AU689077B2 - A process of making bread using a dough containing a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces. - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention relates to a process for making bread characterized in that a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces which exhibits cold-sensitive fermentation is added to a dough.

Description

OPI DATE 28/02/95 A03P DATE 13/04/95 APPLN. ID 47602/93 PCT NUMBER PCT/JP93/01091 AU9347602 (51) 1f 5(1) Ir WO 95104463.

A21D 8/04 Al (43) j~jf J199S 42JA 16 Q (16.02,1995) (22) ffltORA 19931F894EI(04, 08. 93) (71) 11iEA r (KYOIWA HAKKO KOOYO OO.,LTD.)EJP/JP) 'IOO0 3RMJtf]~4-T06fI'1 Tokyo, ONP (72) REA C )MA KYG0KU, Yasuh isa) (JP/JP3 Ti300-03 JT)Jj854Ibaraki, ONP )III~n@P(K-AWASAKI, 1-ideki)I JP/JPI T 194 X i;(9WW+)j 1 23 1- 12 Tokyo, (JP) zNMC~OIJCHI, Kozo) EJP/JP) (81)rn 689O211 SU (WM) MOUS. 1),N Of~f),P RM (54) Title (54) \AOA0c.V PM~C4!ZSS CC (c &-ecuA \u6tn 0, C'QC9CX (57) Abstract A baking process characterized by adding to a dough a yeast belonging to the genus Saccharontyces and having a fermenting ability sensitive to low temperatures.

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SPECIFICATION

Technical Field This invention relates to a process for making bread being excellent in the specific volume, etc.

Background of the Invention In the bread-making trade, freeze-storage dough (frozen dough) is widely used as a means for the rationalization of production. Very high energy costs are required for freezing, freeze-storage, freeze-transportation, thawing, etc. In order to reduce these energy costs, a dough which is capable of being stored through refrigeration is used [Report by Katsuro Kaitaku Chosa Kenkyu Jigyo (active development investigation project), 36 45 (1990); B C, 26 37 (1990); Basic Knowledge for New Bread Making, 148 180 (July 10, 1988, 7th edition)]. However, the dough capable of being stored through refrigeration poses a problem with respect to the storage stability of the yeast contained in the dough, because the yeast deteriorates during the long-term storage.

Further, fat and oil such as butter, margarine, etc.

are folded into the dough in the production of a Danish pastry, croissants, etc., and the uniform layers of the *jough 2 and the fat and oil are indispensable to making a good product. T'v satisfy this requirement, tht; folding of the fat and oil is ordinarily conducted batchwise. In each batchwise operation, increase in the temperature of the dough and the temperature of the fat and oil affects the extensions of the dough and the folded fat and oil. For this reason, a so-called retarding method is employed in which the freezing is repeatedly carried out in a refrigerator. With the ordinary yeast, fermentation proceeds, and thus the remaining activity of the yeast is lowered at the time when the fermentation is completed. In addition to the deterioration of the yeast due to the storage through refrigeratic n, the bread making by the retarding method involves a lot of problems.

Still further, when an ordinary yest is contained in a refrigeration-storage dough for a domestic purpose (which is mostly packed in a sealed container), the refrigeration storage dough has no storage stability and therefore the dough is degraded. In order to prevent the degradation of the dough, a chemical foaming agent is used instead of the yeast in many cases. Nevertheless, such a dough cannot give a satisfactory bread product in regard to flavor, appearance, etc.

Disclosure of the Invention According to a first embodiment of the invention, there is provided, a process of making bread characterised in that Saccharomyces cerevisiae RZT-3 (FERM BP-3871) i exhibiting cold-sensitive fermentation is added to a dough.

According to a second embodiment of the invention, there is provided, a dough which contains Saccharomyces cerevisiae RZT-3 (FERM BP-3871) exhibiting coldsensitive fermentation.

This invention relates to a process for making bread

V.

B

[N:\LIBFF]0279:SAK -I 3 characterized in that a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces which exhibits cold-sensitive fermentation is added to a dough.

