AU7715700A - Methods for determining oils in seeds - Google Patents
Methods for determining oils in seeds Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU7715700A AU7715700A AU77157/00A AU7715700A AU7715700A AU 7715700 A AU7715700 A AU 7715700A AU 77157/00 A AU77157/00 A AU 77157/00A AU 7715700 A AU7715700 A AU 7715700A AU 7715700 A AU7715700 A AU 7715700A
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- solvent
- seed
- oil
- gas
- stream
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 title claims description 248
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 106
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 193
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 88
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000016383 Zea mays subsp huehuetenangensis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000009973 maize Nutrition 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012773 agricultural material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000105 evaporative light scattering detection Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000003829 Sorghum propinquum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N decane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000209763 Avena sativa Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007558 Avena sp Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000219310 Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011299 Brassica oleracea var botrytis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000017647 Brassica oleracea var italica Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000003259 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002566 Capsicum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000207199 Citrus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007154 Coffea arabica Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000008067 Cucumis sativus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010799 Cucumis sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000014466 Douglas bleu Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000166124 Eucalyptus globulus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000016623 Fragaria vesca Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000009088 Fragaria x ananassa Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011363 Fragaria x ananassa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000208682 Liquidambar Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000006552 Liquidambar styraciflua Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011430 Malus pumila Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015103 Malus silvestris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000005561 Musa balbisiana Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000061176 Nicotiana tabacum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006002 Pepper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001236219 Pinus echinata Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005018 Pinus echinata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000017339 Pinus palustris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000218621 Pinus radiata Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000008577 Pinus radiata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000218679 Pinus taeda Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000008566 Pinus taeda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000016761 Piper aduncum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000003889 Piper guineense Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000017804 Piper guineense Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000008184 Piper nigrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000004713 Pisum sativum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010582 Pisum sativum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000219000 Populus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000001416 Pseudotsuga menziesii Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005386 Pseudotsuga menziesii var menziesii Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000000528 Ricinus communis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007238 Secale cereale Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021536 Sugar beet Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000219793 Trifolium Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020971 citrus fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000016213 coffee Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013353 coffee beverage Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000004426 flaxseed Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 241000219146 Gossypium Species 0.000 claims 2
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 claims 2
- 241001133760 Acoelorraphe Species 0.000 claims 1
- 241000219112 Cucumis Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000015510 Cucumis melo subsp melo Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 241000220225 Malus Species 0.000 claims 1
- 241000209056 Secale Species 0.000 claims 1
- FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4,6-bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CNC1=NC(NC#N)=NC(NC#N)=N1 FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013616 tea Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 199
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000000899 pressurised-fluid extraction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000000306 recurrent effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 8
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 241000219195 Arabidopsis thaliana Species 0.000 description 5
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000006199 nebulizer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009399 inbreeding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013421 nuclear magnetic resonance imaging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004497 NIR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000944 Soxhlet extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000892 gravimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000874 microwave-assisted extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010152 pollination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020238 sunflower seed Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000194 supercritical-fluid extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- DEXFNLNNUZKHNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-[3-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperidin-1-yl]-3-oxopropyl]-3H-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C1CCN(CC1)C(CCC1=CC2=C(NC(O2)=O)C=C1)=O DEXFNLNNUZKHNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014698 Brassica juncea var multisecta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011293 Brassica napus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006008 Brassica napus var napus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000385 Brassica napus var. napus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006618 Brassica rapa subsp oleifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000035240 Disease Resistance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- KGWDUNBJIMUFAP-KVVVOXFISA-N Ethanolamine Oleate Chemical compound NCCO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O KGWDUNBJIMUFAP-KVVVOXFISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010021929 Infertility male Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007466 Male Infertility Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000353135 Psenopsis anomala Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000701 chemical imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013537 high throughput screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002129 infrared reflectance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamylol Chemical compound CC(C)CCO PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002835 noble gases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000010399 physical interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940068065 phytosterols Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010187 selection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019149 tocopherols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000825 ultraviolet detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-tocopherol Chemical class OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1 QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
- G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
- G01N21/53—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/02—Food
- G01N33/03—Edible oils or edible fats
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
- G01N2021/4704—Angular selective
- G01N2021/4709—Backscatter
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/62—Detectors specially adapted therefor
- G01N30/74—Optical detectors
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
Description
WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 Methods for Determining Oil in Seeds Cross-reference to Related Application This application claims priority to Provisional Patent Application U.S. Serial No. 5 60/156,287 entitled "Method for Determining Total Oil in Seeds," which was filed September 27, 1999. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to methods for analyzing agricultural products. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods for analysis of the oil content of one or 10 more seeds. Background of the Invention The improvement of techniques used for analysis of agricultural products for desired traits has long been a goal. Several methods have conventionally been used to analyze a 15 sample for the presence of a specific trait. Quantitation of oil content of seeds is often performed with conventional methods, such as near infrared analysis (NIR), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR), soxhlet extraction, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave extraction, and super critical fluid extraction. These conventional methods, however, are often not able to accurately discern the relative or absolute levels of oil in very 20 small seed samples. During the past decade, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has become a standard method for screening seed samples whenever the sample of interest has been amenable to this technique. Samples studied include wheat, maize, soybean, canola, rice, alfalfa, oat, and others (see, for example, Massie and Norris, "Spectral Reflectance and Transmittance 25 Properties of Grain in the Visible and Near Infrared", Transactions of the ASAE, Winter Meeting of the American society of Agricultural Engineers, 1965, pp. 598-600, Archibald et al. "Development of Short-Wavelength Near-Infrared spectral Imaging for Grain Color 1 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 Classification," SPIE Vol. 3543, 1998, pp. 189-198, Delwiche, "Single Wheat Kernel Analysis by Near-Infrared Transmittance: Protein Content," Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation, Vol. 72, 1995, pp. 11-16, Dowell, "Automated Color Classification of Single Wheat Kernels Using Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance," Vol. 75(1), 1998, pp.142-144, 5 Orman and Schumann, "Comparison of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Calibration Methods for the Prediction of Protein, Oil, and Starch in Maize Grain," Vol. 39, 1991, pp.883-886, Robutti, "Maize Kernel Hardness Estimation in Breeding by Near-Infrared Transmission Analysis," Vol. 72(6), 1995, pp.632-636, U.S. Patent No. 5,991,025 to Wright et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,751,421 to Wright et al., Daun et al., "Comparison of Three whole Seed Near 10 Infrared Analyzers for Measuring Quality Components of Canola Seed", Vol. 71, no. 10, 1994, pp.1063-106 8 , all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). NIR analysis of single seeds has been reported (see Velasco, et al., "Estimation of Seed Weight, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Intact Single Seeds of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by Rear-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy," Euphytica, Vol. 106, 1999, 15 pp.79-85, Delwiche, "Single Wheat Kernel Analysis by Near-Infrared Transmittance: Protein Content," Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation, Vol. 72, 1995, pp. 11-16, Dowell, "Automated Color Classification of Single Wheat Kernels Using Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance," Vol. 75(1), 1998, pp.142-144, Dowell et al., "Automated Single Wheat Kernel Quality Measurement Using Near-Infrared Reflectance," ASAE Annual International 20 Meeting, 1997, paper number 973022, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). These methods, however, are not sensitive enough to accurately determine the oil content of very small seeds, which limits their use. NMR has also been used to analyze oil content in seeds (see, for example, Robertson and Morrison, "Analysis of Oil Content of Sunflower Seed by Wide-Line NMR," Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 1979, 25 Vol. 56, 1979, pp. 961-964, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). However, this non-destructive technique is also often not suitable for the analysis of seed oil when the seed of interest is small. 2 WO 01/23884 PCTIUSOO/26374 Other techniques, including soxhlet extraction, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave extraction, and super critical fluid extraction, that are conventionally used to determine oil content use gravimetry as the final measurement step (see, for example, Taylor et al., "Determination of Oil Content in Oilseeds by Analytical Supercritical Fluid 5 Extraction," Vol. 70 (no. 4), 1993, pp. 437-439, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Gravimetry, however, is not suitable for use with small samples, including small seeds and seed with little oil content. because oil levels in these samples can be below the level of minimum sensitivity for the technique. Further, the use of gravimetrv is time consuming and is not amenable to high-throughput automation. 10 Needed in the art are methods for rapid and accurate analysis of seed samples, and particularly small seed samples, that can be used to efficiently analyze the oil content of individual seeds and that are amenable to automation. The present invention provides such methods. Summary Of The Invention 15 The present invention includes and provides a method for determining oil content of a seed comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; and, determining the oil content based on the reflected light. 20 The present invention includes and provides a method for determining oil content of a seed comprising extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; separating the solvent from the seed; evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; and, determining the oil content based on the reflected light. 25 The present invention includes and provides a method for determining oil content of a seed comprising: disrupting the seed to produce ground seed; extracting oil from the ground seed using a solvent; evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing 3 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; determining the oil content based on the reflected light. The present invention includes and provides a method for determining oil content of an agricultural material, comprising: extracting oil from the material using a solvent; 5 evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; and, determining the oil content based on the reflected light. The present invention includes and provides a method for determining oil content of a batch seed sample, comprising: extracting oil from the batch seed sample using a solvent; io evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; and, determining the oil content based on the reflected light. The present invention includes and provides a method for selecting a seed having an enhanced oil content, comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; evaporating 15 the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; determining the oil content based on the reflected light; and, selecting a seed with a similar genetic background to the seed based on the oil content. The present invention includes and provides a method of introgressing a trait into a 20 plant comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; determining the oil content based on the reflected light; selecting a seed with a similar genetic background to the seed based on the oil content; growing a fertile plant from the related seed; and, utilizing the fertile plant as 25 either a female parent or a male parent in a cross with a second plant. The present invention includes and provides a method for determining oil content of a seed comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; nebulizing the solvent and the oil 4 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 under high pressure into a device capable of evaporating the solvent; evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas in the device to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; determining the oil content based on the reflected light. 5 The present invention includes and provides a method for selecting a seed having an enhanced oil content, comprising: a) extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; b) evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; c) directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; d) detecting the reflected light; e) determining the oil content based on the reflected light; f) repeating steps a) 10 through e) one or more times, and, g) selecting one or more seeds based on the oil content. Description Of The Figures Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a cross section of one embodiment of a system that is capable of carrying out the methods of the present invention. 15 Figure 2 is plot showing a calibration curve for oil content. Figure 3 is a chromatograph of extracted soybean oil content. Figure 4 is a table that compares the results of the present invention with the conventional technique of accelerated solvent extraction for soybean. Figure 5 is a graph that compares the results of the present invention with the 20 conventional technique of accelerated solvent extraction for sorghum. Figure 6 is graph that compares the results of the present invention with the conventional technique of accelerated solvent extraction for maize. Figure 7 is a graph showing the reproducibility of one embodiment of the present invention for maize. 25 Figure 8 is a overlayed chromatograph showing oil content determination for one, two, and three Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. 