etc., but not where power in kilowatts is required. They are not controllable as regards the conversion and storage of electrical loads, i. charging and also extracting (diluting) the accumulated energy. Used radioactive

a source, most often an isotope, once laid down, is technologically irreversible. With the long life of such a battery and the wear of the power supply, e.g. a mobile phone is likely to pollute the home and the environment.

As a construction, batteries are modified (specific) flat electrical capacitors (cells) that can form arrays (blocks) by connecting them between them. It is a sophisticated technology for the construction of a single cell, comprising many different components, shaped as micro and nanosheets (layers) of a given dimension. This requires sophisticated technological equipment and high scientific qualification of contractors.

·

9999 999

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and to provide a device for direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy, which is controllable for the conversion and accumulation of electrical loads and their extraction through a discrete dipole magnetoelectric, superheterogeneous volumetric capacitor system based mainly on use for an insulator it is a removable cluster nano-sized material with specific properties, construction and chemical composition, and to avoid the current level imperfections

technique.

In the method of direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy according to the invention, it begins with the preliminary construction of a bulk system with an open housing above and shaped internally into linearly arranged flat electrical capacitors, called a converter. In it, a metal diamagnet is used for the electrode plates of the capacitors. Interchangeable, nanosized, clustered, composite, powdered material is placed in the space formed between the electrode planes. The latter has insulating and ferromagnetic properties.

This material acts as a discrete isolator in the converter. Thus constructed, the transducer is housed in a protective housing and according to the invention is subjected to a combined, controllable and penetrating effect of the transducer. They are radiation from α ·, β- and γ-rays and a magnetic field. According to the invention, in these effects on the transducer, the discrete insulator therein is transformed and modified. Each individual nanoscale particle becomes a charged, polarized, magneto-electric dipole, representing a double dipole, magnetic and electric, united on a nanoscale particle. They are oriented along the magnetic force lines of the impacting magnetic field.

The discrete insulator as a whole embedded in the converter is transformed into a volumetric, charged, polarized, magnetoelectric super heterogeneous control system, and its capacitors into charged superheterogeneally controlled magnetic dipole capacitors forming a combined capacitor battery. This capacitor battery according to the invention is charged by the radiation radiation of α-, β- and γ-rays generated from a replaceable, controllable radioactive source, and is also discharged controllably by changing the value of the polarization coefficient of the discrete insulator, m. e. of its electrical susceptibility. The size of

the value of the polarization coefficient of the discrete insulator depends functionally on the value of the intensity of the impacting magnetic field and the ferromagnetic properties of the nanosized particles.

According to the invention, the combined, controllable, and radiation-induced effects of radiation from the α-, β-, and γ-rays and the magnetic field with its force lines result in interaction with each particle of the discrete insulator in the transducer. So they charge it with electric loads and polarize it, i.e. oriented along and on magnetic force lines. Thus

the placed discrete isolator in the converter becomes a volumetric, controllable, charged superheterogeneous system. Its structure is nanoscale from magneto-electric dipoles. This conversion is realized in each individual converter capacitor.

According to the invention, the super-heterogeneous horizontal system is arranged in contact with each other, charged with electric loads, polarized nanoplates of linear magnets. They are formed by linear filament magnets, which in turn are composed of ordered, contacted, charged, and polarized magnetic field magnetic field dipole magnets. The linear magnets they create have an inverse orientation to the impacting magnetic field.

According to the invention, the super-heterogeneous, charged, polarized, and controllable system in a vertical direction and perpendicular to the impacting magnetic field is formed by: arranged, contacting each other, polarized, loaded with eponymous electrical loads, but different for each nanoplast from a sheet magnet structure. They are formed (organized) into nanosheets at the ends of the charged magnetoelectric

dipoles having the same magnetic and electrical polarities as a result of polarization. The boundary and charged magnetic sheets formed in each transducer capacitor contact the electrode metal diamagnetic plates. In this way, they give them their electrical potential. These nanoscale magnetic sheets have an inverse pole orientation with respect to the impacting magnetic field.

