AU781706B2 - Load-carrying structures comprising bamboo fibers and polymers - Google Patents

Description

I

Load-Carrying Structures Comprising Bamboo Fibers and Polymers Background of the Invention 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to poles, pilings, railroad cross-ties, and load-carrying structures, such as beams, columns and pallets made up of linear bamboo fibers bonded to, and surrounded by, synthetic polymers and to processes of preparing these structures.

2. Description of the related art Presently, wood timber beams, columns and lumber depend on specie and io dimensional size as the only engineering variables. Paint and other chemical treatments are used to lengthen the life of wood products that are exposed to the elements. However, there has been a growing concern over these toxic chemical treatments. Creosote, which has been used for years, is now considered to be a carcinogen, and has been banned from marine timber applications where immersion allows seepage into surrounding waters.

Is Railroads are similarly concerned about creosote treated cross-ties. Utility companies are aware of the danger these preservatives present to their linemen and material handling people. Managed forests are producing faster growth but lower grade timber than was available a few years ago. This new timber sometimes does not oooo [R:\LBXX]0433I .doc:aak WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -2pass the ANSI standards for timber pole structures.

Concrete with reinforcing steel has a greater ability to be custom engineered for various specific applications. However, the resulting products are extremely heavy, and in the case of loadcarrying structures, such as bridges, the greatest portion of the structure is involved in holding itself up. This extreme weight forces many concrete structures to be fabricated on-site as opposed to being built in the factory. This adds greatly to the cost of these products. Also, concrete is very sensitive to motion, such as caused by earthquakes. Thermal expansion and freeze-thaw cycles wreak havoc on concrete components. A lightweight load-carrying beam, column or cross-tie that would not be sensitive to seismic or temperature changes would be a very desirable replacement for concrete.

Structural steel is extensively used for beam and column applications due to its strength, workability, and other factors.

Steel has an on-going maintenance problem due to rust and corrosion that shortens its life span. Also, energy costs to produce steel and to fabricate and maintain steel components are quite expensive, keeping the price of the raw materials and finished products high.

Fiberglass is being researched and new products are being developed regularly, but the high cost of glass fibers and the resin matrices has proven to be a formidable barrier to overcome.

One particular application that has been traditionally filled by wood products is the construction of pallets. A typical wood pallet is approximately 40 inches by 48 inches by 5 inches and comprises a plurality of top slats and bottom slats supported on WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -3edge oriented 2 X 4" timbers. The market for such pallets is several million each year. While this market is a substantial drain on the timber industry, such wood pallets are not a preferred pallet for the food industry. In the food industry, contamination is a problem and efforts have been made to create a sanitizable pallet for re-use.

Various efforts have been made to create a plastic pallet but such efforts have been largely unsuccessful for at least two reasons. A first reason is that plastic, as its name implies, will deform in response to load and therefore creates a failure condition when loaded pallets are mounted on edge racks in warehouse storage. A second problem is that plastic is substantially more expensive than wood raising pallet costs by several multiples. Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a structural substitute for wood and plastic in the pallet industry.

Bamboo has been considered for use in weight-bearing structures. Thus, Chemical Abstracts 107:135345q (1987) discloses composite materials containing 0.3-1 mm long bamboo strips, powdered bamboo, powdered wood, and resin in a molded piece.

Chemical Abstracts 122:107321v (1995) discloses bamboo fibers as a reinforcing material for resinous composite structural panels.

Chemical Abstracts 122:241192g (1995) discloses bamboo fibers and strips as reinforcing materials for thermosetting resin structural materials. Chemical Abstracts 118:148517z(1993) discloses strands of bamboo fibers as reinforcing materials for resinous laminates.

Chemical Abstracts 117:173557z (1992) discloses bamboo fiber reinforced plastic structural materials. This reference also teaches a perfect bonding between the bamboo and the resin. Chemical Abstracts 116:199922u(1992) discloses bamboo fibers treated with WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -4a binding agent used in concrete structural materials. U.S. pat. No.

4,774,121 to Vollenweider, II discloses blocks comprising stalks of bamboo surrounded by plastic foam cut into thin sections and coated with fiber reinforced plastic to be used in boat construction.

The inventor has found that, contrary to the teachings of Chemical Abstracts 117:173557z, the use of untreated bamboo fibers as reinforcing agents for resinous structural materials results in slippage between the bamboo fibers and the resin matrix.

