AU9716998A - Flat box system with multiple view optics - Google Patents

Description

S F Ref: 44727201

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AUSTRALIA

PATENTS ACT 1990 COUPLETE

SPECIFIAION

FOR A STANDARD

PATENT

ORIGINAL

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a S 5* S S *5 a S. 100405 Name and Address of Applicant, Actual Inventor(s): Address for Service: Invention Title: insight, Inc.

340 summer Street Lynnfield Massachusetts 09140 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA St Iephen D. Fantone, Anthony L. Gelardi anld John A.

Gel ardi Spruson Ferguson, Patent Attorneys Level 33 St Martins Tower, 31 Market Street Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia Flat Box System with Multiple View Optics r 4.

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The following statement is a full description of this invention, bestumethod of performing it known to me/us:including the

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i I -1- TITLE: FLAT BOX SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE VIEW OPTICS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the invention This invention relates generally to flat storage and display boxes and, more particularly, to optical arrangements for providing enhanced viewing of textual, graphic, and/or other symbolically coded information located on the inside of flat, 15 transparent storage and display boxes for compact discs, audio tapes, or the like.

2. Description of the Prior Art i Compact discs, which were first developed by Philips and Sony in the early S* 1980s, are now a well-established form of medium for recording a variety of retrievable 20 information. Their popularity and success stem from their compactness, convenience, competitive cost, and high information storing capacity.

e. f Physically, such discs arc thin, flat, circular objects approximatelY 12 cm in diameter by about 1.2 jnm thick. They are provided with a central hole about 18 mm in diameter for Purposes Of mounting themforotini various devices capable of reading and writing information co and from them. Typically, audio, video or other data is recorded in digital form on one surface of the disc with the opposit remaining free for carrying information about the contents of the recorded information.

For enabling writing and recording information, a compact disc (CD) comprises a clear plastic layer over a reflective aluminum surface7-Data, of whatever type, is stored on the disc in binary code; the 'onts of the code being dents or pits in the plastic surface while the I zeros, are represented by smooth plastic- When playing the disc, a. laser beam scans the disc surface as it rotates and is reflected back only by the 'zero' areas. Reflected light *,..,pulses are picked up by a photodetector which converts them into a digital :1:15 electrical signal that can then be further processed for subsequenlt use in variu pabkdeieaprrate for the type of information recorded in the disc.

While very popular for audio recording, CDs also can be used for storing video information, which applies the same technology. These have 20 advantages over magnetic tape by virtue of being easier to replicate and randomly access.

CDs are also used to store large amounts of computer information.

Here, CD-ROM (compact disc with read-only memory) is the most common format, but other forms of disc are available that allow data to be written on the disc as well as d.

Recent aplications for CD use include the photo-CD. which records still images for viewing on a television screen or reproduction as hard copy, and the multimedia CD, which holds pictures, sound, and text informationi P,2 9-S 1

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C S S on one disc and can play it back through television receivers and hi-fi equpment or appropriately configured computer Systems- While CDs are physically robust because information is digitally encoded and optically read, they obviously are not immune to damage and require protec~tion from n-ishafldlig and environmental effects which could destroy or compromnise their information bearing surfaces or otherwise threaten their physical integrity.

Consequently, CDs are usually shipped, stored and marketed in correspondingly flat containers referred to as 'jewel boxes'. Such boxes a-re generally made of a durable. transparent plastic such as polycarbonate or styrene and have been designed to occupy the mnimral amount of space consistent with their protective functiont. As a result of this, and the fact that CDs can carry so much digitally encoded information, space available on the surfaces of the jewel box for pr Ioviding information about their contents is at 1.5 a premium, especiallY since the practice of paclagifg CDs with "spaghetti' boxes has been' discontinued because of environmental pressares associated with the accumulated waste from the sale of large volumes of CDs.

Since the disappeaInfce of the spaghetti box from the marketplace, the current technique for informing CD users about the contents of recorded 20 CD information is to provide the information in the form of thin paper booklets or sheets that arm visible through the flat, transparent panels of a jewel boxes' front cover or base, or both. in addition, use is also made of the hinge edge of a box for displaying cryptic information about the title and author or artist of the CD. However, the limitedl exterior surface area of the conventional CD box, in turn, limits the amount of information that can be seen through any one surface thus requiring relevant information to be distributed among available surfaces. This forces a prospective buyer to flip through stacks of CDs while scanning the front covenr in search of the identity of a, particular CD, usually by title and/or artist, that may be of -3- *5 S-i 5.45 2 6 t5..* 7 9 interest and then turning the box around to-examine the rear surface for information about the detailed contents. Studies have shown that this results in the loss of multiple, and perhaps primary, saes because the process is time consuming and frustrating for the consumer. Hence, there is a need for a solutionl to the foregoing problems, and it is a primary object of this invention to provide solutions through the use of optical arrangements which enhance the viewing opportunities and amount of information that can be visually detected by a prospective CD owner.

While optical approaches have been used in the past for ditect magnification of content information about the insides of containers, none have provided mnore visual access to more information on the same viewable area or, more importantly, different information viewable through the same box surface. For exanple, British Patent No. GB 2222143 cntitled

"BOX-

LIKE CONTAINER" published an February 28, 1990 discloses the use of a 15 plano-convex, positive cylindrical lens arraged along the hinge edge of a 0t*****tape casstte or compact disc box for purposes of providing magnification of informational matter carried directly behind it.

United States Patent No. 4,863,026 entitled "STORAGE

CASES

FOR INFORMATION RECORDING DEVICES", issued on September 1989 discloses a Fresnel lens incorporated in or on the front cover panel of a case for purposes of magnifying information canied an the surface of a program card inserted in the case such that it lies diretly beneath the lens.

~in like manner, United States Patent No. 4,044,889 entitled "COSMETC coNTAIE1 INCLUDING INTEGRATED LENS STRUCTURE", issued on August 30, 1977, also shows a Fesnel lens for magnifying tiny underlying information carried on the interior of R cosinetic container.

U -nited States Patent -No. 4,863,026 entitled "STORAGE

CASES

FOR INFORMATION RECORDING DEVICES",-issued in the name of Thomas 3. Perkowsld on September.S5, 1989, discloses a Fresnel I=n -4- Ai:

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arranged on the front cover of a magnetic raPe, video tape, Or comPact disc storage box for magnifying information located directly behind the front cover at an appropriate distance.