According to the invention, each capacitor from a converter filled with a discrete insulator receives a total potential difference between the electrodes

metal plates because, in their electrical nature, stacked, contacting, charged, and polarized nanoscale magnetic sheets are sequentially coupled flat electrical capacitors. The resulting potential difference thus obtained is deduced to the intermediate electrode plates of the transducer by means of conductors hidden in its housing. The value of this total total of all capacitors in the converter potential difference is displayed on the end collectors. It is controlled by a change in the value of the polarization coefficient of the discrete insulator, ie. of its electrical • · *

receptivity. The latter is functionally dependent on the intensity of the influencing magnetic field and the ferromagnetic properties of the discrete insulator.

According to the invention, the discrete insulator replaceable, nanosized, clustered composite material that is placed in the transducer is formed by separate, spatially separated nanoparticles. They have a certain chemical composition, structure, shape and composite structure of the individual cluster. The outer zone is formed as an insulator formed by separate ones, most often spherical in shape, and joined by touching and gluing to each other at high

temperature of nanosized particles forming a cluster. Thus, the resulting insulating coating of the individual composite cluster acquires a large specific surface area and deep open nanocanal porosity. The ability of the radiation to interact with the α-, β- and γ-rays with the individual particle is able to accumulate a large number of electric loads. They penetrate the volume of the insulation coating.

According to the invention, the inner area under the insulating coating of the composite cluster is made up of nanosized particles of pure metal, metal

compounds and alloys having strong ferromagnetic properties. As the γ-rays penetrate deep through the insulator zone of the individual particle, an internal photoelectric effect is realized and additional electrical loads are generated from the metals embedded in the inner zone, which actively charge the discrete insulator.

According to the invention, the outer insulator zone of the removable, nanosized, clustered, composite, powdered material serving as a discrete insulator in the transducer is formed by nanoscale insulating beads, contacted by adhesion to each other at high temperature and giving a general form of cluster. The material of these particles is glazed (amorphous) silica.

• ·

The inner area of the discrete insulator is made up of nanosized particles of pure iron, magnetite, iron and iron-nickel, cobalt and chromium alloys, which can be coated with gold.

The technical nature of the device implementing the method for direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy is as follows: the transducer body, which is limited and constructed by insulating walls, has an internally arranged linear cellular arrangement. The cells are arranged in a linear and consecutive manner. They have the same cross-section and longitudinal section, and their thickness is much larger

short of depth and breadth. Thus constructed, the converter housing is housed in a protective housing by a vacuum-tight connection in which openings are made in two of its parallel and opposite walls, which are parallel to the longitudinal section of the cells in the housing. The housing and transducer are located in their upper plane.

The essence of the device is that on the extreme opposite and parallel walls of the first and last cells of the transducer, as well as on each parallel to them dividing the insulating wall into the cells, are internally applied

(forming) metallic diamagnetic electrode plates having an equal longitudinal section but less than the insulator base. In this way, the inside of the converter becomes a linear, volumetric system of sequentially ordered flat electric capacitors. They may be connected in series, in parallel or in combination by means of wires concealed in the insulator enclosure. Their terminal leads are connected to the terminal collectors of the converter. The space between the electrode metal diamagnetic panels of the transducer is filled with a replaceable, nanosized, composite, powder material having insulating and ferromagnetic properties. This material is the discrete insulator in the linear-volume system of flat electrical capacitors of the converter. Insulated electrical conductors are pulled out from its end collectors. They are connected to a consumer of electricity. In the space above the transducer is a replaceable and controllable radioactive source that generates radiation from α-, β- and γ-rays. They can be of varying intensity on the radiation field they create. The source is placed and secured in a protective chamber connected by a vacuum-tight connection to the upper open surface of the protective housing in which the transducer housing is housed. The protection chamber is a movable bottom (aperture) that stops or transmits radiation to the transducer through the upper open plane. Magnetic poles of an electromagnet creating the impacting magnetic field are placed in the side openings in the transducer housing made of diamagnetic material. This electromagnet is located externally and disassembled with respect to the protective casing and its magnetic poles pass through its side openings. They touch externally their foreheads to the extreme side insulation walls of the first and last cells of the transducer. The cross section of the magnetic poles covers or is larger than that of the converter end manifolds. The solenoid coils are connected in series to the terminals of the converter end collectors by means of a PID control device (9), which is also connected to the terminals of the end collectors.