The present invention seeks to eliminate the above-noted disadvantages by providing a low-cost, high-strength composite formed from linear bamboo fibers bonded to synthetic polymers with binding agents which have been found to provide exceptional binding between the bamboo fibers and the polymer matrix, these composites can replace wood, concrete, steel, or fiberglass reinforced polymers in poles, pilings, and load-carrying structural applications such as pallets.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention seeks to provide an improved composite that has the ability to overcome the disadvantages of the presently available structural materials. In accordance with this invention, a composite structural piece is provided which comprises linear bamboo fibers bonded to and surrounded by synthetic polymers such as thermoplastic and thermosetting resins. In one form, the fibers are formed in elongated strips with an outer polymer coating and compression cut into short stubs which can be used in place of conventional plastic nodules in an injection molding machine.

Products formed by injection molding using this form are lighter in weight and stronger than items molded of plastic alone.

In preparing the products of this invention, bamboo fibers of dimensionally equal sizes are treated or primed with a bonding material to be described below so as to accept a synthetic polymer. The fibers may take the form of split culms or tape. The products s may be prepared by extruding a mixture of primed linear bamboo fibers and synthetic polymers or the product may be prepared by molding the mixture. The products may desirably take the form of beams, columns, poles, dimensional lumber or other structural products.

According to a first embodiment of this invention there is provided a shaped loadcarrying structure comprising a plurality of linear bamboo tape pieces coated with at least one binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer, wherein the binder is at least one member selected from the group consisting of maleated polypropylene, maleated polyethylene, maleic anhydride, hydroxyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl carbaxole, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, bis-vinyl phosphate, divinyl ether-ethylene glycol, vinyl acetate, vinyl toluene, vinylidene chloride, chloroprene, isoprene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, isocetylvinyl ether, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methoacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, methyl acrylate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, cetyl vinyl ether, divinyl ether-butanediol, and octadecyl vinyl acetate, the plurality of linear bamboo tape pieces being unidirectional and surrounded by the synthetic polymer.

According to a second embodiment of this invention there is provided a shaped load-carrying structure comprising a plurality of bamboo fibers coated with a binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer wherein the structure is formed in the shape of one of 25 the group consisting of beams, columns, poles and dimensional lumber, and the bamboo fibers consist of one of the group of bamboo split culms or pieces of bamboo tape.

According to a third embodiment of this invention there is provided a shaped loadcarrying structure comprising a plurality of split linear bamboo culms covered with at least one binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer wherein the structure comprises a 30 pallet, wherein the pallet comprises a top panel, a bottom panel and a plurality of spacers connecting the top panel to the bottom panel and defining an opening therebetween for receiving forks of a transport apparatus, wherein the top panel comprises a plurality of stacked woven mats of bamboo fiber adhesively bonded together and encased in a synthetic polymeric coating.

[R:\LIBXXO5377speci.doc:NJC According to a fourth embodiment of this invention there is provided a shaped loadcarrying product comprising a plurality of bamboo tape elements coated with a binder and bonded to and surrounded by a molded synthetic polymer.

According to a fifth embodiment of this invention there is provided a shaped loadcarrying structure comprising a plurality of linear bamboo fibers covered with at least one binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer wherein the structure comprises a pallet, wherein the pallet comprises a top panel, a bottom panel, and a plurality of spacers connecting the top panel to the bottom panel and defining an opening therebetween for receiving forks of a transport apparatus, wherein the top panel comprises a plurality of lo stacked woven mats of bamboo fiber adhesively bonded together and encased in a synthetic polymeric coating.

According to a sixth embodiment of this invention there is provided a method of making a load-carrying structure comprising: presenting a plurality of bamboo fibers of approximately dimensionally equal sizes, priming the bamboo fibers with a binder so that they will adhere to synthetic polymers, introducing the treated bamboo fibers and a synthetic polymer into a heated die capable of producing a plastic column in such a way as to form a mixture of a plurality of bamboo fibers and synthetic polymer wherein the bamboo fibers are surrounded by the synthetic polymer, extruding a column of the mixture, and sawing the column to produce a load-carrying structure.