Similarly, United States Patent No. 4,044,889 entitled "COSMETC CONTAINER INCLUDING INTMGRATE-D LENS STRUCTURE', issurd to Seymour Orentreich et al. on Akugust 30, 1971, describes the use of Fresnel lens structures for magnifying information located on the interior surfaces of cosmetic containers.

United States Patent No. 5,189,531 entitled "HOLOGRAM1 PODUCION, isuedto Charles E. Palmer et al. on February 23, 1993, describes techniques for forming holographic images in cosmetic compact covers or compact audio or video discs or the like.

In view of the known art, there continues to be a demonstrable need for more effective ways of providing significantly improved visual access to t :.15 flat containers and display boxes for purposes of informing prospective users :.about the contents of the containers and for making their contents more am-active to induce increased Waes. And, it is a primary object of this invention to fulfill this need.

0.Another object of the present invention is to provide optizal Ii *20 arngements by which the viewable surfaces of flat containers may be exploitdt rveveso difrnt information by observing those surfaces from slightly different perspectives.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide optical arrangements by which encoded information may be provided on a viewable surface.

Yet another object of the Dresent inlventionl is to provide optical viewing arrangements for compact disc containers that can be implemented by relatively minor modification of currently existing molds for fabricating them.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide optical arranigements by which pseudo-dynamic information may be provided to an observer of a flat container box.

IAnother object of the present invention is to provide an optical arrangemenlt employing a lerniculated surface structured to compensate for parallax effects at customary viewing distances.

Yet still another object of the present invention is to provide informational materials, such as booklets and the like, that can be inserted into flat boxes utilizing existing equipment while lying flat against a -flat panel of the box.

Other objects of the invention will be apparent and will appear *hereinafter in the following detailed description when read in connection IS Optical arrangements a=e provided by which observers of flat .containers or display boxes, such as compact disc (CD) jewel boxes, can be presented with differnt information about the contents of the box when Loolcing at one of its surfaces from different angular persectives.

orizontally and vertialy oretdlentculted pancls are used in combination with interlaced images to convey the differently coded views without the need for physically manipulating such boxes as in the past to see equien information. These arrangements enhance the possibilities for S displaying more and different kinds of information on a given box surface -area, compared with conventional approaches, and as such, enhance the prospects for increasing initial and multiple sales of CD products.

The interlaced images may be carried on card inserts in optical registration with the lenticulated4 surfaces, printed on interior surfaces of the box or front surface of aL compact disc. or some combination of all possibilities. Whatever the means for presenting the interlaced images to the leniculated surfaces used in the invention, it is important to align it within tolerable limits with the longitudinal axes of individual lenticules to assure image quality and separation.

In preferred embodiments, the spatial frequency of the lenticulated panels and interlaced images are arranged with respect to one another to compensate for parallax effects which would otherwise be present when the flat panels are observed at customary viewing distances. Preferably, the spatial frequency of the interlaced images are adopted as fixed and thejpatial frequency of the lenticulae is made higher by a factor approximately in the ratio of the viewing distances to their respective planes, adjusted for refraction effects of the lenticules themselves as needed.

The interlaced images are preferably carried on multipaneled.

printed, inserts that are folded to be compliant so that, when inserted into a 15 box, they are resiliently urged to lie flat, within tolerances, against the plane containing the loci of focal lines of the lenticulae. Preferably, the panels of the inserts are adjusted in length so that when folded a bow is induced in the panel to provide it with a spring action when compressed or to assume a predetermined curve when free standing.

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20 DESCRITION OF THE DRAWINGS The structure and operation of the invention, together with other objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reading the "1 detailed description in connection with the drawings in which unique reference numerals have been used throughout for each par and wherein: Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a plurality of conventional CD jewel boxes stacked to illustrate the identification problem a consumer usually encounters during the buying process; Fig 2 s adigranifafl prspctie iew of a convelfiOflai

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jewel box showni in its opened position along wt opc ic Fig. 3 is an exploded di.aii~1 perspectve view of a conventional CDi jewel boxK and its various contets including a CD, programr and base insert wAith folded edges; ofa netecmptdir Fig. 4 is a diarnamaflc perspe-t've o nivniecmatds box System having a verticalY oriented lenticulated front panel; Fig. 5 is diagramica penpective of an invenitive compact disc box system hav ing a horizonllUy oriented lenticulated- front panel',- Fig. 6 is a diagrammffatic vertical eicvatioflal view of the view presented to an observe looking along a first path of observaon at the front too: of the compact disc box systern Of Fig.- 4; Fig. 7 is a diagtaflmatic vetical elevational view of the view presentedtoan observer looldng along a second path of observation, angularly separated from the first in thc horizflftal plane. when loolkIng zt.

the front of the compact disc box sYstem Of Fig. 4; Fig. 8 is an enlared, diagrammfatic. fragmfeflte vertical crosssectionl view of a portion of the box system of Fig. 4 taken generally along lie 8-8 therein; I' 20 -Iig. 9 is an enlarged. diagr~raf'tfac, fragmented vertical cross- -:-sectional view of another embodiment of the i nvention in which the lenticulated surfaces Of the front cover are located internal to a box; Fig. 10 is a diagramnmac perspective view of a bowed or curved compliant or resilient image carrying insert in accordance with the teachings of -the invention; Fig. I11 is a diagrammtfatic side elevatiofal view iilusating the loading On the insert of Fig. 10 when placed in a box system of the invention; Fig. 12 is a diagrmmaic elevationz.l view illustrating tegonll relationships between the insert of Fig. 10 and the rear surface of a leniticulated cover and tabs of a box system of the invention when subjected the forces illustrated in Fig. 11, particularly showing that the insert takes on a flattened shape with respect to the loci of the back focal lines of the lenticulated cover; Fig. 13 is a diag-rammatic side elevational view of a preferred, multipancled booklet that may be used in the practice of the invention showing that, in its free standing folded Configuraion, te booklet is bow shaped and compliant; Fig. 14 is a diagrammatic, unfolded plan view of the booklet of Fig.

