AU710126C - Methods of preventing or treating allergies - Google Patents

Description

Methods of preventing or treating allergies

Field of the invention

The present invention relates to methods and means of suppressing food-induced hypersensitivity reactions in patients suffering from food allergy. Particularly the invention provides methods of preventing or treating allergies, especially cow's milk allergy in infants. The invention also relates to development of specific formu¬ lae for allergic infants with impaired gut barrier func¬ tion.

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is defined as an immune-mediated adverse reaction to cow's milk proteins. The present treatment of choice is the complete elimination of cow's milk antigens. In infants with CMA, it is necessary to use a substitute formula when human milk is unavailable. Hydrolysed formulae, based on cow's milk-derived whey or casein, are used to provide adequate nutrition with a reduced antigenic load. The preliminary heat treatment of cow's milk mainly affects the conformation of proteins and facilitates their hydrolysis. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin, trypsin, pancreatic extracts and extracts from the intestinal mucosa causes progressive destruction of sequential epitopes and refines the for¬ mulae into the least antigenic and allergenic form.

In most cases, extensively hydrolysed cow's milk-derived formulae can be safely introduced and these are efficient and clinically and metabolically well tolerated. Enzyma¬ tic hydrolysis, however, does not necessarily make the formula nonallergenic, as the optimal extent of hydroly¬ sis is not known and traces of the original protein are detected in the hydrolysate. Therefore, introduction of these substitutes to children with cow's milk allergy must be cautious. The approach to control allergic inflammation by antigen elimination has not been satisfactory, particularly in patients with multiple food allergies (Sampson et al . , 1992). These patients frequently show increased intesti- nal permeability and dysfunction of the intestine's defence barrier (Majamaa et al., 1996, Majamaa and Iso- lauri, 1996). This enhances the risk for growth disorders and sensitization to multiple foods. New approaches are urgently needed for the treatment of cow's milk allergy to improve the substitute formulae in CMA.

Intestinal antigen handling determines subsequent immune response to the antigen. In health, antigens are absorbed across epithelium along two functional pathways. The main pathway is degradative reducing the immunogenicity of the antigen. A minor pathway allows the transport of intact proteins which is crucial for antigen-specific immune responses. Aberrant antigen absorption enhances the sen¬ sitization process (Fargeas et al., 1995).

Differential production of cytokines by T-helper (Th) cells during an immune reaction has important regulatory effects on the nature of the immune response. The cyto¬ kine profile of the natural immune response determines the phenotype of the subsequent specific immune response. Apart from controlling IgE synthesis, IL-4 is crucial for the development and maturation of the Th2 phenotype, cha¬ racterized for allergic inflammation.

This process appears crucial for the development of tol¬ erance to ingested protein. Oral tolerance is a state of antigen-specific systemic non-responsiveness character¬ ized by local antigen-specific IgA response.

An isolated human intestinal strain, Lactobacillus strain GG ( Lactobacillus GG, ATCC 53103) has recently been shown to promote local IgA responses against dietary antigens encountered by the enteric route and may therefore aid in immune elimination (Isolauri et al . , 1993). It is not as yet known whether particular strains of intestinal bacteria could directly modify the immunogenicity of the food antigens and consequently downregulate hypersensi¬ tivity reactions.

Lactobacilli are included in the microbial flora of healthy intestines. It has been assumed that Lactobacilli act in the intestinal tract by competing for receptors and nutrients against pathogenic microbes on the intesti¬ nal mucosa.

Probiotics are viable microbial preparations which pro- mote health by maintaining the natural microflora in the gut. A microbial preparation can be acknowledged as a probiotic if the functioning microbes thereof and their mode of action are known. The probiotics attach on the intestinal mucosa, colonize the human intestinal tract and prevent attachment of harmful microbes. A crucial presumption is that they get up to the gut's mucosa and do not get destroyed in the upper part of the gastro- intestinal tract. Lactobacillus GG is one of known bac¬ teria having probiotic characteristics.

Description of the invention

The present inventors have now found that certain bac¬ teria of the gastrointestinal tract, especially Lacto- bacilli, and especially bacteria having probiotic char¬ acteristics, can be used to enhance the efficacy of elim¬ ination diets and to improve the oral tolerance, in pre¬ venting or treating food-induced hypersensitivity reac¬ tions in a patient.