5 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 Detailed Description Of The Invention Analytical Methods The present invention provides analytical methods for selecting seeds having a desired oil content. In one embodiment, the present invention is a method for determining oil content 5 of a single seed comprising: extracting oil from a single seed using a solvent; evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light: detecting the reflected light; and, determining the oil content based on the reflected light. In a preferred embodiment. all fractions of oil of a sample are extracted. In another 10 preferred embodiment, triglycerides are used as a marker for the total oil content. In this embodiment, the signals produced by light scattering detection are derived predominantly from the triglyceride fraction of the total oil content. The extracted oil can then be separated from solids in a centrifuge. To determine oil content, the supernatant can be injected into a device that is capable of providing a stream of 15 gas in which the solvent can evaporate, and the mass of the remaining oil can be determined with an evaporative light scattering detector. As used herein "oil content" refers to the amount of oil present in a sample or particular fraction or fractions of oil, e.g. 5 nanograms (ng) per seed of total oil, 5 ng total oil per 10 grams of dry weight of tissue. or 5 ng of triglycerides per seed, or 5 ng of triglycerides 20 per 10 grams of dry weight of tissue. Particularly preferred fractions of oil include, without limitation, triglycerides, free fatty acids, waxes, phospholipids, phytosterols. and tocopherols. In a preferred embodiment the fraction comprises triglycerides. As used herein, "composition" refers to biochemical constituents of an agricultural sample, for example, the ratio of triglycerides to total oil content. As used herein, "sample" means any part of one or 25 more plants being analyzed, including, for example, a portion of a seed. a single seed, more than one seed, a part of one or more plants other than seeds, any plant tissue, agricultural 6 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 material, or any combination thereof. A sample can be in any form, including whole seeds, intact plant tissue, whole agricultural material, and any disrupted form of any of these. Any seed can be utilized in a method of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the seed is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa seed. apple seed, 5 Arabidopsis thaliana seed, banana seed, barley seed, bean seed, broccoli seed. castorbean seed, citrus seed, clover seed, coconut seed, coffee seed, maize seed, cotton seed, cucumber seed, Douglas fir seed, Eucalyptus seed, Loblolly pine seed, linseed seed. melon seed, oat seed, olive seed, palm seed, pea seed, peanut seed, pepper seed, poplar seed. Radiata pine seed, rapeseed seed, rice seed, rye seed, sorghum seed, Southern pine seed. soybean seed, 10 strawberry seed, sugarbeet seed, sugarcane seed, sunflower seed, sweetgum seed, tea seed, tobacco seed, tomato seed, turf, and wheat seed. In a more preferred embodiment, the seed is selected from the group consisting of cotton seed, Arabidopsis thaliana seed. maize seed, soybean seed, rapeseed seed, rice seed, and wheat seed. In an even more preferred embodiment, the seed is a rapeseed seed. In another even more preferred embodiment, the 15 seed is an Arabidopsis thaliana seed. In another even more preferred embodiment, the seed is a soybean seed. In yet another even more preferred embodiment, the seed is a maize seed. Further, any portion of any of the above-mentioned seeds can be utilized. For example, any of the above-mentioned seeds can be subdivided for the purposes of analysis. A seed can, for example, be divided so as to bisect the germ and endosperm in order to allow for 20 parallel testing and planting of the two halves. A seed can further be divided by tissue type. In a preferred embodiment, a sample can comprise endosperm that has been mechanically separated from the germ tissue in order to analyze the germ or the endosperm for oil content using a method of the present invention. Other plant tissues or agricultural materials can be substituted, without limitation, for 25 seeds as the sample. As used herein, plant tissues include, without limitation, any plant part such as leaf, flower, root, petal. As used herein, agricultural materials include, without limitation, plant tissues such as seeds, but also include. without limitation. non-plant based 7 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 material such as non-organic matter or non-plant based matter that occur in an agricultural context. Fungal samples are an example of an agricultural material. Individual seeds or batches of seeds can be utilized with the methods of the present invention. A batch of seeds is any number of seeds greater than one. As used herein, a 5 "member" of a batch is any single seed within the batch. A batch of seeds can be defined by number. In an embodiment, a batch of seeds is greater than 10,000, 5,000, 2,500, 1,000, 100, 20, 10, 5, 4, or 3 seeds. In another embodiment a batch comprises between 5,000 and 10,000 seeds, between 1,000 and 5,000 seeds, 100 and 2,500 seeds, 100 and 1,000 seeds, 10 and 100 seeds, 10 and 20 seeds, 5 and 10 seeds, 1 and 5 seeds, 1 and 4 seeds, and 1 and 3 seeds. In io another embodiment the batch of seeds may be classified by its origin, such as seeds that are derived from a single ear, single plant, or single plant cross. In one embodiment, the seeds from a single source are provided together for analysis. In another embodiment the single source can be any source that provides seeds having a similar genetic background, such as an ear of maize, a single plant, or the product of a single 15 cross. If a seed or a batch of seeds is entirely consumed by a method of the present invention, then seeds having a common genetic background can be used to propagate a desired trait found in an analyzed seed. As used herein, a seed with a similar genetic background to a first seed is a seed that shares at least 25%, more preferably 50%, even more preferably 75% or 100% of the genetic 20 background of the first seed. For example, the progeny of a cross between two plants shares 50% of its genetic background with each parent to the cross. The mass of a sample can be any mass that yields a measurable result. In a preferred embodiment, the sample mass is less mass than 1,000 grams, more preferably less than 500, 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, and 1 gram. In another preferred embodiment, the sample is one seed. 25 In order to determine the oil content of a sample, the oil is extracted from the sample. Extraction can be performed on the sample using a suitable solvent. The solvent can be any solvent that is capable of extracting oil from the sample without also extracting unwanted 8 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 impurities from the sample. In a preferred embodiment. the solvent is any non-polar solvent. In a further preferred embodiment, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of hexane, decane, petroleum ether, an alcohol, or acetontirile. In a preferred embodiment the solvent comprises isopropanol. In a more preferred embodiment, the solvent comprises 5 hexane. The amount of solvent used will depend upon the amount of sample analyzed. The volume of solvent sufficient to extract a detectable amount of oil is known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, sufficient solvent is used to extract all available oil from the sample. The available oil in a sample can be the total oil in the sample, or any amount less than the 10 total amount of oil. In another embodiment, 0.1 to 100 milliliters of solvent is used for every milligram of sample being analyzed, with 0.2 to 50 milliliters of solvent per milligram of sample preferred, 0.25 to 10 milliliters of solvent per milligram of sample more preferred, and 0.5 to 3 milliliters of solvent per milligram especially preferred. As used herein, "extracting oil" from a sample means disposing the sample in contact 15 with a solvent in order to transfer oil from the sample to the solvent. During extraction, a sample can be exposed to the solvent in any manner that transfers a detectable amount of oil from the sample to the solvent. A sample can, for example, be added to an appropriate volume of solvent in an intact state. Oil then is drawn from the intact sample to the solvent. In one embodiment, the oil is held in solution in the solvent. 20 In order to increase the rate of oil transfer or the amount of oil that is transferred during extraction, a sample can be disrupted. As used herein, "disrupting" a sample means physically altering a sample in order to increase the surface area of the sample that can be exposed to a solvent. Disrupting can be performed with any suitable device, including devices for grinding, milling, crushing, cutting, and pulverizing, among others. A Tecator 25 Cyclotec 1093 Sample Mill (Fos Tecator, P.O. Box 70, S-26321 Hoeganaes, Sweden) is one example of a commercially available milling device. 9 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 In order to increase the rate of oil transfer or the amount of oil transferred during extraction, the combined sample and solvent mixture can be agitated. As used herein, "agitating" a solvent and sample means using any technique to increase the physical interaction of the solvent and sample. Agitation of the solvent and sample can be performed, 5 for example, with vibrators, agitators, rotating wheels, and shakers, among others. One example of an agitation device is a Glas-Col rotating wheel (Glas-Col Apparatus Co, 711 Hulman Street, P 0 Box 2128, Terre Haute, IN 47802-0128 USA). Additionally, the temperature of the solvent and the sample can be increased in order to improve the rate of oil transfer or the amount of oil transferred. 10 The amount of disrupting and agitating of a sample will depend on the desired result of the analysis. In some instances it will be desirable to compare the relative oil content of two or more samples. In these instances, it is unnecessary to extract the total oil content from the sample. Instead, a portion of the total oil content can be extracted from each sample and the amounts can be compared to determine the relative oil content of the samples. In one 15 embodiment, in order to determine relative oil content, disruption and agitation of samples can be minimal. For example, multiple samples can be disposed in solvent without disrupting the sample beforehand, and then agitated. After centrifugation and evaporative light scattering detection, the relative oil content of the samples can be ascertained. In another embodiment, a quantitative estimation of total oil content is obtained by 20 disrupting a sample and agitating the sample in solvent in order to transfer almost all of the oil from the sample to the solvent. The extent to which a sample will need to be disrupted and agitated in order to liberate all of the oil content depends on the type of sample under analysis and is known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, a sample is ground for between 0.1 and 5 minutes in a 25 sample mill, and more preferably between 0.5 and 3 minutes. In another embodiment, a sample is agitated for between 0.5 and 20 minutes, more preferably between 1 and 15 minutes, and even more preferably from 3 to 8 minutes. 