*Fig. 15 is a diagrammatic ilustration showing how the rnultipanlc~d booklet of Figs. 13 and 14 is folded to achieve the configuration of Fig. 13; 9*15 Fig. 16 is a diagramnmatic. side elevationalJ view of another embodiment of a compliant image caring insert of the invention; Fig. 17 is a diagrammlatic plan view iisstratiiig yet another multipancled booklet of the invention; Fig, 18 is a diagrammatic, side elevational view of yet another multipaneled compliant insert of the invention-, Fig. 19 is a diagrammfatic. sid- elevational view of another embodiment for the bcox system of the invention iMustrating how one tab may be used with a compliant image caingfl insert that is bowed oppositely than a others of the invention-, Figs. 20 and 21 are diagrammti~c drawings taken u-nnsverse the longitudinal axes of lenticulated panels used in the inventive box systemsS tracing the paths various light rays take in traveling to diffe-rent segmecntS of interlaced images formed on information bearing cards used in the inventive boxssas Fig- 22 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the nature of parallax effects that are corrected by certain features of the invention; Fig. 23 is a diagrammatic illustration showing in more detail how the parallax effects of Fig. 22 occur as a result of differece in the angle of perspective from wich an observer "sees" different segments of interlaced images of the invention; Fig. 24 is a diagrammatic ilustration showing the origins of 3 visual paraLLax effect that exists without the corrective featurcs of die invention; Fig. 25 is a diagrammatic plan view illustrating the pxinciple of operation of the itnticulated surfaces of the invention; Fig. 26 is a diagrammatic front elevational view of the box system of Fig. 2 shown with additional elements to illustrate the imporancc of alignment of informational material with the longitudinal axes of the lenticulated surf-aces of the invention; Fig. 27 is a diagrammatic perspective view of another embodiment u the invention showing a plurality of lenticulated surfaceas carried on the front cover of an inventive box system to display various information which [Pay be carried on the front surface of a compact disc or disc holder. rather than ont a card insert as in other emnbodimnerts and Fig. 28 is a an enlarged, diagratic elevational cross-section of a fragme-nt of an alternate embodiment similar in concept to the box system ol Fi-. 27.

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Reference is now made to Fig. I which shows a stack of flat storage and display box systems for compact discs. The stack is generally designated at 10 and comprises a plurality of individual boxes 12, 14, 16, and 18, which are all identical and of conventional design for stoing and displaying compact discs (CDs) such as those for recording and playing back audio information. However, it will be understood that other forms of information such as data, video, multimedia, or graphics could just as easily be recorded on such CDs.

As best seen in Figs. 2 and 3, each compact disc box system, considering box 14 as exemplary, comprises the following major components: a front cover 20, a rear base 22, a compact disc carrier or holder 24, an informational booklet 26, which typically carries printed graphical and textual information describing the recorded contents of the box, a compact disc 28 which bears recorded information, and a folded printed insert card 30, which typically carries a shortened textual and Sgraphic description of the contents of the recorded information.

Front cover 20, rear base 22, and disc holder 24 are all injection molded of a suitable plastic with a wall thickness of about 1.2 mm. Overall, each box measures about 142 mm x 124 mm x 10.4 mm as pictured in Fig.

1 in their closed state.

Typically, front cover 20 and rear base 22 are transparent and molded of styrene or polycarbonate, while disc holder 24 may be made of either transparent or opaque plastic, colored as desired.

Referring now to Fig. 3. it can be seen that front cover 20 comprises S a front flat panel 32 which has upper and lower raised edges 34 and 36, respectively. Upper- raised edge 34 has a pair of spaced apart tabs, 38 and 40, extending outwardly therefrom while lower raised edge 36 is provided witha similar pair of tabs, 4:2, and 44. Tabs, 38 to 44, are cnfigured and -11- ;i ii :i i: r e,- 9 Is~tli~aaer~i~ 8-9 c~mm arranged to have corresponding edges of booklet 26 slide underneath them to retabn it with its front surface against the rea surface Of transparent front cover Panel 32. In this manner, informaton ca~rriedi on the front page of booklet 26, such as the title and artist's name for an audio disc, can be Clearly seen through the front: surface Of front cover 20. Booklet 26 is automatically inserted into the space or "pocket" formed between the rear surface to the front cover 20 and the oppositely facing surfaces of the tabs.

This is achieved through the Ust of high -speed equipment designed especially for this purpose and widely available throughout the industry. Part of this invention, as will be seen, is to provide informationai inserts, like booklets, that are adapted for use with such high speed equipment whIle having features particularly suitable to other purposes of the invention, .Rear bae 2 also has a t rnrn flat panel that is designated as 46o.

Extending outwardly from flat panel 46 are a plurality of raised edge sections 48, 50, 52, and 54. Rased edge sections, 48 and 52, are provided with shaloircuarl symmetricU~ hoILL l esI thatL cooperate ut short conlplementarfly configured posts on the back end of front cover upper and lower edge, 34 and 36, respectively, to provide a pair of pivots, 51 and *53, respectively. Pivots, 51 and 53, permit front cover 20 and rear base 22 to be hingedly connected to one another for movement between open and closed positions.

.Folded insert 30 comprises a flat panel section 80 and two raised end edges 82 and 84, all of which can carry printed textual or grapla information. Typically, edges 82 and 84 carry just. textuaal information.A Duin teasblof a typical box storage and display system, insert 30 is usually automatically placed in rear base 22 with its information bearing section 80 against the rear surface of transparent flat panel 46 so that it can be readily perceived from the opposite surface bY a CD user or customer.:, -12- I lima *fee 4 *so 00000 in this connection, the information carried on raised edges 82 and 84 can be seen, respectively, through left and right edges, 83 anid respectively, of rear ba-se 22. Left edge 83 in this instance corresponds Lo the hinge edge of a typical box system.

Compact disc holder 24 functions to retain insert card 30 flush with the rear surface of rear base flat panel 46 and to retain a compact disc in place. For these purposes, disc holder 24 comprises a circular tray section 66 with a flexible hub 64. Extending above circular tray section 66 are four raised edge sections, 68, 70, 72, and 74, located at t four comners of disc holder 24 and shaped to provide a rim for protecting the peripheral edges of a compact disc.

Each raised edge section, 68-72, includes raised dimples (only two shown), such as those at 69 and 71, that are adapted to be snap-fitted with corresponding tab section detent holes, 56-62, in rear base 22. In this manner disc holder 24 snaps into and is retained in rear base 22.

Compact disc 28 is see-n to be a flat circular object with a front surface 86, rear surface 90, and cetral circular mounting hole 88. Front surface 8.6 carries recorded information with rear surface g0 typically carrying printed information identifying the CD recorded contents by title and artist or the like.