According to a seventh embodiment of this invention there is provided a method of making a load-carrying structure which comprises: securing a plurality of bamboo fibers treated with a binder to a carrying core to form a core assembly comprising a o• carrying core with secured bamboo fibers, inserting the core assembly into a mold so that the core assembly is in the substantial center of the mold and is separated from the 25 mold by open space, heating the mold, injecting a synthetic polymer into the heated mold so as to fill the spaces between the core assembly and the mold, cooling the mold to form a load-carrying structure and removing the load-carrying structure from the mold.

S° According to an eighth embodiment of this invention there is provided a shaped 30 load-carrying product comprising a plurality of bamboo tape elements coated with a binder and bonded to and surrounded by a molded synthetic polymer.

According to a ninth embodiment of this invention there is provided a method of S: manufacturing a load carrying product comprising the steps of: a) providing a forming device defining a shape, where the forming device is one of the group of an extruder and a mold; [R:\LIBXXO5377sPeci.doc:NJC b) positioning bamboo fiber having a coating of a binding agent within the forming device so as to form a load-bearing member of the product; c) injecting heated liquid synthetic polymer into the forming device; and d) allowing the synthetic polymer to cool and to solidify to form the shape.

According to a tenth embodiment of this invention there is provided a load-carrying product in the form of lumber comprising a plurality of bamboo fibers coated with at least one binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer.

Brief Description of the Drawings For a better understanding of the present invention, reference may be had to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a split bamboo culm and gives a pictorial explanation of the making of bamboo fibers and tapes useful in this invention; FIG. 2 is an elevational view showing a utility pole prepared according to the is extruding method of this invention; FIG. 3 is an elevational view of a primed split bamboo culm; FIG. 4 is an elevational view of a beam containing a synthetic polymer circumference and an interior comprising bamboo fiber and wood prepared according to the molding method of this invention; FIG. 5 is an elevational view of a supporting column made according to this invention; FIG. 6a is a graphical representation of the extrusion machine having a circular die used according to this invention; *Po ***oo *o [R:\LIBXX1O5377speci.doc:NJC WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -6- FIG. 6b is an elevational view of a rectangular die used according to this invention as a replacement for the circular die in the extrusion machine of FIG. 6a; FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of a cooling bath and a molding apparatus used according to this invention; FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of a bridge made using supporting columns prepared according to this invention; FIG. 9 is an exploded view of one form of structural pallet using at least some of the teachings of the present invention; and FIG. 10 illustrates a mold for producing the pallet of FIG. 9.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention will now be described with reference to the above drawing. In all Figures, like numerals represent like features. In accordance with this invention, a load-carrying structure 1 is provided which comprises linear bamboo fibers 6 bonded to, and surrounded by, synthetic polymers 8. The bamboo fibers 6 may be in the form of split culms 17 or tapes. The structures 1 are made from bamboo culms 17 which are split into dimensionally equal sizes and treated with a bonding material 7.

It has been found that the following binding agents give surprisingly good bonding between the bamboo and the polymer matrix: maleated polypropylene, maleated polyethylene, maleic anhydride, hydroxyl methacrylate, silane compounds, N-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl carbazole, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, bis-vinyl phosphate, divinyl ether-ethylene glycol, vinyl acetate, vinyl toluene, vinylidene chloride, chloroprene, isoprene, WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -7dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, isocetylvinyl ether, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, methyl acrylate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, cetyl vinyl ether, divinyl ether-butanediol, and octadecyl vinyl acetate.

According to one aspect of this invention, a plastics extruding machinelO (FIG. 6a) is connected to a die 9 that allows the bamboo fibers 6 (FIG. 1) primed with at least one of the above binders to fill the outside circumference of a die 9. The primed bamboo fibers 6 enter the die 9 as heated plastic 8 is injected under high pressure and caused to flow through the interior of the die 9. The mixture of primed bamboo fibers 6 and plastic 8 is extruded as a column and enters powered pullers 12 that are capable of extracting the column to form any practical length. A power saw 13 travels beside the extruded piece, sawing it to a desired length without slowing the extruding process. The traveling saw 13 returns to its starting point to select the next length. The thus-prepared composite structure 1 is transferred to a water-cooled bath 14 where it is cooled to ambient temperatures and the sawed ends are capped.