In this invention, any yeast of the genus Saccharomyces can be used so long as it exhibits coldsensitive fermentation.

SIn the present specification, the cold-sensitive fermentation means that the yeast is normally fermented at from 20 to 40 0 C and shows a fermentability which is the one third or below, of that of a commercial yeast at a temperature (O of from -2 to 15 0 C. The yeast used in this invention can be obtained, for example, by the following method. Cells of a commercial yeast (for example, baker's yeast, sake yeast, wine yeast, beer yeast and yeasts of miso and soy sauce) are mutagenized by irradiating with an ultraviolet light, radiation, etc. according to a known mutation-inducing method.

The mutagenized cells are contacted with antibiotics (for examples, antimycin and nystatin), and cultivated at a low temperature of from 10 to 15 0 C. Cells which cannot be proliferated or which exhibit very low proliferation at these low temperatures are selected (primary selection). The strains which are selected in this primary selection include strains which cannot be proliferated or which exhibit very low proliferation because of lack of fermentability or a very low level of fermentability and strains which exhibit low proliferation due to the other causes. From among these strains, selected are the strains which lack fermentability or 4 have a very low level of fermentability at a low temperature of from 2 to 7 0 C (secondary selection). Then, from among the strains selected in the secondary selection, selected are the strains which regain fermentability at a temperature of from to 40 0 C (tertiary selection). Finally, from among the strains selected in the tertiary selection, selected are the strains which exhibit as excellent a fermentability as the ordinary yeast under the fermentation conditions of the bread dough at a temperature of from 20 to 40 0 C (quaternary selection).

A specific example of the strains thus selected is Saccharomyces cerevisiae RZT-3 (hereinafter referred to as "RZT-3 strain").

A method for obtaining RZT-3 strain is described below.

Commercial bread yeast Dia Yeast YST (made by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ytd.; hereinafter referred to as "YST strain") is cultivated in a YPD culture medium comprising 1% of yeast extract, 2% of polypeptone and 2% of glucose at 30 0

C

for 12 hours, and centrifuged to collect cells. The collected cells are suspended in an aqueous solution of 0.067 M potassium dihydrogenphosphate with an absorbance of 1.0, that is, such that the number of cells being 1 x 107 per milliliter. The cell suspension is irradiated with ultraviolet light to the extent that the survival rate is from 1 to 30%, and then subjected to the primary selection.

5 The primary selection is conducted in the following manner. Twenty microliters of the resulting cell suspension is inoculated in 1 ml cf the YPD culture medium and cultivated at 30°C for 12 hours. After the cultivation is completed, cells are collected by centrifugation. The collected cells are cultivated in a nitrogen-free minimum culture medium comprising 0.17% of yeast nitrogen base having no amino acid and no ammonium sulfate (made by Difco) and 1% of glucose at 0 C for 12 hours. After the cultivation is completed, -he cells are re-collected by centrifugation. The collected cells are suspended in 0.9 ml of a YPD culture medium containing 1 x 10-6M antimycin, and cultivated at 10°C for 36 hours.

Further, 10 ,g/ml nystatin is added to the culture, and the culture is allowed to stand at 10°C for 2 hours. The culture is centrifuged to collect cells. The collected cells are spread on a YPD plate culture medium comprising 1% of yeast extract, 2% of polypeptone, 2% of glucose and 2% of agar, and cultivated at 30 0 C for 48 hours to grow colonies.

The grown colonies are selected as follows to thereby obtain RZT-3 strain. The RZT-3 strain was deposited with the Fermentation Research Institute Agency of Industrial Science and Technology on May 26, 1992 in terms of the Budapest Treaty, and has been assigned to Accession No. FERM BP-3871.

The secondary selection is conducted as follows.