One aspect of the invention is that protein hydrolysates obtained by hydrolysis of proteins with above mentioned gastrointestinal bacteria can also be used to said pur¬ pose. We show here that protein hydrolysates obtained according to this invention have an immunological effect promoting hypoallergenicity. The hydrolysates downregul- ate hypersensitivity reactions thus promoting the gut immune barrier function, i.e. stabilising the gut mucosal barrier.

The present invention provides an improved protein hyd- rolysate formula downregulating hypersensitivity reac¬ tions and promoting the gut immune barrier function. The hydrolysate formula is obtainable by hydrolysing proteins wi,th enzymes derived from probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing characteristics and a protease enzyme sys¬ tem which are similar to those of the strain Lactobacil- lus GG (ATCC 53103), and with trypsin and/or pepsin.

Alternatively, a protein hydrolysate formula of the in- vention can be obtained by hydrolysing proteins with trypsin and/or pepsin, and adding to the hydrolysate so obtained a bacterial preparation comprising probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing characteristics and a prote- ase enzyme system which are similar to those of the strain LactoJacillus GG (ATCC 53103). The bacteria are added into the hydrolysate formula preferably as a lyophi1ized preparation.

While administering such a hydrolysate formula to a patient, it is to be expected that the hydrolysing enzymes of the bacteria present are released in vivo whereby the same effect is achieved as with an improved hydrolysate formula as defined above. In addition, the viable bacteria stabilize the gut mucosal barrier enhanc¬ ing the local defence. An embodiment of this invention is a method of preventing or treating food-induced hypersensitivity reactions in an infant, which method comprises the step of administering to an infant at risk the improved protein hydrolysate formula of the invention, or alternatively a protein hydrolysate formula together with a bacterial preparation comprising probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especial¬ ly Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing char¬ acteristics and a protease enzyme system which are simi- lar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).

A further embodiment of this invention is a method of treating cow's milk allergy in a patient, comprising ad¬ ministering to the patient the improved protein hydro- lysate formula of the invention or, alternatively admin¬ istering a protein hydrolysate formula together with a bacterial preparation comprising probiotic gastro- intestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing characteristics and a protease enzyme system which are similar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).

The invention also provides a method of promoting tolero¬ genic immune responses to food antigens in a patient, comprising oral administration of the improved protein hydrolysate formula of the invention to the patient, or, alternatively, a bacterial preparation comprising probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especially Lacto¬ bacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing characteris- tics and a protease enzyme system which are similar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103), or, alternatively, a protein hydrolysate formula together with a bacterial preparation comprising probiotic gastro- intestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing characteristics and a protease enzyme system which are similar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103). In the methods of the invention as defined above, when a protein hydrolysate formula is used in combination with selected probiotic bacteria as defined above, such a for¬ mula can be any suitable protein hydrolysate formula, known or novel. It can thus be either a partial protein hydrolysate, or alternatively an extensively hydrolysed formula. Preparation of a protein hydrolysate suitable for this purpose is disclosed e.g. in EP patent applica¬ tion No. 601 802.

Preferred bacterium to be used in the formulae and met¬ hods of the invention is Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).

In this specification and in the appended claims the phrase "bacteria, especially Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing characteristics and a protease enzyme system which are similar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103)" should be understood to define bacteria whose adhesive and colonizing character- istics are comparable to those of the LGG strain, e.g. as defined in EP-patent 199 535. These bacteria are also supposed to have same kind of enzyme system as LGG, which means that enzymes derived from such bacteria are able to degrade proteins to produce hydrolysation products with same effects as those obtained using enzymes derived from LGG.

Abbreviations

CI confidence interval

IFN-γ Interferon-γ

IgA Immunoglobulin A

IgE Immunoglobulin E

IL-4 Interleukin-4 LGG Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103)

0KT3 anti-CD3 antibody

PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells TNF-α tumour necrosis factor α

WF test group receiving extensively hydrolysed Whey

Formula WF-GG test group receiving extensively hydrolysed Whey

Formula and LGG preparation

P/T-casein -= casein hydrolysed by pepsin and trypsin P/T-α_sl-casein = α_sl-casein hydrolysed by pepsin and trypsin

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1A-1D Mitogen-induced proliferative responses of PBMCs in vitro to P/T-casein (IA), P/T-α_sl-casein (IB), P/T-casein additionally hydrolysed with LGG derived enzy¬ mes (IC) and P/T-α_Bl-casein additionally hydrolysed with LGG derived enzymes (ID). Results are expressed as mean counts per minute for cultures without hydrolysed product (PHA-RPMI 1640) and with hydrolysed product at three con- centrations (0.1, 10 and 1000 μg/ml). Horizontal lines represent the geometric mean of counts per minute of the six experiments, enumerated the same for each individual.