In an alternate method of preparing bamboo fiber 6/plastic 8 composite structures 1 according to this invention, the bamboo fibers 6 are primed by coating at least one of the above binders by immersing the bamboo fiber in a bath of the primer, spraying the binder onto the bamboo fiber, or brushing the primer onto the bamboo fiber. The primed bamboo fiber is secured to a carrying core 2 of wood or metal to form a core assembly and this core assembly is inserted into a mold 18 and positioned so as to allow clearance for the plastic 8 matrix to flow around all exposed WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -8surfaces in desired thicknesses. The mold 18 is heated and connected to an extruder 10 or large injection molding machine.

Some molds may require a vacuum to be pulled by a vacuum system 19 on the interior of the mold 18 prior to injection. The synthetic polymer 8 is then injected, the mold 18 is chilled, and the resulting composite structure 1 is removed from the mold 18.

Some plastics have an almost unlimited life span when exposed to the elements. This explains the ability of fiberglass to dominate the marine market where wood and steel require too much maintenance. However, plastics by themselves lack sufficient tension and compression strength to stand alone as load-carrying structures. The marine industry solved this problem with the addition of glass fibers to the plastic matrix resulting in fiberglass.

This engineered composite has three times the load-carrying capability of steel of an equal weight. The cost of glass fiber reinforced plastics has limited this material to special products and niche markets. Asian and some South American bamboo species such as Gradua and Tonkin cane have tension strength close to steel and compressional strength exceeding concrete. At 1/100 the cost of glass fiber, linear bamboo fiber can be more competitive with traditional materials. By utilizing fiber in a plastic matrix, the resulting composite is very strong and has the nearly unlimited life span of the plastic exterior.

In order to produce load carrying structures from the composite of this invention, the bamboo linear fiber 6 must bond to the plastic matrix 8. The elongation of the plastic glue allows the load to be evenly distributed along all of the unidirectional bamboo fibers 6. This is the key to the exceptional strength of the composite WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -9structures 1 of this invention. A bonding material 7 of at least one of the materials named above is used, allowing difficult matrices, such as polyethylene, to bond to the bamboo fibers 6.

In making the structures 1 of this invention, a bamboo culm 17 is split to its desired size. The fibers 6 may take the form of a full width split bamboo culm, smaller slices, or a tape. In all figures of this description, linear bamboo fiber refers to all three of these possibilities.

The linear bamboo fiber 6 is treated with at least one bonding agent 7 as described above, most preferably acrylic acid or maleic anhydride or salt or ester derivatives thereof, to promote the adhesion of the fibers 6 to the synthetic polymer matrix 8. The synthetic polymer 8 may be a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin.

With reference to FIG. 6a, in preparing poles or pilings, dried and split bamboo culms 17 of a length equal to the pole or piling being produced are treated with a bonding material 7 as described above and inserted into the die 9 and a synthetic polymer 8 such as recycled polyethylene pellets is loaded into the hopper 11 of the extruder 10. The extruder 10 is heated to melt the polymer 8. The extruder 10 is turned on and the pushers or pullers 12 start to insert the bamboo fiber 6 reinforcement into the proximal end of the heated die 9 while the extruder 10 begins to inject molten plastic 8 into the die 9. The molten plastic 8 completely envelops the bamboo fiber 6 and the mixture of bamboo fiber 6 and synthetic polymer 8 starts to emerge from the distal end of the heated die 9. At a proper time, the puller 12 engages the cooled composite extrudate as it emerges from the die 9.

WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 This process continues until the desired length of extrudate is obtained. The traveling saw 13 starts sawing off the desired length of extrudate and automatically returns to the starting position to begin sawing the next section. The newly extruded pole or piling is chilled in a circulating water bath 14 ad when sufficiently cooled is placed into storage.

Because utility companies presently prefer tapered poles, it is anticipated that utility poles may be produced as a thick-walled pipe in a molding process. For example, a thin wall tube is first extruded from pelletized material such as the below described bamboo pellets. The tube is then wrapped with bamboo fibers using the tape form building up different thicknesses to create a desired taper. The wrapped pole is placed in a mold and the plastic polymer injected to coat the pole. Alternately, the inner tube could be molded with a tapered shape and then uniformly wrapped with bamboo tape to create a tapered product which is again placed in the final tapered mold and injection coated with polymer.

A cross-arm for a utility pole may be similarly constructed.

