AU770422B2 - Heparin-binding growth factor (HBGF) polypeptides - Google Patents

Description

1

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act 1990 CHILDRENS HOSPITAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION COMPLETE SPECIFICATION DIVISIONAL PATENT Invention Title: Heparin-binding growth factor (HBGF) polypeptides The following statement is a full description of this invention including the best method of performing it known to us:- HEPARIN-BINDING GROWTH FACTOR (HBGF) POLYPEPTIDES This is a divisional patent application of Australian Patent Application No.

86962/98, the contents of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.

1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to the field of growth factors, more specifically to heparin-binding growth factors (HBGF).

2. Background of the Invention Growth factors are a class of polypeptides that stimulate target cells to proliferate, differentiate and organise in developing tissues. The action of growth facts is dependent on their binding to specific receptors which stimulates a signalling event within the cell. Examples of growth factors include platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I, IGF-II), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-p), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-a), epidermal growth factor (EGF), acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF, bFGF) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) which are known to stimulate cells to proliferate.

PDGF is a cationic, heat stable protein found in the alpha granules of circulating platelets and is known to be a mitogen and a chemotactic agent for connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Because of the activities of this molecule, PDGF is believed to be a major factor involved in the normal healing of wounds and pathologically contributing to such conditions as atherosclerosis and fibrotic conditions. PDGF is a dimeric molecule consisting of combinations of a and/or P chains. The chains form heterodimers or homodimers and all combinations isolated to date are biologically active.

Studies on the role of various growth factors in tissue regeneration and repair have led to the discovery of PDGF-like proteins. These proteins share both immunological and biological activities with PDGF and can be blocked with antibodies specific to PDGF.

Polypeptide growth factors and cytokines are emerging as an important class of uterine proteins that may form growth signaling pathways between the maternal uterus and developing embryo or fetus. Studies in a variety of species have suggested that EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), IGF-I, IGF-II, aFGF, bFGF, pleitrophin (PTN), leukemia inhibitory factor, colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), and TGF-a may be among the uterine growth-regulatory molecules involved in these processes.

CTGF is a cysteine-rich monomeric peptide of M, 38,000, which is a growth factor having mitogenic and chemotactic activities for connective tissue cells. CTGF is secreted by cells and is active upon interaction with a specific cell-surface receptor.

CTGF is the product of a gene unrelated to the a or P chain genes of PDGF. It is a member of a family of growth regulators which includes the mouse (also know as fisp-12 or PIG-M2) and human CTGF, Cyr61 (mouse), CeflO (chicken), and Nov (chicken).

Based on sequence comparisons, it has been suggested that the members of this family all have a modular structure, consisting of an insulin-like growth factor domain responsible for binding, a von Willebrand factor domain responsible for complex formation, a thrombospondin type I repeat, possibly responsible for binding matrix molecules, and a C-terminal module found in matrix proteins, postulated to be responsible for receptor binding.

The sequence of the cDNA for human CTGF (hCTGF) contains an open reading frame of 1047 nucleotides with an initiation site at position 130 and a TGA termination site at position 1177 and encodes a peptide of 349 amino acids. There is only a 40% sequence homology between the CTGF cDNA and the cDNA for either the a or P chains of PDGF.

The hCTGF open reading frame encodes a polypeptide which contains 39 cysteine residues, indicating a protein with multiple intramolecular disulfide bonds. The amino terminus of the peptide contains a hydrophobic signal sequence indicative of a secreted protein and there are two N-linked glycosylation sites at asparagine residues 28 and 225 -3in the amino acid sequence. There is a 45% overall sequence homology between the CTGF polypeptide and the polypeptide encoded by the CEF-10 mRNA transcript; the homology reaches 52% when a putative alternative splicing region is deleted.

CTGF is antigenically related to PDGF although there is little if any peptide sequence homology. Anti-PDGF antibody has high affinity to the non-reduced forms of PDGF or CTGF, and ten-fold less affinity to the reduced forms of these peptides, which lack biological activity. This suggests that there are regions of shared tertiary structure between the PDGF isomers and the CTGF molecule, resulting in common antigenic epitopes.

The synthesis and secretion of CTGF are selectively induced by TGF-P, BMP-2 and possibly other members of the TGF-P superfamily of proteins. Although TGF-P can stimulate the growth of normal fibroblasts in soft agar, CTGF alone cannot induce this property in fibroblasts. However, it has been shown that the synthesis and action of CTGF are essential for the TGF-p to stimulate anchorage independent fibroblast growth.

It is probable that CTGF functions as a growth factor in wound healing. Pathologically, CTGF has been postulated to be involved in conditions in which there is an overgrowth of connective tissue cells, such as systemic sclerosis, cancer, fibrotic conditions, and S 20 atherosclerosis.

The primary biological activity of CTGF polypeptide is its mitogenicity, or ability to stimulate target cells to proliferate. The ultimate result of this mitogenic activity in vivo, is the growth of targeted tissue. CTGF also possesses chemotactic activity, which is the chemically induced movement of cells as a result of interaction with particular molecules.

4 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is based on the discovery, purification and characterisation of heparin-binding growth factors (HBGFs) in uterine secretory fluids. These growth factor polypeptides bind heparin and exhibit many of the functional characteristics of full length CTGF.

In a first aspect, the present invention provides an antibody which binds to Heparin Binding Growth Factor (HBGF) or an immunoreactive fragment thereof.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of using the antibody of any one of the preceding claims to treat an HBGF-associated condition in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

In a third aspect, the present invention also provides a method of using the antibody according to the first aspect to diagnose an HBGF-associated condition in a subject, the method comprising: a) obtaining a sample from the subject; b) contacting the antibody with the sample; c) removing antibody that is not bound to the sample; d) determining the amount of antibody bound to the sample; S: 25 e) comparing the amount of antibody bound to the sample to the amount of antibody to a normal standard, wherein a difference in the amount of antibody bound to the sample relative to the standard is indicative of an HBGFassociatbd condition.

The present invention also provides a methods according to the second and third aspects wherein the HBGF-associated condition is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, a fibrotic disorder, a sclerotic disorder, and a cell proliferative disorder. Preferably, the fibrotic disorder is selected from the iii group consisting of scleroderma, arthritis, and liver cirrhosis. Preferably also, the cell proliferative disorder is characterised by an excess of cell growth.

Preferably also, the excess cell growth is due to an excess of connective tissue cells.

The present invention also provides methods according to the second and third aspects of the invention wherein the sample comprises cells selected from the group consisting of epithelial cells, muscle cells, connective tissue cells and endothelial cells. Preferably, the connective tissue cells are selected from the group consisting of astroglia, fibroblast, osteoclast, osteoblast, and chondrocyte cells. Preferably the muscle cells are smooth muscle cells. Preferably the muscle cells are cardiac muscle cells. Preferably the endothelial cells are capillary endothelial cells. Preferably the epithelial cells are secretory epithelial cells.

*0 0* *0 000 0 0 0 00 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The following drawings are illustrative of embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention as encompassed by the claims.

Figure la is an illustration showing the results of heparin affinity chromatographic fractions of uterine luminal flushings that were assayed for stimulation of DNA synthesis.

Figure lb is an illustration showing the results of subsequent heparin affinity chromatography on samples positive for DNA synthesis (from Fig. la) in which the principal component peaks (labeled P1 and P2) represent the HBGF-0.8 polypeptides.

Figure 2 is an illustration showing a gel filtration chromatography profile of the HBGF- 0.8 polypeptides.

Figures 3a and 3b are illustrations showing the reverse-phase HPLC and SDS-PAGE of the HBGF-0.8 polypeptides.

Figure 4 is an illustration showing a Western blot analysis of unpurified uterine luminal flushings.

Figure 5 is an illustration showing the effect of mitogenic activity of the HBGF-0.8 polypeptides.

Figure 6 is an illustration showing the relationship between the HBGF-0.8 polypeptides and the CTGF primary translational product.

-6- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Before the present methods, apparatus, compositions and formulations are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular methods, apparatus, compositions and formulations described herein, as such methods, apparatus, compositions and formulations may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Thus, for example, reference to "an organism"includes one or more different organisms, reference to "an amino acid" includes one or more of such amino acids, and reference to "a method" include reference to equivalent steps and methods known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. The publications discussed above are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application.

Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

The present invention provides heparin-binding growth factors (HBGF polypeptides or HBGFs), which are mitogenic for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in vitro. HBGFs are heat- and acid-labile, and exist in two forms, HBGF-0.8-P, and HBGF-0.8-P2. each of which has different heparin binding properties, and each of which has a Mr of about 1 0-kDa under reducing conditions by SDS-PAGE. HBGFs are related structurally and functionally to CTGF. Both HBGF-0.8-P1 and HBGF-0.8-P2 require the presence of 0.8 M NaCl for elution from a heparin affinity column. Sequencing revealed that the Nterminal sequence of HBGF-0.8-P1 corresponded to amino acid residues 247-262 of the 349-residue predicted primary translation product of porcine connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) while the N-terminal sequence of HBGF-0.8-P2 corresponded to amino acid residues 248-259 of CTGF. Thus, HBGFs correspond to two microheterogenous, highly truncated N-terminal forms of the translation product of CTGF, both of which are biologically active. HBGF-0.8-P2 is identical to HBGF-0.8-PI except for the presence of an additional Glu residue at the N-terminus of HBGF-0.8-P1.

The HBGFs of the invention are highly N-terminally truncated forms of CTGF, however, there is no intron/exon boundary that could directly give rise to the N terminus of the two proteins. HBGFs do not align with the proposed modular components of CTGF; the proteins of the invention contain none of the sulfated glycoconjugate binding motif of CTGF, termed a thrombospondin type I repeat, which is postulated to be responsible for binding matrix molecules. A C-terminal module of CTGF found in matrix proteins, which is postulated to be involved in receptor binding, is entirely present in the HBGFs.

The proposed binding motif for sulfated glycoconjugates between amino acid residues 206 and 214 of CTGF is absent from HBGFs, yet HBGFs bind heparin, and the heparin interactions are functionally significant. The N terminus of HBGF-0.8-PI and HBGF- 0.8-P2 may be involved in heparin binding, as the two proteins of the invention differ by only a single N-terminal Glu, yet display differential binding to heparin.

The HBGFs of the invention are secreted from both cultured human and mouse fibroblasts. Production of HBGFs is not limited to a particular species or biological system. Preferably, the HBGFs of the invention are mitogenic and chemotactic for mesenchymally derived cells fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and astroglial), however, other cell types muscle cells, connective tissue cells, epithelial cells and secretory cells) are responsive to HBGFs as well. HBGFs can play a significant role in the normal development, growth and repair of human tissue. HBGFs are present in uterine flushings, and may play an additional role in the growth and remodeling of the endometrium, and, during pregnancy, may affect the growth and development of the extra-embryonic or placental membranes.

Therapeutic agents derived from HBGFs can be useful in augmenting normal or impaired growth processes involving connective tissues in certain clinical states wound healing). When these HBGFs are involved in pathological conditions, therapeutic developments from these proteins can be used to control or modulate uncontrolled tissue growth.

The term "substantially pure" as used herein refers to HBGFs which are substantially free of other proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or other materials with which they are naturally associated. A substantially pure HBGF polypeptide will yield a single major band on a non-reducing polyacrylamide gel. The purity of HBGFs can also be determined by amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. HBGFs, as defined herein, include functional fragments of the polypeptide, so long as HBGF biological activity is retained inducing a biologic response in fibroblasts as determined using standard assays common in the art and as taught herein). Smaller polypeptides containing HBGF biological activity are included in the invention. Additionally, more effective HBGFs produced, for example, through site directed mutagenesis of HBGF polypeptide cDNA are included. "Recombinant" HBGFs refer to HBGF polypeptides produced by recombinant DNA techniques; produced from cells transformed by an exogenous DNA construct encoding the desired HBGF polypeptide. "Synthetic" HBGFs are those prepared by chemical synthesis. A DNA "coding sequence of" or a "nucleotide sequence encoding" a particular HBGF polypeptide, is a DNA sequence which is transcribed and translated into an HBGF polypeptide when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences.

-9- The invention provides nucleic acids encoding HBGF polypeptides. These nucleic acids include DNA, cDNA and RNA sequences which encode for HBGFs. It is understood that all nucleic acids encoding all or a portion of HBGF polypeptides are also included herein, so long as they encode a polypeptide with HBGF biological activity. Such nucleic acids include both naturally occurring and intentionally manipulated nucleic acids. For example, HBGF polypeptides may be subjected to site-directed mutagenesis.

The nucleic acids of the invention include sequences that are degenerate as a result of the genetic code. There are only 20 natural amino acids, most of which are specified by more than one codon. Therefore, as long as the amino acid sequence of an HBGF polypeptide is functionally unchanged, all degenerate nucleotide sequences are included in the invention. The fragment, derivative or analog of the HBGF polypeptides may be one in which one or more of the amino acid residues are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (preferably a conserved amino acid residue) and such substituted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code, or among preferred variants are those that vary from a reference by conservative amino acid substitutions, (such substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid in a polypeptide by another amino acid of like characteristics. Typically, conservative substitutions are the replacements, one for another, among the aliphatic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu and lie; interchange of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr, exchange of the acidic residues Asp and Glu, substitution between the amide residues Asn and Gin, exchange of the basic residues Lys and Arg and replacements among the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr); (ii) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues includes a substituent group; (iii) one in which an HBGF polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the HBGF polypeptides (for exaniple, polyethylene glycol); or (iv) one in which additional amino acids are fused to HBGF polypeptides, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence which is employed for purification of HBGF polypeptides or a pro-protein sequence. Such fragments, derivatives and analogs are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein. The HBGFs of the present invention and nucleic acids coding for them are preferably provided in an isolated form, and preferably are purified to homogeneity.

DNA sequences encoding the HBGF polypeptides of the invention can be obtained by several methods. For example, the DNA can be isolated using well known hybridization procedures. These include, but are not limited to: 1) hybridization of probes to genomic or cDNA libraries to detect shared nucleotide sequences (see, for example: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel F.M. et al. (EDS.) Green Publishing Company Assoc. and John Wiley Interscience, New York, Current Edition) and 2) antibody screening of expression libraries to detect shared structural features. It is appreciated by one skilled in the art that the nucleic acids (comprising at least 12 contiguous nucleotides) encoding the HBGFs, are particularly useful as probes.

"Selective hybridization" as used herein refers to hybridization under moderately stringent or highly stringent physiological conditions (See, J. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (Current Edition) which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) that distinguish related from unrelated HBGF based upon the degree of identity between nucleotide sequences in proximity for hybridization to occur. Also, it is understood that a fragment of a 100 bps sequence that is 95 bps in length has 95% identity with the 100 bps sequence from which it is obtained.

As used herein, a first DNA (RNA) sequence is at least 70% and preferably at least identical to another DNA (RNA) sequence if there is at least 70% and preferably at least a 80% or 90% identity, respectively, between the bases of the first sequence and the bases of another sequence, when properly aligned with each other, for example, when aligned by BLASTN.

"Identity" as the term is used herein, refers to a polynucleotide sequence which comprises a percentage of the same bases as a reference polynucleotide. For example, a polynucleotide which is at least 90% identical to a reference polynucleotide, has polynucleotide bases that are identical in 90% of the bases which make up the reference -11polynucleotide when the sequences are properly aligned with each other using standard alignment and homology adjustments common to those in the art NetBlast or GRAIL)) and may have different bases in 10% of the bases which comprise that polynucleotide sequence.

Screening procedures which rely on nucleic acid hybridization make it possible to isolate any gene sequence from any organism, provided the appropriate probe is available. For example, oligonucleotide probes, which correspond to a part of the sequence encoding the protein in question, can be synthesized chemically. This requires that short, oligopeptide stretches of amino acid sequence must be known. The DNA sequence encoding the protein can be deduced from the genetic code, however, the degeneracy of the code must be taken into account. It is possible to perform a mixed addition reaction when the sequence is degenerate. This includes a heterogeneous mixture of denatured double-stranded DNA. For such screening, hybridization is preferably performed on either single-stranded DNA or denatured double-stranded DNA. Hybridization is particularly useful in the detection of cDNA clones derived from sources where an extremely low amount of mRNA sequences relating to the polypeptide of interest is present. In other words, by using selective hybridization conditions directed to avoid non-specific binding, it is possible, for example, to allow the autoradiographic visualization of a specific cDNA clone by the hybridization of the target DNA to that single probe in the mixture which is its complete complement (Wallace, et al., Nucleic Acid Research, 9:879, 1981). It is also appreciated that such selective hybridization probes can be and are preferably labeled with an analytically detectable reagent to facilitate identification of the probe. Useful reagents include but are not limited to radioactivity, fluorescent dyes or enzymes capable of catalyzing the formation of a detettable product. The selective hybridization probes are thus useful to isolate complementary copies of DNA from other sources or to screen such sources for related sequences.