10 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 After extraction, the solvent and extracted oil, which is in solution in the solvent. can be further separated from the remaining sample in order to improve the uniformity of the composition of the solvent and extracted oil. Any device and method for separating solids from a solution can be used if the resulting solvent comprises an amount of non-oil impurities 5 that does not significantly affect detection of oil in later steps. One example of a suitable centrifuge is a Fisher Model 235B Micro-Centrifuge (Fisher Scientific, 4500 Turnberry Dr., Hanover Park, IL 60103). As used herein, "separating" solvent from seed means removing the solvent containing the extracted oil from the remainder of the sample. Separation can be performed, for example, with any conventional technique, including filtration, settling, and 10 centrifugation. In a preferred embodiment, after extraction the solvent and sample solids are centrifuged. Centrifugation causes the solids to sediment and form a pellet, from which the solvent is separated as supernatant. The supernatant can then be siphoned off of the pellet to complete the separation. In a preferred embodiment, the sample and solvent are centrifuged for between 0.1 to 5 minutes, more preferably for between 0.5 and 3 minutes, and even more 15 preferably for between 0.75 and 2 minutes. After extraction of the oil from the solvent, the oil content in the solvent can be determined using evaporative light scattering detection methods. Any device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate and form oil particles in solvent vapor can be used in conjunction with a light source capable of producing light that is 20 reflected by the oil particles and a light detector capable of detecting the reflected light. As used herein, "evaporating solvent" means causing the solvent in the solvent and oil solution to go to a gaseous vapor phase from a liquid phase, while maintaining the oil in a liquid phase. Evaporation of the solvent results in free oil particles, or droplets, that can then be passed through a light source and light detector for determination of the mass of the oil. 25 Evaporation of the solvent can be carried out in any device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate. As used herein, a "stream of gas" is a continuous flow of gas in which a solvent can be evaporated. The gas used in the stream of 11 WO 01/23884 PCTIUSOO/26374 gas can be any gas into which the solvent can evaporate. In one embodiment, the gas is an inert or noble gas. In another embodiment, the gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, inert or noble gases, and carbon dioxide and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the gas used in the stream of gas comprises nitrogen. In yet another preferred 5 embodiment, the gas used comprises nitrogen of at least 99% purity. The device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate can be any conventional device used for evaporative light scattering detection. In one embodiment, the device is a tube that is affixed at one end to a different device for supplying the solvent at a controllable rate. Such a tube can be a "drift" tube as are known in 10 the art. The tube can have any geometry that allows for the evaporation of the solvent, with an approximately cylindrical geometry preferred. At one end of the tube, a device for introducing the solvent at a controlled rate into the tube is provided. The rate at which the stream of gas flows can be any rate that allows for sufficient evaporation of a solvent in a stream of gas. The rate at which the stream of gas flows will 15 depend on which solvent and gas are used, the relative amounts of each, the temperature of each, and the time of contact of the two. In a preferred embodiment, the flow rate of gas in the tube is between 0.5 and 20 liters per minute, more preferably between 1 and 10 liters per minute, and even more preferably between 1.5 and 5 liters per minute. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent is introduced into the stream at a rate between 0.1 and 10 milliliters 20 per minute, more preferably between 0.2 and 5 milliliters per minute, and even more preferably between 0.3 and 5 milliliters per minute. In a preferred embodiment the temperature of the solvent is between 20 and 100 degrees Celsius, more preferably between 30 and 75 degrees Celsius, and even more preferably between 30 and 50 degrees Celsius. In a preferred embodiment the tube is maintained at a temperature between 20 and 200 degrees 25 Celsius, more preferably between 50 and 150 degrees Celsius, and even more preferably between 80 and 120 degrees Celsius. 12 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 The solvent can be introduced into a device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate in any manner and with any device for introducing the solvent at a controlled rate. Devices that allow for the delivery of a constant volume of solvent over time include any device for introducing the solvent at a controlled rate. For 5 example, the device can be a liquid pump with a pressure regulator. The device for introducing the solvent at a controlled rate can be connected to the device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate in any manner that allows for the distribution of the solvent. In one embodiment, the device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate comprises a nebulizer, which is used to mix 10 gas and solvent and inject the resulting mixture into the device in a dispersed spray. In this embodiment, the solvent is injected into the nebulizer by a device for introducing the solvent at a controlled rate, and the solvent is mixed with a steam of gas and injected into the device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate. As the stream of gas and solvent proceeds through the device, the solvent evaporates, leaving dispersed 15 particles of oil in the stream of gas. The particles of oil then pass through the light and form reflected light, which is detected. In this embodiment, the solvent introduced into the device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate will comprise a generally uniform concentration of oil, and the resulting signals produced by the light detector will change from a zero reading, to a maximum reading, and then back to a zero 20 reading over time. In another embodiment, a continuous volume of a second solvent can be provided to the device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate. In this embodiment, the solvent with the oil content is introduced into the second solvent while the second solvent is being constantly provided. In this manner, the signals produced by the 25 light detector will change in intensity more gradually, and can accurately be charted, with the oil content represented as a peak. All of the components described herein can be used for the various components in this embodiment. 13 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 In addition, a conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device can be used as the device that can regulate the volume or pressure of a fluid. In this embodiment, in the mobile phase of the HPLC device is a second solvent, which includes, without limitation, any of the solvents mentioned herein, and which can be the same as or 5 different than the solvent with extracted oil. In a preferred embodiment, the second solvent comprises isopropanol and hexane. In another preferred embodiment, the second solvent comprises 10% isopropanol and 90% hexane. Any HPLC device that is capable of supplying solvent to the device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate can be used. Examples of suitable HPLC devices include a Hewlett 10 Packard 1090 with a Micra NPS, 33X4.6 millimeter, 1.5 micron plus Guard Column. In this embodiment, the second solvent can be provided continuously. Before addition of the solvent with the extracted oil to the second solvent, the light detector will not detect any reflected light, because the second solvent evaporates prior to reaching the light. The solvent with the extracted oil is then added to the flow of the second 15 solvent, and is carried into either the HPLC column or directly to the device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate. In either embodiment, the solvent with the extracted oil becomes dispersed in the second solvent prior to reaching the device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in which the solvent can evaporate. Upon introduction into the device that is capable of providing a stream of gas in 20 which the solvent can evaporate, both solvents evaporate, and the oil is carried toward the light and light detector in the stream of gas. Since the solvent with the extracted oil is dispersed in the second solvent, the light detector will signal an increase from the zero baseline of the evaporated second solvent alone to a peak of oil content, and then back to the baseline of the evaporated second solvent when the oil particles have completely passed the 25 light detector. The HPLC is used as a readily available device for introducing the solvent at a controlled rate, and is not used here to separate components in the mobile solvent phase. For 14 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 embodiments incorporating a second, continuously supplied solvent, including embodiments using HPLC devices, preferred values for flow rates and temperatures include, without limitation, those described herein for embodiments using only one solvent. In a preferred embodiment, the volume of a solvent with extracted oil that is added to the continuous flow 5 of the second solvent is between 0.5 and 50 microliters, more preferably between 1 and 25 microliters, and even more preferably between 1 and 10 microliters. Although the entire sample of solvent with extracted oil can be added to the second solvent, any portion of the solvent with extracted oil can be added to yield a result that is proportional to the fraction of the solvent with extracted oil that was originally added. 