Bamboo linear fiber 6 in the form of a tape is treated with at least one bonding material 7 as described above and is bonded to a central carrier core 2. This assembly is forced through a die 9 to produce a rectangular beam cross-section, as shown in FIG. 4. The die 9 operation, the extracting, and cooling are identical to the operation described for producing poles or pilings.

Other structures incorporating bamboo as a filler can also be injection molded by preparing bamboo in small, plastic encapsulated beads or pellets that can be fed into the machine through hopper 11 in the same manner as conventional plastic WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -11beads. In one form, the bamboo beads can be made by extrusion molding a continuous strip as described above for a bamboo fiber 6/plastic 8 composite structure such as is shown in FIG. However, the cross-sectional dimension is substantially reduced to about 0.25 inches. The elongated strip is then cut into about 0.25 inch lengths. Preferably the cutting process is implemented by a chopping type cutter having opposing cutting blades that are somewhat dull so as to effectively compress the outer plastic layer over the ends of the bamboo fibers during the cutting process so that all surfaces of the fiber are generally encompassed within the plastic. The resulting product is a pellet that may be generally oval shaped by the cutting process and includes a bamboo fiber core within an outer plastic layer. When the pellets are fed through hopper 11 into extruder 10, various shaped objects, depending upon the form of the mold coupled to the extruder, may be made from this lightweight, filled bamboo plastic composite. The bamboo provides structural support to enable formation of objects having thickened supports or walls. While the 0.25 inch dimension is believed to be a best mode, it will be recognized that other dimensions may be more appropriate for some applications.

For making columns having maximum compressional loadcarrying capacity, the bamboo culms 17 are treated with at least one of the bonding materials 7 named above and are inserted into a mold 18. The synthetic polymer is then introduced into the mold 18 to bond to, and surround, the bamboo culms 17. In this way, support columns of exceptional load-carrying ability and the ability to withstand seismic events and other horizontal pressures are produced.

WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -12- While various structural devices can be made using the inventive bamboo/plastic composite of the present invention, one application that is adaptable to such composite is the structural pallet. As previously mentioned, pallets are used worldwide for supporting various products for shipment or storage. The use of pallets is so pervasive that standards have been established to define sizes of pallets. In the United States, one standard is the Grocery Manufacturers Association or GMA standard defining a pallet of 40 inches by 48 inches with a bottom structure having a cross-shaped form, having 4 large openings and a perimeter base. Europe has a different standard in which the bottom structure for the Euro-pallet uses three lengthwise extending boards or braces and the overall dimension is 1000 x 1200 cm. In general, the standards require that the pallet be able of edge mounting in warehouse racks with a 2000 lb. load and exhibit less than one inch deflection. These standards have created a problem for plastic pallets since plastic flows under load, is substantially weaker than an equivalent volume of wood and costs about 3 times the price of wood. However, plastic does have the advantage of being cleanable or sterizable.

Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown an exploded view of a pallet 20 having a solid top panel 22, a bottom panel 24 conforming to GMA standards and a plurality of support blocks or spacers 26 which support and position top panel 22 with respect to bottom panel 24. The top panel 22 is formed of a plurality of bamboo strips of the type described above which may be laid in layers with each layer being oriented at 90 degrees to adjacent layers or, in a preferred form, with the strips woven into mats that WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -13can be laid atop one another to a desired number of layers. For weight reduction, the top panel 22 may be cored somewhat like bottom panel 24. The spacers 26 may be injection molded blocks using the aforementioned bamboo/plastic pellets or may be sections of an extruded elongate composite such as shown in Fig. 5. Bottom panel 24 is formed by multiple overlapping layers of bamboo fibers bonded using the above described methods. All the exposed surfaces of the top and bottom panels and spacers are protected and covered by an outer plastic shell.

FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified form or mold 28 for producing the GMA pallet 20 of FIG. 9. The mold 28 includes a base 30 having a bottom member 32 to which are attached outer periphery defining side members 34. The pallet 20 is actually formed in an inverted orientation and the inner surface 36 of member 32 may desirably be embossed with selected patterns so as to form mating patterns on an upper surface of the pallet to minimize sliding of a load on the pallet's plastic surface. The embossing on the surface 36 is preferably formed as continuous connected grooves such as in a spider web configuration (radial lines intersecting concentric circles) so as to create flow paths for injection of plastic into the mold for covering the bamboo mats. In the use of the illustrated mold, the bamboo fibers, preferably in the form of woven mats, are laid into the mold base 30. It may be desirable to create a pre-form of bamboo fibers, either woven or transversely overlaid, that are glued together similar to the process described above for producing columns or timbers, so that the pre-formed base of bamboo can be easily positioned in mold base 30. As will be apparent, plastic molding generally requires that the mold be pre-heated and, while WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -14heating apparatus is not shown, those skilled in the molding art will understand various methods and apparatus for pre-heating the mold components to temperatures suitable for molding, about 4000 F.