The technological advantages and the resulting effects of the implementation of the proposed method and device for direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical are: it begins with a technologically simplified operation to build a volumetric system of sequentially arranged flat electrical capacitors. For the discrete insulator, they are interchangeable, nanosized, with

composite construction and cluster structure material having combined insulation and ferromagnetic properties. The integrated capacitor system of this type is called a converter. Subjected to a combined, controllable and permeable in its volume effect of radiation energy from α-, β- and γ-rays and from a magnetic field, a volumetric interaction between each particle of the discrete insulator is between them and between them. From now on, the discrete insulator begins to perform its main function (effect) in the process of converting radiation energy into electrical energy, regardless of the type of radiation - α, β, or γ, generated by the radioactive

source. This versatility of the process (effect) of conversion into the condenser system, i. The converter, from one type of energy to another, is due to the effect of the volumetric conversion of the discrete insulator into a super heterogeneous, charged, polarized, magnetoelectric, dipole and controllable (effect) system for each individual converter capacitor. The resulting effect of versatility in transformation also means versatility (effect) in the choice of the type of radioactive source used as a carrier of radiation energy. The controllability of the volumetric transformation of the discrete isolator into a superheterogeneous system is dynamic

(effect) for each individual particle of it. It is simultaneously charged, polarized, and oriented by rotating into the volumetric inter-electrode space of the capacitor where the combined effect has penetrated. This dramatically increases the conversion factor (efficiency) from one energy to another (effect) by> 90%. Two more effects help to achieve this high CPA value. One is the ability of the nanoscale discrete insulator to accumulate a large number of electrical loads per unit volume when irradiated, and the second effect is that, in its electrical nature, the resulting bulk, superheterogeneous, charged, polarized and controllable structure having a nanoscale is a system of sequential

connected and charged flat electrical capacitors. They fill the insulator volume of each pre-built capacitor in the converter. Such a capacitor, called magnetically dipole superheterogene, is controllable (effect) both in terms of charging electric loads and in extracting the accumulated energy from it. (Effect) is realized by changing the polarization coefficient of the discrete isolator, i. of its electrical susceptibility, which depends functionally on the intensity of the impacting magnetic field.

Description of the attached figures

In FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of the device embodying the invention in general and partial sections. In FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an enlarged discrete insulator located between the electrode plates of a capacitor transformed into a superheterogeneous, charged, polarized and oriented system as a result of the combined effect.

Examples of carrying out the invention

The method according to the invention consists in the following: construction of a volume system 1 of flat electrical capacitors, 11 in number, with a total volume between

electrode metal diamagnetic panels 220 cm. The thickness of the detachable insulator base - walls 18, 19 in the cells is 3 mm. The opposite electrode metal diamagnetic panels 2, 3 are applied to the walls 18, 19 internally by a plasma spray method. The material may be copper, aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten and more. They are 0.4 to 0.8 mm thick after polishing. A strip of uncovered insulator remains bilaterally at the lower and upper ends of the insulator bases. Thus prepared, the insulating walls 18, 19 are placed in an insulating bottom with grooves and pressed against the top with a groove frame. Through the conductors 15 hidden in the housing of the insulator body, the capacitors are connected in parallel to the collectors 3. In the space obtained between the electrode plates 2, 3, a nano-sized 50 to 150 nm cluster, composite, powder material 4 is placed between them, having an external insulation zone obtained from silica and an inner one made of ferromagnetic pure metals and alloys such as iron, nickel, cobalt, magnetite, etc., which may be coated externally with gold. The volume capacitor system thus constructed, called converter 1, is placed in a protective housing 16, also made of metallic diamagnetic material, with openings 17 in opposite and parallel walls.

housing 16 provides an internal electrical connection between the wires 15 and 24, connected to the collectors 3. The housing 16 is cast from lead with additives and is found together with the converter 1 in the upper plane 11. We place magnetic poles 22 in the openings 17 of the housing 16 to touch the outer plane of the walls with their foreheads 18. We then mount the bobbins 23 on the stems and mechanically close the magnetic core of the electromagnet 8 to the magnetic poles 22. We perform test tests on the transducer 1 thus designed o magnetic field 7 by an external power supply to the coils 23 and covered with a glass plate