-12- A cDNA expression library, such as lambda gt 11, can be screened indirectly for HBGFs having at least one epitope, using antibodies specific for HBGF polypeptides or antibodies to CTGF which cross react with HBGF polypeptides, or antibodies to PDGF which cross react with HBGF polypeptides. Such antibodies can be either polyclonally or monoclonally derived and used to detect expression products indicative of the presence of HBGF polypeptide cDNA.

DNA sequences encoding HBGF polypeptides can be expressed in vitro by DNA transfer into a suitable host cell. "Host cells" are genetically engineered cells (transduced or transformed or transfected) with the vectors of this invention which may be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector. The vector may be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, a phage, etc. The engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the genes of the present invention. The culture conditions.

such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan. The term also includes any progeny of the subject host cell. It is understood that all progeny may not be identical to the parental cell since there may be mutations that occur during replication. However, such progeny are included when the term "host cell" is used.

Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection, electroporation or any other method of the art (Davis, L. et al., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, (Current Edition)).

The nucleic acids of the present invention may be employed for producing HBGFs by recombinant techniques. Thus, for example, the polynucleotide may be included in any oneof a variety of expression vectors for expressing HBGF polypeptides. Such vectors include chromosomal, nonchromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, derivatives of SV40; bacterial plasmids; phage DNA; baculovirus; yeast plasmids; vectors derived 13from combinations ofplasmids and phage DNA, viral DNA such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox virus, and pseudorabies. However, any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable and viable in the host.

The appropriate DNA sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, the DNA sequence is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) by procedures known in the art. Such procedures and others are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art. DNA sequences encoding HBGFs can be expressed in vivo in either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Methods of expressing DNA sequences having eukaryotic coding sequences in prokaryotes are well known in the art. Hosts include microbial, yeast and mammalian organisms.

Biologically functional viral and plasmid DNA vectors capable of expression and replication in a host are known in the art. Such vectors are used to incorporate DNA sequences of the invention. In general, expression vectors containing promotor sequences which facilitate the efficient transcription of the inserted eukaryotic genetic sequence are used in connection with the host. The expression vector typically contains an origin of replication, a promoter, and a terminator, as well as specific genes capable of providing phenotypic selection of the transformed cells.

In addition to expression vectors known in the art such as bacterial, yeast and mammalian expression systems, baculovirus vectors may also be used. One advantage to expression of foreign genes in this invertebrate virus expression vector is that it is capable of expression of high levels of recombinant proteins, which are antigenically and functionally similar to their natural counterparts. Baculovirus vectors and the appropriate insedt host cells used in conjunction with the vectors are known to those skilled in the art. The isolation and purification of host cell expressed polypeptides of the invention may be by any conventional means such as, for example, preparative chromatographic separations and immunological separations such as those involving the use of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies.

-14- The invention provides antibodies which are specifically reactive with HBGF polypeptides or fragments thereof. Although this polypeptide may be cross reactive with antibodies to PDGF or CTGF, not all antibodies to HBGFs will also be reactive with PDGF, and not all antibodies to CTGF will be reactive to HBGFs. Antibody which consists essentially of pooled monoclonal antibodies with different epitopic specificities, as well as distinct monoclonal antibody preparations are provided. Monoclonal antibodies are made from antigen containing fragments of the protein by methods well known in the art (Kohler, et al., Nature 256:495, 1975; Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, et al., ed., 1989). Polyclonal antibodies to the HBGFs of the invention are also included using methods common to those in the art (see Harlow and Lane, 1988, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, Current Edition). Monoclonal antibodies specific for HBGFs can be selected, for example, by screening for hybridoma culture supematants which react with HBGF polypeptides, but do not react with PDGF. Antibodies generated against HBGFs corresponding to the present invention can be obtained by direct injection of the polypeptides into an animal or by administering the polypeptides to an animal, preferably a nonhuman. The antibody so obtained will then bind the polypeptide itself. In this manner, even a sequence encoding only a fragment of the polypeptides can be used to generate antibodies binding the original polypeptides. Such antibodies can then be used to isolate the polypeptides from cells expressing that polypeptide.

For preparation of monoclonal antibodies, any technique which provides antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples include the hybridoma technique (Kohler, et al., Nature 256:495, 1975), the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., 1983, Immunology Today 4:72), and the EBVhybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole, et al., 1985, in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96).

Techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies Patent 4,946,778) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies to immunogenic peptide products of this invention. Additionally included within the bounds of the invention, are the production and use for diagnostic and therapeutic applications of both "human" and "humanized" antibodies directed to HBGF polypeptides or fragments thereof.

Humanized antibodies are antibodies, or antibody fragments, that have the same binding specificity as a parent antibody typically of mouse origin), but which have increased human characteristics. Humanized antibodies may be obtained by chain shuffling, or using phage display technology. For example, a polypeptide comprising a heavy or light chain variable domain of a non-human antibody specific for a HBGF is combined with a repertoire of human complementary (light or heavy) chain variable domains. Hybrid pairings which are specific for the antigen of interest are selected. Human chains from the selected pairings may then be combined with a repertoire of human complementary variable domains (heavy or light) and humanized antibody polypeptide dimers can then be selected for binding specificity for an antigen. Such techniques are described in U.S.

Patent 5,565,332 or can be obtained commercially (Scotgene, Scotland or Oxford Molecular, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Furthermore, techniques described for the production of "human" antibodies de novo antibodies with human constant region sequences) in transgenic mice Patent No. 5,545,806 and U.S. Patent No. 5,569,825) can also be adapted to produce "human" HBGF antibodies or antibody fragments or may also be commercially contracted (GenPharm International, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA).

Antibodies generated against the polypeptides of the present invention may be used in screening for similar HBGF polypeptides from other organisms and samples. "Such screening techniques are known in the art.

The invention provides a method for accelerating wound healing in a subject, e.g., human, by applying to the wound an therapeutically effective amount of a composition which contains purified HBGF polypeptides, PDGF, PDGF-related molecule or combinations thereof. The HBGF polypeptides of this invention are valuable as a -16therapeutic in cases in which there is impaired healing of skin wounds or there is a need to augment normal healing mechanisms. HBGF polypeptides, or functional fragments thereof, are more stable and less susceptible to protease degradation than PDGF and other growth factors known to be involved in wound healing. In addition,

HBGF

polypeptides may have a higher specific biologic activity than CTGF.

HBGF polypeptides are derived from fibroblastic cells, which are present at a wound site.

Therefore, agents which stimulate the production of HBGF polypeptides can be added to a composition that is used to accelerate wound healing. Preferably, the agent is a member of the family of growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), platlet-derived growth factor (PGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-P) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). More preferably, the agent is transforming growth factor beta (TGF-p) or other member of the TGF-P superfamily. Additionally, the biologic effect of HBGF can be modulated by the addition of heparin in a concentration in the range of about l/g/ml to 100 Pg/ml. The HBGF compositions of the invention aid in healing the wound, in part, by promoting the growth of connective tissue. The HBGF compositions are prepared by combining, in any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance, inert gels or liquids, the purified HBGF polypeptides of the invention. Other modulating compositions such as heparin, or growth factors such as TGF-P can be included in the HBGF compositions.

The term "cell proliferative disorder" refers to a condition characterized by an abnormal number of cells. The condition can include both hypertrophic (the continual multiplication of cells resulting in an overgrowth of a cell population within a tissue) and hypotrophic (a lack or deficiency of cells within a tissue) cell growth or an excessive influx or migration of cells into an area of a body. The cell populations are not necessarily transformed, tumorigenic or malignant cells, but can include normal cells as well. For example, HBGFs may be involved in a pathological condition by inducing a proliferative lesion in the intimal layer of an arterial wall, resulting in atherosclerosis.

Instead of trying to reduce risk factors for the condition, lowering blood pressure or WO 99/07407 PCT/US98/16423 -17reducing elevated cholesterol levels, HBGF polypeptide inhibitors or antagonists of the invention would be useful in interfering with the in vivo activity of HBGFs associated with atherosclerosis. HBGF polypeptide antagonists are also useful in treating other disorders associated with an overgrowth of connective tissues, such as various fibrotic conditions, including scleroderma, arthritis and liver cirrhosis.