After the pre-form of fiber mats are laid in the mold base a male insert section 40, also pre-heated, is positioned in base overlaying the fiber mats. The section 40 includes four open-top box members 42 coupled.together by intermediate closed connectors 44.

The members 42 are shell structures in order to reduce weight and to enable placement of hydraulic/pneumatic actuators (not shown) in the members 42. The actuators are attached to extendible blocks 46 protruding outward from the members 42. The illustrated mold is designed to produce the GMA pallet of FIG. 9 in the inverted position and the members 42 define the four openings 27 in the bottom panel 24. The extendible blocks 46 establish the position of the spacers 26. The blocks 46 are preferably extendible from members 42 and can be retracted to facilitate removal of the section from the base 30 and molded pallet. However, it will be recognized that retracting all the blocks 46 into members 42 will create an interference problem. Mold designers will understand that one process to resolve interference is to associate some of the blocks with the base mold 30 rather than with the removable section With the section 40 positioned in base 30 over the bamboo mats, the openings 48 between blocks 46 define positions for spacers 26 and such spacers are inserted into the mold. Bamboo fiber reinforced tape or fiber reinforced extruded bamboo/plastic composite strips are next laid over the blocks 46 and spacers 26 WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 forming the bottom panel or skid 24 of the pallet. A die (not shown) having the same configuration and size as the panel 24 is then brought into position and compresses the mold assembly to about of maximum pressure. Plastic is then injected into the mold at relatively low pressure so as not to disturb the bamboo fiber mats.

Once the mold cavities have been filled with the molten plastic, plastic injection is shut-off and the die is closed to 100% volume to consolidate the pallet. During the consolidation stage, the spacers 26 bond to the upper and lower panels through the plastic matrix.

Mold temperature can be reduced at this stage to cool the plastic sufficiently to allow the completed pallet to be removed from the mold. During this process, the die is retracted and the section lifted from the base 30, carrying the finished pallet supported on at least some of the extended blocks 46. The pallet is removed from section 40 by retracting blocks 46 into members 42. The mold is then ready to be used for another pallet manufacture.

The mold assembly of FIG. 10 is provided only by way of example of a method for manufacturing a bamboo/plastic composite pallet. For production of large volumes of pallets, it is anticipated that the mold assembly will be substantially modified and will have other moving elements to speed-up and simplify the molding process. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited by the illustrated mold assembly or process. For example, it may be desirable to form the pallet in multiple steps such as by molding top panel 22 in one operation, molding bottom panel 24 in another operation and then attaching the top and bottom panels together by adhesively bonding spacers 26 to facing surfaces using a plastic solvent type adhesive or heat to raise the plastic temperature to a WO 00/51796 PCT/US99/04538 -16bonding state.

While the invention is primarily directed to and has been tested using bamboo, it is possible that other fibrous plant material may be found suitable as a replacement for bamboo. For example, Indian hemp, agave sisalana, rattan palm and papyrus palm also produce fibrous material that is often used in manufacture of cord and rope for handling tensile loads.

While the invention has been described in what is presently considered to be a preferred embodiment, many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art.

Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the specific illustrative embodiment but be interpreted within the full spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims (25)

1. A shaped load-carrying structure comprising a plurality of linear bamboo tape pieces coated with at least one binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer, wherein the binder is at least one member selected from the group consisting of maleated polypropylene, maleated polyethylene, maleic anhydride, hydroxyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl carbaxole, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, bis-vinyl phosphate, divinyl etherethylene glycol, vinyl acetate, vinyl toluene, vinylidene chloride, chloroprene, isoprene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, isocetylvinyl ether, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methoacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, methyl acrylate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, cetyl vinyl ether, divinyl ether-butanediol, and octadecyl vinyl acetate, the plurality of linear bamboo tape pieces being unidirectional and surrounded by the synthetic polymer.