Fig. 2 The clinical score of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) in each patient and the median score for extent (A), in¬ tensity (B) and subjective score (C) for atopic dermati¬ tis before management (0) and one month later (I) in infants receiving extensively hydrolysed whey formula without (WF) or the same with Lactobacillus GG (WF-GG).

Fig. 3 The effect of casein and Lactobacillus GG-degra- ded casein on the production of IL-4 and IFN-γ by PBMC in atopic patients (a,b) and in nonatopic healthy children (c,d). White columns represent the median cytokine pro- duction in control cultures; b¹ack columns, in cultures containing purified casein; anc hatched columns, in cul¬ tures containing LactoJacillus GG-degraded casein. Inter- secting lines represent the upper and lower quartiles. *Statistically significant pairwise comparison to control cultures.

Fig. 4 The effect of α_sl-casein and Lactobacillus GG- degraded α_βl-casein on the production of IL-4 and IFN-γ by PBMC in atopic patients (a,b) and in nonatopic healthy children (c,d). White columns represent the median cyto¬ kine production in control cultures; black columns, in cultures containing α_Bl-casein; and hatched columns, in cultures containing Lactobacillus GG-degraded α_βl-casein. Intersecting lines represent the upper and lower quarti¬ les. *Statistically significant pairwise comparison to control cultures.

The following examples illustrate the invention further. Methods for preparing the improved hydrolysate are described, as well as experiments showing the beneficial therapeutic effect observed in the present studies.

Experimental

Example 1 Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation n vitro by bovine caseins hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG derived enzymes

I.a. Hydrolysis of Cow's Milk Proteins

Bovine total casein and casein components (α_sl-casein) were purified from cow milk (SyvSoja, 1992). The hydroly- sis with the enzyme mixture derived from Lactobacillus GG was applied separately to casein and α_sl-casein. The enzymes were isolated using the modified method of Exter- kate and de Veer, 1985. Briefly, the enzymes were releas¬ ed by sonication of frozen bacterial cells. The superna- tant of the centrifuged cells was separated and used for the hydrolysis of casein and α_βl-casein. The hydrolysis was carried out for 24 h at 34°C.

The GG-hydrolysates so obtained were further hydrolysed with pepsin and trypsin. Briefly, the samples were hyd¬ rolysed first with 0.1 % pepsin in 0.1 mol/1 HCl for 3 hours at 37°C, pH 2.5. After pH adjustment with 250 mg NaHC0₃ and 2 mol/1 NaOH, 0.1 % trypsin was added to the samples and these were hydrolysed for 5 hours at 37°C, pH 8.0.

P/T-casein and P/T-α_βl-casein samples were obtained by hydrolysing the purified casein and α_sl-casein only with pepsin and trypsin as described above, without GG-hydrol- ysation.

l.b. Lymphocyte transformation test

A modification of the whole blood micromethod for mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation was used. Six to eight healthy individuals volunteered as blood donors for the experiment. Briefly, heparinized venous blood was obtained and diluted 1:7 with RPMI 1640 culture medium (Grand Island Biological Co. NY, USA) containing anti¬ biotics. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich., USA) was diluted with RPMI 1640 contain¬ ing antibiotics, with ranges of final concentrations in cultures from 5 to 1250 μg/ml. Lyophilized hydrolysates of casein and α_βl-casein were diluted in RPMI 1640 to their final concentrations of 0.1 μg/ml (low), 10 μg/ml (medium) and 1000 μg/ml (high) as proven to be nontoxic on T cells in dye exclusion studies with eosin.

Two sets of experiments were undertaken to investigate the mitogen-induced proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to (A) casein hydrolysed with pepsin and trypsin (=P/T-casein), (B) α_6l-casein hydrolysed with pepsin and trypsin (=P/T-α_sl-casein), (C) P/T-casein additionally hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG derived enzymes, and (D) P/T-α_sl-casein additionally hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG derived enzymes.