10 The oil content of the solvent is determined with a light and a light detector. The light can be any light that is capable of being reflected by oil particles. Any light source that produces such light can be used as the light source. Potential light sources include lasers and collimated lasers. In a preferred embodiment, the light source is a 7 milliwattt, 670 nanometer laser diode. The light source is disposed so as to direct light into the stream of 15 gas. As used herein, "directing light into a stream of gas" means providing a light source so that light emanating from the light source travels into the stream of gas. As particles of oil pass through the light, the light is reflected. As used herein, "reflected light" is any light that strikes an oil particle and is redirected toward the light detector. The light detector can be any device that is capable of detecting light and outputting a 20 signal that can be associated with the amount of light detected. In a preferred embodiment the light detected is reflected light. As used herein, "detecting reflected light" means generating a signal in response to light that has been produced by the light source, has been reflected by the extracted oil, and has struck the light detector. Suitable light detectors include, without limitation, silicon photodiodes, photomultipliers, and photon counters. In a 25 preferred embodiment, a photodetector, which is a silicon photodiode, is used as the light detector. The photodetector in this embodiment outputs a signal that is proportional to the amount of reflected light striking the detector. The photodetector is preferably disposed at an 15 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 angle relative to the path of the light. In one embodiment, the angle between the line of the light and the light detector is between 45 degrees and 135 degrees, with the vertex of the angle in the center of the long axis of the stream of gas and each line in the angle lying in the same plane, which is perpendicular to the long axis of the stream of gas. The light source and 5 the light detector can be disposed at any distance from the stream of gas that allows for sufficient formation of reflected light and sufficient detection of that reflected light. In order to associate the signals from a light detector with a quantity of oil, calibrations are performed with the methods of the present invention using a known amount of oil in a solvent. As used herein, "determining the oil content based on the reflected light" 10 means using known calibration values of oil content and reflected light to determine oil content. Any volume of oil can be used to calibrate a device described herein, and in a preferred embodiment, an oil volume approximating the predicted oil content of a sample is used for calibration. Light detector signals for known oil concentrations, for example 0.1 to 3.5 milligrams per milliliter, can be used to create a model for correlating actual oil levels 15 with light detector signals produced by a sample with unknown oil content. The signals produced by the light detector can be sent to a device that is capable of storing or displaying the signal data. In one embodiment, a chromatograph is used to plot the amount of reflected light over time. In alternative embodiments, the signal data can be sent to data storage devices, computers. or a monitor. Once a plot of reflected light over time is 20 produced, standard calculations can be used to determine the oil content as represented by the area under a peak on the curve of the plot. The methods of the present invention are ideally suited to use in high throughput screening of seeds for oil content. The fast extraction time of the methods are suitable for an automated system using microtiter plates. In a preferred embodiment, the total time for 25 extraction and determination of oil content of a sample is less than 10 minutes, more preferably less than 8 minutes, and even more preferably less than 6.5 minutes. In another preferred embodiment, relative oil content of samples is determined and extraction and 16 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 determination of oil content is done in less than five minutes, preferably less than 3 minutes, and even more preferably in less than 1.5 minutes. Methods of the present invention can be used in a breeding program to select plants or seeds having a desired trait. In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for 5 selecting a seed having an enhanced oil content, comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; determining the oil content based on the reflected light; and, selecting a seed with a similar genetic background to the seed based on the oil content. In another aspect the present 10 invention provides a method of introgressing a trait into a plant comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; evaporating the solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into the stream of gas and the oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting the reflected light; determining the oil content based on the reflected light; selecting a seed with a similar genetic background to the seed based on the oil content; growing a 15 fertile plant from the related seed; and, utilizing the fertile plant as either a female parent or a male parent in a cross with a second plant. The methods of introgression and selection of the present invention can be used in combination with any breeding methodology, and can be used to select a single generation or to select multiple generations. The choice of breeding method depends on the mode of plant 20 reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used commercially (e.g., F, hybrid cultivar, pureline cultivar, etc). Selected, non-limiting approaches for breeding the plants of the present invention are set forth below. A breeding program can be enhanced using marker assisted selection of the progeny of any cross. It is further understood that any commercial and non-commercial cultivars can be utilized in a 25 breeding program. Factors such as, for example, emergence vigor, vegetative vigor, stress tolerance, disease resistance, branching, flowering, seed set, seed size, seed density, standability, and threshability etc. will generally dictate the choice. 17 WO 01/23884 PCT/US00/26374 For highly heritable traits, a choice of superior individual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective, whereas for traits with low heritability, selection should be based on mean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of related plants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection. modified pedigree selection, mass 5 selection, and recurrent selection. In a preferred embodiment a backcross or recurrent breeding program is undertaken. The complexity of inheritance influences choice of the breeding method. Backcross breeding can be used to transfer one or a few favorable genes for a highly heritable trait into a desirable cultivar. This approach has been used extensively for breeding disease-resistant 10 cultivars. Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the number of hybrid offspring from each successful cross. Breeding lines can be tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments 15 representative of the commercial target area(s) for two or more generations. The best lines are candidates for new commercial cultivars; those still deficient in traits may be used as parents to produce new populations for further selection. One method of identifying a superior plant is to observe its performance relative to other experimental plants and to a widely grown standard cultivar. If a single observation is 20 inconclusive, replicated observations can provide a better estimate of its genetic worth. A breeder can select and cross two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producing many new genetic combinations. The development of new soybean cultivars entails the development and selection of soybean varieties, the crossing of these varieties and selection of superior hybrid crosses. The 25 hybrid seed can be produced by manual crosses between selected male-fertile parents or by using male sterility systems. Hybrids are selected for certain single gene traits such as pod color, flower color, seed yield, pubescence color or herbicide resistance which indicate that 18 WO 01/23884 PCT/US00/26374 the seed is truly a hybrid. Additional data on parental lines, as well as the phenotype of the hybrid, influence the breeder's decision whether to continue with the specific hybrid cross. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods can be used to develop cultivars from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine desirable traits from two or 5 more cultivars or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which cultivars are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. New cultivars can be evaluated to determine which have commercial potential. Pedigree breeding is used commonly for the improvement of self-pollinating crops. Two parents who possess favorable. complementary traits are crossed to produce an F,. An 10 F, population is produced by selfing one or several F,'s. Selection of the best individuals in the best families is selected. Replicated testing of families can begin in the F 4 generation to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F, and F,), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release as new cultivars. 