These diseases, disorders or ailments modulated by HBGF include tissue repair subsequent to traumatic injuries or conditions including arthritis, osteoporosis and other skeletal disorders, and bums. Because these problems are due to a poor growth response of the fibroblasts, stem cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts or fibroblasts at the site of injury, the addition of an active biologic agent that stimulates or induces growth of these cells is beneficial. The term "induce" or "induction" as used herein, refers to the activation, stimulation, enhancement, initiation and or maintenance of the cellular mechanisms or processes necessary for the formation of any of the tissue, repair process or development as described herein The present invention further provides a method for modulating female reproductive tract function. Growth factors have been shown to play a role in cyclic mitosis and differentiation of endometrial cellular components, recruitment of macrophages in decidualizing the endometrium, endometrial-trophoblast interactions, early pregnancy maintenance, and endometrial functional regeneration. The term "modulate" as used herein, denotes a modification of an existing condition or biologic state. Modulation of a condition as defined herein, encompasses both an increase or a decrease in the determinants affecting the existing condition. For example, administration of HBGFs could be used to augment uterine functions in a condition where the promotion of growth is desired. For example, the uterus may be treated with HBGFs to promote the growth and development of placental membranes or endometrial growth. Furthermore, treatment with HBGFs may be used to promote and maintain a pregnancy by facilitating endometrial-trophoblast interaction. Alternatively, antagonists to HBGFs are administered to modulate conditions of excessive endometrial growth in which the level -18of HBGF is excessive in comparison to a normal biologic condition.

The invention also discloses a method for treating conditions characterized by a cell proliferative disorder by treating the condition using an therapeutically effective amount of a HBGF reactive agent. The term "treat" denotes a lessening of the detrimental effect of the condition in the subject receiving the reactive agent. Where the condition is due to an overgrowth of cells, an antagonist of HBGF is therapeutically effective in decreasing the amount of growth factor that can bind to an HBGF specific receptor on a cell. Such an antagonist may be a HBGF specific antibody or functional fragments thereof Fab, F(ab) 2 The treatment requires contacting or delivering to the site of the condition with the antagonist of the HBGF polypeptide. Where the cell proliferative disorder is due to a diminished amount of growth of cells, a HBGF reactive agent which is stimulatory is contacted with, or delivered to the site of the condition. For example, TGF-p (or another member of the TGF-P superfamily) can be such a reactive agent.

Other biologic agents will be known to those skilled in the art.

When a cell proliferative disorder is associated with the expression of HBGFs, a therapeutic approach which directly interferes with the transcription of HBGF into mRNA or the translation of HBGF mRNA into protein is possible. For example, antisense nucleic acid or ribozymes that bind to the HBGF mRNA or cleave it are also included within the invention. Antisense RNA or DNA molecules bind specifically with a targeted gene's RNA message, interrupting the expression of that gene's protein product. The antisense binds to the mRNA forming a double stranded molecule which cannot be translated by the cell. Antisense oligonucleotides of about 15-25 nucleotides are preferred since they are easily synthesized and have an inhibitory effect just like antisense RNA molecules. In addition, chemically reactive groups, such as iron-linked ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-F,) can be attached to an antisense oligonucleotide, causing cleavage of the RNA at the site of hybridization. These and other uses of antisense methods to inhibit the in vivo translation of genes are well known in the art De Mesmaeker, et al., 1995. Backbone modifications in oligonucleotides -19and peptide nucleic acid systems. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5:343-355; Gewirtz, A.M., et al., 1996b. Facilitating delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides: Helping antisense deliver on its promise; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:3161-3163; Stein, C.A. A discussion of G-tetrads 1996. Exploiting the potential of antisense: beyond phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides. Chem. and Biol. 3:319-323).

Another therapeutic approach included within the invention involves direct administration of reagents or compositions including the HBGFs of the invention by any conventional administration technique (for example, but not restricted to, local injection, inhalation, or systemic administration), to a subject with a fibrotic, a scelortic, or a cell proliferative disorder, atherosclerosis. Administration of HBGFs, as described above, accelerate wound healing, can induce the formation of tissue repair or regeneration, or the growth and development of the endometrium. The reagent, formulation or composition may also be targeted to specific cells or receptors by any method described herein or by any method known in the art of delivering, targeting and expressing genes encoding HBFG. The actual dosage of reagent, formulation or composition that modulates a fibrotic disorder, a scelortic disorder, a cell proliferative disorder, atherosclerosis or wound healing depends on many factors, including the size and health of an organism. However, one of ordinary skill in the art can use the following teachings describing the methods and techniques for determining clinical dosages (Spilker B., Guide to Clinical Studies and Developing Protocols, Raven Press Books, Ltd., New York, 1984, pp. 7-13, 54-60; Spilker Guide to Clinical Trials, Raven Press, Ltd., New York, 1991, pp. 93-101; Craig and R. Stitzel, eds., Modern Pharmacology, 2d ed., Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1986, pp. 127-33; T. Speight, ed., Avery's Drug Treatment: Principles and Practice of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 3d ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1987, pp. 50-56; R. Tallarida, R. Raffa and P.

McGonigle, Principles in General Pharmacology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988, pp.

18-20) or to determine the appropriate dosage to use; but, generally, in the range of about between 0.5ig/ml and 5001g/ml inclusive final concentration are administered per day to an adult in any pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

The present invention also provides a method to detect the presence of abnormal levels of HBGFs in a subject to be used diagnostically to determine the presence of conditions or pathologies associated with abnormal levels of HBGFs. Such conditions include but are not restricted to cell proliferative disorders, various fibrotic conditions including scleroderma, arthritis, liver cirrhosis, and uterine fibroids. For example, a sample suspected of containing HBGFs is obtained from a subject, the level of HBGF polypeptide is determined and compared with the level of HBGF polypeptide in a normal tissue sample. The level of HBGFs can be determined by immunoassays using anti-HBGF polypeptide antibodies, for example. Other variations of such assays include radioimmunoassay (RIA), ELISA and immunofluorescence. Alternatively, nucleic acid probes can be used to detect and quantitate HBGF polypeptide mRNA for the same purpose.

Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention as it existed in Australia before the priority date of each claim of this application.

Throughout this specification the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the HBGFs of the present invention, and are not intended, nor should they be construed, to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention.

Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used amounts, time, temperature, etc) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

EXAMPLE 1 CHARACTERISATION AND PURIFICATION OF HBGF POLYPEPTIDES Uteri were collected at random from slaughterhouse pigs that were approximately 8 months or less in age. Each uterine horn was flushed with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to collect uterine luminal components. Growth factor purification was performed on 4-litre pools of ULF obtained from up to 120 animals. Uterine luminal flushings (ULF) were clarified by centrifugation at 13,500 X g for 30 minutes at 4°C, and -21the supernatant was passed through glass wool.

Four liter samples of clarified ULF supernatant were applied at 4 0 C to a BioRex cation exchange column (5 x 6 cm; Bio-Rad) that had previously been equilibrated in PBS, 0.2 M NaC1. After sample application, the column was washed with 500 ml of PBS, 0.2 M NaCl, and bound proteins were eluted using a 500 ml gradient of 0.2-2 M NaCl in PBS. The flow rate was 3.5 ml/min throughout, and fractions of 10 ml were collected during treatment of the column with the NaCl gradient. Fractions demonstrating mitogenic activity for Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts were selected for further use.

All subsequent chromatographic steps were performed at room temperature.

The ion exchange chromatograph of ULF showed the presence of cationic growth factor activity for Balb/c 3T3 cells eluted from BioRex 70 columns by 0.3-0.6 M NaC1.

Heparin affinity chromatography revealed the presence of an additional unidentified HBGF polypeptide that required 0.8 M NaCl for elution from an EconoPac heparin column. In terms of the amount of bioactivity recovered from the column, the fraction requiring 0.8 M NaCl for elution appeared to be a principal cationic heparin-binding growth factor for 3T3 cells. The elution position of HBGF polypeptides from heparin affinity columns was clearly distinct from PDGF, HB-EGF, PTN, aFGF, bFGF, and amphiregulin. HBGF mitogenic activity was destroyed by exposure to heat (100°C for 2 mins or 56°C for 30 mins) or acid (pH2.0 for 2 mins).

Gel filtration chromatography was used to show that HBGFs had an apparent relative molecular mass of approximately 10,000 daltons. For these studies, 0.5 ml of a fraction containing the 0.8 M NaCI eluate from EconoPac heparin affinity FPLC of ULF from animals was applied at 0.5 ml/min to a TSK G2000 SW FPLC column (30 cm x 8 mm, 10-1m particle size, M, 500-100,000 fractionation range; TosoHaas) equipped with a SW guard column (4cm x 8mm, 10-gm; TosoHaas). Proteins were eluted with PBS containing 0.3 M NaCl. Fractions of 200 gl were collected and tested for their ability to stimulate DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells. Column calibration was performed using EGF -22- (6,000MW), lactalbumin (14,200MW), trypsin inhibitor (20,100MW), and ovalbumin (45,000MW). Fractions were tested for their ability to stimulate DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells at 40pl/ml, as described above.