Experiment consisted of four control cultures with dif¬ ferent dilutions of the culture medium and the mitogen, as well as corresponding test cultures with 25 μl of hyd¬ rolysed products at three different concentrations. The assay was carried out as described in Sϋtas et al . , 1996.

The mitogen-induced proliferation of PBMCs was expressed as counts per minute, background excluded. The results were presented for control cultures containing 125 μg/ml PHA and RPMI 1640 and for the three test cultures con- taining 125 μg/ml PHA and hydrolysed products at the low, medium, and high concentrations.

I.e. Statistical analysis

A nonparametric pairwise test (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) was used to compare the change of the values in counts per minute of each of the test cultures with those of the control cultures. The level of significance was p < 0.05. Significant results of pairwise comparisons were presen¬ ted as suppression or stimulation according to decrease or increase of the values in counts per minute in the test culture.

I.d. Results

In the experiments done with P/T-casein and P/T-α_βl-casein additionally hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG derived enzymes, the mitogen induced proliferation of PBMCs was significantly suppressed at 0.1, 10 and 1000 μg/ml

(p=0.03, p=0.03, and p=0.03) (Figs IC and ID) compared to P/T-casein and P/T-α_Bl-casein (Figs IA and IB).

Example 2. The treatment of infants with atopic derma¬ titis with protein hydrolysate formula supplemented with lactic acid bacteria

2.a. Patients and study design The study comprised 31 infants, aged 2.5 to 15.7 (mean age 8) months, fulfilling the Hanifin criteria (Hanifin, 1987) for atopic eczema in children. They had been referred to a paediatric clinic on the basis of atopic eczema and suspected cow's milk allergy. The mean age at onset of symptoms was 2.4 months. Duration of total breast-feeding was 5.9 months. A positive family history of atopic diseases (asthma, atopic eczema and allergic rhinitis) or food allergy in first-degree relatives was noted in 26 (84 %) patients. The eczematous lesions were treated with emollients and topical corticosteroids. No patient was receiving systemic corticosteroid therapy. Besides atopic eczema, gastrointestinal disturbances such as loose stools, vomiting or diarrhea were seen in 9 (19 %) patients. After the study periods the patients were allocated to double-blind placebo-controlled cow's milk challenge. Only those having a positive reaction (27/31) were included in the final study population. The patients were randomized to two groups for one month. One group (WF, n=14) received extensively hydrolysed whey formula (Valio Ltd, Helsinki, Finland, EP-A-601802) and another group (WF-GG, n=13) received the same formula with additional Lactobacillus GG preparation (5xl0⁸ cfu/g) (supplied by Valio Ltd, Helsinki, Finland). After the one-month therapy with their assigned formulae; both groups received an extensively hydrolysed whey formula (Valio Ltd) for one additional month. The serum total IgE concentration, cow's milk-specific IgE (RAST, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) and skin prick tests were determined from all patients before dietary intervention. Prick tes¬ ting was done on the volar aspect of the forearm, using a commercially available cow milk allergen ALK (Allergolo- gisk Laboratorium, Horsholm, Denmark) and test formula diluted to normal feed concentration. A 1 mm single-peak lancet with shoulder to prevent deeper penetration (ALK) was used, with histamine dihydrochloride 10 mg per milli¬ liter (ALK) as positive control. Reactions were read after 15 minutes, and a response half of the histamine reaction size or more was recorded as positive on condi¬ tion that the mean diameter of the wheal was at least 3 mm and the negative control at the same time 0 mm.

Faecal samples for the determination of α-1 antitrypsin and TNF-α were collected before the commencement of the management and 1 (corresponding to the study period) and 2 months later.

The severity of atopic dermatitis was scored according to the SCORAD method, established by the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis (1993). Briefly, the extent (score A) of the dermatitis was estimated using the rule of nines. The intensity (score B) of the dermatitis was the sum of the individual scores (0-3) for erythema, oedema and/or papules, excoriation, lichenification and dryness. The subjective (score C) manifestations (Scored 1-10), including pruritus and sleep loss, were assessed from parents' estimations. SCORAD was obtained with the calcu¬ lation: A/5+3.5xB+C.

The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Tampere University Hospital. An informed consent was obtained from the parents.