11. We must observe the dynamics and polarization orientation of the discrete insulator 5 in each volume of capacitors as the supply voltage to the coils changes (23). This means that the magnetic force lines 12 of the generated impacting magnetic field 7 penetrate the entire volume, that is, the magnetic lines close between its two poles 22. We measure and read the voltage to the coils 23 and the current through them. We exclude external power supply, where the discrete insulator 5 must be depolarized. We connect the coils 23 in series with each other and connect them to the PID control unit 9 and it to the terminals 24 of the collectors 3. In a specialized section, the chamber 20 is being charged with a replaceable radioactive source 6 generating α-, β- and γ-rays. When the bottom 21 is closed, dosimetric control is carried out to protect against radiation penetration into the vicinity of the chamber 20. The subsequent operation, in accordance with established radiation protection standards, is to mount the chamber 20 to the housing 16 by means of a vacuum-tight connection. By means of a remote-controlled device (not shown in the exemplary embodiment), the bottom 21 is completely opened and a second dosimetric control is performed for the absence or presence of radiation penetration in

the surrounding space. When no additional radiation protection work is required, the consumer 25 is connected to the terminals 24. We position the PID to maintain the voltage required for the consumer 25. The battery formed by the capacitors of transducer 1 begins to be charged with electrical loads by the radiation radiation of α-, β- and γ-rays, and the magnetic field 7 through the PID device 9 maintains the required intensity, ie. voltage to the coils 23. This regulates the electrical susceptibility of the discrete insulator 5 (polarization coefficient) and the constant value of the voltage applied to the consumer.

The apparatus according to the exemplary embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1 is the following: transducer 1 bounded by insulator walls has an internal linear cellular layout. The cells are arranged in a linear and consecutive manner. They have the same cross-section and longitudinal section, and their thickness is much smaller than the depth and width. Thus constructed, converter 1 is mounted by vacuum-tight connection in a protective casing 16. In it, openings are made in two of the parallel and opposite walls 17. The casing and the converter 1 are found in their upper plane 11. According to the invention, on opposite and parallel walls 18 on the first and last cells of transducer 1, as well as on the insulating partition walls 19, internally metallic diamagnetic electrode panels 2 and 3, called end collectors, are formed. The cross section of the electrode plates is smaller than their insulator bases. The inside of converter 1 becomes a linear and volumetric system of sequentially ordered flat electric

capacitors. They are connected in series, in parallel, and possibly combined with the collectors 3 by means of conductors hidden in the housing 15. These flat capacitors correspond to the number of cells in the converter 1. In the space between

the metal diamagnetic electrode panels 2 of the cells, i. flat electrical capacitors, is filled with replaceable, nanosized, composite powder material 4. The latter is a discrete (formed by individual particles) insulator 5 of the converter !. From its end collectors 3 are isolated electrical wires 24 to which a consumer 25 is connected.

In the space above transducer 1 is a replaceable radioactive source 6 that generates radiation from α-, β- and γ-rays, which is a small, medium or large value of the intensity of the generated radiation field. Source 6 is

placed in a protective chamber 20 connected by a vacuum-tight connection is the upper plane of the housing of the protective housing 16. It houses the transducer 1.

The bottom 21 of the chamber 20 is movable and remotely controlled for transmitting or stopping the radiation from the source 6 to the converter 1. In the side openings 17 of the protective housing 16 are placed the magnetic poles 22 of the electromagnet 8, located externally to the housing 16 and the converter 1. The poles 22 pass through the side openings 17 in the housing 16 and touch externally the end side insulation walls 18 of the first and last cells in the transducer 1. The cross section of the magnetic poles 22 covers or is larger than that. and collectors 3. On the bodies of 22 poles are placed coils

23, the poles 22 being closed mechanically by the electromagnet magnet 8. The coils 23 are connected in series to each other and to the P1D device, which is connected to the terminals 24.

Application of the invention

The ready-to-use battery-battery 1 is connected via wires 24 to a consumer 25, which may be a DC motor requiring a constant DC voltage. Through PID

the device (9) is selected with the necessary parameters to ensure this constancy.

