AU709252B2

AU709252B2 - Therapeutic compound - fatty acid conjugates

Info

Publication number: AU709252B2
Application number: AU44269/96A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Veronika Judith Bender; Minoo Moghaddam; Wayne Gerrard Reilly; Robert George Whittaker
Original assignee: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO
Current assignee: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO
Priority date: 1995-01-16
Filing date: 1996-01-15
Publication date: 1999-08-26
Anticipated expiration: 2016-01-15
Also published as: AU4426996A

Description

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 1 THERAPEUTIC COMPOUND FATTY ACID CONJUGATES The present invention relates to a range of therapeutic compounds conjugated to one to three acyl groups derived from fatty acids. The therapeutic compounds are selected from the following group:- 1. the corticosterone family of drugs; 2. opioids and opioid antagonists; 3. antiviral nucleosides, such as AZT; 4. cyclosporins and related cyclopeptides; folate antagonists including methotrexate, folic acid and folic acid analogues; 6. catecholamine precursors, such as DOPA and Dopamine, and catecholamines, such as adrenaline, noradrenaline and derivatives; and 7. alkylating agents containing a carboxylic acid group, such as chlorambucil and melphalan.

In particular the present invention relates to altering the pharmacokinetic profile and mode of delivery of these therapeutic compounds by conjugating them to one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids.

1. THE CORTICOSTERONE FAMILY OF DRUGS Among the most commonly used therapeutic agents are the corticosterone family of drugs based on the naturally occurring hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. There are two major groups of corticosterone hormones with overlapping activities:glucocorticoids normal biological action is the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, possess antiinflammatory activity at higher levels.

mineralocorticoids concerned with water and mineral metabolism.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 2 The corticosterones, both natural and synthetic, are based on the cholesterol molecule and generally have the common structural features of a) an hydroxyacetyl at position 21 17 (-CO-CH20H) 20 C b) a ketone group at position 3 1 1014 c) a double bond between atoms 4 and 0 9 4 6 These groups are generally unmodified in active analogues of the hormones with the exception of the hydroxyl moiety (alternatively described as the hydroxyl at position 21) of the hydroxyacetyl at position 17 eg hydrocortisone acetate.

An example of a

C

2

C

glucocorticoid is 19 hydrocortisone (cortisol or 17 H 121

CH

hydroxy corticosterone) 18 1 CH 3 r I 1 4 WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 3 and of a mineralocorticoid is 21 aldosterone. 1 20 LC O 12 CHO 17 18 3 14 4 6 Of particular interest in one aspect of the present invention is the anti-inflammatory action of the glucocorticoids (both natural hormones and synthetic drugs) non-limiting examples of which are:cortisone hydrocortisone fludrocortisone prednisone prednisolone methylprednisolone triamcinolone dexamethasone betamethasone paramethasone fluocinolone The present inventors have shown that members of this family can be linked to one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids. It is believed that such new conjugated compounds are improved over the unconjugated therapeutic agent. Further it is believed that these novel compounds will aid in the oral, transdermal, intraarticular, intranasal, and/or intraocular delivery of these drugs.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 4 Accordingly in a first aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- R1 1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R3 R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of RI, R2 and R3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a second aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- X, Y [AA]n NH CH2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a third aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs comprising administering the compound in the form:- R1 X Y -[AA]n-NH C B

I

R2 WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 in which X is a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a linker group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R3 R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R1, R2 and R3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a fourth aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs comprising administering the compounds in the form:- X Y [AA]n NH CH2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated.

As stated above X is linked via a hydroxyl group to the linker Y.

Typically, this hydroxyl group will be at position 17 or 21, however it may be at other positions such as 16.

Linkers Y to join compounds with an hydroxyl group to the amino group of Tris (when B is CH20-R3) or the intervening amino acid (AA, if present) useful in the present invention include:a) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and a carboxyl group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as a dicarboxylic acid via the anhydride eg succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride.

b) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and an aldehyde group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as glyoxylic acid (in the presence of a reducing agent eg NaBH4).

c) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and an halide group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as chloroacetic acid.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 6 d) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and a N=C=O group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as ethylisocyanatoacetate.

X may be any one of the members of the corticosterone family of compounds, however, it is presently preferred that X is hydrocortisone or cortisone.

In further preferred embodiments of this aspect of the present invention Y is a dicarboxylic acid, AA is not present or is glycine or alanine and the linkage is via the hydroxyl group at position 21.

As will be appreciated R1, R2 and R3 are either hydrogen or an acyl group of a fatty acid. Also it is clear to those skilled in the art that substitutions other than methyl or ethyl are possible at R1, R2 and R3. The prime requirement is that at least one of R1, R2 and R3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

When R1, R2 and R3 are each acyl groups of fatty acids it is preferred that they are the same group. It is also preferred that the acyl groups of fatty acids have a carbon chain of 3 to 18, more preferably 10 to 18.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that similar modifications could be made to some members of the other classes of steroid (or analogues) hormones such as the male and female sex hormones at hydroxyl groups situated at various sites in the molecule.

The present invention also provides therapeutic compositions comprising the compound of the first or second aspect of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may further include an unconjugated member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs.

The therapeutic composition may be administered by any appropriate route as will be recognised by those skilled in the art. Such routes include transdermal, intraarticular, oral, intranasal and intraocular.

2. OPIOIDS AND OPIOID ANTAGONISTS Morphine is a classic example of an opiate analgesic that acts on the CNS receptors for the naturally occurring opioid peptides, the enkephalins and endorphins. mimicking their action. It is a powerful addictive drug used for the relief of moderate to severe pain associated with conditions such as heart attack, cancer, colic due to kidney or gall stones, following surgery and WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 7 for severe burns etc. It has a short biological half-life and is normally delivered orally or by injection. Related opioid analgesic or antagonists include hydromorphone, oxymorphone, levorphanol, levallorphan, codeine, nalmefene, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, butorphanol and nalbufine.

Morphine has the structure:- Modification of the hydroxyl groups at position 3 or 6 with lipophilic groups change the rate of absorption and distribution of morphine particularly to the CNS.

The present inventors have shown that morphine and related opioid analgesic or antagonists ("morphine family") can be ester linked at the hydroxyl at the 3 position via spacers to one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids. It is believed that such new conjugated compounds are improved over the unconjugated therapeutic agent. It is also believed that similar linkage could be achieved via the hydroxyl group at the 6 position.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 9 in which X is a member of the morphine family and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group at the 3 or the 6 position Y is a linker group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3 R1, R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In an eighth aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the morphine family comprising administering the compound in the form:- X Y -[AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the morphine family and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group at the 3 or the 6 position Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated.

b) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and an aldehyde group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as glyoxylic acid (in the presence of a reducing agent eg NaBH 4 c) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and an halide group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as chloroacetic acid.

d) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and a N=C=0 group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as ethylisocyanatoacetate.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 In a preferred embodiment of the present invention X is morphine modified at the 3 or 6 position, Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine.

As stated above Ri, R 2 and R 3 are either hydrogen or an acyl group of a fatty acid. Also it will be clear to those skilled in the art that substitutions other than methyl or ethyl are possible at Ri, R 2 and R 3 The prime requirement is that at least one of Ri, R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

When Ri, R 2 and R 3 are acyl groups of fatty acids it is preferred that they are the same group. It is also preferred that the acyl groups of fatty acids have a carbon chain of 3 to 18, more preferably 10 to 18.

The present invention also provides therapeutic compositions comprising the compound of the fifth or sixth aspect of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may further include an unconjugated member of the morphine family.

The therapeutic composition may be administered by any appropriate route as will be recognised by those skilled in the art. Such routes include topical, local injection, intraperitoneal and intravenous.

3. ANTIVIRAL NUCLEOSIDES As stated above in one aspect the present invention relates to therapeutic conjugates of AZT (azidothymidine or zidovudine) and other antiviral nucleosides (eg acyclovir, ganciclovir, vidarabine, idoxuridine, triphuridine, valaciclovir, famciclovir) and comprises the antiviral agents bound via linker group/s to one to three acyl groups and to methods involving the use of these compounds. In particular the present invention relates to alteration of the pharmacokinetics and/or mode of delivery and targeting of these drugs when bound to one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids.

AZT is an example of an antiretroviral drug. It is active against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other mammalian retroviruses.

The drug is a thymidine analogue which is converted to the triphosphate derivative by normal cellular enzymes. In this form it inhibits viral reverse transcription (RNA dependent DNA synthesis). DNA chains are terminated by the incorporation of the modified thymidine. AZT is widely prescribed WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 11 for AIDS and, as it has a short biological half-life, it must be administered every 4 hours. Its use is associated with many side effects from nausea to suppression of new blood cell formation and associated conditions.

0 H

CH

3 AZT has the structure:- Coupling N Site

HO-CH

2

N

3 The present inventors have shown that AZT and similar drugs (hereafter termed "the Antiviral Nucleosides") can be linked to one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids. It is believed that such new compounds will improve the delivery, uptake, half-life and targeting within the cell of the drug after oral, intranasal, transdermal, intraocular and other modes of delivery. Further it may change the distribution of the drug in the body increasing the percentage of drug delivered to the CNS and to lymphocytes in the lymphatic system.

Accordingly in a ninth aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- R1 X Y -[AA]n-NH C B 1 R2 in which X is an antiviral nucleoside and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 12 AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20O-R 3 RI, R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of Ri, R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a tenth aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is an antiviral nucleoside and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a eleventh aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of an antiviral nucleoside comprising administering the antiviral nucleoside in the form:- CH20 R1 X Y -[AA]n-NH C B R2 in which X is an antiviral nucleoside and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a linker group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3

R

1

R

2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 13 In a twelfth aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of an antiviral nucleoside comprising administering the antiviral nucleoside in the form:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is an antiviral nucleoside and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated.

d) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and a N=C=O group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as ethylisocyanatoacetate.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention X is AZT, acyclovir, ganciclovir, vidarabine, idoxuridine, trifluridine, ddl, ddC, ddA, or ribavirin, however, it is presently preferred that X is AZT. It is also preferred that Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine.

As stated above R 1

R

2 and R 3 are either hydrogen or an acyl group of a fatty acid. Also it will be clear to those skilled in the art that substitutions other than methyl or ethyl are possible at R 1

R

2 and R 3 The prime requirement is that at least one of R 1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 14 When R 1

R

2 and R 3 are acyl groups of fatty acids it is.preferred that they are the same group. It is also preferred that the acyl groups of fatty acids have a carbon chain of 3 to 18, more preferably 10 to 18.

The present invention also provides therapeutic compositions comprising the compound of the ninth or tenth aspect of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may further include an unconjugated antiviral nucleoside.

The therapeutic composition may be administered by any appropriate route as will be recognised by those skilled in the art. Such routes include oral, intranasal, transdermal and intraocular.

4. CYCLOSPORINS AND RELATED CYCLOPEPTIDES Cyclosporins are a family of closely related cyclic peptides which exhibit powerful immunosuppressive activity. Cyclosporins are used extensively (often in combination with glucocorticoids such as prednisolone) in organ transplantation to prevent rejection. Cyclosporins appear to act in a reversible manner on helper T lymphocytes by inhibiting the production of interleukins and interferons and/or inhibiting interleukin binding with receptors on killer T lymphocytes, thereby curtailing the cell mediated response to the foreign cells of the transplanted tissue or organ. Animal studies have shown that cyclosporins inhibit a range of immune responses including delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis and T cell dependent antibody production opening the possibility of use in a broader range of applications than is currently practiced eg topically applied cyclosporin could be beneficial in the treatment of psoriasis and/or arthritis.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 The structure of the cyclosporin family is shown below with cyclosporins A, B, C, D, and G varying only at side-chain R.

