AU693424B2 - Sulphur dioxide film - Google Patents
Sulphur dioxide filmInfo
- Publication number
- AU693424B2 AU693424B2 AU53665/94A AU5366594A AU693424B2 AU 693424 B2 AU693424 B2 AU 693424B2 AU 53665/94 A AU53665/94 A AU 53665/94A AU 5366594 A AU5366594 A AU 5366594A AU 693424 B2 AU693424 B2 AU 693424B2
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- acid
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- sulphur dioxide
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Description
Sulphur Dioxide Film
The present invention relates to a film which releases sulphur dioxide, and in particular to the use of such films in packaging materials.
Sulphites are commonly used as preservatives in food and other industries. They have been used to prevent enzymic and non-enzymic browning as well as growth of spoilage microorganisms, for over two thousand years. Despite this long history of use sulphur dioxide can cause severe respiratory disfunction in asthmatics and its reaction with components of biological systems has led to concern that its use as a preservative may be harmful to health. Toxicity of sulphur dioxide to the human respiratory system has received considerable attention since it was demonstrated that it is a major contributor to smogs. Inhalation of sulphur dioxide may severely increase resistance to pulmonary flow which in susceptible people such as asthmatics may have fatal consequences.
These concerns have led to sulphite being removed from the "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) list and for organisations such as the US National Restaurant Association to ask its members to discontinue sodium bisulphite use.
Australia exports many foods containing sulphur dioxide, fresh grapes, dried tree fruits and wine are examples. The maximum permitted level of sulphur dioxide in dried tree fruits in Australia is 3000 mg SO2·kg-1 which is higher than the levels permitted in some of the countries to which the fruit are
exported. Some products containing sulphite at levels above the importing permitted levels have been
confiscated.
Furthermore there is pressure by health authorities and legislators to further reduce the permitted levels
of sulphite in foods.
Therefore the need exists to find ways by which the levels of sulphite in foods may be reduced or eliminated.
Packaging materials incorporating a sulphur
dioxide-liberating sulphite(s) have now been proposed which liberate sulphur dioxide upon permeation of water vapour. By avoiding the direct contact of the sulphite compounds with the produce, these materials offer a higher level of safety. However, to be useful these materials must be able to generate sulphur dioxide over extended periods so as to compensate for the loss of sulphur dioxide caused by its reactivity with food components such as oxygen.
European Patent Specification No. 0351636 describes one example of this kind of packaging material. The packaging material comprises two sheets of synthetic or other material pervious to water vapour and sulphur dioxide, laminated together with a suitable substance such as paraffin wax. Dispersed within the laminating substance is a material which, in the presence of
moisture, liberates sulphur dioxide. This packaging material does however, have a number of disadvantages including a rather complex manufacture and a limited range of applications. Further, the packaging material described does not allow for the fact that different types of produce consume sulphur dioxide at varying rates and thus, the packaging material may not be
suitable for some types of produce.
The present inventors have now developed a
packaging material which aims to provide advantages over the prior art or ameliorate at least one of the
disadvantages mentioned above.
Thus, in a first aspect the present invention
provides a polymeric film material for use in the
packaging of produce incorporating a sulphur
dioxide-liberating compound(s) and one or more of the following additives:
- an acid compound(s);
- a hygroscopic compound(s);
- a polymer(s) which degrades to produce an acid;
- a compound(s) which becomes or generates an acid or acidic gas in a humid environment;
wherein the amount and identity(ies) of the additive(s) are selected to provide a predetermined, controlled rate of sulphur dioxide liberation.
Suitable sulphur dioxide-liberating compounds for use in the present invention include those listed by the United States Food and Drug Administration under 21 CFR Ch.1 - Part 182, including sodium sulphite, sodium hydrogen sulphite, sodium metabisulphite. Other
suitable sulphur dioxide-liberating compounds include calcium sulphite, calcium hydrogen sulphite, calcium metabisulphite, salts of thiosulphuric acid and organic sulphur dioxide-liberating agents. Mixtures of these materials may also be suitable. For produce sensitive to salt damage, it is preferable to use non-hygroscopic salts such as calcium sulphite.