Claims (5)

Claims 1. A method for the direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy, comprising the following technological operations and means: - construction of a volumetric system (1) of flat electric capacitors arranged in a linear, cellular shape, with a common bottom and an upper fixing frame, found in the upper plane (11), which we call a system converter 1, whose housing is made of heat-resistant, having high value of punching voltage, insulating material and transmitting magnetic forces such as in the converter 1 thus constructed, the opposite electrode plates (2) and the end collectors (3) are made of a metal diamagnetic applied internally to the wide vertical and removed insulator walls (18,19) for each cell, and a replaceable, nanosized, clustered, composite powder material (4) having insulating and perforating materials is placed in the resulting space between the electrode plates (2) and the collectors (3). ferromagnetic properties and thus performs the function of a discrete insulator (5) in the converter (1) - the transducer (1) thus constructed is placed in a protective housing (16) and is subjected to a combined and controlled effect: - radiation from α-, β- and γ-rays generated by a changeable and controllable radioactive source (6) located above the open top plane (11) in the transducer (1) - also from a magnetic field (7) created by an electromagnet (8) arranged around the transducer (1) whose coils (23) are connected in series with each other and their terminal terminals are connected to a PID control device (9), characterized by provided that the replaceable, nanosized, clustered, composite powdered material (4), which has insulating and ferromagnetic properties and performs the function of a discrete insulator (5) in the converter (1), is inserted into the transducer (1). - when subjected to combined, controlled and penetrating radiation effects of radiation by α-, β- and γ-rays and a magnetic field (7) - the individual nanoscale particles of the material (4) are converted into magneto-electric dipoles (10), representing a double dipole, magnetic and electric, united on a nanoscale particle - which are charged (electrified, accumulated) by electrical loads from the radiation effects of α-, β- and γ-rays and are oriented and polarized along and on the magnetic force lines (12) of the impacting magnetic field (7), - and in general, the discrete insulator (5) that is placed in the converter (1) is converted into each flat capacitor by it into a volumetric, electrically charged, superheterogeneous controlled system, and the converter (1) into a controlled charged superheterogeneous united capacitor (battery, battery) - which charges (accumulates) electrical loads from the radiation of α-, β- and γ-rays generated from a changeable and controllable radioactive source (6), - a is also diluted controllably by changing the value of the polarization coefficient of the discrete insulator (5), i. of its electrical susceptibility, which depends on the value of the intensity of the influencing magnetic field (7) created by the electromagnet (8) and the ferromagnetic properties of insulator particles (5) 2. A method for directly converting radiation energy into electrical energy according to claim 1, characterized in that - that the controlled action magnetic field (7) with its magnetic force lines (12) penetrates the volume of the transducer (1), i. discrete insulator (5) - thus interacting with the insulator (5) - and, through the open upper plane (11) of the transducer and perpendicularly to the magnetic force lines (12) of the field (7), radiation radiation of α-, β- and γ-rays generated by interchangeable radiation penetrates into it - and controlled by the presence or absence of radiation from the source (6), as well as by the section of the radiated radiation flow, - thus achieving an interaction between the insulator (5) and the radiation radiation α, β and γ - as a result of this combined and controllable effect, the insulator (5) is transformed into a superheterogeneous nanoscale volumetric structure, charged, polarized and controlled for each individual converter capacitor (1), which is horizontally stacked, contacted and charged (electric loads) electrified), polarized nanosheets formed by linear filament magnets, which are formed by ordered and polarized magnetic force lines (12) magneto-electric dipoles (10) creating linear magnets (13) is the inverse orientation of the impacting magnetic field (7) and whose magnetic and electrical poles contact the metal diamagnetic electrode plates (2), the collectors (3) of the transducer (1), and in the vertical direction and perpendicularly, but acting magnetic field (7) in ordered, contacting, polarized and charged (electrified) electric load of the same name, but different for each of the nanoplates representing sheet magnets formed in nanoplates by the edges of the magneto-electric dipoles (10) having the same magnetic and electric polarities obtained in each capacitor of the converter (1), they contact the electrode diamagnetic metal plates (2) and the collectors (3), thus giving them their obtained boundary electric potential and these magnetic nanoscale sheets (14) have an inverse orientation with respect to the magnetic field (7) - thus, in each pre-built capacitor of the converter (1) filled with a discrete insulator (5), a total potential difference on its electrode planes (2) is obtained, because in its electrical nature, the ordered, loaded and polarized nanoscale magnetic sheets ( 14) consist of nanosized thickness-loaded flat electric capacitors in series, thus resulting in this total potential difference - is output to the intermediate electrode plates (2) of the converter (1) by means of wires hidden in its