CH

3

(OH)

2

CHCH

2 H N-CH 3 H CH 2

CH(CH

3 2 0

CH(CH

3 2 The present inventors propose that members of this family can be linked to one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids. This could be possible by linkage to the invariant hydroxyl group or via linkage to variants of R eg cyclosporin C has a threonine side chain at R which could be used as a linkage point. It is believed that such new compounds will improve the delivery, uptake, half-life and/or mode of delivery of the members of the cyclosporin family of drugs. Further it is believed that these novel compounds will aid in the oral, transdermal, intranasal, parenteral and/or intraocular delivery of these drugs by facilitating their transport across lipophilic membranes.

Accordingly in a thirteenth aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA]n-NH CH20 Ri C B R2 WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 16 in which X is a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3 RI, R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of Ri, R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a fourteenth aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA] NH CH2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a fifteenth aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs comprising administering the compound in the form:- R1 X Y -[AA]n-NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a linker group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3 WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 17

R

1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a sixteenth aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs comprising administering the compound in the form:- X Y NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs or related cyclopeptide and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

Where X is a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs it may be linked to Y via the invariant hydroxyl moiety of the family or the hydroxyl group of the threonine side-chain of cyclosporin C. Alternatively, as opposed to linking solely via an hydroxyl, specific new analogues could be produced with a range of reactive side chains at this position.

The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 18 It is preferred that X is a member of the cyclosporin family, preferably cyclosporin C. It is also preferred that Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine.

As stated above Ri, R 2 and R 3 are either hydrogen or an acyl group of a fatty acid. It is also be clear to those skilled in the art that substitutions other than methyl or ethyl are possible at R 1

R

2 and R 3 The prime requirement is that at least one of Ri, R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

The present invention also provides therapeutic compositions comprising the compound of the thirteenth or fourteenth aspect of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may further include an unconjugated member of the cyclosporin family of drugs or related cyclopeptides.

The therapeutic composition may be administered by any appropriate route as will be recognised by those skilled in the art. Such routes include oral, transdermal, intranasal, parenteral and intraocular.

FOLATE ANTAGONISTS INCLUDING METHOTREXATE, FOLIC ACID AND FOLIC ACID ANALOGUES Methotrexate, an anti-metabolite drug, is an example of the folate antagonist family of drugs. It acts to reduce the proliferation of new cells by acting as a competitive inhibitor of folic acid reductase thereby preventing the conversion of the vitamin folic acid to its active form, folinic acid.

Methotrexate is prescribed for the treatment of cancers and is also used to reduce the proliferation of epithelial cells for treatment of psoriasis that is unresponsive to other forms of treatment. Low dose methotrexate is found to be effective in arresting the progress and relieving the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis presumably by inhibition of the inflammatory cell response.

The present inventors have shown that members of the methotrexate family can be linked to one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids. It is believed that such new compounds will improve the delivery, uptake, WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 19 persistence in the intraarticular regions, half-life and/or mode of delivery and distribution into the CNS of these drugs. Further it is believed that these novel compounds will aid in their oral, intranasal, transdermal, intratumoural, parenteral, intraarticular and/or intraocular delivery.

Methotrexate CO OH

NH

2

I

(CH

2 2

CH

2 N C NH CH COOH

II

NH

2

CH

3 0 Glutamyl moiety Accordingly in a seventeenth aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- R1 X Y -[AA]n -NH C B 1 R2 in which X is a member of the folate antagonist family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 1 is H or CH 2 0-R 3

R

1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In an eighteenth aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- X Y [AALn NH CH 2 CH20 R4 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 in which X is a member of the folate antagonist family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a nineteenth aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the folate antagonist family comprising administering the compound in the form:- CH20 R1 X Y -[AA]n-NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the folate antagonist family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3

R

1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a twentieth aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the folate antagonist family comprising administering the compound in the form:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the folate antagonist family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 21 Linkers Y to join compounds (such as methotrexate) with a carboxyl group to the amino group of Tris (when B is CH20-R 3 or the intervening amino acid (AA, if present) useful in the present invention include:a) a linker with an amino group to the compound and a carboxyl group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as an amino acid or antibiotic.

b) a linker with an amino group to the compound and a sulphonic acid group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as 2-aminoethanesulphonic acid (taurine).

c) a linker with an hydroxyl group to the compound and a carboxyl group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as glycolic acid, lactic acid etc.

d) a linker with an hydroxyl group to the compound and a sulphonic acid group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as 2hydroxyethanesulphonic acid (isethonic acid).

e) a linker with an hydroxyl group to the compound and a reactive halide group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as 2-chloroethanol.

f) other examples of potentially suitable linkers between a compound with a reactive carboxyl and the amino group of Tris (or amino acid if present) include the compound families exemplified by phydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-chloroacetic acid, 1,2- dibromoethane and ethyleneoxide.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention X is methotrexate; Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond preferably to the y-carboxyl of the glutamyl moiety of methotrexate.

As stated above R 1

R

2 and R 3 are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group of a fatty acid. It will also be clear to those skilled in the art that substitutions other than methyl or ethyl are possible at R 1

R

2 and R 3 The prime requirement is that at least one of R 1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

When R 1

R

2 and R 3 are acyl groups of fatty acids it is preferred that they are the same group. It is also preferred that the acyl groups of fatty acids have a carbon chain of 3 to 18, more preferably 10 to 18.

The present invention also provides therapeutic compositions comprising the compound of the seventeenth or eighteenth aspect of the WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 22 present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may further include an unconjugated member of the folate antagonist family.

The therapeutic composition may be administered by any appropriate route as will be recognised by those skilled in the art. Such routes include oral, intranasal, transdermal, intratumoural, parenteral, intraarticular and intraocular.

6. CATECHOLAMINE PRECURSORS AND CATECHOLAMINES DOPA is a precursor of the catecholamines, an important pharmacologically active group of compounds including adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine; the neurotransmitter amines which act as adrenergic stimulants and vasopressor agents. DOPA and analogues (hereafter termed the DOPA family) diminishes akinesia in Parkinson's disease, probably acting to elevate dopamine levels in the brain.

The present inventors have shown that DOPA can be linked to one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids. It is believed that such new compounds will improve the delivery of DOPA across the gastrointestinal tract and the blood-brain barrier and improve its half-life. Further it is believed that these novel compounds will aid in the oral, transdermal, intranasal, parenteral and/or intraocular delivery of this drug.

NH

2 Dopa HO -CH2-- H COOH

HO

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 23 Accordingly in a twenty-first aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- R1 1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the DOPA family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group or an amino group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3

R

1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a twenty-second aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the DOPA family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group or an amino group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a twenty-third aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the DOPA family comprising administering it in the form:- R1 X Y [AA]n-NH C B 1 R2 WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 24 in which X is a member of the DOPA family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group or an amino group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CHgO-R 3

R

1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a twenty-fourth aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the DOPA family comprising administering it in the form:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R 4 in which X is a member of the DOPA family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group or an amino group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated.

Linkers Y to join compounds (such as DOPA) with a carboxyl group to the amino group of Tris (when B is CHzO-R 3 or the intervening amino acid (AA, if present) useful in the present invention include:a) a linker with an amino group to the compound and a carboxyl group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as an amino acid or antibiotic.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 e) a linker with an hydroxyl group to the compound and a reactive halide group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as 2-chloroethanol.

Non limiting examples of linkers Y to join compounds (such as DOPA) with an amino group to the amino group of Tris (when B=CH 2 0R 3 or the intervening amino acid (if present) useful in the present invention include bifunctional compounds such as: a) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and a carboxyl group to the Tris (or the amino acid if present) such as a dicarboxylic acid via the anhydride e.g. succinic achydride, maleic anhydride, etc. Similarly compounds with two sulphonic acid groups or two reactive halide groups may be used.

b) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and a sulphonic acid group to the Tris (or the amino acid if present) such as hydroxyethanesulphonic acid (isethonic acid), or with the sulphonic acid group to the compound and a carboxyl group to the Tris or the intervening amino acid (if present).

c) a linker with a carboxyl group to the compound and a reactive halide group to the Tris (or the amino acid if present) such as 2-chloro ethanol or with the reactive halide to the compound and a carboxyl group to the Tris or the intervening amino acid (if present).

d) a linker with a reactive halide group to the compound and a sulphonic acid group to the Tris, or the amino acid (if present) or with the sulphonic acid group to the compound and the reactive halide to Tris or the intervening amino acid (if present).

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention X is DOPA, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group.

As stated above R 1

R

2 and R 3 are either hydrogen or an acyl group of a fatty acid. It is also be clear to those skilled in the art that substitutions other than methyl or ethyl are possible at R 1

R

2 and R 3 The prime WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 26 requirement is that at least one of R 1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

When R1, R 2 and R 3 are acyl groups of fatty acids it is preferred that they are the same group. It is also preferred that the acyl groups of fatty acids have a carbon chain of 3 to 18, more preferably 10 to 18.

The present invention also provides therapeutic compositions comprising the compound of the twenty-first or twenty-second aspect of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may further include an unconjugated member of the DOPA family.

7. ALKYLATING AGENTS CONTAINING A CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP Chlorambucil is an example of this family of compounds. It is a bifunctional alkylating agent and acts as a cytotoxic drug by cross-linking strands of DNA thereby preventing cell replication. Currently it is indicated for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease, certain forms of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, certain leukaemias, ovarian and some breast cancers.

The present inventors have shown that chlorambucil and similar drugs can be linked to one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids. It is believed that such new compounds will improve the delivery, uptake, halflife and/or mode of delivery of the drugs. Further it is believed that these novel compounds will aid in their oral, intranasal, transdermal, parenteral, intratumoural and/or intraocular delivery.

CI-CH

2

-CH

2 Chlorambucil C -N (CH2) 3 COOH

CI-CH

2

-CH

2 WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 27 Accordingly in a twenty-fifth aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- R1 1 X Y -[AA]n-NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the chlorambucil family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3

R

1

R

2 and R3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a twenty-sixth aspect the present invention consists in a compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the chlorambucil family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 28 In a twenty-seventh aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound which is a member of the chlorambucil family comprising administering the compound in the form:- R1 X Y [AA]n-NH C B CH20 R2 in which X is a member of the chlorambucil family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3

R

1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

In a twenty-eighth aspect the present invention consists in a method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound which is a member of the chlorambucil family comprising administering the compound in the form:- X Y [AA] NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the chlorambucil family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and-

R

4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

The fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated.

Linkers Y to-join compounds (such as chlorambucil) with a carboxyl group to the amino group of Tris (when B is CH20-R 3 or the intervening amino acid (AA, if present) useful in the present invention include:- WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 29 a) a linker with an amino group to the compound and a carboxyl group to the Tris (or amino acid if present) such as an amino acid or antibiotic.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention X is chlorambucil, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group.