Suitable acid compound(s) may vary depending upon the other components, but may include those acidulants typically used in food processing such as stearic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, sorbic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid and their salts. Mixtures comprising stearic acid can also be useful because the stearic acid acts as a coupling agent between the other acid(s) and the polymer and sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s). The identity(ies) and quantity of the acid(s) used can be selected to achieve a predetermined rate of sulphur dioxide liberation. This may be achieved because
moisture permeating through the film results in the generation of hydrogen ions from the acid compound(s), which in turn positively influences the liberation of sulphur dioxide from the sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s). The amount of hydrogen ions generated is related to the amount and the dissociation constant of the acid compound(s) present in the film.
Suitable hygroscopic compounds include hygroscopic salts such as salts of acetic acid, salts of
hydrochloric acid, salts of carbonic acid, polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol and propylene glycol and hygroscopic polymers. These compounds may be used to control the sulphur dioxide liberation rate because they absorb moisture which, in turn, triggers the liberation of sulphur dioxide.
Suitable polymers which degrade to produce an acid include neoprene, poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and co-polymers, poly(anhydrides) and poly(ortho-esters).
Other materials, such as anhydrides, lactones or lactide, which become acid in a humid environment, may also be used to achieve a predetermined, controlled liberation of sulphur dioxide due to their different rates of hydrolysis and different acidities.
Suitable polymers for the production of the films include members of the polyolefin family due to their high permeability to sulphur dioxide. Low temperature processing, low density polyethylene are particularly preferred polyolefins (e.g. Compol 4202 and LDPE 4203). Other polymers with acid functional groups such as acid co-polymers EAA or EMAA may also be suitable carriers of the sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s). These polymers have superior adhesion to aluminium foil and greater toughness when compared to LDPE. Polymers such as poly(vinyl chloride), ethylene-vinyl alcohol,
cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose or starch may also be
used. Ionomers such as Dupont's SURLYN resins may also be used. However, the most preferred polymer is poly (vinyl alcohol) due to the high loadings of sulphur dioxide-liberating compounds that can be achieved with this polymer. Poly (vinyl alcohol) is also
biodegradable and recyclable.
The polymeric film material according to the invention may be a single-layer or multi-layer film. In the case of multi-layer films, the sulphur
dioxide-liberating compound(s) and one or more
additive(s), may be present within each or separate layers of the film. This latter arrangement offers an advantage in that direct contact between the produce and the layer containing the sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s) may be avoided. Further, poly (vinyl alcohol) films need to be made from aqueous solutions. The addition of the sulphur dioxide-liberating
compound(s) and the additive(s) to the aqueous poly (vinyl alcohol) solution can cause an unwanted release of sulphur dioxide. This difficulty may be overcome by producing a multi-layer film wherein the film layers containing the sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s) or additive(s) are made separately, and subsequently laminated together. A similar result may be
achieved where one or more of the layers used comprises paper or other porous material.
Thus, in a second aspect the present invention provides a material for use in packaging of produce, comprising at least two laminated layers, wherein at least one layer incorporates a sulphur
dioxide-liberating compound(s) and at least one other layer incorporates one or more of the following
additives:
- an acid compound(s);
- a hygroscopic compound(s),
- a polymer(s) which degrades to produce an acid;
- a compound(s) which becomes or generates an acid or acidic gas in a humid environment;
the arrangement and characteristics of the layers being such that the additive(s) cause or influence the
liberation of sulphur dioxide.
Preferably, the packaging material according to the second aspect of the invention comprises at least two laminated polymeric film layers. More preferably, it comprises at least two laminated poly (vinyl alcohol) film layers. Again, the amount and identity(ies) of the additive(s) may be selected to provide a predetermined, controlled rate of sulphur dioxide liberation.
The invention further relates to a method for producing a multi-layer film or material according to the first or second aspect, comprising separately forming at least one layer incorporating the sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s) and at least one layer incorporating the one or more additives, and thereafter laminating the film layers together.