2.b. Determination of α-1 antitrypsin in faecal specimens

Frozen faecal specimens were thawed at room temperature and homogenized. Approximately 1 g was transferred to a glass tube and lyophilized. The resulting dry material was ground and 50 mg transferred to an Eppendorf tube. One ml of 0.15 M NaCl solution was added, and α-1 anti¬ trypsin was extracted by vigorous mixing in a Vortex mixer for 20 minutes at room temperature. The resulting suspension was centrifuged at 25,000 g for 10 minutes to remove the debris, and the supernatant was used for the determination of α-1 antitrypsin using a Behring BNA nephelometer according to the manufacturer's instruct¬ ions. The results are given as mg/g dry weight of lyophilized faeces.

2.c. Determination of TNF-α in faecal specimens

Deep-frozen faecal specimens were thawed at room tempera¬ ture, suspended 1:1 (w/v) in physiological saline and allowed to sediment. Of the supernatant, 0.5-1.0 ml was transferred to an Eppendorf tube and centrifuged at 25,000 g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was then used for the determination of TNF-α. A commercial enzyme immunoassay (Human TNF-α ELISA Kit, Endogen Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA) was used, as instructed for serum specimens, for the determinations of faecal TNF-α. 2.d. Statistics

By reason of the skewed distributions of serum IgE con¬ centrations, logarithmic (ln) transformation was used and data are presented as means with 95 % confidence inter- vals (CI). The concentrations of inflammatory parameters are presented with medians with lower and upper quarti- les. The Wilcoxon signed rank test and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used in statistical comparisons.

2.e. Results

2.e.l. Clinical data

The mean (95 % CI) serum total IgE was 31 (15-61) kU/1 in patients receiving the hydrolysate formula. RAST for cow's milk was positive (>0.4 kU/1) in 10/31 (37 %) atopic eczema patients. Skin prick test for cow's milk was positive in 8/31 (30 %) patients.

The severity of atopic dermatitis in each patient before the commencement of the managements and one month later, i.e. after the study period are presented in Figure 2. The median (lower quartile-upper quartile) SCORAD score was 21(14-31) in group WF and 26 (17-38) in group WF-GG before management (p=0.33). There was a significant improvement of SCORAD score after one month's interven- tion in those receiving Lactobacillus GG (p=0.008), but not in those receiving extensively hydrolysed formula without Lactobacillus GG (p=0.89). The SCORAD score was then 19 (13-31) in group WF and 15 (7-28) in group WF-GG. The decrease in the SCORAD score in WF-GG was due to the reduction of the extent (score A, p=0.004), intensity

(score B, p=0.05) and subjective score (score C, p=0.01) for atopic dermatitis (Figure 2). The improvement of SCORAD score was achieved by 2 months in the WF group, and in group WF-GG in remained unchanged after cessation of Lactobacillus GG. At 2 months, the median (lower quartile-upper quartile) SCORAD score in group WF was 14(2-38) and in group WF-GG 16(6-25). 2.e.2. The concentrations of α-1 antitrypsin and TNF-α in faeces

In healthy controls (n=9), the median (lower quartile- upper quartile) concentration of α-1 antitrypsin was 0.5 (0.5-1.7) mg/g. The concentration of α-1 antitrypsin was comparable between groups WF anf WF-GG before management (p=0.22). As indicated in Table 1, the concentration of α-1 antitrypsin decreased significantly in group WF-GG (p=0.03), but not in group WF (p=0.68) during the one month study period. At two months, the concentration of α-1 antitrypsin was 1.2 (0.5-1.6) in WF and 0.5 (0.5-0.7) in WF-GG.

The concentration of faecal TNF-α was 0 (0-0.08) pg/g in healthy controls. The concentration of faecal TNF-α was significantly higher in atopic children, p<0.0001 (Table 1). The concentration of TNF-α was comparable between the groups WF and WF-GG before management (p=0.57). The con¬ centration of faecal TNF-α decreased significantly in WF- GG (p=0.003) but not in WF (p=0.38) during the one month study period (Table 1). A reduction in TNF-α concentra¬ tion was achieved by 2 months in group WF, while in group WF-GG who were also given the extensively hydrolysed for¬ mula without LactoJbacillus GG a tend to increased TNF-α was detected. The concentration of TNF-α was then 84 (25- 129) in WF and 144 (20-338) in WF-GG.