As stated above R 1

R

2 and R 3 The prime requirement is that at least one of R 1

R

2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

When R 1

R

The present invention also provides therapeutic compositions comprising the compound of the twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth aspect of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may further include an unconjugated member of the chlorambucil family.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 The therapeutic composition may be administered by any appropriate route as will be recognised by those skilled in the art. Such routes include oral, intranasal, transdermal, parenteral, intratumoural and intraocular.

In order that the nature of the present invention may be more clearly understood preferred forms thereof will now be described with reference to the following examples.

Abbreviations used:-

AZT

DCC

DCM

DCU

DIEA

DMAP

DMF

DOPA

DSC

EtOAc Gly

GTP,

GTP

2

GTP

3 HOSu

HPLC

17-b Hydrocortisone MeOH Mor

MTX

NMR

Suc

TBDMS

TFA

THF

TLC

3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine 1, 3-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dichloromethane N,N'-Dicyclohexylurea N,N'-Diisopropylethylamine 4-Dimethylaminopyridine Dimethylformamide 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-alanine N,N'-Disuccinimidyl carbonate Ethyl acetate Glycine Glycine-Tris-Monopalmitate Glycine-Tris-Dipalmitate Glycine-Tris-Tripalmitate N-Hydroxysuccinimide High performance liquid chromatography 17-Butyrate-Hydrocortisone Methanol Morphine Methotrexate Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Succinic Acid tert. -Butyldimethylsilyl Trifluoroacetic acid Tetrahydrofuran Thin layer chromatography WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 31 TPTU O-(1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-1-pyridyl)-N,N,N',N'tetramethyl-uronium tetrafluoroborate Tris 2-Amino-2-hydroxy-methyl-1,3 propanediol TSTU O-(N-Succinimidyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-uronium tetrafluoroborate Z Benzyloxycarbonyl Analytical HPLC Performed on Waters HPLC equipment using C18 Reverse Phase Columns (Radial Pak).

System I For compounds without fatty acid moieties.

Buffer A 0.1% TFA in water.

Buffer B 80% acetonitrile 20% water containing 0.1% TFA.

Gradient program from 30%B to 100%B over 5' maintained to flow 2ml/min.

Retention Times RtI System II For hydrophobic compounds typically containing fatty acid moieties.

Buffer A 50% acetonitrile 50% water containing 0.1% TFA.

Buffer B 50% acetonitrile 50% THF containing 0.1% TFA.

Gradient program from 20%B to 100%B over 5' maintained to flow 2ml/min.

Retention Times RtII Preparation of Gly-Tris The title compound was prepared by hydrogenation of a solution of Z-Gly-Tris in ethanol at 40 pa. pressure in a Parr hydrogenator in the presence of palladium on carbon The removal of the Z group was monitored by HPLC. The catalyst was removed by filtration and washed with ethanol. Evaporation of the solvent gave the title compound in yield. The preparation of Z-Gly-Tris is described in Whittaker, Hayes, and Bender, V. J. (1993). Peptide Research 6; 125 and Australian Patent No. 649242.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 32 Example 1 Synthesis of Hydrocortisone-Suc-Gly-Tris-(Palmitate)n: where n= 1, 2 or 3.

I. Hvdrocortisone-Succinate To a solution of Hydrocortisone (3.65 g, 10 mmol) in acetonitrile (450 ml), succinic anhydride (1.65 g, 15 mmol) and DIEA (1.7 ml, 10 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 36 h. HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture showed 93% of the title compound. The solvent was evaporated and the residue redissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The ethyl acetate phase was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue triturated in diethyl ether to obtain 4 .4 g of white powder in 95% yield. RtI 5.94'.

II. Hydrocortisone-Suc-OSu To a solution of Hydrocortisone-succinate (4.0 g, 8.65 mmol) in acetonitrile (120 ml), DSC (4.43 g, 17.3 mmol) in 30 ml of DMF and DIEA (1ml) were added. After 30 min a white precipitate was formed and HPLC analysis showed the formation of a new peak at 6.7' at 90%. The precipitate was filtered off to obtain 4 g of the title compound (100% pure by HPLC).

The filtrate was evaporated and the residue triturated in acetonitrile and diethyl ether to obtain a further 0.6 g of the title compound. Total yield RtI 6.7'.

III. Hvdrocortisone-Suc-Glv-Tris To a solution of Hydrocortisone-Suc-OSu (3.9g, 7 mmol) in 20 ml of DMF, Gly-Tris (1.78g, 10 mmol) in 20 ml of DMF was added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature. The title compound (RtI 4.98') was formed in 69% yield by HPLC analysis after 4 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue redissolved in 50 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with 100 ml of water. The water phase was evaporated to 20 ml and the title compound extracted with 200 ml of ethyl acetate (3 times) to obtain 2.4 g of the title compound at 95% purity by HPLC analysis; yield 56%, RtI 4.98'.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 33 IV. Hydrocortisone-Suc-Glv-Tris-fPalmitateL); where n=1. 2 or 3 To a solution of Hydrocortisone-Suc-Gly-Tris (2.4 g, 3.85 mmol) in 100 ml of DCM and 10 ml of DMF, palmitic acid (2.46 g, 9.63 mmol) and a catalytic amount of DMAP were added and the reaction mixture cooled to 0°C. DCC (2.06 g, 10.02 mmol) in 20 ml of DCM was added to the reaction mixture by a dropping funnel. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for min and then at room temperature. After 4h of reaction a mixture of the title compound with 1, 2 or 3 palmitic acids 29%, 3.2% respectively) was formed. The solvents were evaporated and the residue redissolved in DCM.

The DCU was filtered off and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and THF and separated by preparative HPLC using a C18 column (40 X100 mm) to obtain 800 mg of Hydrocortisone-Suc-Gly-Tris-Mono palmitate, 1700 mg of Hydrocortisone- Suc-Gly-Tris-Dipalmitate and 230 mg of Hydrocortisone-Suc-Gly-Tris- Tripalmitate. Each conjugate was further purified on a silica column using a gradient from ethyl acetate:petroleum ether (60:40) to ethyl acetate:methanol (90:10).

Example 2 Synthesis of 17-butyrate (17-b) Hydrocortisone-21-Suc-Gly-Tris-(Palmitate)n; where n=1, 2 or 3.

I. 17-butyrate (17-b) Hydrocortisone-21-Succinate To a solution of 17-b Hydrocortisone (2.16 g, 5 mmol) in acetonitrile (80 ml), succinic anhydride (1.25 g, 12.5 mmol) and DIEA (0.34ml, 5 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 40 h.

HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture showed up to 98% of the title compound. The solvent was evaporated and the residue redissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The ethyl acetate phase was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue triturated in diethyl ether to obtain 2.6 g of white powder in 95% yield.

II. 17-b Hydrocortisone-21-Suc-OSu To a solution of 17-b Hydrocortisone-21-succinate (1.5 g, 2.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (40 ml), DSC (2.16 g, 7 mmol) in 30 ml of DMF and DIEA (0.47 ml) were added. After 1 h reaction at room temperature approximately WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 34 of the title compound was formed by HPLC analysis (100% pure by HPLC).

The solvents were evaporated and the next step carried out without further purification.

III. 17-b Hydrocortisone-21-Suc-Gly-Tris To a 20 ml DMF solution of 17-b Hydrocortisone-21-Suc-OSu (2.8 mmol), Gly-Tris (1.5 g, 8.4 mmol) in 20 ml of DMF was added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature. The title compound (RtI 6.09') was formed in 80% yield by HPLC analysis after 5h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue redissolved in 20 ml water/acetonitrile 50:50 and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Prep4000 using a C18 column) to give 0.75 g of the title compound.

VI. 17-b Hydrocortisone-21-Suc-Glv-Tris-(PalmitateL); where n=1, 2 or 3 Palmitic acid (0.57 g, 2.22 mmol) and a catalytic amount of DMAP were added to a solution of 17-b Hydrocortisone-21-Suc-Gly-Tris (0.51g, 0.74 mmol) in 20 ml of DCM and the reaction mixture cooled to 0°C. DCC (0.45g, 2.22 mmol) in 10 ml of DCM was added to the reaction mixture dropwise.

The reaction was stirred at 0°C for 30 min and then at room temperature.

After 2h a mixture of the title compounds with 1, 2 or 3 palmitate groups 47%, 46% respectively by HPLC) was formed. The DCU was filtered off and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and THF. HPLC indicated that the solution contained a mixture of the title compounds in the ratio of 7:16:69; mono-; di- ;tripalmitate. The mixture was separated by preparative HPLC using a C18 column (40 X100 mm) to give 850 mg of 17-b Hydrocortisone-21-Suc-Gly- Tris-Tripalmitate, 150 mg of 17-b Hydrocortisone-21-Suc-Gly-Tris- Dipalmitate and 120 mg of the Monopalmitate. The Tripalmitate conjugate was 100% pure after preparative HPLC while the Mono and Dipalmitate conjugates needed further purification by silica chromatography using a gradient from ethyl acetate:petroleum ether (60:40) to ethyl acetate:methanol (90:10).

HPLC analysis indicated the title products to be of high purity, free from parent drug and other derivatives.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 Example 3 Synthesis of Morphine-Suc-Gly-Tris-Di and Tripalmitate.

The present inventors have demonstrated that the phenolic hydroxy group at the C-3 position of morphine (Mor) can be successfully coupled with Gly- Tris-Dipalmitate or Gly-Tris-Tripalmitate via a succinic acid (Suc) linker, without protection of the secondary hydroxy group at the C-6 position. The synthesis of Mor-Suc-Gly-Tris-Dipalmitate involved two steps with a 54 overall yield.

I. Preparation of Morphine-Succinate Triethylamine (9.584 ml, 69.45 mmol) was added dropwise to a suspension of morphine sulphate (9.286 g, 27.78 mmol) in dry DMF (140 ml) at 0°C under nitrogen. After stirring for ten minutes, succinic anhydride (2.781 g, 27.78 mmol) was added portionwise to the reaction. The reaction was monitored by TLC (50% EtOH/H 2 0) and by analytical HPLC (RtI of Mor- Suc was The reaction was complete in 24 to 48h and the product precipitated out. The precipitate was filtered and washed with a small volume of cold DMF and THF. Both 'H NMR and HPLC indicated that the product was of sufficient purity for the next reaction (Mor-Suc 6.11 g; 57% yield).

Preliminary 1H NMR indicated that succinylation occurred at the phenolic hydroxyl at the C-3 position.

II. Preparation of Morphine-Suc-Glyv-Tris-Dipalmitate General procedure of preparation of Mor-Suc-Gly-Tris-(Palmitate)n To the suspension of Mor-Suc (0.860 g, 2.23 mmol) in dry THF (44 ml) at 0°C under nitrogen, was added DCC (0.506 g, 2.45 mmol) and Nhydroxysuccinimide (0.308 g. 2.68 mmol). The resulting mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature, then refluxed overnight. The reaction was monitored by HPLC (System retention time of the active ester, Mor-Suc- OSu. was 5.45 min. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was cooled to 0°C and the precipitate filtered off and washed with dry DCM. The filtrate was added directly to Gly-Tris-Dipalmitate (1.459 g. 2.23 mmol) at room temperature with vigorous stirring. The aminolysis of Mor-Suc-OSu was monitored by HPLC (System II) and TLC (10% MeOH/DCM). Both HPLC WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 36 and TLC showed that the reaction was complete after stirring overnight. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue redissolved in DCM and washed with water several times until the pH equalled 7. The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 and evaporated to afford a light yellow solid. The crude product was purified by the flash chromatography (silica, 10% MeOH/DCM) which gave the title compound (2.16 g) in excellent yield, HI Preparation of Morphine-Suc-Gly-Tris Tripalmitate Following the general procedure set out above Mor-Suc (0.101g, 0.26 mmol) was successfully coupled with GTP 3 to give Mor-Suc-GTP 3 (0.215 g) in 65.6% isolated yield. The product was purified by flash chromatography on alumina with 10 MeOH/EtOAc elution.