15 Backcross breeding has been used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait into a desirable homozygous cultivar or inbred line, which is the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the 20 phenotype of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The resulting parent is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. The single-seed descent procedure refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next 25 generation. When the population has been advanced from the F. to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F, individuals. The number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to 19 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F, plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed. In a multiple-seed procedure, soybean breeders commonly harvest one or more pods 5 from each plant in a population and thresh them together to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. The procedure has been referred to as modified single-seed descent or the pod-bulk technique. The multiple-seed procedure has been used to save labor at harvest. It is considerably faster to thresh pods with a machine than to remove one seed from each by hand for the 10 single-seed procedure. The multiple-seed procedure also makes it possible to plant the same number of seed of a population each generation of inbreeding. Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g. Fehr, Principles of Cultivar Development Vol. 1, pp. 2-3 (1987)), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by 15 reference). Figure 1 provides one embodiment of a system that is capable of performing the methods of the present invention, which is shown generally at 10. A device for introducing the solvent at a controlled rate 12 is coupled with a source of a second solvent 14. The device 12 pumps the second solvent at a controlled rate to a device that is capable of providing a 20 stream of gas 16 in which the solvent can evaporate, which in this case comprises a nebulizer 18 and a heated drift tube 20. A gas supply 22 is coupled to the nebulizer 18. The second solvent and the gas are mixed in the nebulizer 18, which causes the formation of a disperse stream of solvent droplets 24 in the drift tub 20. A light source 26 and a light detector 28 are disposed at an angle 9 in a plane that is perpendicular to the long axis 30 of the drift tube 20. 25 In this example, 0 is 90 degrees. The light detector 28 outputs a signal 32 that is proportional to the amount of reflected light striking the detector 28. 20 WO 01/23884 PCTIUSOO/26374 To allow the introduction of the solvent with the extracted oil into the flow of the second solvent, a port 34 can be placed within the input line 36, or within the device 12. Finally, the light detector 28 can be coupled to a chromatograph 38 in order to graphically display the results of analyses. 5 Example 1 The detector is calibrated with known soybean oil concentrations of 0.1 to 3.5 milligrams of oil per milliliter of solvent. The results of this calibration are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 is a plot of area under a peak in a chromatograph (Y-Axis) versus the amount of extracted oil in the solvent (X-Axis). A sample of soybean is ground using a Tecator 10 Cyclotec 1093 Sample Mill (Fos Tecator, P.O. Box 70, S-26321 Hoeganaes, Sweden). Twenty milligrams of ground seed is added to a microcentrifuge tube. One milliliter of hexane is added to the tube, and the tube is agitated for five minutes on a rotating wheel at room temperature. The tube is then centrifuged in a microcentrifuge for five minutes. The supernatant is transferred to an HPLC autosampler vial and injected into an HPLC apparatus. 15 Five microliters of hexane with extracted oil is added. The HPLC apparatus is a Hewlett Packard 1090 with a Micra NPS, 33X4.6 millimeter, 1.5 micron plus Guard Column. The second solvent is 10%/90% isopranol/hexane, the flow rate is 0.5 milliliters per minute, the column temperature is 40 degrees Celsius, and the run time is 0.8 minutes. The solvent is nebulized in a Varex Evaporative light scattering detector with a drift tube at 115 degrees 20 Celsius, an exit temperature of 55 degrees Celsius, and an attenuation of 1. The chromatograph produced by this procedure is shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the Y-axis represents milliabsorbance units, which are units of reflected light intensity that are proportional to the mass of oil passing by the light detector. The X-axis represents time, in minutes. As can be seen in Figure 3, a base line of reflected light is established from time 25 zero. From time zero until 0.5 minutes into the run, only the second solvent is passing by the light detector. At just after 0.5 minutes, the extracted oil begins to pass by the light detector. The extracted oil entirely passes the light detector by the 0.8 minute mark of the run. The 21 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 area under the peak centered at 0.594 is proportional to the mass of oil that passed by the light detector. The computed area under the peak curve can be located on the calibration graph shown in Figure 2 in order to determine the mass of the oil that passed by the light detector. Example 2 5 Figures 4-6 show the results of comparisons between the oil content of the present invention (light scattering, or LS) with the conventional technique of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The conditions for determination of oil content for LS are as in example 1, and ASE is performed using conventional practices. Figure 4 shows the percent oil content as determined for both LS and ASE, as well as the ratio (LS/ASE) of the oil content as 10 determined by each method for 12 different samples. As shown in Figure 4. the ratios of oil content fall significantly between 0.80 and 0.90. Figure 5 shows the same ratio of oil content for ten sorghum samples. Again, the ratios of oil content fall within a narrow range, significantly between about 0.60 and 0.65. Figure 6 shows the same ratio of oil content for maize. In this case, the ratios of oil content fall significantly between 0.7 and 0.8. 15 Example 3 Figure 7 demonstrates the reproducibility of one embodiment of the method of the present invention. As shown in Figure 7, the range of oil content determined for ten identical runs is between about 2.75 and 3.25 percent oil for the ten samples of maize. The oil content of the samples are determined as in example 1. 20 Example 4 Figure 8 is an overlayed chromatogram of three separate runs. The Y-axis and X-axis are milliabsorbance units and time, respectively. The three peaks shown represent the peaks produced by runs of one, two and three Arabodopsis thaliana seeds. Each of the three samples is extracted using 250 microliters of hexane. The second solvent is a 5/95 mixture of 25 Isopentanol/hexane, and the solvent is dispensed into the drift tube at a rate of 1.0 milliliters per minute. Conditions are otherwise as above for example two. The three overlayed peaks show the exceptional sensitivity and lower detection level of the methods of the present 22 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 invention. As seen in the plot, for each Arabidopsis thaliana seed included. the area under the peak increases equivalently. The above-described invention provides methods of determining oil content of samples with a higher sensitivity and lower detection limit than conventional methods, and 5 that are amenable to automation. The methods can be rapidly performed with readily available devices on a wide variety of seeds, plant tissue, and agricultural materials. Further, unlike ultraviolet detection techniques, the methods of the present invention are mass sensitive, which allows for absolute quantition of oil content. The above description, drawings and examples are only illustrative of embodiments 10 which achieve the objects, features and advantages of the present invention. It is not intended that the present invention be limited to the illustrative embodiments. 23
Claims (45)
1. A method for determining oil content of a seed comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; evaporating said solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; 5 directing light into said stream of gas and said oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting said reflected light; and, determining said oil content based on said reflected light. 10
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said seed has a mass of less than 100 micrograms.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said seed has a mass of less than about 50 micrograms.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said seed has a mass of less than about 25 micrograms. 15
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said solvent comprises an organic solvent.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said solvent comprises a nonpolar solvent. 20
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of hexane, petroleum ether, alcohol, decane, and acetonitrile.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein 0.5 to 50 mL of said solvent is used. 25
9. The method of claim 1, wherein 1 to 3 mL of said solvent is used.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said evaporating is done in an evaporative light scattering detector. 24 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said stream of gas comprises nitrogen.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein said solvent is introduced into said stream of gas at a 5 rate between 0.3 and 5 milliliters per minute.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein said light is laser light.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein said detecting said reflected light is done with a silicon 10 photodiode.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein said stream of gas is heated.