2. A shaped load-carrying structure comprising a plurality of bamboo fibers coated with a binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer wherein the structure is formed in the shape of one of the group consisting of beams, columns, poles and dimensional lumber, and the bamboo fibers consist of one of the group of bamboo split culms or pieces of bamboo tape.

3. The structure of claim 2 wherein the bamboo fibers are of substantially dimensionally equal sizes.

4. A shaped load-carrying structure comprising a plurality of split linear bamboo culms covered with at least one binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer wherein the structure comprises a pallet, wherein the pallet comprises a top panel, a bottom panel and a plurality of spacers connecting the top panel to the bottom panel and defining an 25 opening therebetween for receiving forks of a transport apparatus, wherein the top panel comprises a plurality of stacked woven mats of bamboo fiber adhesively bonded together and encased in a synthetic polymeric coating. A shaped load-carrying product comprising a plurality of bamboo tape elements coated with a binder and bonded to and surrounded by a molded synthetic 30 polymer. B6. The product of claim 5 wherein the bamboo tape elements are of substantially dimensionally equal sizes.

7. The product of claim 5 wherein the plurality of bamboo tape elements are further bonded to a central core that together with the bamboo elements forms an interior element surrounded by the molded synthetic polymer. [R:\LIBXX105377speci.doc:NJC 18

8. The product of claim 5, wherein the molded synthetic polymer is formed in the shape of one of the group consisting of beams, columns, poles and dimensional lumber.

9. The product of claim 8, wherein the bamboo tape elements are of substantially dimensionally equal sizes and form an interior element surrounded by the molded synthetic polymer. The product of claim 5, wherein the binder is at least one member selected from the group consisting of maleated polypropylene, maleated polyethylene, maleic anhydride, hydroxyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl carbaxole, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, bis-vinyl phosphate, divinyl ether-ethylene glycol, vinyl acetate, vinyl toluene, vinylidene chloride, chloroprene, isoprene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, isocetylvinyl ether, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methoacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, methyl acrylate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, cetyl vinyl ether, divinyl ether-butanediol, and octadecyl vinyl acetate.

11. A shaped load-carrying structure comprising a plurality of linear bamboo fibers covered with at least one binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer wherein the structure comprises a pallet, wherein the pallet comprises a top panel, a bottom panel, and a plurality of spacers connecting the top panel to the bottom panel and defining an opening therebetween for receiving forks of a transport apparatus, wherein the top panel comprises a plurality of stacked woven mats of bamboo fiber adhesively bonded together and encased in a synthetic polymeric coating.

12. A method of making a load-carrying structure comprising: presenting a plurality of bamboo fibers of approximately dimensionally equal sizes, priming the 25 bamboo fibers with a binder so that they will adhere to synthetic polymers, (c) introducing the treated bamboo fibers and a synthetic polymer into a heated die capable of producing a plastic column in such a way as to form a mixture of a plurality of bamboo fibers and synthetic polymer wherein the bamboo fibers are surrounded by the synthetic *polymer, extruding a column of the mixture, and sawing the column to produce a load-carrying structure.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the binder is at least one member selected from the group consisting of maleated polypropylene, maleated polyethylene, maleic anhydride, hydroxyl methacrylate, silane compounds, N-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl .caprolactam, N-vinyl carbazole, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, bis-vinyl phosphate, divinyl ether-ethylene [R:\LIBXXjO5377specidoc:NJC 19 glycol, vinyl acetate, vinyl toluene, vinylidene chloride, chloroprene, isoprene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, isocetylvinyl ether, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, methyl acrylate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, cetyl vinyl ether, divinyl ether-butanediol, and octadecyl vinyl acetate.

14. The method of claim 12 wherein the bamboo fibers are in the form of split bamboo culms. The method of claim 12 wherein the bamboo fibers are in the form of a tape.