By HPLC (System H) both Mor-Suc-GTP 2 and Mor-Suc-GTP 3 were of high purity and free from parent drug.

Example 4 Synthesis of AZT-Gly-Tris-(Palmitate)n; where n= 1, 2 or 3.

Synthesis Scheme Overview AZT was reacted with succinic anhydride to form AZT-succinic acid.

This was reacted by the DCC/HOSu method with a mixture of Gly-Tris- Mono, Di and Tripalmitate (GTP,) which was prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of Z-GTP,. Column chromatography on silica gel and preparative HPLC were used to isolate the final compounds.

I. AZT-Succinic Acid AZT (1.068 g, 4 mmol), succinic anhydride (0.440 g, 4.4 mmol) and DMAP (0.015 g) were weighed into a 25 ml flask fitted with a condenser.

DMF (10 ml) was added and the mixture stirred for 5 min and immersed into an oil bath preheated to 90 0 C for 1.5 h until HPLC assay indicated completion of reaction. DMF was evaporated under vacuum 40 0 C) and the residue used directly for the subsequent reaction. The residue can be purified by chromatography on silica gel and the product isolated in >87% yield and 97% purity if required.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 37 II. AZT-Suc-Gly-Tris-(Palmitates),; where n= 1, 2 and 3 AZT-Succinic acid (1.468 g, 4 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (30 ml) and HOSu (0.552 g, 4.8 mmol) added. The mixture was stirred for 5 min, then DCC (0.988 g, 4.8 mmol) was added in one portion. Stirring was continued for 1 hr until HPLC analysis indicated completion of the reaction.

The reaction mixture was filtered and the insoluble DCU washed with DCM ml). The combined filtrate was collected in a reaction vessel, then GTP, g) added and stirred overnight. The reaction was monitored by HPLC.

Extra GTPn was added until all the active OSu ester was consumed. The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica using hexane/ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent to separate the AZT-Suc-Gly-Tris Mono, Di and Tripalmitates. The products were further purified by preparative HPLC (C18 column).

Example Method One for the Preparation of Cyclosporin-Suc-Gly-Tris-(Palmitate)n; where n=1, 2 or 3 I. Cvclosporin-Suc The title compound can be prepared from cyclosporins A, B, D, and G by their reaction with succinic anhydride in the presence of triethylamine in DMF. The threonine side chain in cyclosporin C would require prior protection before carrying out this reaction.

II. Cyclosporin-Suc-Glv-TRIS The title compound can be prepared by the reaction of cyclosporin- Suc with Gly-Tris in the presence of DCC and HOSu.

III. Cvclosporin-Suc-Glv-TRIS mono, di and tripalmitates The title compounds can be prepared by the reaction of cyclosporin- Suc-Gly-Tris with palmitic acid at a molar ratio of 1 to 2 in the presence of DCC. The three title compounds can then be separated by preparative HPLC or via silica gel chromatography with elution by organic solvents. With cyclosporin C the side chain protection would be removed prior to purification.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 38 Method Two for the Preparation of Cyclosporin-Suc-Gly-Tris-(Palmitate)n; where n=1, 2 or 3 I. Preparation of the benzyl ester of Suc-Gly-Tris-TriOTBDMS Suc-mono benzyl ester can be prepared by the reaction of succinic anhydride with benzyl alcohol in the presence of strong base. The remaining unmodified carboxyl group can then be reacted with Gly-Tris in the presence of DCC and HOSu to give Bzl-Suc-Gly-Tris. The three hydroxyl groups of Tris can then be protected by reaction with TBDMS chloride in the presence of imidazole to give the title compound.

II. Cyclosporin-Suc-Gly-Tris-Mono, Di and Tripalmitates The benzyl ester of Bzl-Suc-Gly-Tris-TriOTBDMS can be removed using hydrogen in the presence of palladium on carbon to generate an unprotected carboxyl group which can be reacted with the hydroxyl group of cyclosporin B, D, and G; as above side chain protection would be required for cyclosporin C) in the presence of DCC to generate an ester bond.

The three TBDMS protected hydroxyls of Tris in this compound can be deprotected by the action of acetic acid and reacted with palmitic acid in the presence of DCC to give a mixture of the title compounds. The three title compounds can then be separated by preparative HPLC or via silica gel chromatography.

Example 6 Synthesis of Methotrexate-Gly-Tris-Di and Tripalmitate.

Synthesis Scheme Overview The method devised involved removal of the glutamyl moiety of methotrexate (MTX) by enzymatic cleavage with Carboxypeptidase G and replacing it with glutamic acid which had its two carboxyl groups selectively esterified (ax -tertbutyl; y methyl). Selective removal of the methyl ester then provided the site for the attachment of Gly-Tris which was subsequently palmitylated and the dipalmitate derivative (and a small amount of the tripalmitate) were isolated by silica chromatography and/or extraction.

WO 96/22303 WO 9622303PCT/AU96/00015 39 I. 4- Diamino 6 Pteridinyl) Methyl] Methyl Aminol Benzoic Acid The title compound was prepared by carboxypeptidase G cleavage of glutamic acid from methotrexate as described in the literature Med.

Chem. 24, 1450-1455 (1981)). The yield of I obtained was virtually quantitative.

II. a-tertButyl y-Methyl L-Glutamate The title compound was prepared from y-methyl L-glutamate according to the literature (Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 646, 134 (1961)).

Yields were highly variable but typically in the 30-50% range. Compound II, obtained as an oil was used immediately in subsequent coupling reactions.

III. a-tertButyl y-Methyl Methotrexate The title compound was prepared from I and II according to the literature Med. Chem. 24, 1450-1455, (1981)]. Yields were typically IV. x-tertButyl Methotrexate The title compound was prepared by Ba(OH) 2 hydrolysis of III according to the literature Med. Chem. 24, 1450-1455 (1981)).

Compound IV was typically obtained sufficiently pure not to require purification by ion exchange chromatography as evidenced by 'H NMR.

Yields were typically in the 75-80% range.

V. Methotrexate-a-tertButyl y-Gly-Tris To IV (100mg, 0.20 mmol) in DMF/acetonitrile 6ml) was added HOSu (21mg, 0.22 mmol) followed by DCC (45mg, 0.22 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored by HPLC (System I).

Preparation of the OSu ester was >85% complete after 5h with HPLC analysis indicating the remainder to be IV along with some decomposition products. A solution of Gly-Tris (prepared by hydrogenation of Z-Gly Tris in DMF over 10% Pd/C. (1.5eq. in 3ml DMF)) was added and the reaction followed by HPLC. The reaction was complete within 30-60 min. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H 2 0 (3-5 ml), allowed to stand for min and the DCU filtered off. Solvent was removed from the filtrate, and the WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 residue purified via preparative HPLC to afford the title compound as a bright yellow solid after removal of solvent by freeze drying. Yield 23%. On a larger scale using 800mg of IV a 69% yield of V was obtained.

HPLC indicated the purity of the product to be >97%.

VI. Methotrexate a-tertButvl Ester y-Glv-Tris (palmitate),; where n=2 or 3 To a suspension of V (650 mg, 0.97 mmol) in DCM (50 ml) was added sufficient DMF to affect solubilisation (5-10 ml), followed by DMAP (30 mg), palmitic acid (500 mg, 2 eq.) and DCC (400 mg, 2 The mixture was stirred at RT for 36 hrs after which time it was diluted with DCM (80 ml) and chilled in ice for 10 min. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate extracted with 0.01M HCl (100 ml) followed by brine (2 x 100ml). After drying (MgS0 4 and removal of solvent, the residue was applied to a silica column and eluted consequently with DCM, DCM/5% MeOH, DCM/10% MeOH which afforded the Tri and Dipalmitates of VI as yellow bands which bled off the column. Fractions which were pure by TLC were combined and solvent removed to afford the title compounds as bright yellow solids.

VII. Methotrexate-y-Gly-Tris-Dipalmitate To VI (200mg, 0.17 mmol) was added TFA (5 ml). The mixture was stirred at RT for 20-30 min upon which time solvent was removed by evaporation. The residue was partitioned between DCM (50 ml) and H 2 0 ml), TEA was added to the aqueous phase until the pH was 7. Upon this time acetic acid was added until the pH reached 3-4. The organic phase was collected and washed with H 2 0 (50 ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and solvent removed.

The product, which was pure by TLC (butanol/acetic acid/water, was washed with ethanol and dried to afford the title product as a golden solid.

Example 7 Synthesis of L-DOPA-Gly-Tris-(palmitate)n; where n= 1, 2 or 3.

Synthesis scheme overview The two phenolic hydroxyl groups of DOPA, as well as the amino group were protected and the active ester of Z 3 -DOPA prepared. The formation of active ester of the fully protected compound was best using WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 41 TPTU probably due to the structurally hindered nature of this compound.

This was reacted with Gly-Tris-Dipalmitate to give Z 3 -DOPA -Gly-Tris- Dipalmitate.

An alternative synthesis was by palmitylation of Z 3 -DOPA-Gly-Tris (prepared from Z 3 -DOPA and Gly-Tris via the active ester method).

Hydrogenation of these products yielded the desired DOPA-Gly-Tris- Dipalmitate and DOPA-Gly-Tris-Tripalmitate in good yields.

I. N,O'O'-Tricarbobenzoxy-L-DOPA (Z,-Dopa) The method for the preparation of Z 3 -DOPA was that of Felix et al.

1974 Med. Chem. 17, 422-426). The title compound was synthesised by adding L-DOPA (7g, 35.5 mmol) to a pre-cooled solution of 1M NaOH (35.5 ml) and water (74 ml) at -10°C under a blanket of nitrogen in a 3-neck flask.

The solution was stirred vigorously, whilst 1M NaOH (100 ml) and a solution of carbobenzoxy chloride (20.2 g, 116.5 mmol) in diethyl ether (100 ml) were added dropwise, simultaneously, over a period of ih at -10 Stirring was continued at -10 0 C for Ih, then 1 h at 0°C and finally at 20 0 C for 2h. The precipitated sodium salts were collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and water and partitioned between diethyl ether and 1M citric acid (100 ml each). The ether layer was washed with water, dried (Na 2

SO

4 and the solvent removed in vacuo to give the crude title product as an oil (18g, 84.6% yield).

Further purification of the title product by preparative HPLC (Reverse phase C18 column) gave chromatographically pure title product, RtII 4.77'.