Polymeric film materials according to either aspect of the invention may be used to wrap the produce prior to surrounding with typical packaging material such as corrugated cardboard to provide greater mechanical strength. Alternatively, the polymeric film materials may be used as a lining for typical packaging material .
As used herein the term "produce" is used in its broadest sense and is intended to cover all forms of produce including but not limited to wine, flowers, grapes, dried fruits such as apricots, peaches and pears, marine produce in particular prawns, cut flowers and the like.
The materials of the present invention are also useful in reducing peroxide in cases where peroxide is used to sterilise the film or where hydrogen peroxide is
formed in oxygen scavenging applications, for example those applications using oxidation of ascorbic acid. The sulphur dioxide saps up hydrogen peroxide.
It may also be advantageous to include oxidant agent (s) in the film or material. Suitable oxidants include copper sulphate and iron sulphate.
In order that the nature of the present invention may be more clearly understood, preferred forms thereof will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLE 1: FILM FABRICATION
Sample Preparation
All films were prepared at room temperature and under ambient conditions in a fume cupboard. All contact surfaces including polymers and other additives were dry, and sulphite salts were micronised to (about 20μ .
Cellulose acetate films
1. Cellulose acetate powder was mixed with glycerol and then the mixture was dissolved in acetone in a conical flask. A mechanical stirrer Janke & Kunel
IKA-WERK was used continuously for at least 8 hours. The resulting solution was clear and very viscous.
2. An organic acidulant was added and dissolved into the solution.
3. An inorganic salt (calcium sulphite or sodium disulphite), which had been previously dried and ground, was suspended in the solution.
4. The film was cast onto a glass plate with the solution using a glass rod as a screed.
5. The film was dried in the fume cupboard at room temperature.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films
1. Ethanol was added to PVC powder (Corvic) in a conical flask and mixed thoroughly. At this stage the
polymer was wetted and may be swollen.
2. Tetrahydrofuran was added to the polymer. The mixture was stirred intensively for at least 6 hours. At this stage, the solution was clear and very viscous. No particles were visually detectable inside the
solution.
3. An organic acidulant was added and dissolved in the solution.
4. An inorganic sulphite salt, which was previously dried and ground, was suspended into the solution.
5. A film was cast onto a glass plate with the
solution using a glass rod as a screed.
6. The film was dried in a fume cupboard at room temperature.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) films
1. PVOH was dissolved in water using a microwave oven to heat the mixture to the boiling point. The mixture was stirred with a glass rod to remove large lumps. At this stage, the solution is very viscous but not very clear and small particles are visually detectable.
Continuous stirring over a water bath for at least 8 hours clarifies the solution.
2. An inorganic sulphite salt was either suspended (for calcium sulphite) or dissolved (for sodium
disulphite) into the solution over the water bath.
3. A film was cast onto a PVC board with the solution using a glass rod.
4. The sulphite salt-containing film was dried at room temperature in a fume cupboard.
5. A film containing an organic acidulant was made in the same fashion.
6. Contact between the acidulant and the sulphite salt films was avoided until they were dry to touch.
7. For two-layer-films, an acidulant film and a sulphite salt film can be ironed together at temperature
around 200ºC for 2-3 seconds. A laminating machine (Bench-Top Rotary Printing and Coating Machine - RK Print Coat Instruments) may be used to make the two layers contact better.
8. Three-layer-films were made in an analagous manner.
Alternatively, films according to the invention may be cast using vented extruders fitted with a Blown film die (1") and film take-off tower. The take-off tower governs the rate at which the blown film is drawn from the die, thereby controlling film thickness.
C. Examples of films
Specific recipes for films are provided in Tables 1-4.
Method for Determining the Liberation Rate of Sulphur Dioxide
The same procedure was used for determining the liberation rate of sulphur dioxide at both temperatures (i.e. 0°C and 15°C) tested.
Air from a cylinder is passed through Fisher
Mulligan wash bottles. The first bottle is filled with water and the second is filled with potassium sulfate to provide constant relative humidity (approximately 98%). The air is then passed through two test tubes connected in series at approximately 30ml/min. The film or material to be tested is placed in the first test tube and the second test tube is filled with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Released sulphur dioxide will be absorbed and oxidized to sulfuric acid. The resulting acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide.