The colonies separated in the primary selection are transferred on to a YPG plate culture medium comprising 1% of

I

6 yeast extract, 2% of polypeptone, 3% of glycerol and 2% of agar, and cultivated at 300C for 24 hours to grow colonies. A pigment agar culture medium comprising 0.5% of yeast extract, 1% of peptone, 10% of sucrose, 0.02% of bromocresol purple and 1% of agar is ovelayed on the colonies. The colonies are inoculated at 5 0 C for from 6 to 12 hours. During this time period, the color around the colonies is observed, to select the strains having strong fermentability. That is, the strains having strong fermentability at 50C, change in the color from purple to yellow and the strains which lack fermentability or have low fermentability, do not or slightly change in the color.

The tertiary selection is conducted as follows. The colonies selected in the secondary selection are transferred on a YPG plate culture medium, and cultivated at 300C for 24 hours to grow colonies. The pigment agar culture medium is overlayed on the colonies, and the colonies are cultivated at 300C for 2 hours. The strains having sufficient fermentability (the strains which change in the color around the colonies from purple to yellow) are selected.

The quaternary selection is conducted as follows.

With respect to the strains selected in the tertiary selection, a bread dough is prepared to have the following composition by the following method. The amount of a carbon dioxide gas generated at from -2 to 400C is measured and employed as a criterion for determination of fermentability.

-7 Dough composition: (Parts by weight) Strong flour 100 Sugar Salt 1.2 Water 58 Yeast cells obtained in Example 1 hereinafter 3 Method: Mixing (with a National complete mixer at 100 rpm for 2 minutes) Fermenting (at 30 0 C for 45 minutes) 4- Dividing (35.44g) Allowing to stand (at 10 0 C for 3 hours) Measuring the amount of the carbon dioxide gas which is generated at temperatures shown in Table 1 for 2 hours.

The amount of carbon dioxide gas generated at from -2 to 15°C for 2 hours is measured by a method in which 35.44g of the bread dough are packed in a 100-milliliter conical flask and the carbon dioxide gas generated is moved into a cylinder filled with a saturated NaCl aqueous solution. The amount of the carbon dioxide gas generated at from 20 to 40 0

C

8 is measured with a Fermograph (supplied by ATTO CO., LTD.).

The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Amount of carbon dioxide gas generated (ml) Strain 0 0 C 2.5 0 C 5 0 C 10°C 15 0

C

YST 0.0 0.5 1.1 2.0 14.3 26.0 RZT-3 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.2 2.9 7.1 Amount of carbon dioxide gas generated (ml) Strain 200C 25 0 C 30 0 C 35 0 C 400C YST 65.7 91.7 145.8 190.9 211.2 RZT-3 59.9 93.5 147.9 188.3 221.9 As is apparent from the table, YST strain does not substantially ferment at -2 0 C and 0 C, and the ability of the fermentation is gradually increased at 2.5 0 C or higher.

Meanwhile, RZT-3 strain does not substantially ferment at from -2 to 5 0 C, and the ability of fermentation of RZT-3 strain is approximately one third of that of the YST strain even at 0 C, and is approximately the same as that of the YST strain at 20 0 C or higher.

In the present invention, as the dough to which yeast is added, any dough can be used, so long as the dough is obtained by adding water to a wheat flour and a salt.

Specifically, a dough which is obtained by adding, if 9 necessary, sugar, shortening, butter, skim milk, yeast food and egg to raw materials such as a wheat flour, a salt and fat and oil, is mentioned, and kneading the mixture together with water.

A method for making bread is described hereinafter.

Cultivation of bread yeast Yeast cells which are suitable for making bread can be obtained by cultivating yeast in an ordinary culture medium containing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, an inorganic substance, amino acid and vitamin under aerobic conditions while adjusting the temperature to from 27 to 32 0 C, recovering the cells and washing the recovered cells.

The carbon source to be contained in the culture medium includes, for example, glucose, sucrose, starch hydrolyzate and molasses. Blackstrap molasses is the most preferable.

The nitrogen source to be contained in the culture medium includes, for example, ammonia, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium acetate, urea, yeast extract and corn steep liquor.