Fractions that contained HBGF activity (fractions 16-19 collected after the cation exchange chromatography and heparin affinity chromatography) were pooled, diluted, and subjected to a second cycle of heparin affinity FPLC using a TSK heparin column. To perform the second heparin affinity purification step, biologically active HBGF fractions containing the 0.8 M NaCI eluate from the EconoPac heparin purification step were pooled, diluted 3-fold with 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH and clarified by passage through a 0.2-gm filter. The sample was applied at 2ml/min to a TSK heparin column (0.8 x 7.5 cm; TosoHaas, Philadelphia, PA), that was washed and eluted as described above, except that CHAPS was omitted from the buffers and fractions of ml were collected. Fractions containing proteins that were eluted by 0.8 M NaCI and which demonstrated mitogenic activity of 3T3 cells were divided into two pools consisting of fractions 31-34 (peak 1) and fractions 35 and 36 (peak HBGF polypeptide was again eluted by 0.8 M NaCI (fractions 31-36), but was resolved as two peaks of mitogenic activity which had distinct heparin binding properties. The activity peaks were termed HGBF-0.8-P for fractions 31-34 and HGBF-0.8-P2 for fractions and 36.

HBGF-0.8-PI and -P2 were adjusted to 10% acetonitrile, 0.1% trifluroacetic acid, and individually subjected to C 8 reverse-phase HPLC. Reverse-phase HPLC was performed on a Hitachi HPLC system (Hitachi Instruments Inc., Danbury CT) using a C, column (0.46 x 25cm, 5-/m particle size; Rainin Instrument Co., Wobum, MA) that was equilibrated with water containing 10% acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Pooled fractions containing peaks 1 and 2 from the TSK heparin purification step were individually adjusted so that they contained 10% acetonitrile, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and were clarified by passage through a 0.

2 -gzm filter. Conditions for the elution of bound proteins were 10% acetonitrile from zero to 10 min. after sample injection and -23from 10 min. to 146 min. The flow rate was I ml/min throughout, and the chromatogram (A 21 4 was archived as described (Bray, and Brigstock, (1994) Amer. Lab.

26, 38). The eluate was collected as 0.5 ml fractions in siliconized tubes containing ul of 125 mM NaOH to immediately neutralize the trifluoroacetic acid. The 80 il aliquots of selected fractions were evaporated to dryness in a SpeedVac concentrator (Savant Instruments, Farmingdale, NY) and reconstituted in 25 Al of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 10 al of this concentrate were assayed for their stimulation of 3T3 cell DNA synthesis, and 10 Il were used for analytical SDS-PAGE. For the second step C, HPLC purification, two active fractions from the first HPLC step were pooled (1 ml total volume), diluted 5-fold with water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, and subjected to the same chromatographic elution conditions as described herein. The elution positions of HGBF- 0.8-P1 and -P2 were determined by bioassay of aliquots of fractions containing the column eluate after they had been evaporated and reconstituted in PBS, demonstrating that there was sufficient activity in the purified HGBF samples to permit their detection and further characterization despite prolonged (approximately 30 to 40 minute) exposure to pH 2 during the HPLC step.

Following HPLC, silver-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of the fractions containing either HBGF-0.8-PI or -P2 was performed under reducing conditions using 18% polyacrylamide mini-gels as described (Kim, et al., (1995) Biol. Reprod. 52, 561- 571). Subsequently, silver staining of proteins was performed as described (Wray, W., et al., (1981) Anal Biochem. 118, 197-203). SDS-PAGE was performed on HPLCpurified growth factors, (ii) 8 ul of unfractionated ULF, or (iii) 100 pl of ULF after passage through 2 0 -Ml beds ofheparin-Sepharose in the presence of 10mM Tris-HCl, M NaCI (pH 7.4) and subsequent extraction of the heparin beads with SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Gels were then prepared as described (Kim, et al., (1995) Biol.

Reprod. 52, 561-571). Subsequent analysis revealed the presence of a single protein that co-purified with Balb/c 3T3 mitogenic activity. Levels ofmitogenic activity were directly correlated with those of the 10-kDa protein, which was completely pure as shown by silver staining. The results from 18 individual HPLC purifications confirmed -24a direct, causative relationship between the 10-kDa protein(s) and the mitogenic activity ofHBGF-0.8-P 1 and -P2.

Analysis of the individual purification steps showed that 0.5-1.1 ug of HBGF-0.8-P or -P2 were each purified from 342 mg of crude ULF protein and that 10-22 activity units for HBGF-0.8-PI or P2 were recovered after the first HPLC step as compared with 66,666 units in 1 liter of starting material (Table It should be noted that the apparent low recovery of HBGF peptide-0.8 activity was attributable to a major contribution by IGF, EGF, PDGF, bFGF, HB-EGF, and PTN to the overall 3T3 cell mitogenic activity of the crude and partially purified samples 8, 9, 12, 25-27) and (ii) acid lability of HBGF peptide-0.8 mitogenic activity during the HPLC separation step(s). Although alternative strategies were attempted to recover purified growth factors of higher specific activity, it was not possible to avoid the use of either reverse-phase HPLC or trifluoroacetic acid for ion pairing without compromising the purity of the final product.

While, in terms of their biological activity, recovery of HBGF-0.8-PI and -P2 was somewhat compromised, structural characterization of the proteins was readily achieved, since they retained sufficient activity to be unequivocally attributable to a single, homogenous 10-kDa band in SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and sufficient quantities of each protein were isolated from several liters of ULF (Table 1).

25 TABLE 1 Purification Protein ED 50 3 Total Activity Purification step recovered activity recovered factor ng ng/nl units.% Crude ULF 3.4 x 10' 25,6 50 66,666 100 BioRex 70 2.2 x 10' 3825 28,649 43 7 EconoPac Hep 4.8 x 10' 3225 744 1.1 8 HBGF-0.8-P 1 TSK-Hep 2.1 x 10' 2230 473 0.7 11

C

8 HPLC, stepl 1100 250 22 0.3103 CsHPLC, step 2d 100 25 20 0.03 1026 HBGF-0.8-P2 TSK-Hep 2.9 x 10' 417 347 0.5 62 CHPLCd 500 250 10 0.015 103 aConcentration of HBFG-0.8 preparation required to give 50% maximal DNA synthesis.

1 unit of activity is the quantity of HBGF-0.8 required to give the ED 50 Compared with crude ULF.

dBioactivity diminished due to acid exposure.

-26- EXAMPLE 2 HBGF POLYPEPTIDE

SEOUENCING

Fractions containing the HPLC purified growth factors were pooled, dried, and subjected to preparative SDS-PAGE. Proteins in the gel were transferred for 90 min. at 300 mA to a polvinylidene difluoride membrane using 10 mM CAPS buffer (pH 11). The location of the proteins of interest was determined by staining the blots with 0.1% Coomassie R250 in 50% methanol for 2 min, followed by destaining with 50% methanol, acetic acid. Half of each 10-kDa protein band was excised and submitted for Nterminal amino acid sequencing on a model 470A gas phase sequenator (Applied BioSystems, Foster City, CA). Phenylthiohydantoin-derivatives were identified by Cs reverse phase HPLC. A 16-residue sequence was obtained for HBGF-0.8-P1 with an undetermined residue at position 10, and a 12-residue sequence was obtained for HBGF- 0.8-P2 with an undetermined residue at position 9 (Table These data showed that HBGF-0.8-P1 and -P2 were N-terminally identical except for the presence of an additional Glu residue at the N terminus of HBGF-0.8-P1. A search of GenBankTM revealed that these sequences aligned perfectly with predicted internal sequences of hCTGF and mouse fisp-12 (also termed PIG-M2), the murine homologue of CTGF (Bradham, D.M.,et al., (1991)J. Cell Biol. 114, 1285-1294; Ryseck, et al., (1991) Cell Growth Differ. 2, 225-233; Brunner, et al., (1991) DNA Cell Biol. 10,293-300).

The unassigned residue in cycle 10 of HBGF-0.8-P1 and cycle 9 of HBGF-0.8-P2 corresponded to Cys 25 6 of hCTGF and Cys 25 5 offisp-12 (Table 2).