EXAMPLE 2: MEASUREMENT OF SULPHOR DIOXIDE LIBERATION RATES FROM FILMS
Liberation rates of sulphur dioxide from various films according to the invention were tested using the method described in Example 1. Other sulphur
dioxide-liberating materials (i.e. Kraft paper, UVAS
sachet) were tested using the same method for
comparison. Results are presented in Tables 5-7.
Table 5 shows that three-layer poly (vinyl alcohol) films using ascorbic acid and benzoic acid produced a low level of sulphur dioxide liberation. In contrast, the same film construction using lactone showed a vastly greater sulphur dioxide liberation over the duration of the experiment (80.7 days). Steady state release of sulphur dioxide was achieved with this film after about 21 days.
Table 6 shows that in single layer PVC films, greater levels of sulphur dioxide liberation with citric acid and a citric acid-succinic acid mixture than with succinic acid alone. Two-layer poly (vinyl alcohol) demonstrated much higher rates of liberation than the PVC single layer films. The use of citric acid in the poly (vinyl alcohol) gave greater rates of release than with succinic acid.
Table 7 provides results of three-layer poly (vinyl alcohol) at 15 C. Film including citric acid showed very high rates of liberation for 22.9 days. Film including succinic acid showed a steadily increasing rate of liberation over the duration of the experiment (92.2 days).
It can be appreciated from the results presented in Tables 5-7 that films or materials according to the present invention may be tailored to provide a sulphur dioxide liberation rate suitable for different produce having widely varying requirements. For example, for grapes and freshly cut potatoes, the liberation rate may be ca. 30 mg of sulphur dioxide per kilogram of produce per day. Some grapes such as the thick skinned Ohanez may require a lower rate whereas thinner skinned
Thompson seedless would require a higher rate of
liberation. For wines the liberation rate may be aboubt
2mg per litre per day.
TOXICITY AND APPLICATIONS
The use of sulphur dioxide is generally regarded as being without any toxicity hazard at the usual levels but it does pose an important nutritional problem. The bisulphite (hydrogen sulphite) ion reacts readily and destructively, with the vitamin thiamine. Vegetables such as potatoes which are often stored in sulphite solutions at intermediate stages of processing will lose considerable proportions of their thiamine content. A further investigation by the user would be to determine that the foodstuffs packaged by this material are not the major source of thiamine.
A further drawback to the use of sulphite/SO2 is taste. Above 500 ppm most people are aware of its disagreeable flavour and some can detect it
at much lower levels. Some white wines are actually characterised by their slight sulphur dioxide flavour.
Sensitive asthmatics can suffer adverse reactions to sulphites/sulphur dioxide.
Other applications of the invention include:
- cut potato storage to prevent browning
- shrimp storage to prevent shrimp melanosis
"black spot"
- Geofilms
- Lamination of structures in marine/aquatic environment
- Antifouling of marine/freshwater aquaculture nets
- Agricultural films e.g. mulch films
- Wine casks to prevent secondary fermentation and oxidation
- Dried fruit to prevent discoloration.
SHRIMP MELANOSIS
Shrimp melanosis, commonly termed "black spot", is a surface discoloration caused by enzymatic formation of
precursor compounds which can polymerize spontaneously and/or react with cellular constituents to form
insoluble pigments. This results in a cosmetic problem analogous to browning of potatoes, apples, avocados and grape juice resulting in reduced commercial value and consumer acceptance of the products. The endogenous shrimp enzyme, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) which catalyzes the initial step in black spot formation, remains active throughout post-harvest processing unless the shrimp are frozen or cooked. The PPO activity can resume in raw shrimp upon thawing. Likewise, the detrimental black pigments persist through processing and preparation unless bleached or marked.
Sulphiting agents were introduced in the 1950's to inhibit blackspot formation. Treatment of shrimp is by dipping them into a 1/25% sodium metabisulphite solution with an allowable sulphite residual of 10 ppm.