CD 28 is held in place by disc holder 24 with its recorded information bearing surface 86 against the front surface of circula tray 66 so that, it is protected against damage. To accomplish this, a user simply aligns flexible hub 64 with circular hole 88 and then pushes against compact disc 28 until it compresses the flexible fingers of hub 64 inwardly. Furthier inward pressure causes the flexible fingers by design to expand after certain portions clear the thickness of a CD to trap disc 28 in place.

Disc holder 24 also includes a rectangularly shaped raised deck 78 thai protrudes through front cover 20 near the hinget edge. The deck is -13-

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usually provided with surface serrations extending along its longitudinal direction to provide a grip for ease of handling by the user and during manufacture.

In the assembled state as shown in Fig. 1, the information.bearing surfaces in such compact disc storage and display box systems can usually only be seen by flipping through them in the manner illustrated. Because of the display arrangements adopted by retailers, it is typically only possible to flip through boxes to scan the information appearing through their front covers to identify their contents. The alternative is to pick the box up and examine all of its sides for the needed information. No information can be seen through either top or bottom edges in the position in which they are O, usually displayed, and the information that might be seen through the hinge or right edge of a box system is also obscured in this display position.

As will be seen in the following description, the foregoing problems with the conventional CD storage and display box systems are solved with Snovel optical arrangements for providing a user or customer with more and different opportunities for more easily observing information about the contents of CDs and for enhancing the opportunities for more creative advertising approaches to marketing CDs.

i.-C 20 DEIAED

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Referring now to Fig. 4, there is shown an embodiment of the inventive box system designated generally at 100. Box system 100 comprises a front cover 102 hinged to a base 104 about a pair of pivots (one o" of which is shown at 109 in one of two raised sidewalls, only one of which is shown at 108). Inside of box system 100 is a compact disk holder of conventional design and having a grooved deck 106 which is more easily gripped for ease of handling.

I-Front cover 102 is preferably molded of a durable plastic such as styrene or polycarbonate and includes a transparent flat, lenticulated panel -14- 1 f 110 in which there are formed in its front surface a plurality of vertically oriented adjacent individual lenticules 112 which make up a lenticular array or section. While lenticules 112 are shown enlarged many times, it will be appreciated that in practice they are small, having spatial frequencies ranging between, for example, 1 to 10 lenticules per millimeter.

Information in the form of interlaced printed images resides in a plane behind the front cover lenticulated section, and lenticulated front panel 110 operates in a manner to be described to provide an observer with two different images depending on the angle at which front cover 102 is observed. Because of the vertical orientation of lenticules 112, the two available views are separated in angle in a horizontal plane or azimuth perpendicular to front cover 102. In Fig. 4, the arrows designated at 114 and 116 indicate by way of example the angular separation between such views, and Figs. 6 and 7 show examples of the different type of messages 15 that an observer may see along such paths of observation. As shown in Fig.

6, an observer may be presented with a logo, title and/or artist information

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regarding the contents of a CD while viewing along the path designated as 114.Along path 116, slightly to the right of path 114,an observer can see the contents of individual numbers on the CD, as in the case of an audio CD.

20 While two separate views have been illustrated in connection with the description of the embodiment of Fig. 4, it will be appreciated that more than two views are quite feasible depending on the number of interlaced images provided, and such views of different information may also be presented to an observer viewing the flat wall of rear cover 104 as well, It 25 should also be appreciated that such views can periodically repeat themselves Sas the angle of view over the surface of the lenticulated surface.

S. In Fig. 5, an alternate embodiment of the invention is presented.

Here, a box system 120 comprises a front cover 122 pivotally hinged to a r ear bap 124 via a pair of pivot poinis (one shown at 125). Box System 120

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,15- i g i.i als ha a onveiflioflal dis6 holder with I dck 126 that Prtiides througl' a cut~t n fontcovr 12.Deck 126 and a front Cover Sie28hv serration~s or grooves as before for improvin gfpn a i hadingawel Front cover 122 as before, is injection molded of0 atCi el known manner and includes a flat, lentic site, r pael O hving a3.

plurality of horizontally oriented, side-by-Sie aalllnitls12 Lenticules 132 Operate as before to provide two inlformational views that, in thi intafceareanulalY epaate vrticallY in a plane Or azimuth that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of leriticuleS 132.HrteveS ay be used to present difrnobservable messages, aredsgae LO whch ma diaeen delb dniclthtshogned as 134 and 136, and there informationlmywl eietclt htsoni Izigs. 6 and 7 or something altogether different. vtoa vevo h Fig. 8, there is an enlarged crosssctional, elvaiflvewoth bo ytem 10)0 taken generally along line 8-8 of~hg. 4. As can be seen, C ~15 front flat panel 142 comprises a front surface 141 and ra ufc 4.i front surface 141 are formed the plurality of lenticules 112, Each lenticule; operates in a well-knownl manner as a cylindrical lens to form line images in one azimuth corresponding to its longitudinally extending axis.

An information card 140 or insert is provided so that. its front surface 20 is at or near contact with rear surface 143. Information card 140 bears an *interlaced image, the images of thle various views to be presented to a viewer brokenl up into tiny adjacent image strips, alternately one image segment form one view -and so on over the entire image. The interlaced images are placed behindlenticules 112 so that different combinations of them can be seen along the different perspectives-, each lenticule 112 provi'ding a view of part of the whole -image which collectively are perceived as a synthesie whl yteoservers visual system without notice of the lenticules themselves because of their size in relationt to the visual acuity of the eye.

-16- The insert or informational card 140 may be positioned laterally and vertically through the use of locating pins 142 and 144 which fit into corresponding holes provided in it. Any suitable means such as resilient means may be provided to keep the insert card 140 pressed against rear surface 143 to assure that the printed matter on card 140 is located at the proper distance from the loci of focal lines lenticules 112.

Fig. 9 shows an alternate embodiment of the invention where the lenticules may be located on the interior of an inventive box system 160.

Here, there is a transparent flat panel 162 injection molded with flat exterior surface 161 and a rear interior surface 163. Formed in interior surface 163 are lenticular cylindrical grooves 164 that are separated by small isolation pillars 166 whose bases lie in plane of surface 163. As shown, grooves 164 are preferably formed in groups of two, three, or more. Isolation pillars operate to prevent cross talk between grooved lenticules 164 and thus keep the interlaced images from intermingling as well as maintaininri the distance between the information bearing card and the lenticules.