TABLE 2 HBGF-O. 8-P I (SEQ ID NO: 1) Gl-l-s-l-y-y-l-y-LsXaIeAgTi-r-y-l HBGF-O.8-P2b (SEQ ID NO Gl-s-l-y-y-l-y-y-a-l-r-l Human CTGF-(247-262)c Gl-l-s-l-y-y-l-y-y-y-l-r-Ii-r-y-l fisp- 12-(246-26 1 Glu-Glu-Asn-Ile-Lys-Lys-G 1yLysLys-CysIle-Arg-ThrPro-Lys-le Porcine CTGF-(247-262)c Gl-l-s-l-y-y-l-y-y-y-l-r-h-r-y-l 'Repetitive yield 88%; initial yield 7 pmol.

'Repetitive yield 90%; initial yield 3 pmol. 'See Bradham et Cell Bio. 114:1285-1294, 1991.

dSee Ryseck et Cell Growth Differ. 2:225-233, 1991.

'From cDNA analysis in this study.

-28- To verify that the partial sequences of HBGF-0.8-P 1 and -P2 were actually present in the porcine CTGF (pCTGF) molecule, a full-length pCTGF cDNA was isolated by hybridization screening of a pig endometrial cDNA library using a P-labeled hCTGF probe. For these studies, total pig endometrial RNA was obtained as described (Kim, et (Biol. Reprod 52, 561-571 (1995)). A poly(A)Tract mRNA isolation system (Promega, Madison, WI) was used to isolate poly(A') RNA, 5,ug of which was subjected to first strand cDNA synthesis using Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase and oligo(dT) linker-primer containing XhoI. Second strand synthesis was primed by treating the mRNA-cDNA complex with RNase. Double-stranded cDNA was blunted using Klenow fragment and ligated to EcoRI adaptors that were subsequently phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase. 100 ng of XhoI-digested cDNA, purified on a Sephacryl S-400 column, were ligated into lg of Uni-ZAP XR vector arms at the Xhol-EcoRI multiple cloning site, and the product was packaged using Gigapack II packaging extract (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). The primary library was amplified in XL1- Blue MRF' cells to a titer of 1.4 x 1010 plaque-forming units/ml.

A verified 32 P-labeled CTGF probe, corresponding to the 3' end of the predicted hCTGF primary translational product, was obtained by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of RNA from human foreskin fibroblasts using the forward and reverse primers, 5'-GCCGTCTAGAGCGGCCGCATGGAAGAGAACATTAAGAAGGG-3 (SEQ ID NO:3) and 3'-CCTCTGTACCGTACTTAAGCGCCGGCGACC-5' (SEQ ID NO:4), respectively. The probe was used to screen 10 6 plaques, two of which showed reproducible hybridization and were isolated using a Rapid Excision Kit (Stratagene).

Two -5.0-kilo-basepairpBluescript SK pig CTGF clones, termed pBSK-pBSK-pCTGF1 and pBSK-p-pCTGF2, were obtained and used for initial sequencing reactions. pBSKpCTGFI was then fully sequenced by a combination of manual and automated dideoxy terminator sequencing (Sanger, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5463-5467 (1977)). Sequence data were obtained from both strands of DNA. Sequences of HBGF- 0.8-P 1 and -P2 are listed in Table 2.

-29- The cloned pig CTGF cDNA was determined to be 1.51 kilobase pairs, with an open reading frame of 1,047 base pairs. The primary translational product of pCTGF is predicted to comprise 349 amino acids and contains HBGF peptide-0.8 sequence between residues 247 and 262 (Table At the amino acid level, pCTGF is approximately -92% identical to fisp-12 and hCTGF. After cleavage of its presumptive 26-residue signal peptide, pCTGF is predicted to comprise 323 amino acids and to contain 38 Cys residues that are fully conserved in hCTGF andfisp-12.

EXAMPLE 3 HBGF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION Since HBGFs represent microheterogenous forms of truncated CTGF, the relationship of HBGF to CTGF was investigated. The presence of the 10-kDa protein in the starting material was confirmed by Western blotting of unfractionated ULF samples using a CTGF antibody that reacted with HPLC-purified HBGF polypeptides.

To produce the antibody, a four-branched multiple antigenic CTGF-(247-260) peptide comprising the sequence EENIKKGKKCIRTP (residues 247-260) (SEQ ID NO:5) was produced on a Synergy 432A peptide synthesizer (Applied BioSystems) and purified by reverse-phase HPLC using a column (0.46 x 36 cm; Rainin Instruments) that was developed with a 90-min 5-95% acetonitrile gradient in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid.

Fractions containing the purified polypeptides were pooled, evaporated to dryness, and reconstituted in sterile water. Two New Zealand White rabbits (rabbits A and which had been bled to collect preimmune serum, were injected subcutaneously with 1 mg of polypeptide in Freund's complete adjuvant, followed 3 weeks later by an intramuscular injection of 250 /g of polypeptide in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Animals were bled 7 days later for collection of antiserum. Reactivity of the antisera was validated by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation. Pre-immune serum and antiserum from rabbit A were used in these experiments.

EXAMPLE 4 GENERATION OF THE 10-kDa HBGF POLYPEPTIDES Western blotting was performed as has been previously described (Harlow and Lane, 1988, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, Current Edition). Briefly, SDS-PAGE was performed under reducing conditions using 18% polyacrylamide mini-gels as described (Kim, et al., Biol. Reprod. 52, 561-571 (1995)). Silver staining of proteins was performed as described (Wray, et al., Anal.

Biochem. 118, 197-203 (1981)). Western blotting was performed on HPLC-purified growth factors, (ii) 8pl of unfractionated ULF, or (iii) 100 Pl of ULF after passage through 20-pl beds of heparin-Sepharose in the presence of 10 mM Tris-HC1, 0.5 M NaCI (pH 7.4) and subsequent extraction of the heparin beads with SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Gels were blotted and blocked as described (Kim, G.Y.,et al., Biol. Reprod. 52, 561-571 (1995)) and incubated with a 1:1,000 dilution of rabbit preimmune serum or a 1:1,00 dilution of rabbit anti-pCTGF-(247-260) peptide antiserum (rabbit A).

Immunoreactive bands were visualized using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat antirabbit IgG followed by nitro blue tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate chromogenic substrates.

In addition to the 10-kDa protein, two additional mass forms of CTGF (16 and were also present in ULF, but convincing evidence for the 38-kDa CTGF was not obtained. The Western blot further verified that HPLC purified HBGF comprised a single immunoreactive 10-kDa protein. Comparison of the staining intensity of HBGF from defined volumes of undiluted uterine fluid 0.7-2.3 jl) with the staining intensity ofrnitogenic amounts of purified HGBF indicated that mitogenic concentrations of HBGFs exist in uterine fluid in vivo. Taken together, the data showing that ULF did not contain detectable levels of 38-kDa CTGF but did contain HBGFs in amounts likely to be mitogenic, demonstrate that HBGFs occur naturally in vivo and is not the result of a breakdown of 38kDa CTGF during their purification.

-31 EXAMPLE HEPARIN BINDING PROPERTIES OF HBGF POLYPEPTIDES The presence of an additional acidic Glu residue at the N-terminus of HBGF polypeptide 0.8-P1 was correlated with the lower heparin affinity of this molecule as compared with HBGF-0.8-P2, suggesting that the N-terminus of HBGF peptide-0.8 may be part of a heparin-binding domain. To test the heparin-binding properties of the N-terminal region as well as other portions of the CTGF molecule, the ability of 18 polypeptides spanning the entire C-terminal 103 residues of hCTGF to bind 3 H]heparin was investigated.

Eighteen synthetic polypeptides spanning the entire 103 C-terminal residues of CTGF were synthesized and received as a cleaved PepSetTM from Chiron Mimotopes (Clayton, Victoria, Australia). All polypeptides were synthesized with acetylated N-termini and amidated C-termini except CTGF-(247-255) and CTGF-(247-260), which were synthesized with free N-terminal amines, and CTGF-(326-349) and CTGF-(339-349), which were synthesized with acid C-termini (Table 3).

All polypeptides contained one or no Cys residues; Cys 292 in CTGF(285-292) and Cys 32 in CTGF-(318-328) were replaced with Ser to prevent intra-chain disulfide bridging to Cys 287 or Cys 23 within the respective polypeptides. Heparin-binding properties were determined using an adaptation of the method of Baird et al. (Baird, et al. Proc. Natl.

Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 2324-2328 (1988)). Briefly, 37.5 nmol of each polypeptide were absorbed in duplicate to nitrocellulose using a dot-blot apparatus. The blot was blocked for 30 min. with 10mM Tris-HC1, 0.15 M NaCI, 0.1% bovine serum albunin (pH 7.4) and then incubated for 3 hr. at room temperature in this solution containing 10 LCi/ml 3 H]heparin (NEN Life Science Products). The blot was washed four times with Tris-HC1, 0.15 M NaC1, and individual dots were mixed with scintillation fluid for counting of 3

H].