Table 1. The concentrations of faecal α-1 antitrypsin and TNF-α before management (0) and one month later (I) in infants receiving extensively hydrolysed whey formula (WF) or the same formula containing Lactobacillus GG bacteria (WF-GG). Data denote median (lower quartile- upper quartile).

WF WF-GG α-1 antitrypsin 0 1.7 (1.5-2.3) 1.4 (0.5-1.9) (mg/g) α-1 antitrypsin I 1.7 (1.1-2.8) 0.5 (0.5-1.0) (mg/g)

TNF-α 0 (pg/g) 632 (126-1880) 709 (91-1131)

TNF-α I (pg/g) 494 (147-1009) 34 (19-103)

Example 3. Downregulation of cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in atopic children

3.a. Patients and methods

Altogether, 14 patients aged 5-29 (mean, 16) months who fulfilled the Hanifin criteria for atopic dermatitis (Ha¬ nifin, 1987) and eight age-matched non-atopic healthy children were studied. None were receiving systemic corticosteroids at the time of the study.

0KT3 (anti-CD3-antibody) containing ascites fluid was a kind gift from Dr M. Kaartinen, Department of Bacteriolo¬ gy and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Fin- land. Bovine total casein had been purified from bovine milk as described in Syvaoja (1992). Purified casein was hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG-derived enzymes as described in Example 1. Purifi d casein or Lactobacillus GG-degraded casein were lyophilized and stored at room temperature. Before experiments, they were diluted in RPMI 1640 and filter sterilization (0.1 μm, Millipore corporation, Bedford, MA, USA) was applied.

Complete culture medium consisted of RPMI 1640 with 10 % foetal calf serum, 10 mM Hepes buffer, 2 mM L-glutamin (Gibco Life Technologies, Paisley, UK), 50 U/ml benzyl- penicillin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 10 mg/ml gentamy¬ cin (Roussel Laboratories Ltd, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK). Peripheral venous blood (5 ml) was obtained. PBMC con- taining 90 % lymphoid cells was isolated by FicollPaque

(Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) gradient centrifuga¬ tion and suspended at 1 x IO⁶ cells/ml in complete culture medium. Culture wells were precoated with anti-CD3 anti¬ body containing ascites fluid at a pretested optimal di- lution. The test culture additionally contained dilution of casein or Lactobacillus GG-degraded casein at a final concentration of 1 mg/ml. These experiments were repeated for purified bovine α_βl-casein or Lactobacillus GG-degra¬ ded α_βl-casein. After 24 h of incubation in a humidified 5 % C0₂ atmosphere at 37^βC, supernatants were collected and stored at -70^βC for cytokine assays. IL-4 and IFN-γ in culture supernatants were determined by commercially available ELISA kits according to manufacturers' instruc¬ tions (IL-4: CLB, Compact Human Interleukin-4 ELISA kit, Central Laboratory of The Netherlands Red Cross Blood

Transfusion Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; IFN-γ. EIFNG, Endogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA). The results from different runs were equalized employing the compa¬ rison of standard curves and were expressed as pg/ml. The sensitivity of the assays for IL-4 was 2.3 pg/ml and for IFN-γ, 5 pg/ml. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used in statistical comparisons of the test cultures to the cont¬ rol cultures. The level of significance was P < 0.05. 3. b . Results

In atopic patients, both IL-4 and IFNγ production were increased in cultures containing purified casein when compared to control cultures, P = 0.008 and P = 0.008, respectively (Fig. 3a,b). No such effect of bovine casein was observed when degraded by enzymes of Lactobacillus GG. Conversely, the IL-4 production in cultures con¬ taining Lactobacillus GG-degraded casein was significant¬ ly less than in control cultures, P = 0.003 (Fig. 3a), and the IFN-γ production in these cultures was comparable to control cultures, P = 0.10 (Fig. 3b).

In- healthy children, the production of IL-4 and IFN-γ in cultures containing purified casein were comparable to control cultures, P = 0.10 and P = 0.10 (Fig. 3c,d). In parallel to the findings in atopic patients, healthy children had significantly less IL-4 production in cultu¬ res containing Lactobacillus GG-degraded casein than in control cultures, P = 0.01 (Fig. 3c) and the IFN-γ pro- duction in these cultures remained comparable to control cultures, P = 0.50 (Fig. 3d). Parallel results were ob¬ tained with α_βl-casein and Lactobacillus GG-degraded α_sl- casein (Fig. 4).