An information bearing card 168 is placed against surface 163 and the bottoms of pillars 166 to provide the interlaced image to lenticules 165, and information card 168 is registered with lenticules 164 via a pair of i 20 locating pins 170 and 172.

.Where it is desired to utilize existing high-speed, industry wide equipment to insert informational materials, such as printed materials, in the Sbox system of the invention, approaches other than the use of registration pins may be beneficially used for alignment purposes, keeping in mind that such materials must be aligned within acceptable visual tolerances with respect to the loci of focal lines of the lenticular surfaces, they must be flat over the area of visual interest, and must not be twisted, or tilted, with respect tothe longitudinal axes of the lenticules. More particularly, iriformational inserts such as booklets must be self flattening and preferably -17fit into the space provided between the curr ent retention tabs and the flat surface carrying the lenticular screen so that current molds do not need to be modified especially to accommodate the inventive informational materials.

The depth of space available between the retention tabs and the flat surface car-ying the lenticulars is approximately 0.085 to 0.090 inches.

With typical paper thickness used for booklets, for example, running at about 0.005 to 0.006 inches, it is clear that, even for booklets consisting of multiple panelsi a substantial amount of available space must be filled to hold any instructional materials in place and properly aligned with the lenticules both axially and laterally. Moreover, since any informational insert, particularly those for use in the front cover, is suspended over a large span between oppositely facing tabs, it must be stiff perpendicular to this direction and resilient in a direction opposite so that it will flatten against the lenticulars over their whole area within the toleraces dictated by the depth of focus of the optics. For a circle of confuision of about 0.005". (visual acuity) and acrylic, this depth of focus iAs about plus or minus 0.008 inches.

To solve this problem several inventive embodiments of informati nal inseurts have been made based on the principle illustrated in Fig.. 10, which shows an insert that has resiliency or compliance when in a free standing state. As seen, the insert show a 180 s atur~albow or curvature, b, when free, standing. If one pushes on insert 180, it will compress and return to its free state when the force is released, it exhibits elastic behavior. Consequently, insert 180 is strucwured'with propertes that p rovide. it resiliency in one azimuth while adding stiffness along the azimuth perpendicular to it (See Fig. 10). The insert is stiff in the plane and resilient or compliant in the y-z plane. When such a structure interacts with the rear surface of the lenticular front cover and the tzbs the static reactions at the tabs, and the resultant force bearing against the lenticulated surface caused by the cover, (See Fig. 11) introduce pip.4 moments tending to flatten the arn work ou~t as shown in Fig. 12. Here, BF represents the foci of back focal lines of the lentictiles on cover 110- Obviously, the thickness of such inserts also plays a role in filling up the space between the tabs and lenticulated surface as well and must, in conjunction with its resilient properties be accounted for.

Various approaches to making such inserts with the needed properties have been found usUf. Fig. 13 shows a double folded, multiple panel, booklet 182 having three panlels, 184, 186, and 188, having sharp creases between them, with the fre dge of inwardly folde-d panel 188 entering the first crease formed between panel 184 and 186. Here, the lengths of the panels are selected so that, when folded the edge of the last panel folded interferes with the first creame to cause the last panel to buckle under the :'.,induced compression set up in this way. This, in turn, creates the compliance needed, and the compliance may be ajusted as required by a 15 simple length adjustment. For example, as shown in Fig. 14, the last panel to the right (188) may be made longer than the two to the left of it (184 and 186), or alternatively, in one preferred embodiment, the oute two panels >1 may be of the same length and the middle one made shorter. Clearly, this .*approach makes for a reliable method of controlling resilient propetrtie-s by controlling length instead of the charactecistics of the crease and material :properties on which information is printed.

,Fig. 15 shows the sequence for folding booklet 182. Panel 184 is S....first folded on top of panel 186 with a sharp crease formed between themn.

S Then, panel 188 is folded over panel 186, between panel 184 and 186. so that it is sandwiched between them. Again, a sharp crease is foamed between these latter two.

Fig. 16 represents a single fold insert 190 having two panels 192 and 194. both of which bow individually to form a collective bow. Here, the inside surface of the material forming insert 190 is provided with a coating -19causing the material to curl towards the coated side. The insert can be practiced with either a gentle or sharp crease. Instead of a coating, it is also possible to create this configuration with suitable heat treatment such as ironing.

Fig. 17 shows a six panel booklet 196 that is about 0.030 inches thick in its folded condition. In use, this booklet must be configured as with booklet 182 so that at least one panel interferes with the crease between two others to provide the resilient properties needed, and this may be achieved empirically if needed, Fig. 18 shows a multipanel insert 198 consisting of panels 200, 202, and 204. Here, instead of sharp creases between panels, gentle creases are used with the free end of the inwardly folded panel 204 not entering the first crease. The material properties of the insert and the gentler crease operate to provide spring sections that tend to separate the panels, forcing them to 5 want to unfold. This type of approach can be made to either expand on its own to fill available space or be compressed within the space available. In either case, the art work is flattened with respect to the lenticulated surface.

It will be understood that tab placement can be adjusted as needed to induce the proper bending moments to cause informational insens to flatten out against the optics. However, to change the current tab positions would be a very costly proposition which can be avoided with the present invention.

rp Fig. 19 uses a single central tab 206 in conjunction with a single panel 208 with a curl coating. It bends oppositely to the others. Non-curl S.versions could also be used provided the curl were in the right direction.

It is also possible to use combinations of folded printed materials in conjunction with flexible, thin springs. For example, panel 188 of Fig. 13 may instead be a separate piece of polymeric material heat treated to induce a gentle curvature to provide itwith springiness. Such a piece could be assembled with the informational material prior to insertion in a box.

p~sarmn~s~ p a~sere~~ Moreover, such springy inserts need not be placed between folded panels but could just as well be located behind inserts as a separate piece.