Currently, this dip procedure is employed on commercial vessels followed by storage on crushed ice or brine freezing of the sulphited shrimp for subsequent
transport and handling.
The present invention has significant impact for storage of the shrimp after the initial dipping
described.
GRAPES
Extended storage of grapes demands the control of decay arising from the infection by Botrytis cinerea spp. Sulfur dioxide is currently the only acceptable chemical to control decay. The chemical is applied to the grapes in commercial practice through a dual release system. The release system consists of kraft paper impregnated with sodium disulphite and a series of sachets containing about 0.3g of sodium disulphite. The migration of water activates the release of sulfur dioxide rapidly from the Kraft paper and more slowly
from the sachets. These release systems are extremely sensitive to condensation and temperature abuse. If the temperature of the grapes is allowed to rise
significantly above 5°C then the pads release the sulphur dioxide rapidly resulting in severe bleaching of the crop and short storage life because there is no sulfur dioxide available in the sachet.
This difficulty is avoided with the present
invention where the liberation of sulphur dioxide is tempered by gentle acidification of the sulphur
dioxide-liberating compound(s). The rate of liberation can be controlled by using different additives.
DRIED FRUIT
It has been found that dried apples when stored with sulphur dioxide-liberating materials retain their white appearance better than dried applies stored without sulphur dioxide-liberating materials.
Accordingly, it is anticipated that the present
invention shall also find application in the
preservation of dried fruits.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific
embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
Claims (26)
1. A polymeric film material for use in packaging of produce, incorporating a sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s) and one or more of the following additives:
- an acid compound(s);
- a hygroscopic compound(s);
- a polymer(s) which degrades to produce an acid;
- a compound(s) which becomes or generates an acid or acidic gas in a humid environment;
wherein the amount and identity(ies) of the additive(s) are selected to provide a predetermined, controlled rate of sulphur dioxide liberation.
2. A polymeric film material according to claim 1, wherein the sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s) is selected from the group consisting of sodium sulphite, sodium hydrogen sulphite, sodium metabisulphite, calcium sulphite, calcium hydrogen sulphite calcium
metabisulphite, salts of thiosulphuric acid, organic sulphur dioxide-liberating agents and mixtures thereof.
3. A polymeric film material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more additives comprises an acid compound(s) selected from the group consisting of stearic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, sorbic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid and their salts .
4. A polymeric film material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more additives comprises citric acid.
5. A polymeric film material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more additives comprises a mixture of acid compounds one of which is stearic acid .
6. A polymeric film material according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more additives comprises a hygroscopic compound(s) selected from the group comprising salts of acetic acid, salts o hydrochloric acid, salts of carbonic acid, glycerol and propylene glycol.
7. A polymeric film material according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more additives comprises a polymer(s) which degrades to produce an acid selected from the group consisting of neoprene,
poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and co-polymers, poly(anhydrides) and poly(ortho-esters).
8. A polymeric film material according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more additives
comprises a compound(s) which becomes acid in a humid environment selected from the group consisting of
anhydrides, lactones and lactides.
9. A polymeric film material according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the film material comprises polymers selected from the group consisting of
polyolefins, poly(vinyl chloride), ethylene-vinyl alcohol, acid functional polymers, cellulose acetate, ethyl
cellulose, starch, ionomers and poly (vinyl alcohol).
10. A polymeric film material according to claim 9, wherein the film material comprises poly (vinyl alcohol).
11. A polymeric film material according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the film material comprises multiple layers of polymeric film.
12. A polymeric film material according to claim 11, wherein the sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s) and the one or more additives are present in different film layers.
13. A material for use in packaging of produce,
comprising at least two laminated layers, wherein at least one layer incorporates a sulphur dioxide-liberating
compound(s) and at least one other layer incorporates one or more of the following additives:
- an acid compound(s);
- a hygroscopic compound(s);
- a polymer(s) which degrades to produce an acid; - a compound(s) which becomes or generates an acid or acidic gas in a humid environment;
the arrangement and characteristics of the layers being such that the additive(s) cause or influence the
liberation of sulphur dioxide.