16. The method of claim 1, further comprising separating said seed from said solvent after 15 said extracting.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein said separating comprises centrifugation.
18. The method of claim 1, further comprising introducing said solvent into a second solvent 20 prior to said evaporating.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is performed in less than 6.5 minutes.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is performed in less than 1.5 minutes. 25
21. The method of claim 1, wherein said seed is maize. 25 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374
22. The method of claim 1, wherein said seed is soybean.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein said seed is rapeseed. 5
24. A method for determining oil content of a seed comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; separating said solvent from said seed; evaporating said solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into said stream of gas and said oil particles, thereby forming reflected 10 light; detecting said reflected light; and, determining said oil content based on said reflected light.
25. The method of claim 24, further comprising introducing said solvent into a second 15 solvent prior to said evaporating.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein said separating comprises centrifugation.
27. A method for determining oil content of a seed comprising: 20 disrupting said seed to produce ground seed; extracting oil from said ground seed using a solvent; evaporating said solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into said stream of gas and said oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; 25 detecting said reflected light; determining said oil content based on said reflected light. 26 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374
28. The method of claim 27, further comprising introducing said solvent into a second solvent prior to said evaporating.
29. The method of claim 27, wherein said disrupting comprises grinding. 5
30. A method for determining oil content of an agricultural material, comprising: extracting oil from said material using a solvent; evaporating said solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into said stream of gas and said oil particles, thereby forming reflected 10 light; detecting said reflected light; and, determining said oil content based on said reflected light.
31. A method for determining oil content of a batch seed sample, comprising: 15 extracting oil from said batch seed sample using a solvent; evaporating said solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into said stream of gas and said oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting said reflected light; and, 20 determining said oil content based on said reflected light.
32. A method for selecting a seed having an enhanced oil content, comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; evaporating said solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; 25 directing light into said stream of gas and said oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting said reflected light; 27 WO 01/23884 PCT/US00/26374 determining said oil content based on said reflected light; and, selecting a seed with a similar genetic background to said seed based on said oil content. 5
33. A method according to claim 32, further comprising germinating said seed with a similar genetic background.
34. A method according to claim 32, further comprising placing in a container said related seed. 10
35. A method of introgressing a trait into a plant comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; evaporating said solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; directing light into said stream of gas and said oil particles, thereby forming reflected 15 light; detecting said reflected light; determining said oil content based on said reflected light; selecting a seed with a similar genetic background to said seed based on said oil content; 20 growing a fertile plant from said related seed; and, utilizing said fertile plant as either a female parent or a male parent in a cross with a second plant.
36. A method according to claim 35, further comprising selecting a progeny of said cross 25 having said trait. 28 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374
37. A method according to claim 35, wherein said fertile plant is said male parent to said cross.
38. A method according to claim 35, wherein said fertile plant is said female parent to 5 said cross.
39. A method according to claim 35, wherein said plant is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, apple, banana, barley, bean, broccoli, castorbean, citrus, clover, coconut, coffee, maize, cotton, cucumber, Douglas fir, Eucalyptus, Loblolly pine, linseed, melon, oat, 10 olive, palm, pea, peanut , pepper, poplar, Radiata pine, rapeseed, rice, rye, sorghum, Southern pine, soybean, strawberry, sugarbeet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweetgum, tea, tobacco, tomato, turf, and wheat.
40. A method according to claim 35, wherein said plant is selected from the group 15 consisting of cotton, maize, soybean, rapeseed, rice, and wheat.
41. A method according to claim 35, wherein said plant is maize.
42. A method according to claim 35, wherein said plant is soybean. 20
43. A method according to claim 35, wherein said plant is rapeseed.
44. A method for determining oil content of a seed comprising: extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; 25 nebulizing said solvent and said oil under high pressure into a device capable of evaporating said solvent; evaporating said solvent in a stream of gas in said device to form oil particles; 29 WO 01/23884 PCT/USOO/26374 directing light into said stream of gas and said oil particles, thereby forming reflected light; detecting said reflected light; determining said oil content based on said reflected light. 5
45. A method for selecting a seed having an enhanced oil content, comprising: a) extracting oil from a seed using a solvent; b) evaporating said solvent in a stream of gas to form oil particles; c) directing light into said stream of gas and said oil particles, thereby forming 10 reflected light; d) detecting said reflected light; e) determining said oil content based on said reflected light; f) repeating steps a) through e) one or more times, and, g) selecting one or more seeds based on said oil content. 15 20 30
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15628799P | 1999-09-27 | 1999-09-27 | |
US60/156287 | 1999-09-27 | ||
PCT/US2000/026374 WO2001023884A1 (en) | 1999-09-27 | 2000-09-26 | Methods for determining oils in seeds |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
AU7715700A true AU7715700A (en) | 2001-04-30 |
AU783169B2 AU783169B2 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
Family
ID=22558936
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AU77157/00A Ceased AU783169B2 (en) | 1999-09-27 | 2000-09-26 | Methods for determining oils in seeds |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1216415A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1285908C (en) |
AU (1) | AU783169B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR0014323A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2361679A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA02003063A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001023884A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN100360936C (en) * | 2004-02-12 | 2008-01-09 | 陈平 | Quick test method for mineral oil in food |
WO2010042096A2 (en) * | 2007-09-19 | 2010-04-15 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Systems and methods for analyzing agricultural products |