housing (15), and the value of the total of all capacitors in the converter is the total sum of potential difference on the collectors (3) - is controlled by changing the value of the polarization coefficient of the insulator (5); of its electrical susceptibility, which depends functionally on the intensity of the impacting magnetic field (7) and the ferromagnetic properties of the insulator (5) Method for the direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that - that the replaceable, nanosized, clustered, composite powder material (4) in the converter (1) and serving as a discrete insulator (5) therein - is formed by separate, spatially distributed and distinct nanoparticles with defined chemical composition, structure, format and composite structure of the individual cluster, - having its outer zone formed as an insulator formed by mostly spherical units and joined together by contact and bonded to one another at high temperature, nanoscale insulating particles having an overall cluster shape, thereby obtaining the insulating coating of the individual cluster large value-developed specific surface and deep open nanocanal bulk nanoporosity, as well as the ability to surface and bulk electrify with electrical loads by surface adhesion and spreading their deepening, by Coulomb interaction, which electrical loads represent the radiation α and β radiation (particles) coming from the radiation source (6), as well as others generated by the penetration of γ radiation into the cluster and the internal photoelectric effect obtained there, - where the inner area under the insulator shell of the cluster is made up of separate nanosized particles obtained from pure metal, metal compounds and alloys with highly pronounced ferromagnetic properties - and thus the material (4) obtained from individual composite clusters • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ··· · ··· ··· ···· ··· ·· is placed in the converter (1) and performs the function of a discrete insulator (5) in a linear-volume system of sequentially arranged flat electrical capacitors of the converter (1) ) Method for the direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy according to claims 1,2 and 3, characterized in that the outer insulator zone of the replaceable nanoscale cluster composite powder material (4) is formed of insulator nanoscale particles having the form of spheres and generally representing a cluster giving a high value to the specific surface and deep, volumetric, open, nanoscale channel porosity, with the material of these particles being amorphous silica and the inner region of the individual nano Dimensional clusters of removable, composite, powder material (4) were obtained and constructed of nanosized particles of pure iron, magnetite, iron and iron-nickel, cobalt and chromium alloys, which could be coated with gold 5. A device implementing the method for the direct conversion of radiation energy into electrical energy, comprising: A converter (1) bounded by insulator walls with an intracellular cellular arrangement, the cells arranged in a linear and consecutive manner and having the same cross-section and longitudinal section, and their thickness much smaller than the depth and width, so constructed ( 1) is inserted by means of a vacuum-tight connection into a protective housing (16), in which openings (17) are made in two of the parallel and opposite walls, the housing (16) and the transducer (1) being opened in their upper plane (11). ), characterized in that at the end The opposite and parallel insulating walls (18) of the first and last cells of the transducer (1) are shaped internally metallic diamagnetic electrode plates (3) called end collectors, and on each parallel barrier insulator wall (19) of them the ordered cells are plated on both sides also metal diamagnetic electrode plates (2) with a cross section equal to the collectors (3) but less than their insulating bases, wherein the converter interior (1) is a linear and volumetric system of flat electrical capacitors, connected in series, in parallel, and possibly combined with the collectors (3), by means of wires (15) hidden in the housing of the converter and these flat capacitors correspond to the number of cells in the converter (1) as in the space between the metals diamagnetic electrode panels (2) of the cells, i. of flat electrical capacitors is filled with removable nanoscale composite powder material (4), which is a discrete (particle-shaped) insulator (5) of the converter (1) and isolated electrical conductors (24) are output from its end collectors (3). to which a consumer (25) as well as the coils (23) of the electromagnet (8) is connected via a PID control device (9), and in the space above the converter (1) there is a replaceable radioactive source (6) generating a discrete, and a combined type of radiation radiation from α-, β- and γ-rays with small, medium or high intensity of the generated radiation field, the source (6) being placed in a protective chamber (20) connected by vacuum-tight connection with the upper plane of the body of the radiation field. the protective housing (16) in which the transducer (1) is placed and the bottom (21) of the chamber (20) is movable and controllable for transmitting or stopping the radiation from the source (6) to the transducer (1) and in the lateral ones. openings (17) of the protective housing (16) are placed magnetic poles (22) of the electromagnet (8) located externally to housing (16) and transducer (1) as the poles (22) pass through the side openings (17) into the housing (16) and contact externally to the end side insulation walls (18) of the first and last cells in the transducer and cross section of the magnetic poles (22) covers or is greater than that of the collectors (3).