16. A method of making a load-carrying structure which comprises: securing o0 a plurality of bamboo fibers treated with a binder to a carrying core to form a core assembly comprising a carrying core with secured bamboo fibers, inserting the core assembly into a mold so that the core assembly is in the substantial center of the mold and is separated from the mold by open space, heating the mold, injecting a synthetic polymer into the heated mold so as to fill the spaces between the core assembly and the mold, cooling the mold to form a load-carrying structure and removing the load- carrying structure from the mold.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the binder is at least one member selected from the group consisting of maleated polypropylene, maleated polyethylene, maleic anhydride, hydroxyl methacrylate, silane compounds, N-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl carbazole, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, bis-vinyl phosphate, divinyl ether-ethylene glycol, vinyl acetate, vinyl toluene, vinylidene chloride, chloroprene, isoprene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, isocetylvinyl ether, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, methyl 25 acrylate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, cetyl vinyl ether, divinyl ether-butanediol, and octadecyl vinyl acetate.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the carrying core is wood.

19. A method of manufacturing a load carrying product comprising the steps of: a) providing a forming device defining a shape, where the forming device 30 is one of the group of an extruder and a mold; S* b) positioning bamboo fiber having a coating of a binding agent within the forming device so as to form a load-bearing member of the product; Sc) injecting heated liquid synthetic polymer into the forming device; and d) allowing the synthetic polymer to cool and to solidify to form the shape. [R:\LIBXXNO5377speci.doc:NJC The method of claim 19, wherein step b) further comprises the step of treating bamboo fibers with a binding agent by applying a coating of one of the group of maleated polypropylene, maleated polyethylene, maleic anhydride, hydroxyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl carbaxole, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, bis-vinyl phosphate, divinyl ether- ethylene glycol, vinyl acetate, vinyl toluene, vinylidene chloride, chloroprene, isoprene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, isocetylvinyl ether, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methoacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, methyl acrylate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, cetyl vinyl ether, divinyl ether-butanediol, and octadecyl vinyl acetate

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the bamboo fiber is one of the group of bamboo tape and split culms, the forming device is an extruder, and steps b) and c) further comprise the step of continuously feeding the bamboo fiber into the extruder, coating the bamboo fiber with the binding agent, and injecting the synthetic polymer so as to extrude the bamboo fiber in substantially the dimensional length of the shape formed.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein steps a) through d) form a bamboo fiber synthetic polymer composite product in the shape of one of the group of a beam, column, pole and dimensional lumber.

23. The method of claim 19, wherein the bamboo fiber is one of the group of bamboo tape and split culms, the forming device is a mold, and steps b) and c) further comprise the step of laying the coated bamboo fiber into the mold and injecting the synthetic polymer so as to substantially surround the bamboo fiber in the mold, whereby the synthetic polymer solidifies to form the shape of the mold with the bamboo fiber forming a load-bearing member. 25 24. The method of claim 23, wherein steps a) through d) form a bamboo fiber synthetic polymer composite product in the shape of a pallet.

25. A load-carrying product in the form of lumber comprising a plurality of bamboo fibers coated with at least one binder and surrounded by a synthetic polymer.

26. The product of claim 25, wherein the bamboo fiber is one of the group of 30 bamboo tape and split culms, and the bamboo fiber is substantially surrounded by the synthetic polymer. S:27. The product of claim 26, wherein the bamboo fiber forms at least part of a core, the core forming a load-bearing member of the product surrounded by the synthetic polymer. [R:\LIBXXO5377speci.doC:NJC

28. The product of claim 27, wherein the core further comprises a carrying member of the group of wood and metal together with plural bamboo fibers.

29. The product of claim 27, wherein the form of lumber is that of dimensional lumber in one of the group of a beam, column and pole.

30. The product of claim 25, wherein the binder comprises one of the group of maleated polypropylene, maleated polyethylene, maleic anhydride, hydroxyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl carbaxole, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sodium styrene sulfonate, bis-vinyl phosphate, divinyl ether-ethylene glycol, vinyl acetate, vinyl toluene, vinylidene chloride, chloroprene, isoprene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, isocetylvinyl ether, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methoacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, methyl acrylate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, cetyl vinyl ether, divinyl ether- butanediol, and octadecyl vinyl acetate.

31. A shaped load-carrying structure substantially as herein described with reference to the Figures.

32. A method of making a shaped load-carrying structure which method is substantially as herein described with reference to the Figures. Dated 15 April, 2005 Dale B. Ryan Patent Attorneys for the Applicant/Nominated Person SPRUSON FERGUSON *o *0 0 6 6 .0 *6 6 t [R:\LIBXX05377speci.doc:NJC