14. A material according to claim 13, wherein the sulphur dioxide-liberating compound(s) is selected from the group consisting of sodium sulphite, sodium hydrogen sulphite, sodium metabisulphite, calcium sulphite, calcium hydrogen sulphite, calcium metabisulphite, salts of thiosulphuric acid, organic sulphur dioxide-liberating agents, and mixtures thereof.
15. A material according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the one or more additives comprises an acid compound(s) selected from the group consisting of stearic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, sorbic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid and their salts.
16. A material according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the one or more additives comprises citric acid.
17. A material according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the one or more additives comprises a mixture of acid
compounds one of which is stearic acid.
18. A claim according to any one of claims 13 to 17, wherein the one or more additives comprises a hygroscopic compound(s) selected from a group consisting of salts of acetic acid, salts of hydrochloric acid, salts of carbonic acid, glycerol and propylene glycol.
19. A claim according to any one of claims 13 to 18, wherein the one or more additives comprises a polymer(s) which degrades to produce an acid selected from the group consisting of neoprene, poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and copolymers, poly(anhydrides) and
poly(ortho-esters).
20. A material according to any one of claims 13 to 19, wherein the one or more additives comprises a compound(s) which becomes acid in a humid environment selected from the group consisting of anhydrides, lactones and lactides.
21. A material according to any one of claims 13 to 20, which comprises at least two laminated polymeric film layers.
22. A material according to claim 21, wherein the at least two laminated film layers comprise polymers selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, poly (vinyl chloride), ethylene-vinyl alcohol, acid functional
polymers, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, starch, ionomers and poly (vinyl alcohol).
23. A material according to claim 21 wherein the at least two polymeric film layers comprise poly (vinyl alcohol).
24. A claim according to any of claims 13 to 23, wherein the amount and identity(ies) of the additive(s) are selected to provide a predetermined, controlled rate of sulphur dioxide liberation.
25. A method for producing a polymeric film material according to claim 12, comprising separately forming at least one film layer incorporating the sulphur
dioxide-liberating compound(s) and at least one film layer incorporating the one or more additives, and thereafter laminating the film layers together.
26. A method for producing a material according to any one of claims 21 to 24, comprising separately forming at least one layer incorporating the sulphur dioxide
liberating compound(s) and at least one layer
incorporating the one or more additives, and thereafter laminating the film layers together.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU53665/94A AU693424B2 (en) | 1992-10-30 | 1993-10-29 | Sulphur dioxide film |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPL5631 | 1992-10-30 | ||
| AUPL563192 | 1992-10-30 | ||
| AU53665/94A AU693424B2 (en) | 1992-10-30 | 1993-10-29 | Sulphur dioxide film |
| PCT/AU1993/000562 WO1994010233A1 (en) | 1992-10-30 | 1993-10-29 | Sulphur dioxide film |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU5366594A AU5366594A (en) | 1994-05-24 |
| AU693424B2 true AU693424B2 (en) | 1998-07-02 |
Family
ID=25630159
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU53665/94A Ceased AU693424B2 (en) | 1992-10-30 | 1993-10-29 | Sulphur dioxide film |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU693424B2 (en) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2536045A1 (en) * | 1982-11-15 | 1984-05-18 | Gross Peter | System for processing and preserving packaged fruit |
| AU6685394A (en) * | 1993-05-10 | 1994-12-12 | Jiffy Packaging Company Limited | Method and device for protecting articles during transportation and storage |
| AU1610995A (en) * | 1994-03-28 | 1995-10-05 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Method for deactivating enzymes and microorganisms |
-
1993
- 1993-10-29 AU AU53665/94A patent/AU693424B2/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2536045A1 (en) * | 1982-11-15 | 1984-05-18 | Gross Peter | System for processing and preserving packaged fruit |
| AU6685394A (en) * | 1993-05-10 | 1994-12-12 | Jiffy Packaging Company Limited | Method and device for protecting articles during transportation and storage |
| AU1610995A (en) * | 1994-03-28 | 1995-10-05 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Method for deactivating enzymes and microorganisms |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU5366594A (en) | 1994-05-24 |
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