-32- Table 3 summarizes the results obtained with the synthetic polypeptides. The highest level ofheparin binding was obtained for polypeptides containing residues 247-260, 274- 286, and 305-328. It should be noted that none of these polypeptides had HBGF polypeptide agonist or antagonist activity in a 3T3 cell DNA synthesis assay.

-33- TABLE 3 Peptide domain Sequence ['H]Heparin bound (mean S.D.) cp n/y 1-g None CTGF-(247-255) CTGF-(247-260) CTGF-(257-272) CTGF-(259-275) CTGF-(274-283) CTGF-(274-286) CTGF-(285-291) 92 CTGF-(285-292) CTGF-(293-306) CTGF-(294-306) CTGF-(305-322) CTGF-(308-322) CTGF-(3 18-324) Ser 32 CTGF-(3 18-328) CTGF-(324-328) CTGF-(326-349) CTGF-(330-340) CTGF-(339-349)

EENIKKGKKS

EENIKKGKKCIRTP2

IRTPKISKPIKFELSG

TPKISKPIKFELSGCTS

TSMKTYRAKF

TSMKTYRAKFCGV

GVCTDGR

GVCTDGRS

CTPHRTTTLPVEFK

TPHRTTTLPVEFK

FKCPDGEVMKKNMMFIKT

PDGEVMKKNMMFIKT

MFIKTCA

MFIKTCASHYN

H1± 0.2 10 ±0.3 836 ±1 70 13 124 ±3 388± 12 1108± 119 7 ±0.3 8 ±0.4 9 ±1.1 11 0.4 237 ±22 71 2 475± 116 601

ACHYN

HYNCPGDNDIFESLYYRKMYGDMA'

PGDNDIFESLY

LYYRKMYGDMA'

9±1I 10±1I 10± 9± Free N-terminal amnine.

'Acid C teminus Previous studies have shown that heparin modulates receptor binding and biological activity of several HBGF polypeptides including bFGF, HB-EGF, and amphiregulin (Besner, et at., Growth Factors 7, 289-296 (1992); Higashiyama, et at., J Cell Bil. 122, 933-940 (1993); Rapraeger, et at., Science 252, 1705-1708 (1991); -34- Olwin, et al. J. Cell Biol. 118, 631-639 (1992); Cook, et al. J. Cell Physio.

163, 418-429 (1995); Yayon, et al., Cell 64, 841-848 (1991); Aviezer, et al. Proc.

Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 12173-12177 (1994)). Since HBGF peptide-0.8 exhibited strong affinity for heparin, we examined the effect of this glycosaminoglycan on the mitogenic activity of HBGF peptide-0.8. The activity of a high stimulatory dose of HBGF peptide-0.8 was significantly potentiated by 1-3 pg/ml heparin but was inhibited by 30-100 jg/ml heparin. The same heparin dosages had no effect on basal or calf serum-stimulated DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells.

EXAMPLE 6 HBGF MITOGENIC ASSAY To assess the relative mitogenic capability of HBGFs with IGF-1, EGF, bFGF, and PDGF-AB, DNA synthesis assays on 3T3 cells were performed (Table Biologically active fractions containing the 0.3-0.6 M NaCI eluate from the Bio-Rex column were pooled, diluted 3-fold with 20 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.4) containing 0.1% CHAPS, passed through a 0.45-jim membrane filter, placed in a siliconized polypropylene vessel, and applied with a peristaltic pump to an EconoPac heparin column (0.7 x 3.6 cm; Bio-Rad) at 2 ml/min. The heparin column was then washed with 50 ml of 20 mM Tris-HC1 buffer, 0.2 M NaCI, 0.1% CHAPS and developed at 1 ml/min with a 40 ml gradient of 0.1-2.0 M NaCI in 20 mM Tris-HC1, 0.1% CHAPS (pH 7.4) using a fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) system (Pharmacia Biotech Inc.). Fractions (1 ml) were collected into siliconized tubes during NaCI gradient elution and tested for 3T3 cell mitogenic activity.

Column fractions were tested for their ability to stimulate DNA synthesis as measured by 3 H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of confluent quiescent Balb/c 3T3 cells grown in 200 jl of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, 10% bovine calf serum in 96well culture plates as described (Kim, G. et al., Biol. Reprod. 52, 561-571 (1995)).

Dose-response curves to purified growth factors from ULF were established by assaying each dose in triplicate, with data computed as mean S.D. Statistical significance of the effects of 1-100 atg/ml porcine heparin (Sigma) on growth factor activity was determined by Students' t test.

thymidine incorporation by HBGF peptide was comparable with that of calf serum or purified PDGF or bFGF rather than that of weaker mitogens such as IGF or EGF.

Further, it was found that the 3T3 mitogenic and biologic activity of HBGFs was synergistically potentiated by 10 ng/ml IGF-I, 10 ng/ml PDGF, 3 ng/ml EGF, or 0.3 ng/ml bFGF.

Target cell specificity was studied using Balb/c 3T3 cells, bovine capillary endothelial cells (BCECs), and vascular smooth muscle cells. 3T3 cells were utilized as described above. BCECs were obtained from Dr. J. Folkman (Children's Hospital, Boston, MA) and were maintained in gelatinized culture flasks in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 3 ng/ml bFGF and 10% heat-inactivated bovine calf serum. Smooth muscle cells were isolated from a 2-3-cm length of pig thoracic aorta using established procedures (Weich, et al., Growth Factors 2, 313-320 (1990)) and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, 10% fetal bovine serum. BCEC and smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis assays were performed in 48- or 96-well plates essentially as described (Besner, Higashiyama, and Kagsbrun, M. Cell Regul. 1, 811-819 (1990)). BCEC DNA synthesis assays were also performed in the presence of 100 gg/ml porcine heparin. HGBF was found to be mitogenic for smooth muscle cells and produced a level of stimulation that exceeded that of a maximal amount of EGF but was less than that of bFGF. HBGFs lacked mitogenic activity for endothelial cells when tested alone or in the presence of 100 p.g of heparin (see Table 4).

-36- TABLE 4 Cell Type Treatment Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts Vascular smooth muscle cells Capillary endothelial cells None calf serum ng/mI IGF-l ng/ml EGF ng/mI bFGF ngfml PDGF-AB !d/ml HBGF-0.8 None 3 ng/mI EGF 3 ng/mI bFGF ML'ml HBGF-0.8 None, 100 jig/mI heparin 3 ng/ml bFGF 3 ng/ml bFGF 100 jig/mI heparin 3 ng/ml aFGF 3 ng/mI aFGF 100 jig/mI heparin AL/mI HBGF-O.8 MIu/ml HBGF-0.8 1 00 jig/mI heparin ['H]Thymidine incorporation (mean S.D.) Cpin/well 428 ±18 123,820 ±7,470 41,412± 170 11,550 101 73,853 ±3,122 110,110 ±7,077 114,730 ±3,200 680 ±341 1,343 378 3,082 374 1,709 403 316 84 240 ±52 2,865 ±276 1,840 ±4 603 46 2,232 236 243±4 195 12 Although the invention has been described with reference to the presently preferred embodiment, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.

EDITORIAL NOTE APPLICATION NUMBER 44403/02 The following Sequence Listing pages 1/7 to 7/7 are part of the description. The claims pages follow on pages 37 to 39.

1/7 SEQUENCE LISTING <110> Brigstock, David A.

Harding, Paul A.