References

European task force on atopic dermatitis. Severity scor- ing of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Dermatology 1993; 186:23-31.

Exterkate F and de Veer G. Partial isolation and degra¬ dation of caseins by cell wall proteinase(s) of Strepto- coccus cremoris . Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:328-32.

Fargeas MJ, Theodorou V, More J, Wai JM, Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Boosted systemic immune and local responsiveness after intestinal inflammation in orally sensitized guinea pigs. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:53-62.

Hanifin JM. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Monogr Allergy 1987; 21:116-131 Isolauri E, Majamaa H, Arvola T, Rantala I, Virtanen E, Arvilommi H. Lactobacillus casei strain GG reverses increased intestinal permeability induced by cow milk in suckling rats. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:1643-1650. Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Evaluation of gut mucosal barrier: evidence for increased antigen transfer in children with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996, in press.

Majamaa H, Miettinen A, Laine S, Isolauri E. Intestinal inflammation in children with atopic eczema: faecal eosinophil cationic protein and tumor necrosis factor-α as noninvasive indicators of food allergy. Clin Exp. Allergy 1996; 26:181-187. Sampson HA, James MJ and Bernhisel-Broadbent J. Safety of an amino acid-derived infant formula in children allergic to cow milk. Pediatrics 1992; 90:463-465.

Sϋtas Y, Soppi E, Korhonen H, Syvaoja EL, Saxelin M, Rokka T, Isolauri E. Suppression of lymphocyte prolifer¬ ation in vitro by bovine caseins hydrolyzed with Lacto¬ bacillus casei GG derived enzymes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996, in press. Syvaoja EL. Quantitative determination of the main casein components and purification of α_s2- and K-casein from bov¬ ine milk. Milchwissenschaft 1992; 47:563-566

Claims (12)

Claims

1. A method of making a protein hydrolysate formula for downregulating hypersensitivity reactions and for promot- ing gut immune barrier, comprising the steps of hydrolysing proteins with enzymes derived from a bac¬ terial preparation comprising probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing characteristics and a protease enzyme sys- tern which are similar to those of the strain Lactobacil¬ lus GG (ATCC 53103), and with pepsin and/or trypsin.

2.. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the enzymes are derived from a bacterial preparation comprising Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).

3. A method of making a protein hydrolysate formula for downregulating hypersensitivity reactions and for promot¬ ing gut immune barrier, comprising the steps of hydrolysing proteins with pepsin and/or trypsin, and adding to the hydrolysate a bacterial preparation comprising probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especial¬ ly Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing char¬ acteristics and a protease enzyme system which are simi- lar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).

4. The method as defined in claim 3 wherein the bacterial preparation comprises Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).

5. A protein hydrolysate formula for downregulating hy¬ persensitivity reactions and for promoting gut immune barrier, which hydrolysate is obtainable by the method as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4.

6. A method of preventing or treating food-induced hyper¬ sensitivity reactions in an infant, comprising administering to an infant at risk the protein hydrolysate formula according to claim 5.

7. A method of treating cow's milk allergy in a patient, comprising administering to the patient the protein hydrolysate formula made according to claim 1.

8. A method of promoting tolerogenic immune responses to food antigens in a patient, comprising oral administra- tion of the protein hydrolysate formula according to claim 5.

9., A method of preventing or treating food-induced hyper¬ sensitivity reactions in an infant, comprising administering to an infant at risk a protein hydrolys¬ ate formula made according to claim 1 together with a bacterial preparation comprising probiotic gastro- intestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing characteristics and a protease enzyme system which are similar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).

10. A method of treating cow's milk allergy in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a protein hydro- lysate formula together with a bacterial preparation com¬ prising probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing charac¬ teristics and a protease enzyme system which are similar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).

11. A method of promoting tolerogenic immune responses to food antigens in a patient, comprising oral administra¬ tion of a bacterial preparation comprising probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing characteristics and a prote¬ ase enzyme system which are similar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103), or a protein hydrolysate formula together with a bacterial preparation comprising probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especial¬ ly Lactobacilli, which have adhesive and colonizing char¬ acteristics and a protease enzyme system which are simi- lar to those of the strain Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).

12. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 11 wherein the bacterial preparation comprises Lactobacillus GG (ATCC 53103).