II. Z-DOPA-Glv-Tris-Dipalmitate The active ester of Z 3 -DOPA was prepared by adding a solution of TPTU (1.68 g, 5.62 mmol) in acetonitrile (30 ml) to a stirred solution of Z 3 DOPA (1.68 g, 2.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 ml) and DIEA (550 ul to pH 8.50). The reaction was followed by HPLC and monitored at 300 nm. After min the reaction was complete and the solvent and base evaporated in vacuo. The residue was redissolved in DCM, re-evaporated, and the procedure repeated twice to ensure the complete removal of base. A solution of the residue in DCM (30 ml) was added to a stirred solution of WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 42

GTP

2 (2.0 g, 3 mmol) in DCM (15 ml) in an atmosphere of nitrogen in the dark.

HPLC, monitored at 260 nm, showed, that the reaction was complete in 30 min to give a single product. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (120 ml), washed with water (3 x 120ml) and dried (Na 2

SO

4 The DCM layer contained the desired title product which gave a single peak on HPLC (RtII 8.70') The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue repeatedly washed with cold acetonitrile to give the title product as a white fluffy precipitate, 3.40g, in 98% yield. HPLC, TLC and NMR spectroscopy showed that the title product was of high purity.

Hydrogenation of an aliquot of the above product in ethanol in the presence of catalytic amounts of 10% palladium on carbon for 5h gave

L-DOPA-GTP

2 Rt II 8.05' with an absorption max at 285nm. Yield was 785 mg, 83.5%.

Analysis by HPLC indicated that the title product was 99% pure, free from the parent drug.

III. Preparation of Z 3 -DOPA-Gly-Tris A solution of Z 3 -DOPA (800 mg, 1.33 mmol) in dry acetonitrile ml) was reacted with a solution of TPTU (ig, 3.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 ml) and DIEA (350 ul, to pH 8.3) and the formation of active ester monitored by HPLC in System II at 300 nm. The reaction was complete in 10 min to give the active ester in 89% yield by HPLC, Rt II 5.19'. Repeated evaporation of the solvent and DIEA from DCM gave an oily residue, which was redissolved in acetonitrile (15 ml) and added dropwise to a solution of Gly-Tris (1g. 5.6 mmol) in freshly distilled, dry DMF (5 ml) with stirring. The reaction was monitored by HPLC at 300 nm and at 260 nm which showed the formation of the title product in both HPLC systems, I and II (Rt 7.11' and 3.05' respectively).

The solvents were removed in vacuo and the title product purified by preparative HPLC to give 655 mg of Z 3 -DOPA-Gly-Tris (60.4% yield). The structure of the product was confirmed by NMR Spectroscopy.

IV. Z.-DOPA-Gly-Tris-Di and Tripalmitate A solution of Z 3 -DOPA-Gly-Tris (600 mg, 1 mmol) in DCM (10 ml) was reacted with palmitic acid (312 mg, 1.22 mmol) and DCC (250 mg, 1.2 WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 43 mmol) as described above. The reaction was followed by HPLC with additional palmitic acid added in 10 mg aliquots as required. After addition of a further 40 mg of palmitic acid, Z 3 -DOPA-Gly-Tris-Mono and Dipalmitate were formed in a 1:1 ratio as determined by HPLC After removal of DCU by filtration, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the mixture separated by preparative HPLC using a C18 column.

During the workup procedure, most of the product converted to the Di- and the Tripalmitate forms, which were separated to give 260mg of dipalmitate and 520 mg of tripalmitate, calculated on the percentages shown by HPLC traces of the mixture (21% P 2 35% P 3

L-DOPA-GTP

2 and GTP 3 were obtained by hydrogenation in ethanol in the presence of Pd/C catalyst to give the desired title products.

Example 8 Synthesis of Chlorambucil-Gly-Tris-(Palmitate)n; where n= 1, 2 or 3.

The title compounds were formed by preparing the active ester of chlorambucil and reacting this with a mixture of Gly-Tris Mono, Di and Tripalmitate (GTPn) produced by hydrogenation of Z-GTPn. The resulting products were purified by column chromatography and preparative HPLC.

I. Chlorambucil-Gly-Tris-(Palmitate)2; where n= 1, 2 or 3 Chlorambucil (0.913g, 3 mmol) and HOSu (414 mg, 3.6 mmol) were weighed into a 50 ml flask with a magnetic stirring bar. DCM (15ml) was added and the solution stirred for 5 min. DCC (742 mg, 3.6 mmol) in DCM was added within 5 minutes. Analytical HPLC indicated completion of reaction after 1h.

The solution was filtered and the residue rinsed with DCM The combined filtrate was collected in a flask, stirred and solid GTPn (4 g) added. Stirring was continued overnight and fresh GTPn added (300 mg).

HPLC after 2h showed the absence of the chlorambucil-OSu ester indicating the completion of the reaction.

The mixture was evaporated under vacuum The product was chromatographed over silica gel using hexane: ethyl acetate followed by preparative HPLC to generate high purity products.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 44 II. Chlorambucil-Glv-Tris-Monopalmitate To a solution of chlorambucil (0.972, 3.2 mmol) in DCM (32 ml) was added DCC (0.726 g, 3.5 mmol) and HOSu (0.387 g, 3.3 mmol) portionwise at 0°C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After the completion of the reaction according to HPLC (System the precipitate (DCU) was filtered and washed with dry DCM (10 ml). To the filtrate was added Gly-Tris-Monopalmitate (1.208 g, 2.9 mmol) portionwise with vigorously stirring at rt overnight. When the reaction was completed, the resulting mixture was diluted with DCM, then washed with H20O several times. The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 and evaporated in vacuo to afford the crude product. The crude product was purified by the flash chromatography (80% ethyl acetate/hexane, 2.5 MeOH ethyl acetate) to give the title compound (0.950 g) as light yellow semi solid in 46.6 yield.

III. Chlorambucil-Gly-Tris-Tripalmitate To a solution of chlorambucil (0.240 g, 0.789 mmol) in DCM (16 ml) at O0C was added DCC (0.171 g, 0.828 mmol) and DMAP (0.005g, 0.039 mmol), followed by the Gly-Tris-Tripalmitate (0.740 g, 0.828 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The precipitate was filtered and the filtrate washed with 5% acetic acid aqueous solution, then H 2 0 three times until the pH was 7. The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 then concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by the flash chromatography (30 40% ethyl acetate/hexane), then recrystallized from ethyl acetate/hexane to give the title compound (0.45g) as a white solid in 48.2% yield.

Example 9 Anti-inflammatory effect of Hydrocortisone and Hydrocortisone fatty acid conjugates in the UVB model Drugs Used Hydrocortisone was purchased from Sigma Chemicals, Lot no.

13H0525. H-4001. Hydrocortisone-Suc-GTP 2 and Hydrocortisone-Suc-GTP 3 and 17b Hydrocortisone Suc-GTP 3 were synthesised as described above.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 UVB erythema assay A strain of i/b Skh-1 hairless albino female mice not previously exposed to UVB were used in all experiments. The average age was 12 weeks and the mice were boxed in groups of three (Average weight 30g). An FS40 light source with one UVB tube was used to induce the erythema (inflammation). The mice were exposed to 15 minutes of UVB equivalent to an exposure of 2MED (minimum erythema dose). The irradiated mice were given either a post-irradiation treatment or were pretreated several days prior to UVB exposure by evenly dispersing 100 pls of a solution of the Hydrocortisone, Hydrocortisone-Suc-GTP 2 or Hydrocortisone-Suc-GTP 3 in ethanol (vehicle), onto the backs of mice using a Gilson pipettor. The mice were left for 24 hours and the skin fold measurements taken using a hand held micrometer.

Experimental As an initial part of the study we examined the effect of Hydrocortisone on UVB induced inflammation. A group of Skh-1 mice were irradiated with 2MED of UVB and then painted topically with Hydrocortisone in ethanol. The net skin fold thickness increase (NSFT) was determined after 24h. The concentration curve carried out determined the optimal dose of Hydrocortisone required to give the best anti-inflammatory protection from an exposure of 2 MED of UVB. A dose of 0.5 mg/mouse gave almost 100% protection from erythema and oedema. this was used in subsequent experiments examining the effects of Hydrocortisone conjugates.

Hydrocortisone-succinate fatty acid conjugates and their protection against UVB induced oedema The longevity of topically applied Hydrocortisone-Succinate fatty acid conjugates was examined. Hydrocortisone concentrations of 0.5% and 1% w/v were used (equivalent to 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg/mouse respectively) and the results are presented below. The test conjugates were applied 5 and 3 days prior to UV exposure. At day 0 the conjugates were applied after UV exposure to avoid the possibility of UV absorption (sunscreen effect).

Results of the 0.5 mg/mouse experiments are given in Table 1.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 46 TABLE 1. Mean Net Skin Fold Thickness (10 2 mm) Measurements for mg/mouse Hydrocortisone and Conjugates (HC-Suc-GTP 2 and GTP 3 and 17-b HC-Suc-GTP 3 Drug Day -5 Day -3 Day 0 mg/mouse Hydrocortisone mg/mouse HC-Suc-GTP 2 mg/mouse HC-Suc-GTPs* mg/mouse 17-b HC-Suc-GTP 3 102.7 ±12.1 100.9± 7.3 10.4±8.19 104.2±14.7 94.3±10.3 60.6±8.6 93.8±9.8 86.7±9.4 55.8±11.7 90.7±14.8 42.7± 13.7 Vehicle 0.5 mg with respect to HC content.

112.6±10.4 Results The three forms of the Hydrocortisone-succinate conjugates, Hydrocortisone-Suc-Gly-Tris-Dipalmitate (HC-Suc-GTP 2 Hydrocortisone- Suc-Gly-Tris-Tripalmitate (HC-Suc-GTP 3 and 17-b HC-Suc-GTP 3 had activity equivalent to approximately 50% of the hydrocortisone activity in protecting against UVB induced oedema when applied at Day 0, post UVB exposure. It was also observed that when the conjugates were applied to the mouse skin three days before UVB exposure there was still a protective effect present with both conjugates and this appeared to be slightly better than Hydrocortisone alone. There was a smoothing (delay) of the response with the conjugates indicating an altered delivery profile.

At the higher concentration of 1 mg/mouse the protective effects of the Hydrocortisone conjugates was enhanced (Table 2) with greater protection with all test compounds at Day-3. Once again there was a delay WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 47 in the action of the hydrocortisone conjugates suggesting a more sustained, even delivery profile.

TABLE 2: Mean Net Skin Fold Thickness Measurements for 1% w/v Hydrocortisone and Conjugates.

Drug Day -5 Day -3 Day 0 1 mg/mouse Hydrocortisone 1 mg/mouse HC-Suc-GTP 2 1 mg/mouse HC-Suc-GTP,* 108.3 ±5.1 62.9± 4.0 7.9±4.4 60.8±8.8 57.5±10.9 103.8±3.0 62.9±4.0 27.9± Vehicle with respect to HC content.

114.0±8.0 Conclusions The efficacy of Hydrocortisone-succinate fatty acid conjugates was determined in a mouse UVB model of inflammation. The overall biological findings are that the fatty acid conjugated forms of Hydrocortisone synthesised are similar to Hydrocortisone in their biological action as measured by their protection against UVB induced erythema and oedema.

Importantly, the fatty acid conjugates appear to have an altered profile of delivery to the epidermis, suggested by the delay in full activity at Day 0.

The results indicate that there may be some advantage in using fatty acid conjugated molecules over Hydrocortisone in respect to improved compartmentalisation with transdermal delivery. This altered delivery may also reduce the side effects brought about by the down regulation of the H-P- A axis through prolonged use of Hydrocortisone.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 48 Example Contact Hypersensitivity Assay.