<120> Heparin-Binding Growth Factor (HBGF) Polypeptides <130> <140> <141> <160> 21 <210> 1 <211> 16 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <220> <221> Unknown <222> <400> 1 Glu Glu Asn Ile Lys Lys Gly Lys Lys 1 5 Xaa Ile Arg Thr Pro Lys Ile 10 <210> 2 <211> 12 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <220> <221> Unknown <222> 9 <400> 2 Glu Asn Ile Lys Lys Gly Lys Lys Xaa Ile Arg Thr 1 5 <210> 3 <211> 14 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 3 Glu Glu Asn Ile Lys Lys Gly Lys Lys Cys Ile Arg Thr Pro 1 5 2/7 <210> 4 <211> 9 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 4 Glu Giu Asn Ie Lys Lys Gly Lys Lys <210> <211> 16 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> Ile Arg Thr Pro Lys Ile Ser Lys Pro Ile Lys Phe Giu Leu Ser Gly 1 5 10 <210> 6 <211> 17 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 6 Thr Pro Lys Ile Ser Lys Pro Ile Lys Phe Giu Leu Ser Gly Cys Thr 1 5 10 Ser <210> 7 <211> <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 7 Thr Ser Met Lys Thr Tyr Arg Ala Lys Phe 1 5 <210> 8 <211> 13 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 8 Thr Ser Met Lys Thr Tyr Arg Ala Lys Phe Cys Gly Val 1 5 3/7 <210> 9 <211> 7 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 9 Gly Val Cys Thr Asp Gly Arg 1 <210> <211> 8 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> Gly Val Cys Thr Asp Gly Arg Ser 1 <210> 11 <211> 14 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 11 Cys Thr Pro His Arg Thr Thr Thr Leu Pro Val Glu Phe Lys 1 5 <210> 12 <211> 13 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 12 Thr Pro His Arg Thr Thr Thr Leu Pro Val Glu Phe Lys 1 5 <210> 13 <211> 18 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 13 Phe Lys Cys Pro Asp Gly Glu Val Met Lys Lys Asn Met Met Phe Ile 1 5 10 Lys Thr 4/7 <210> 14 <211> <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 14 Pro Asp Gly Glu Val Met Lys Lys Asn Met Met Phe Ile Lys Thr 1 5 10 <210> <211> 7 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> Met Phe Ile Lys Thr Cys Ala 1 <210> 16 <211> 11 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 16 Met Phe Ile Lys Thr Cys Ala Ser His Tyr Asn 1 5 <210> 17 <211> <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 17 Ala Cys His Tyr Asn 1 <210> 18 <211> 24 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 18 His Tyr Asn Cys Pro Gly Asp Asn Asp Ile Phe Glu Ser Leu Tyr Tyr 1 5 10 5/7 Arg Lys Met Tyr Gly Asp Met Ala <210> 19 <211> 11 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 19 Pro Gly Asp Asn Asp Ile Phe Glu Ser Leu Tyr 1 5 <210> <211> 11 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Lys Met Tyr Gly Asp Met Ala 1 5 <210> 21 <211> 349 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 21 Met Thr Ala Ala Ser Met Gly Pro Val Arg Val Ala Phe Val Val Leu 1 5 10 Leu Ala Leu Cys Ser Arg Pro Ala Val Gly Gin Asn Cys Ser Gly Pro 25 Cys Arg Cys Pro Asp Glu Pro Ala Pro Arg Cys Pro Ala Gly Val Ser 40 Leu Val Leu Asp Gly Cys Gly Cys Cys Arg Val Cys Ala Lys Gin Leu 55 Gly Glu Leu Cys Thr Glu Arg Asp Pro Cys Asp Pro His Lys Gly Leu 70 75 Phe Cys Asp Phe Gly Ser Pro Ala Asn Arg Lys Ile Gly Val Cys Thr 90 Ala Lys Asp Gly Ala Pro Cys Ile Phe Gly Gly Thr Val Tyr Arg Ser 100 105 110 Gly Glu Ser Phe Gin Ser Ser Cys Lys Tyr Gin Cys Thr Cys Leu Asp 6/7 115 120 125 Gly Ala Val Gly Cys Met Pro Leu Cys Ser Met Asp Val Arg Leu Pro 130 135 140 Ser Pro Asp Cys Pro Phe Pro Arg Arg Val Lys Leu Pro Gly Lys Cys 145 150 155 160 Cys Glu Glu Trp Val Cys Asp Glu Pro Lys Asp Gin Thr Val Val Gly 165 170 175 Pro Ala Leu Ala Ala Tyr Arg Leu Glu Asp Thr Phe Gly Pro Asp Pro 180 185 190 Thr Met Ile Arg Ala Asn Cys Leu Val Gin Thr Thr Glu Trp Ser Ala 195 200 205 Cys Ser Lys Thr Cys Gly Met Gly Ile Ser Thr Arg Val Thr Asn Asp 210 215 220 Asn Ala Ser Cys Arg Leu Glu Lys Gin Ser Arg Leu Cys Met Val Arg 225 230 235 240 Pro Cys Glu Ala Asp Leu Glu Glu Asn Ile Lys Lys Gly Lys Lys Cys 245 250 255 Ile Arg Thr Pro Lys Ile Ser Lys Pro Ile Lys Phe Glu Leu Ser Gly 260 265 270 Cys Thr Ser Met Lys Thr Tyr Arg Ala Lys Phe Cys Gly Val Cys Thr 275 280 285 Asp Gly Arg Cys Cys Thr Pro His Arg Thr Thr Thr Leu Pro Val Glu 290 295 300 Phe Lys Cys Pro Asp Gly Glu Val Met Lys Lys Asn Met Met Phe Ile 305 310 315 320 Lys Thr Cys Ala Cys His Tyr Asn Cys Pro Gly Asp Asn Asp Ile Phe 325 330 335 Glu Ser Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Lys Met Tyr Gly Asp Met Ala 340 345 <210> 22 <211> 103 <212> PRT <213> Homo sapiens <400> 22 Glu Glu Asn Ile Lys Lys Gly Lys Lys Cys Ile Arg Thr Pro Lys Ile 7/7 1 Ser Tyr Pro Glu Tyr Lys Lys Arg His Val As n Met Pro Ala Arg Met Cys Tyr Ile Lys Thr Lys Pro Gly 100 5 Lys Phe Thr Lys Gi y Asp Leu Val 40 Pro Met Asp 10 Gly Thr Glu Ile Phe 90 Cys Asp Phe Lys 75 Glu Ser Arg Cys Cys Leu Met Cys Pro Al a Tyr Lys Thr Cys Thr Asp Gly Cys His Tyr Arg

Claims (6)

1. An antibody which binds to Heparin Binding Growth Factor (HBGF) or an immunoreactive fragment thereof.

2. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the HBGF comprises an amino acid sequence characterised as: a) derived from the carboxy terminal amino acids of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) protein; b) binding to heparin and being eluted from heparin with about 0.8 M salt; and c) having a molecular weight of about 10-kDa by reducing SDS- PAGE.

3. The antibody of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the HBGF consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.

4. The antibody of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the HBGF consists of an amino acid sequence from residue 2 through 103 of SEQ ID NO:

22. The antibody of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the immunoreactive fragment of the HBGF comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3-20. S. 6. The antibody of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the immunoreactive fragment of the HBGF comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. *00: 7. The antibody of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antibody is polyclonal. 8. The antibody of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antibody is 3 monoclonal. fl« 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of any one of the preceding claims and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. A method of using the antibody of any one of the preceding claims to treat an HBGF-associated condition in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. 11. A method of using the antibody of any one of the preceding claims to diagnose an HBGF-associated condition in a subject, the.method comprising: f) obtaining a sample from the subject; g) contacting the antibody with the sample; h) removing antibody that is not bound to the sample; i) determining the amount of antibody bound to the sample; j) comparing the amount of antibody bound to the sample to the amount of antibody to a normal standard, wherein a difference in the amount of antibody bound to the sample relative to the standard is indicative of an HBGF- associated condition. 12. The method of claim 10 or 11 wherein the HBGF-associated condition is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, a fibrotic disorder, a sclerotic disorder, and a cell proliferative disorder. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the fibrotic disorder is selected from the 25 group consisting of scleroderma, arthritis, and liver cirrhosis. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the cell proliferative disorder is characterised by an excess of cell growth. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the excess of cell growth is due to an excess of connective tissue cells. :16. The method of any one of claims 11 to 15, wherein the sample comprises cells selected from the group consisting of epithelial cells, muscle cells, connective tissue cells and endothelial cells. 17. The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the connective tissue cells are selected from the group consisting of astroglia, fibroblast, osteoclast, osteoblast, and chondrocyte cells. 18. The method of claim 16 or 17, wherein the muscle cells are smooth muscle cells. 19. The method of any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the muscle cells are cardiac muscle cells. The method of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the endothelial cells are capillary endothelial cells. 21. The method of any one of claims 16 to 20, wherein the epithelial cells are secretory epithelial cells. 22. An antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 8 substantially as hereinbefore described with particular reference to the examples and/or the preferred embodiments.

23. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9 substantially as hereinbefore described with particular reference to the examples and/or the preferred embodiments. 25 24. A method according to any one of claims 10 to 21 substantially as hereinbefore described with particular reference to the examples and/or the preferred embodiments. Dated this tenth day of December 2003 CHILDRENS HOSPITAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION Patent Attorneys for the Applicant: F B RICE CO