In addition to the need to have the informational inserts flat with respect to the optics, they must also be parallel to the longitudinal axes of the lenticules to within limits or adverse visual effects can occur in the form of ripples that become apparent across the face of the viewed field. What has been found preferable is to keep the interlaced images parallel to the longitudinal axes of the lenticules to within 1/2 or less the width of a single segment of an interlaced image resident behind a lenticule over the length of the art work of interest. Consequently. if the an work is long, this tolerance is more demanding than if short. However, what is interesting is that the art work can slide perpendicular to the lenticules without objectionable visual problems; one just sees the different views in different orders. Even so, the tilt must remain within the above limits to avoid rippling. This means that 15 the edges of multiply folded panel inserts must be straight to within this tolerance, or at least one of them, e.g. 181 in Fig. 14 used for registration "against a side wall must be straight, while the others may deliberately be skewed in the opposite direction to avoid any conflict in this regard.

Interestingly, while the inserts can move in parallel fashion transverse to the 20 longitudinal axes of the lenticules without introducing visual artifacts, so long as any tilt is kept within bounds, edges skewed in the direction opposite S that of the reference can provide springiness in the plane of the insert to keep it in place perpendicular to the axes of the lenticules. Otherwise, the effect of slight movement in this plane is to simply change the order in which one sees the different views. Also, it is to be understood that the various inserts described may be rotated ninety degrees and still work even though the bowing is now also at ninety degrees to those inserts shown.

Figs. 20 and 21 show the principle of operation of the lenticular panels used in the box systems of the invention. Both figures are traces S-21ilustrating the paths that certain light rays take in traveling from different portions of the interlaced images used in the invention to provide the different views for a particular lenticule design. Here, the ray traces were done for lenticules, 112 that arm made of styrene with an index of refraction of 1.59, have a radius of 0.0285 inches, and an apical focal ditance of 0.058 inches, the distance from the front surface an the axis to the optimal focus of a lenticule, here the dashed line which represents the interlaced image. The informnational card actually resides behind this location by a distance of 0.003 inches so that there is ant air gap of this amount between the front surface of a card (140) and the dashed line.

In Fig. 20, an observer looking sa-aight along the axis of lenticules *112 sees behind each lenticule 112 a different segment of the whole image where each segment is designated at 146. If the observer looks along a line of sight that is at 10 degrees with respect to the: axis, image segments designated at 148, which correpond to a different image, can be seen while those designated at 146 cannot.

in Fig. 21, image segments 150 are seen at an angle of observation inclined to tho axis at 20 degrees so this may represent yet another messge or a repeat of a previous message slightly shifted.

Reference is now made to Fig. 22, which illustr=e, the parallax *~:.effect that can occur ini using the invention if the size of the box becomes large in relation to the interpupill5ry distance of the eye or the viewing ~~distance is coinesponidngly small in relation to the overall image size.Th parallax effect comes about because of a displacement of the chief ray passing through the center of each lenticule with respect to its correspndn image segment as the angle of observation of a lenticule increases compared with the normal to that lenticule. The result is that every chief ray, if not corrected for this effect, does not pass through its correct interlaced image segment. The visual result is a softness or, bluriness in changing from one 8 -22- ,view to the next or poor separatiOnl between views. The phenomenon is shown heuristically in Fig. 22. Let 210 represent the lenticules with a given spacing (assume thin lens theory applies) and 212 rePre~nt the interlaced images at the Saje spatia frequency of the lenficules. Hme the dashes for the interlaced images in' 212 can comprise just one image or several images in the allocated spac. For purposes of the illustration, they can be assumed to represent one image segment, but the argument applies if they represent more than one.

As can be appreciated, the lenticitles and images line up perfectly just like one picket fence behind another, and when one looks through a lenticule normal to it (the lenicules are transparent), one sees a corresponding image segment right behind it. However, when viewing 212 at some angle other than normal incidence, it is clear that one no longer sees the proper corresponding image segment. Instead, the line of sight begins to walk away from the proper image segment as the viewing angle icreases until the SQ **proper image is missed altogether. This results in a partial view of both images sirnultanouslY, a generally undesirable result.

Figs. 23 and 24 show in more quantitativc termns exactly by what amounts the chief ray wwalkoff' problem is. Mome particularly, let y. be the I. 1 20 ray height of the chief ray for any lenticule as a function of the angle of case :observation, 0 and vertical position of the Y-intetrept of an incoming ray.

Then 0.

8 1nl, where n is the index of refr-action of the lenticular material and L, is the viewing distance. Then.

y, (I +t/nL,) -23- If one lets, f, the spatial frequency of the interlaced images, then to compensate for the progressively larger errors in y, with increasing viewing angle, then, the spatial frequency of the lenticules for a box of walll thickness, t, is given by: f, f (1 +t/nL,) Thus, the parallax effect may be compensated for exactly for any assumed viewing distances or optimized over a range of viewing distances.

While the preferred way of correcting for parallax effects is to increase the spatial frequency of the lenticules to progressively drop the center of each lenticule downwardly with increasing angle, it is to be understood that the spatial frequency of the lenticules may also be adjusted or both can be altered to address the parallax problem. However, it is somewhat easier to build the correction into the molding tool and use available printing techniques to achieve the spatial frequency of the interlaced images.

15I Fig. 25 diagrammatically shows how the interlaced images and lenticules may be used to provide stereo image sets, such as stereo pairs, so 1 the view of the box system front cover may be a stereo image. Here, the system is arranged so that the left eye sees a left stereo image segment behind the right side of a lenticule 112 while the right eye sees a right stereo image segment behind the left side of a lenticule 112. The overall effect is for the right and left eyes to have presented to them full left and right stereo image pairs. Here, again, parallax effects can be corrected in the manner previously described.

Fig. 26 illustrates the importance of proper alignment of the informational content of the card with the longitudinal axes of the lenticules used in the invention If the longitudinal axis is taken to correspond to the horizontal axis, OA. of a leticule, then the registrations pins, such as those designated at 183 and 185$ are preferably positioned at right angles to achieve proper alignment. This would be true if the optical axis of a -24-

I!_

A;

a *I 9 09 a.

lenticule ran vertically rather than horizontally as shown. However, when insert edges are used for alignment, the edges run parallel, or nearly so, to the longitudinal axes of the lenticules.

Fig. 27 shows another embodiment of the invention in which a plurailty of lenticulated segments are employed on different parts of a front cover to provide different messages or visual effects.