The assay used the method described in "Current Protocols in Immunology" (Vol 1, Section 4.2 Eds Coligan et al. (1991) NIH). The sensitiser was Oxazalone. Briefly this method was as follows:- UVB Radiation. Mice were irradiated with a single FL40SE UVB fluorescent tube (Oliphant) in a reflective batten, providing 2.6 x 104 W/cm 2 UVB radiation measured at target distance using an International Light IL1700 radiometer with a UVB detector sensitive between 250-315 nm. The mice received 0.1179 J/cm 2 UVB radiation, constituting 1 minimal erythemal dose (MED) as previously ascertained, on each of 3 consecutive days, being exposed unrestrained with the wire cage tops removed. The cumulative dose resulted in a moderate non-blistering erythema. The erythema was quantitated as the oedema component of this reaction by measuring the middorsal skinfold thickness with a spring micrometer (Mercer, St. Albans, UK) at 24 h after the first UVB exposure, i.e. immediately prior to the third UVB exposure, at which time the reaction was found to be maximal.

Induction of Systemic Contact Hypersensitivity. Test mice were exposed on the dorsum to 1 MED UVB radiation (or no UVB radiation) at the same hour on days 1, 2 and 3. On days 8 and 9, the mice (irradiated and non-irradiated) were sensitized by topical application to the abdominal skin of 0.1 ml of 3% oxazolone (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO) freshly prepared in ethanol. On day 15, the pre-challenge ear thickness was measured using the spring micrometer, and the mice were then challenged by the application of 5 ul freshly prepared 3% oxazolone/ethanol solution to both surfaces of each pinna. Ear thickness was again measured repeatedly between 16-24 hours, and the maximum ear thickness was recorded. The net ear swelling was calculated as the difference between the average prechallenge and the average post-challenge ear thickness for each treatment group. Statistical significance of the differences in net ear swelling between treatment groups was assessed with Student's t test.

The mice were painted with vehicle, 0.5 mg/mouse HC, mg/mouse HC-Suc-GTP 2 1 mg/mouse 17-b HC-Suc-GTP 3 or 17-b HC within 10 minutes post UVB exposure. A total of 3 MED of unshielded UVB was used. (Table 3) WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 49 Table 3 Contact Hypersensitivity Results Test Material Net Ear Swelling Std. Dev.

2 mm) Vehicle Control 17.7 6.94 HC-Suc-GTP 2 29.8 5.05 Hydrocortisone 32.0 9.30 1% 17b-Hydrocortisone 38.6 4.41 1% 17b-HC-Suc-GTP 3 32.8 10.28 No UVB Control 42.1 6.08 Results All the samples tested showed protection against the UVB induced immunosuppression indicated by an increase in ear thickness as the result of a systemic response to the sensitiser. There appeared to be no difference between the parent drugs or the conjugates in their ability to alter the immunosuppression due to UVB. Importantly however is that the conjugates appear to be just as active as the parent drugs in producing a systemic response.

Example 11

AZT

The biological activities of AZT and AZT-fatty acid conjugates were tested for cytotoxicity and anti-HIV activity.

I. Cytotoxicity The cytotoxicity of AZT and AZT-fatty acid conjugates (AZT-Suc-

GTP

1

P

2 and P 3 was tested in vitro with JURKAT (acute T cell human leukemia) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Cells were incubated with drug and viability was determined by a colorimetric proliferation test.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 Methods a) Cell culture Conditions JURKAT cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 1.6 x 104 cells /200ul complete RPMI 1640 medium drug and cultured for 64h.

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from three healthy donors by centrifugation on Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia).

Cells were seeded into a 96-well plates at a density of 2 x 10 5 cells/200 ul complete RPMI drug and cultured for b) Drug delivery Drugs were dissolved in ethanol and added to culture media. The final concentration of ethanol in media was no greater than 1% c) Viability assay Viability was determined using the MTS assay (CellTiter 96TM AQueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay) from Promega. Reagent ul) was added to each well and absorbance values at 490 nm were determined 1 to 4 h later. The effect of drug on cell viability was compared to cultures set up containing no drug (100 viability). Wells containing no cells were used to control for background absorbance (0 viability). Each concentration was tested in at least 3 wells. Concentrations necessary to cause a 50 inhibition of cellular growth of control cells (IC50) were calculated by linear regression.

Results AZT-Suc-GTP 1 was 40 times more cytotoxic to JURKAT cells than the parent drug (Table The conjugate was also more cytotoxic to PBMC than AZT.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 51 TABLE 4. Cytotoxicity of AZT and AZT-Suc-GTP 1 to PBMC and JURKAT cells.

Cell Type Compound IC50 (uM) JURKAT AZT 1720.8 AZT-Suc-GTP 1 43.0 PBMC AZT 105 AZT-Suc-GTP 1 26.7 II. Anti HIV Activity The anti-HIV activities of AZT-Suc-GTP, and AZT-Suc-GTP 2 were also tested. Infected cells were incubated for 5 days with compound.

Compounds were dissolved in DMSO and 5-fold dilutions were used. The following parameters were measured: syncytia formation, virus antigen gpl20 production, cell survival. Cytotoxicity is also measured in uninfected cells.

Two cell lines were used: C8166 (human T-lymphoblastoid cells) infected with HIV-I MN JM (semi mature human T-cell from lymphoblastoid leukemia) infected with HIV-I U4550 AZT is poorly active in JM cells possibly due to insufficient phosphorylation and was used to confirm the mode of action of compounds.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 52 Results TABLE 5. Effect of AZT-Suc-GTP 1 AZT-Suc-GTP 2 AZT and ddl on cellular growth and HIV infection (Ag gpl20 production) in JM and C8166 cells.

Compound JM C8166 IC50 EC50 AZT-Suc-GTP 1 8pM 1004M 0.012iM 100pM AZT-Suc-GTP 2 >200uM 200pM 0.032pM 200uM AZT 100pM 5000pM 0.016pM 5000pM ddl 11M 100pM concentration which reduces Ag gpl20 by 50% in infected cell cultures.

concentration of drug which reduces cell growth by The AZT-Suc-GTP 1 conjugate was 50-fold more cytotoxic to both cell lines than AZT (Table this is consistent with the findings with PBMC and JURKAT cells (Table Cytotoxicity of the P 2 conjugate was also observed with JM and C8166 cells (25-fold more cytotoxic than AZT).

TABLE 6: Ratios of AZT: Conjugate EC50 (Data from Table Cell Line AZT:AZT-Suc-GTP 1 AZT:AZT-Suc-GTP2 JM 12.5 approx. C8166 1.3 The virus in the JM cell line was 12.5-fold more susceptible to AZT- Suc-GTP 1 than AZT (Table This increase in toxicity towards the virus was not reflected in the pattern of HIV infection: syncytia formation or infected cell growth profiles; the effect is only observed with the detection of antigen. The JM cell line does not metabolise AZT to the same extent as C8166 cells but greater delivery of AZT via the P, conjugate may result in higher levels of the triphosphate being formed in the cells.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 53 Discussion AZT-Suc-GTP 1 was more cytotoxic than AZT to PBMC, JURKAT, C8166 and JM cells suggesting increased cellular uptake. Cellular kinases convert AZT to AZT-triphosphate, which inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and at 100-fold higher concentrations inhibits cellular ca-DNA polymerase. It appears that conjugation increases cell uptake, thus increasing cytoxicity (Table In infected JM cells, AZT-Suc-GTP 1 was more potent in reducing amounts of Ag gp 120 produced by HIV, however because of the cytotoxic nature of this compound cells did not recover and exhibit normal growth.

These are very positive results in that they are consistent with the conjugates being taken up by the cells and being metabolised to release AZT to act in the usual manner. Their cytotoxicity (which may have beneficial effects if targeted), while above that of unmodified AZT, is at a low enough level to allow their use.

These findings may allow some of the major limitations of current AZT therapy, namely its rapid clearance, poor bio-availability and its poor delivery to the lymphatic system which is the primary site of virus load, to be addressed. Quoting Charman and Porter (1996 Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews in press) "the major opportunities associated with lipophilic prodrugs are the potential for by-passing hepatic first pass metabolism after oral dosing, and (ii) targeting drugs to the lymphatic system." Additionally the lipophilic prodrug such as our AZT-Suc-GTP 1 should act to give a sustained release profile. These features should result in lower overall doses of AZT being required with the possibility of lessened side effects in spite of the overall general more cytotoxic nature of the conjugates compare with AZT.

Example 12

CHLORAMBUCIL.

The cytotoxicity of chlorambucil and chlorambucil fatty acid conjugates (CGTP 1

P

2 and were tested in vitro with JURKAT cells (acute T cell human leukemia). Cells were incubated with drug and viability was determined by a colourmetric proliferation test. Cytotoxicity towards other WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 54 cells lines was also tested (PC3 human prostate cancer cells, B16 mouse melanoma cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells).

Methods a) Cell culture Conditions JURKAT cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 1.6 x 104 cells /2004l complete RPMI drug and cultured for 64h.

A 1:3 split of confluent PC3 cells in a 75cm 2 flask were seeded into a 96-well plate and cultured for 48h in complete RPMI. Media was removed and complete RPMI drug was added to wells. Cells were further cultured for 72h.

A 1:8 split of confluent B16 cells in a 75cm 2 flask were seeded into a 96-well plate and cultured for 48h in complete EMEM. Media was removed and complete EMEM drug was added to wells. Cells were further cultured for 48h.

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from one healthy donor by centrifugation on Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia). Cells were seeded into a 96-well plates at a density of 2 x 10 5 cells/200 P1l complete RPMI drug and cultured for b) Drug delivery Two types of delivery were tested: i) Ethanol. Drugs were dissolved in ethanol and added to culture media. The final concentration of ethanol in media was no greater than 1% This delivery was used for experiments with JURKAT, PBMC, PC3 and B16 cell types.

ii) Coating of plates. Drugs were dissolved in ethanol and aliquots (up to 40ul) were added to 90% isopropanol. Solution (50 ul) was then added to wells of a 96-well plate and the solvent evaporated by heating at 37 0 C. Media cells was then added. This delivery was used for some experiments with JURKAT cells.

c) Viability assay Viability was determined using the MTS assay (CellTiter 96TM AQueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay) from Promega. Reagent (40 ul) was added to each well and absorbance values at 490 nm were determined 1 to 4 h later. The effect of drug on cell viability was compared to cultures set WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 up containing no drug (100 viability). Wells containing no cells were used to control for background absorbance (0 viability). Each concentration was tested in at least 3 wells. Concentrations necessary to cause a 50 inhibition of cellular growth of control cells (IC50) were calculated by linear regression.

Results a) Drug cytotoxicity CGTP, was more cytotoxic to all cell types tested than chlorambucil (Table 7).

TABLE 7. Concentrations of Chlorambucil and CGTP, necessary to cause a inhibition of the cellular growth of control cells (IC50) in different cell types.

Cell Type IC50 Chlorambucil to Chlorambucil CGTP, CGTP 1 Ratio (uM) (uM) JURKAT 100.6 6.5 15.5 PC3 160.2 10.7 15.0 B16 36.5 23.1 1.6 PBMC 45.0 7.1 6.3 PBMC <22 5.5 approx. 4 number of donors from which PBMC isolated.