WO2009083958A2 (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2009-07-09 | Evogene Ltd. | Isolated polypeptides, polynucleotides useful for modifying water user efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, yield and biomass in plants |
BR122021014175B1 (en) | 2008-08-18 | 2022-09-20 | Evogene Ltd. | METHOD TO INCREASE NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY, FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTION, GROWTH RATE, VIGOR, BIOMASS, OIL CONTENT AND/OR NITROGEN DEFICIENCY STRESS TOLERANCE OF A PLANT |
US8921658B2 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2014-12-30 | Evogene Ltd. | Isolated polynucleotides encoding a MAP65 polypeptide and methods of using same for increasing plant yield |
MX340023B (en) | 2008-12-29 | 2016-06-22 | Evogene Ltd | Polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded thereby, and methods of using same for increasing abiotic stress tolerance, biomass and/or yield in plants expressing same. |
EP3000889B1 (en) | 2009-03-02 | 2018-12-05 | Evogene Ltd. | Isolated polynucleotides and polypeptides, and methods of using same for increasing plant yield and/or agricultural characteristics |
US9842252B2 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2017-12-12 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Systems and methods for use in characterizing agricultural products |
CA2764559C (en) | 2009-06-10 | 2020-12-15 | Evogene Ltd. | Isolated polynucleotides and polypeptides, and methods of using same for increasing nitrogen use efficiency, yield, growth rate, vigor, biomass, oil content, and/or abiotic stresstolerance |
MX342583B (en) | 2009-12-28 | 2016-10-05 | Evogene Ltd | Isolated polynucleotides and polypeptides and methods of using same for increasing plant yield, biomass, growth rate, vigor, oil content, abiotic stress tolerance of plants and nitrogen use efficiency. |
BR112012027504B1 (en) | 2010-04-28 | 2022-05-24 | Evogene Ltd | Method of increasing a plant's production, biomass, growth rate, and/or abiotic stress tolerance, and building nucleic acids |
EP2593554A2 (en) | 2010-07-15 | 2013-05-22 | Technion Research And Development Foundation Ltd. | Nucleic acid construct for increasing abiotic stress tolerance in plants |
CN102183498B (en) * | 2011-02-24 | 2012-07-04 | 上海大学 | Method for representing physiological response characteristics of Acorus calamus under diesel stress |
CN102907740B (en) * | 2012-10-31 | 2014-04-16 | 深圳市深宝技术中心有限公司 | Preparation method for grain extracting solution |
CN103149282A (en) * | 2013-01-16 | 2013-06-12 | 广西中医药大学 | Sugarcane top qualitative identification high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint spectrum detection method |
CN103528914B (en) * | 2013-10-16 | 2016-08-17 | 山东省花生研究所 | A kind of method for extracting and measuring peanut colesterolo totale |
CN105044049A (en) * | 2015-07-02 | 2015-11-11 | 天津师范大学 | Method and device for measuring volatile compounds |
CN105151587B (en) * | 2015-10-19 | 2017-12-01 | 长江大学 | Photo-electric oil storage tank water cutting device |
CN105738256B (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2018-09-14 | 四川郎酒股份有限公司 | A kind of rapid identification method of wine brewing sorghum |
CN111665221A (en) * | 2019-03-08 | 2020-09-15 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | Device for detecting seed vitality based on transmission spectrum and using method thereof |
CN113406247B (en) * | 2021-03-31 | 2023-04-07 | 广州海关技术中心 | Soybean origin tracing identification method based on combination of IRMS, LC-Q-TOF-MS and multi-element analysis |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9618428D0 (en) * | 1996-09-04 | 1996-10-16 | Polymer Lab Ltd | ELSD diffuser |
JP4213216B2 (en) * | 1996-09-06 | 2009-01-21 | ナノゲン・インコーポレイテッド | Methods and materials for optimizing electronic hybridization reactions |
-
2000
- 2000-09-26 BR BR0014323-5A patent/BR0014323A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-09-26 CA CA002361679A patent/CA2361679A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-09-26 EP EP00966876A patent/EP1216415A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-09-26 WO PCT/US2000/026374 patent/WO2001023884A1/en active Application Filing
- 2000-09-26 CN CN00803124.XA patent/CN1285908C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-26 AU AU77157/00A patent/AU783169B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-09-26 MX MXPA02003063A patent/MXPA02003063A/en active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2001023884A1 (en) | 2001-04-05 |
CN1285908C (en) | 2006-11-22 |
BR0014323A (en) | 2002-08-20 |
MXPA02003063A (en) | 2003-10-14 |
EP1216415A1 (en) | 2002-06-26 |
AU783169B2 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
CN1338050A (en) | 2002-02-27 |
CA2361679A1 (en) | 2001-04-05 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US6809819B1 (en) | Methods for determining oil in seeds | |
AU783169B2 (en) | Methods for determining oils in seeds | |
Velasco et al. | Estimation of seed weight, oil content and fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed (Brassica napus} L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy | |
US20090075325A1 (en) | Systems and methods for analyzing agricultural products | |
US6646264B1 (en) | Methods and devices for analyzing agricultural products | |
Spielbauer et al. | High‐throughput near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy for predicting quantitative and qualitative composition phenotypes of individual maize kernels | |
Anthony et al. | Early metabolic priming under differing carbon sufficiency conditions influences peach fruit quality development | |
BR112019018200A2 (en) | method for measuring the amount of a sucrosyl-oligosaccharide, method for measuring stachyose, method for processing genetically modified soybean seeds | |
HOY et al. | The effects of seed size and seed density on germination and vigor in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) | |
Jambunathan et al. | Ergosterol concentration in mold-susceptible and mold-resistant sorghum at different stages of grain development and its relationship to flavan-4-ols | |
Siemens et al. | Determination of the fatty acid composition of canola, flax, and solin by near-infrared spectroscopy | |
Mosjidis et al. | Plant position effect on seed weight, oil content, and oil composition in sesame | |
Tajuddin et al. | Application of near infrared transmittance spectroscopy to the estimation of protein and lipid contents in single seeds of soybean recombinant inbred lines for quantitative trait loci analysis | |
Mosjidis et al. | Maternal effects and cytoplasmic inheritance of oleic and linoleic acid contents in sesame | |
Wilson et al. | Fatty acids in the American groundnut (Apios americana) | |
Zhou et al. | An advanced bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) spectral approach for estimating flavonoid content in leaves of Ginkgo plantations | |
Ward et al. | Characterization of chlorophyll pigments in ripening canola seed (Brassica napus) | |
Tkachuk et al. | Determination of chlorophyll in ground rapeseed using a modified near infrared reflectance spectrophotometer | |
Stipanovic et al. | Natural rubber from sunflower | |
Velasco et al. | A rapid and simple approach to identify different sunflower oil types by means of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy | |
Weir et al. | Use of NMR for predicting protein concentration in soybean seeds based on oil measurements | |
Velasco et al. | Application of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy to estimate the bulk density of Ethiopian mustard seeds | |
Kubiczek et al. | Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of secalins: application to rye cultivar identification | |
Yuan | Analysis of oilseed glucosinolates and their fate during pressing or dehulling | |
Mailer et al. | Cultivar identification in Brassica napus L. by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of ethanol extracts |