This embodiment is a box system 220 that has a front cover 222, rear base 224, and compact disc holder deck 236. Front cover 222 includes a molded flat panel 232 having differently oriented and located lenticulated segments 234, 226, and 230. Segments 198 and 200 are horizontally oriented with segment 234 being vertical.- A clear circular segment 228 generally corresponds to the area of a compact disc, except for the presence of lenticulated segment 230. These segments, as well as those previously illustrated, may be made to interact with properly registered informational messages located not just on informational insert cards but on interlaced images placed on different conventionally available CD structures. Fig. 28, for example, illustrates additional possibilities. Here, a front cover segment 202 has a lenticulated front surface that is provided with different lenticules that have been optically designed to interact with interlaced messages located 20 on different levels of existing CD box structure. Lenticules 240, for example, are provided with a focal length for observing an interlaced message located on an availble surface ofan otherwise conventional compact disk carrier 246. Lenticules 242 on the other had are structured with a longer focal length to observe an interlaced image located on the front surface of a compact disc 246, which would, of course, have to be properly oriented. The principle illustrated is that the invention may be implemented through the use of a diversity of combinations of lenticulated panel segments with interlaced images on the interior of a box system where those interlaced images may be present as printed cards or be located on other surfaces of -25.e Va epeeta 3~ a q 0 see aa 44 f r: 1, a o ao r i 1;2 be ho( ecsting conventional structure. Interlaced images may, for excamPlebho stamped on available surfaces or provided on substratvm that are transparenlt rather than opaque or on adhesive labels or the like, and all of these possibilities wre within the scope of the teaching of the invention. All of the possible interlaced images described herin may be fabricated in any Wellknown manner as, for example, with photographic techniques employing appropriated masks or more recently available computer image manipulation techniques employing computer technology.

It should also be understood that it is not necessary to form the lenticulated wall sections of the invention as unitary structures integrated with structural walls themselves since it is within the teaching of the ieee invention to attach separately formed lenticulated wall sections to otherwise smooth wall sections by using suitable adhesives or other means of attachment. In doing so, locating pins such as those indicated at 142 and 144 in Fig. 8 andat 170 and 172 inFig. 9 aybe used onlbothsidesof a ***flat watl section to simultaneously register a separate lenticulated wall S sec=don with an information bearing card or the like located at the optimal focal plane of the lenticules employed. Moreover, it will be undertood that the lenticulated structures of the invention, including compensation for paralax effects, may b integated with the front backand side wall surfaces along with interior surfaces, such as disc carriers, as well.

0* S.2 Those skilled in the art may make other changes to the invention .without departing from the scope of its teachings. Therefore, it -is intended that the embodiments described herein be considered as illustrative and not be construed in a limiting sense.

-26-.

Claims (28)

1. A box system for containing at least one flat object and providing visual information about the flat object, said box system comprising: a multisided flat box comprising a pair of opposed flat walls interconnected by a plurality of shallow side walls to provide an interior chamber for the flat object, said pair of opposed flat walls and said plurality of shallow side walls being joined to releasably receive the flat object, at least one of said pair of opposed flat walls having a transparent lenticulated section composed of a plurality of parallel lenticules having a focal plane optically associated therewith; a compliant insert bearing at least two interlaced preprinted images, said compliant insert being removably insertable into said interior chamber and located in a plane substantially parallel and proximate to said transparent lenticulated section so that said interlaced preprinted images are in optical registration therewith, said compliant insert being further located substantially in said focal plane of said transparent 15 lenticulated section to provide different information to an observer looking at said transparent lenticulated section from different angular perspectives.

2. The box system of claim 1 wherein said compliant insert comprises a multi paneled, preprinted sheet folded with creases formed between folds so that it is resiliently urged against said transparent lenticulated section such that it is substantially 20 flat with respect thereto when inserted into said interior chamber.

3. The box system of claim 2 wherein said panels of said multifolded preprinted sheet are of different lengths so that, when folded, at least one of said panels interferes with the crease formed between two others to create a bow in said insert thereby making it resilient. 25 4. The box system of claim 2 wherein said panels of said preprinted sheet is coated on one side to cause them to curl towards said coated side to provide said compliant insert with resilient characteristics when said panels are folded with their coated sides facing one another.

5. The box system of claim 2 wherein said panels of said multifolded preprinted sheet are folded with gentle creases so that when said compliant insert is free standing, said gentle creases tend to cause said panels to unfold thereby providing said compliant insert with said resilient characteristics.:

6. The box system of claim 1 wherein said opposed flat walls and said Sshallow side walls are molded of transparent plastic and said transparent lenticulated s section is integrally molded with one of said opposed walls thereof.

7. The box system of claim 1 wherein said transparent lenticulated section is formed on the exterior surface of one of said opposedflat walls. ap as, f .1 LI I.. p- 900 -e 9 i :i i iI 4 :r I: i. i:: R 1;' r~g~e~s~ m -i i..

8. 1'he jliox systom ir~ Otai I ~isi idIalIllt ptl~di~ section is formed onl the inte~rior sutuo of ow) or' "wid k'O~ipikvlR ll

9. 'rie box 'systom otf cli11 I Wv vehimitl I( 1nIMMtY kit 11iili 1011110,1110 o f said lentilculated section amc spauck tv Cotni isaw C mtoi llm~fr' 10, 'rile biox Systeil of Cehm 9 Whokolk stid plurality of iiaih10 4I11iiliit4 of said lentientiited section tiave it spatitil Aflvqlilmy that is Ilior1 Ithit 11 of mild~ interlaced preprinted intages. 'r te box system ot' C-laim It) Whomcii mid sialial Avkcinloy (11 mild plurality of parallel lenticules of said leticitliitcd secioi are givoti 11y: t/nLi) whe~rein f, is (lie spatil (rcquency (it' mild pluralty of panillul leat lvulos. Ct, is tiw spatial frequency of said inteCrilaed preprintud ililllrves I Is IN. Wall tiIkness of, Said lentictulated scutimf, iti s the illnde or aeflrmtionl o, sNaid 0leiul lilte section, anld L~I IN tile viewing distance. *12, A box system dierined it, claim I wlitereii- tho att lonist otto noat oliecl cop:se li~t least One Colpilt disc, and Whur'chi said pirII of' opplosod Hill wall and 811id nlUralitv Of Sie Wallk e0an1inai S 20 it flat base comtprising it first ilnit panell haivilig jl.poltiftul I0geN amd N1IWIIow rised walls coll'cted around said pLrillutl CedPtes tliem'eoi'; it fflt front cover coamliiip. it gecoid 111a( pminvl als~o htlti pur"Ipheral edges find shallow rait walls arIL' ll ilud file perprl-4,1 WO 0dg 0 therof i 1111 mi Irllnt cover and said flat base beig pivotlilly Cotiieled to titme a1otliwi' to Ib6r,11 a lun1go 2u between them so thlat they Call lie moved botween at Clomed( pioNitioht ill Which they fitl *.9together to define tl aiterior. C1hanubet' theetwooetFo 1,0 rekitably ruceivinig it Cnnlul disc, tit least one of said tirst. and mumoind f'lat Pan101lhavinig a1 tm'a11hplrIolit Iw1itlilud section composed of' it plurality of parallel len1ticks opitlcally It5Nt1elilluld thoiei;h and wherein Said Conuplmimu rte' compirku arenmovable Comp liant linert fort Pl11011011 olwthinl Aild Iituiot' 0ehinibr ft' providing informatioti tlat is h 11 (1lane1 substaldlly Parallel to atI laasI one0 ol' nmaid f l1It and second -flat panelm and in optical reglstrationi withi mild Iiuiroa'eit iwillettlais1d setion thereof, SRIeed ompliant lInsert Inuluding at bust two' Prop t'l II d, flnorhu1100d itfla4guRI located -substartiahly.'at said frocal plane of' sal It'll~iranpren l01111Cilttti0d Auctill itl provide dif erent, Informlition to an 1lnre.loiga at rnprn oultlt~ etin froMrdiffarenitngiliirperspectives.