A 15-fold increase in activity was observed with JURKAT cells. The increase in toxicity of CGTP 1 to normal cells (PBMC) was not as great (approximately 5-fold). JURKAT cells appear to be more resistant to chlorambucil than PBMC. CGTP 1 is cytotoxic to both cell types at similar concentrations. The GTP 1 conjugate was also more toxic to PC3 and B16 cell types.

CGTP

1 was more cytotoxic to JURKAT cells than an equimolar mixture of chlorambucil and GTP 1

GTP

1 had no activity. This indicates that conjugation of chlorambucil to GTP 1 is necessary for the increased cytotoxicity observed (Tables 7, 8, 9).

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 56 b) Effect of vehicle Both vehicles (ethanol isopropanol) were not cytotoxic to cells in the dose range studied. Delivery of compounds by coating the plates increased IC50 values of chlorambucil and CGTP 1 (Table however this method of delivery detected activity with CGTP 2 and CGTP 3 (Table 9) which was not observed when these compounds were delivered to cultures in ethanol. This effect may be due to the reduced solubility of the P 2 and P 3 conjugates in the aqueous in vitro tests.

TABLE 8. Comparison of IC50 values of Chlorambucil and CGTP 1 delivered to JURKAT cells by coating of plates and addition of ethanol solution to culture media.

Compound IC50 (uM) ethanol coated Chlorambucil 100.6 218.6 CGTP, 6.5 8.6 TABLE 9. Cytotoxicity of Chlorambucil and fatty acid conjugates to JURKAT cells. Drugs were coated onto plates.

Compound IC50 (uM) CGTP, 8.4

CGTP

2 17.7

CGTP

3 30.0 Chlorambucil 218.7 Discussion Increased biological activity of the P, conjugate of chlorambucil was demonstrated with a variety of cell types. CGTP 2 and CGTP 3 also showed improved cytotoxicity towards JURKAT cells.

WO 96/22303 WO 9622303PCT/AU 16/00015 57 Example 13

MORPHINE

The biological activities of Morphine (Mo) and fatty acid conjugates were tested in an antinociceptive assay using mice. Various doses and duration of pain-killing effect of the drugs were examined.

Methods Quackenbush Strain mice (male, 5-week-old, approximately 30 g live weight) were used for the experiments. Animals were given free access to food and water prior to and during the experiment. Animals were divided into groups of 12 and individually weighed. The mean weight for each group was calculated. Mice were then placed on a metal block heated to 50'C and the time taken for the animals to show signs of discomfort was measured (baseline response; control). Mice were then injected intraperitoneally (ip) with various doses of Morphine or Morphine-fatty acid conjugate. Morphine was made up in a H 2 0 solution and Morphine-fatty acids were made up in an emulsion containing 10 glycerylmonooleate, 21% Mliglyol, 6 ethanol, 24 Tween 80 and 39% H20. 0.2 ml of appropriate solution was injected ip into each mouse. At different times after injection, responses on the heated plate were measured. In each experiment 3 doses of Morphine and Morphine-fatty acid and 2 time points were tested. A single mouse was used for each treatment and the entire experiment repeated at least 3 times.

All responses of the animals were filmed, and in some cases mice behaviour was assessed by an independent panel who did not know what treatment the mice had received. Members of the panel were asked to score mice behaviour according to the following key: 0 agitated mouse, distressed 1 showing mild discomfort 2 not agitated or uncomfortable but still alert 3 placid. docile; not at all worried.

Results from the panel were averaged.

Coordination of mice after treatment was also assessed by placing treated animals on a Rotor-Rod at 1.6 rpm. The ability of animals to stay on the rod was assessed.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 58 Results Experiment 1. Effect of Morphine and Morphine-Suc-GTP 2 10 Morphine/kg) on mice at 1 and 4 hr after injection.

Four replicates of this experiment were analysed by an analysis of variance. There was not significant difference between the different doses examined within drugs. However, when the results of the different doses of each drug were pooled, differences were found (Table TABLE 10. Time responses and behaviour scores of mice 1 and 4 hr after ip injection of Morphine or Morphine-Suc-GTP 2 Results presented are the mean SEM, 12 mice in each group.

Compound Time Response SEM Behaviour Score SEM (sec) 1 hr 4 hr 1 hr 4 hr Morphine 32.7±2.74 28.2±2.74 2.46±0.166 1.93±0.166 Morphine-Suc-GTP 2 26.7±2.74 31.2±2.74 2.34±0.166 2.35±0.166 Results were analysed by an analysis of variance.

p 0.13 for the time responses; p 0.11 for the behaviour scores.

Both the time response and behaviour score data shows that Morphine-Suc-GTP 2 is having a longer lasting pain-killing effect than unconjugated morphine. Mice treated with Morphine-Suc-GTP 2 were also tested for coordination. At 1 and 4 hr after injection they were able to stay on the rotor-rod, as were morphine treated animals. This indicates that Morphine-Suc-GTP 2 does not affect the coordination of the test animals and is producing a true pain-killing effect.

Experiment 2. Time Course of Morphine and Morphine-Suc-GTP 2 activity at 5 mg Mo/kg.

A slow release of Morphine from Morphine-Suc-GTP 2 is indicated as there is little activity 1 hr after injection but an increase at 4 and 6 hr (Table 11). Morphine shows maximal activity at 1 hr and decreased with time.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 59 Table 11. Mean time response of mice 1, 4 and 6 after ip injection of morphine or Morphine-Suc-GTP 2 (5 mg Mo/kg).

Time Mean Time Response (sec) (hr) Morphine Mo-Suc-GTP 2 1 27.8 24.0 (4) 4 23.9 30.5 (8) 6 20.0 27.8 (4) number of replicates Experiment 3. Effect of morphine and Mo-Suc-GTP 3 (1 and 10 mg Mo/kg) on mice at 4 and 6 hr after injection.

Mo-Suc-GTP 3 also displays a longer lasting effect than morphine (Table 12) Table 12. Mean time responses of mice 4 and 6 hr after ip injection of morphine or Mo-Suc-GTP 3 Results presented are the mean time response (sec) and 4 replicates of the experiment were performed.

Dose Morphine Mo-Suc-GTP 3 mg Mo/kg 4 hr 6 hr 4 hr 6 hr 1 23.2 20.8 23.5 27.8 23.0 24.2 29.8 29.0 Standard error of each mean ±2.86 Discussion The conjugation of Morphine to GTP 2 allowed pain-killing activity and did not affect gross motor activity in mice. Morphine-GTP 2 has a slowrelease delivery profile and a longer lasting pain-killing effect than the parent drug, morphine. Morphine-Suc-GTP 3 displayed a similar effect.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 Example 14

L-DOPA

The biological activities of L-DOPA and L-DOPA-GTP 2 were tested in an animal model of Parkinsons' disease, a condition caused by low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. Mice were pretreated with reserpine which depletes dopamine and causes animals to become catatonic.

The ability of L-DOPA and L-DOPA-GTP 2 to reverse this condition was measured.

Methods Quackenbush Strain mice (male, 5-week-old, approximately 30 g live weight) were used for the experiments. Animals were given free access to food and water prior to and during the experiment. Mice were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with reserpine (5 mg/kg) and 4 hours later tested for catatonia. A mouse was judged to be catatonic if it was able to stay on a stopper of 4.5 cm diameter for 5 minutes. Catatonic animals were then injected ip with L-DOPA or L-DOPA-GTP 2 suspended in Miglyol (200-400 ul/mouse) immediately before use and observed.

Results Experiment 1. Anti-Reserpine Activity of L-DOPA.

After the administration of L-DOPA to catatonic mice, all animals became active when given doses of 364 mg/kg or higher (Table 13). The level of activity was high compared to normal mice. Animals had a jerky gait and show toxic effects of L-DOPA such as rearing, salivating and jumping.

N

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 61 TABLE 13. Anti-reserpine activity of L-DOPA.

remained catatonic; very active L-DOPA moiety Response at 15 min.

(mg/kg) mouse 1 mouse 2 9.1 91 364 637 910 Experiment 2. Anti-Reserpine activity of L-DOPA and L-DOPA-GTP 2 L-DOPA caused catatonic mice to become very active (Table 14) as previously observed in Experiment 1. Animals which received miglyol only and low doses of L-DOPA-GTP 2 (9.1 and 91 mg DOPA/kg) did not recover.

Mice which received higher doses of L-DOPA-GTP 2 (364 and 637 mg DOPA/kg) showed signs of recovery at 7 and 5 hr after administration, respectively. These animals moved slowly and sporadically and did not exhibit the high activity level and toxic effects that treatment with L-DOPA caused. These results indicate that L-DOPA-GTP 2 has the ability to form dopamine in catatonic mice brains. A slow release is suggested by the time taken for a response to occur and the nature of the response (slow movements at 5 to 8 hr versus over-active mouse at 20 minutes).

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 62 Table 14 Anti-Reserpine Activity of L-DOPA and L-DOPA-GTP 2 no response; very active; M moving slowly number of animals in treatment.

Discussion

L-DOPA-GTP

2 has the ability to reverse reserpine-induced catatonia in mice. A slow release effect is shown after administration of L-DOPA-GTP 2 and toxic effects seen with L-DOPA were not evident.

Example Tumour Cytotoxicity Model Test of Methotrexate and Chlorambucil and their fatty acid conjugates: Protocol Groups of C57 black mice were given an initiation dose of 2 x 105 B16 melanoma cells as an intradermal injection. The cells were suspended in MEM without serum. The abdomen was clipped and 100 pl of cells MEM was injected. At 8-10 days after injection, spots of growing B16 tumours were seen at the injection site. The tumours were measured with a micrometer and photographed just prior to the injection of drug (day 8-10).

0 WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 63 The cytotoxic drugs and their fatty acid conjugates were dissolved or suspended in 4:1 soy bean oil ethyl oleate. A 10 mg/ml or a solution of each parent drug or the fatty acid conjugate made to the same molar concentration as the parent drug was then injected into the same region as the tumour at a dose of 0.5mg or 1mg. The tumours were then photographed, measured and re-injected every two to three days.

Tumour growth rates are shown in Table 15 and a statistical analysis of the effect of drug and drug conjugates is set out in Table 16.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 64 Table 15. The effect of drug and drug conjugates on B16 Tumour Volume

(MM

3 in C5 7 mice.

pTreatment Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Drug Vehicle/i 6.3 26 54 99.3 174 0 Vellicle/2 14.1 142 138.7 261.8 419 0 Vehlicle/3 19.8 14.1 254.1 410.3 780 0 Vehicle/4 22.4 55.9 158.1 290.4 473 0 MITX/1 0.5 13.6 73.5 125.1 190 MTX/2 3.8 4.2 14.1 14.1 21 MTX/3 14.1 30.4 86.0 215.0 234 MTX/4 26 86 219.4 266.5 5150.m MITXGTPJ1l 0.5 0 0 0 0 MTXGTPJ/2 0.5 0 11.8 19.8 26 MTXGTP2/3 2.7 0 0 0 0 MTXGTPJ/4 16.6 16.6 64.5 77.6 1130.g

MTXGTP

2 /5 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 14 MTXGTP2/6 8.2 10.8 21.8 46.8 50 MTXGTPJ/7 8.2 0 0 0 0 MTXGTP2/8 10.8 30.4 142.5 261.8 379 Chlor/i 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 Chlor/2 1.8 0 0 0 0 Chlor/3 8.2 21.8 7.7 7.7 5.9 Chlor/4 16.6 38.3 108.4 125.1 174.1 GGTP,/i 0.5 0.3 11.8 19.8 21.8 CGTP2/2 1.0 1 19.1 13.6 35.1 CGTP2/3 2.7 0 0.0 0 0 CGP/ 14.1 2.7.4 182.8 167.4 152.8 5 0 0 0 0 CGTP2/6 5 7.7 38.3 61.6 92.6 CGTPJ/7 8.2 .32.7 111.9 108.4 254.1 CGTP2/8 38.3 7Z3.5 174.1 2403 215.0 MTX Methotrexate Chl or or Chlorambucil **GTP2 Gly-Tris-Dipalmitate to /8 indicates individual mouse number i.e. CGTP 2 /4 CGTP 2 mouse number 4 WO 96/22303 PCTAU96OOO15 Table 16.