13., The box sse (f'lam12wfiorou said renioveghle Complianlt mnAuri cmrssa multlpAneted printed, sheet wil alIs folded mIth or-amae to lbe rollWoolly -29- urged against said transparent lenticulated section so that it is substantially flat with respect thereto.

14. The box system of claim 13 wherein said panels of said multifolded sheet are of different lengths so that, when folded, at least one of said panels interferes with the crease formed between two others to create a bow in said insert thereby making it resilient. The box system of claim 13 wherein said panels of said sheet are coated on one side to cause them to curl towards said coated side to provide said removeable compliant insert with said resilient characteristics when said panels are lo folded with their coated sides facing one another.

16. The box system of claim 13 wherein said panels of said multifolded sheet are folded with gentle creases so that when said removeable compliant insert is free standing, said gentle creases tend to cause said panels to unfold thereby providing said removeable compliant insert with said resilient characteristics.

17. The box system of claim 12 wherein said flat front cover and flat base are molded of transparent plastic and said transparent lenticulated section is integrally molded with one of said front cover or said base flat panels thereof.

18. The box system of claim 12 wherein said transparent lenticulated section is formed on the exterior surface of one of said flat front cover or said base. 20 19. The box system of claim 12 wherein said transparent lenticulated section is formed on the interior surface of one said flat front cover or said flat base. The box system of claim 12 further including a compact disc holder adapted to fit between said base flat panel shallow raised walls.

21. The box system of claim 12 wherein said plurality of parallel 25 lenticules of said lenticulated section are spaced to compensate for parallax effects.

22. The box system of claim 21 wherein said plurality of parallel lenticules of said lenticulated section have a spatial frequency that is higher than that of said preprinted interlaced images.

23. The box system of claim 22 wherein said spatial frequency of said so plurality of parallel lenticules of said lenticulated section are given by: S- f, (1 ranL wherein fi is the spatial frequency of said plurality of parallel lenticules, fo is the spatial frequency of said preprinted interlaced images, t is the wall thickness of said lenticulated section, n is the index of refraction of said lenticulated section, and L 1 is. the viewing distance.

24. A box system of claim 1 wherein the at least one flat object comprises recorded media and visual information about the contents of the recorded media, wherein said pair of opposed, spaced apart flat walls have at least one major dimension; wherein said plurality of shallow side walls is interconnected between said pair of opposed, spaced apart flat walls and have dimensions that are substantially smaller than said major dimension of said pair of opposed, spaced apart flat walls, wherein said plurality of shallow side walls and said pair of opposed, spaced apart flat walls provide a multisided flat box with an interior chamber for the recorded media, said pair of o1 opposed, spaced apart flat walls and said plurality of shallow side walls also being interconnected to releasably receive the recorded media. The box system of claim 24 wherein said plurality of parallel lenticules of said lenticulated section are spaced to compensate for parallax effects.

26. The box system of claim 25 wherein said plurality of parallel lenticules of said lenticulated section have a spatial frequency that is higher than that of said preprinted interlaced images.

27. The box system of claim 12 wherein said transparent lenticulated S; :section comprises substantially all of the surface area of said flat front cover.

28. The box system of claim 12 wherein said different angular 20 perspectives are angularly separated along a vertical plane when said box system is held in a horizontal plane.

29. The box system of claim 28 wherein said different angular perspectives are angularly separated along a horizontal plane when said box system is held in a horizontal plane. L 25

30. The box system of claim 12 including a plurality of transparent 3 lenticular sections in said flat front cover.

31. The box system of claim 12 wherein said plurality of transparent lenticular sections are oriented along different azimuths,

32. The box system of claim 12 transparent lenticulated section are of different focal length. .33. The box system of claim 12 further including a compact disc holder wherein said compact disc holder and said flat base are complementary configured to snap together.

34. The box system of claim 12 wherein said lenticulated section and mpant insert prid stere pairs to an observer looking along the same direction at said lenticulated section. The box system of claim 1 wherein said compliant insert comprises a compian multipanele t folded sothat said insert has a bow shape when free g ^i -31- standing and exerts reaction forces when compressed so that it tends to flatten out uniformly when placed under loads normal to its major plane.

36. The compliant insert of claim 35 wherein panels of said multipaneled sheet are of different lengths so-that, when folded, at least one of said panels interferes with a crease formed between two other panels to create said bow in said compliant insert thereby making it resilient.

37. The compliant insert of claim 35 wherein panels of said sheet are coated on one side to cause them to curl in the direction of said coated side to provide said compliant insert with said resilient characteristics when said panels are folded with their coated sides facing one another.

38. The compliant insert of claim 35 wherein panels of said multifolded sheet are folded with gentle creases so that when said compliant insert is free standing, said gentle creases tend to cause said panels to unfold thereby providing said compliant insert with said resilient characteristics. DATED this Seventeenth Day of December 1998 Insight Inc. e Patent Attorneys for the Applicant o SPRUSON FERGUSON la ''0 4 0