Means and standard errors of B16 tumour volumes on C57 mice. The value at each measurement date is adjusted for the variation in initial volume.

TREATMENT

13/11/95 15/11/95 16/11/95 17/11/95 8.33 (1.21) Vehicle 3.58 (0.533) 5.36 (0.8340) 6.69 (1.00) Chlorambucil

CGTP

2

CGTP

2

MTXGTP

2 MTXGTP2 Methotrexate 3.01 (0.610) 3.29 (0.955) 3.46 (1.15) 3.65 (1.38) 2.39 (0.523) 2.58 (0.523) 2.04 (0.565) 2.30 (0.536) 3.58 (0.610) 4.07 (0.881) 3.89 (0.819) 3.37 (0.884) 3.40 (0.839) 5.47 (0.955) 4.84 (1.06) 4.23 (0.98) 3.76 (1.06) 4.13 (1.01) 6.07 (1.15) 4.90 (1.28) 4.84 (1.19) 4.03 (1.28) 4.89 (1.22) 7.24 (1.38) Units are statistically modified tumour volume; figures in brackets are SD. All results are significant at the 95% level except that MTX is not significantly different from control. All others are sign. diff, from control but not from each other.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 66 The results show:- 1. There was no significant difference between the Vehicle and the Methotrexate (MTX) treated mice.

2. There was a significant difference between the vehicle/ MTX and the

MTXGTP

2 conjugates at the two different concentrations but there was no difference between the two conjugate groups.

3. There was a significant difference between the Vehicle and the chlorambucil,

CGTP

2 (0.5mg) and CGTP 2 (1.0mg) groups.

4. There was no difference between the chlorambucil group and the two conjugate groups or these with each other.

High toxicity was observed in chlorambucil test group (3 out of 7 mice died); no toxicity was observed with any other test group.

6. While there is no apparent advantage in cytotoxicity of chlorambucil conjugates compared to free chlorambucil the lower toxicity of the conjugates would offer a therapeutic advantage.

Conclusion The present inventors have shown that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs when modified by the addition of one to three acyl derivatives of fatty acids exhibit prolonged activity compared to the unmodified parent when applied transdermally see International Patent Application No. PCT/AU94/00440 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). The present inventors have now shown that other therapeutic agents when modified in a similar manner are biologically active and show altered activuty compared to the un modified drugs.

WO 96/22303 PCT/AU96/00015 67 It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.

Claims

1. A compound of the following formula:- CH 2 0 R1 X Y -[AA]n-NH C B CH20 R2 in which X is a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3 R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R1, R2 and R3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

2. A compound as claimed in claim 1 in which X is hydrocortisone or cortisone.

3. A compound as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid, AA is not present or is glycine or alanine and the linkage is via the hydroxyl group at position 21. 25 4. A compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA]n NH CH2 CH20 R4 .0 in which X is a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or 30 drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid. A compound as claimed in claim 4 in which X is hydrocortisone or cortisone. *-0 l N

6. A compound as claimed in claim 4 or claim 5 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid, AA is not present or is glycine or alanine and the linkage is via the hydroxyl group at position 21.

7. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs including administering the compound in the form:- R1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B CH 2 0 R2 in which X is a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a linker group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3 R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R1, R2 and R3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

8. A method as claimed in claim 7 in which X is hydrocortisone or cortisone.

9. A method as claimed in claim 7 or claim 8 in which Y is a 25 dicarboxylic acid, AA is not present or is glycine or alanine and the linkage is via the hydroxyl group at position 21. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs including administering the 3 compound in the form:- X Y [AA]n NH CH2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the corticosterone family of hormones or drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and dX R4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

11. A method as claimed in claim 10 in which X is hydrocortisone or cortisone.

12. A method as claimed in claim 10 or claim 11 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid, AA is not present or is glycine or alanine and the linkage is via the hydroxyl group at position 21.

13. A compound of the following formula:- CH20 R1 X Y -[AA]n-NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the morphine family and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group eg the hydroxyl group at the 3 or 6 position Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

14. A compound as claimed in claim 13 in which X is morphine 25 modified at the 3 or 6 position, Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present o* or is glycine or alanine. A compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA] NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the morphine family and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group at the 3 or 6 position !Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid. 7

16. A compound as claimed in claim 15 in which X is morphine modified at the 3 or 6 position, Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine.

17. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound of the morphine family including administering the compound in the form:- CH 2 0 R1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the morphine family and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group at the 3 or the 6 position Y is a linker group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

18. A method as claimed in claim 17 in which X is morphine modified at the 3 or 6 position, Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine.

19. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound of the 25 morphine family including administering the compound in the form:- X Y NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the morphine family and is linked to Y 30 via an hydroxyl group at the 3 or the 6 position Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid. A method as claimed in claim 20 in which X is morphine modified at the 3 or 6 position, Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine. r 8

21. A compound of the following formula:- R1 X Y [AA]n-NH C B R2 in which X is an antiviral nucleoside and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

22. A compound as claimed in claim 21 in which X is AZT.

23. A compound as claimed in claim 21 or 22 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine.

24. A compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA]n- NH CH 2 CH20 R 4 25 in which X is an antiviral nucleoside and is linked to Y via an :hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid. 30 25. A compound as claimed in claim 24 in which X is AZT.

26. A compound as claimed in claim 24 or 25 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine. C. 9* m

27. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of an antiviral nucleoside including administering the antiviral nucleoside in the form:- CH 2 0 R1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B R2 in which X is an antiviral nucleoside and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a linker group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

28. A method as claimed in claim 27 in which X is AZT.

29. A method as claimed in claim 27 or 28 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of an antiviral nucleoside including administering the antiviral nucleoside in the form:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is an antiviral nucleoside and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and 30 R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

31. A method as claimed in claim 30 in which X is AZT.

32. A method as claimed in claim 30 or 31 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine. R

33. A compound of the following formula:- R1 X Y [AA]n-NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

34. A compound as claimed in claim 33 in which X is cyclosporin C. A compound as claimed in claim 33 or 34 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine.

36. A compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs and is 25 linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

37. A compound as claimed in claim 36 in which X is cyclosporin C. 30 38. A compound as claimed in claim 36 or 37 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine. 9*

39. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound of the cyclosporin family of drugs including administering the compound in the form:- CH20 R1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a linker group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R1, R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid. A method as claimed in claim 39 in which X is cyclosporin C.

41. A method as claimed in claim 39 or 40 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine.

42. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound of the cyclosporin family of drugs including administering the compound in the form:- X Y [AA]n- NH CH 2 CH20 R 4 in which X is a member of the cyclosporin family of drugs and is linked to Y via an hydroxyl group Y is a spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

43. A method as claimed in claim 42 in which X is cyclosporin C.

44. A method as claimed in claim 42 or 43 in which Y is a dicarboxylic acid and AA is not present or is glycine or alanine. A compound of the following formula:- CH 2 0 R1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B CH 2 0 R2 in which X is a member of the folate antagonist family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

46. A compound as claimed in claim 45 in which X is methotrexate, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond preferably to the y-carboxyl of the glutamyl moiety of methotrexate.

47. A compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the folate antagonist family and is linked to Y via either a carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and 30 R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

48. A compound as claimed in claim 47 in which X is methotrexate, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic a acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond preferably to the y-carboxyl of the glutamyl moiety of methotrexate. N J

49. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound of the folate antagonist family including administering the compound in the form:- R1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B I- R2 in which X is a member of the folate antagonist family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3 R1, R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid. A method as claimed in claim 49 in which X is methotrexate, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond preferably to the y-carboxyl of the glutamyl moiety of methotrexate.

51. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound of the folate antagonist family including administering the compound in the form:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the folate antagonist family and is linked to Y via a carboxyl group 30 Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

52. A method as claimed in claim 51 in which X is methotrexate, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond preferably to the y-carboxyl of the glutamyl moiety of methotrexate.

53. A compound of the following formula:- CH20 R1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the DOPA family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group or amino group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

54. A compound as claimed in claim 53 in which X is DOPA, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group.

55. A compound of the following formula:- 25 X Y [AA 1 n NH CH 2 CH20 R 4 in which X is a member of the DOPA family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group or amino group Y is an optional spacer group 30 AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

56. A compound as claimed in claim 55 in which X is DOPA, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group. 79

57. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound of the DOPA family including administering the compound in the form:- R1 X Y [AA]n-NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the DOPA family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group or amino group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

58. A method as claimed in claim 57 in which X is DOPA, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group.

59. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound of the DOPA family including administering the compound in the form:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R 4 in which X is a member of the DOPA family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group or amino group Y is an optional spacer group 30 AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid. A method as claimed in claim 59 in which X is DOPA, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine, and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group.

61. A compound of the following formula:- R1 X Y [AA]n -NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the chlorambucil family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH20O-R 3 R 1 R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

62. A compound as claimed in claim 61 in which X is chlorambucil, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group.

63. A compound of the following formula:- X Y [AA]n NH CH 2 CH20 R4 25 in which X is a member of the chlorambucil family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid. 30 64. A compound as claimed in claim 63 in which X is chlorambucil, Y S* is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound which is a member of the chlorambucil family including administering the compound in the form:- CH20 R1 X Y -[AA]n -NH C B R2 in which X is a member of the chlorambucil family and is linked to Y via the carboxyl group Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to B is H or CH 2 0-R 3 R1, R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or an acyl group derived from a fatty acid, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 R 2 and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid.

66. A method as claimed in claim 65 in which X is chlorambucil, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group.

67. A method of prolonging or altering the activity of a compound which is a member of the chlorambucil family including administering the 25 compound in the form:- X Y NH CH 2 CH20 R4 in which X is a member of the chlorambucil family and is linked to 30 Y via the carboxyl group S. Y is an optional spacer group AA is an amino acid; n is a number from 0 to 5, and :I :R 4 is an acyl group derived from a fatty acid. 82

68. A method as claimed in claim 67 in which X is chlorambucil, Y is absent, an amino acid, glycolic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid or lactic acid, AA is not present or glycine or alanine and the linkage is either an amide bond or an ester bond to the carboxyl group. Dated this 6th day of May 1999 Commowealili Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Patent Attorneys for the Applicant: F BRICE &CO Soo: 0@0 *00,