The inorganic substance includes, for example, magnesium phosphate and potassium phosphate. The amino acid includes, for example, glutamic acid. The vitamin includes, for example, pantothenic acid and thiamine. Oeeding culture is suitable in the cultivation, 10 Method for making bread The bread dough to be used is obtained by adding, to a wheat flour, a salt, fat and oil, water, the above-obtained yeast and, if necessary, sugar, shortening, butter, skim milk, yeast food and egg. Bread in the form of a loaf of bread, a bun or the like can be made according to the typical method, for example, the straight douch method and the sponge and dough method. The former is a method in which all the raw materials are mixed from the beginning. The latter is a method in which yeast and water are first added to a part of wheat flour to form a sponge mix, and after the completion of the sponge fermentation, the remaining raw materials and mixed with the sponge fermentation.

Specifically, in the straight dough method, all the raw materials are kneaded, then fermented at from 25 to 30 0

C,

divided, benched, molded and packed. The resulting product is subjected to proofing (at form 35 to 42 0 and then baked (at from 200 to 240 0

C).

Separately, in the sponge and dough method, water is added to approximately 70% of the wheat flour used, yeast and yeast food, and the mixture is kneaded and fermented at from to 35 0 C for from 3 to 5 hours. Thereafter, the remaining raw materials (wheat flour, water, salt and shortening) are thereto. The mixture is kneaded, divided, benched, molded and packed. The resulting product is subjected to proofing (at from 35 to 42 0 C) and then baked (at from 200 to 240 0

C).

11 A Danish pastry, croissants, etc. are made, for example, in the following manner.

Water is added to raw materials, that is, a wheat flour, a salt, the above-obtained yeast, sugar, shortening, egg and skim milk, and the mixture is kneaded to form a dough.

Then, fat and oil such as butter, margarine, etc. are put into the dough. Rolling and folding are repeated to make multiple layers of the dough and the fat and oil. The step of folding the fat and oil when the dough is prepared, is called rollingin. The rolling-in can be accomplished by either of two methods. In one method, the raw materials are kneaded at a low kneading temperature of approximately 15 0 C without cooling until the intended number of layers are given. In the other method, during the folding, the difference between the extension, of the dough and the extension of the fat and oil due to the increase in the temperature of dough and the fat and oil damages uniformity of the layers. The other method is the so-called retarding method in which the cooling is conducted several times in a refrigerator or a freezer for the purpose of restoring the properties of the dough during the operation.

The obtained dough is rolled, divided, molded and packed. The resulting dough is subjected to proofing (at from to 39 0 and then baked (at from 190 to 210°C).

12 Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention This invention is illustrated specifically with the use of the following Examples.

Example 1: Cultivation of bread yeast One platinum loopful of RZT-3 cells was inoculated in a 300-milliliter conical flask containing 30 ml of a YPD culture medium, and cultivated at 300C for 24 hours. After the cultivation was completed, the total amount of the culture was put into a 2-liter conical flask equipped with a baffle and containing 270 ml of a molasses culture medium comprising 3% of molasses, 0.193% of urea, 0.046% of potassium dihydrogenphosphate and 2 drops of a deformer, and cultivated at 300C for 24 hours with shaking. After the cultivation was completed, the cells were collected by centrifugation. The cells were washed twice with deionized water. Subsequently, the moisture content was removed to an absorptive ceramic plate to obtain the cells.

Also, YST cells were subjected to the same procedure as the RZT-3 cells.

The thus-obtained yeast cells were used to make bread.

Making bread A loaf of bread was obtained from the following dough composition and by the following method.

13 Dough composition: (parts by weight) Strong flour 100 Sugar Salt 2 Shortening Yeast food 0.1 (Pandia C-500 made by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd.) Yeast cells 2 (RZT-3 strain or YST strain) Water 66 Method: Mixing [low speed (100 rpm) 3 minutes medium speed (190 rpm) 6 minutes high speed (290 rpm) 5 minutes Kneading temperature (280C) Dividing (450g) Storing (5 0 C, 7 days) Benching (room temperature, 15 minutes) Molding (molder) Proofing (40°C, 90%RH, 75 minutes) Baking (220°C, 25 minutes) The fermentability before and after refrigeration (storage at 5 0 C for 7 days) was measured by a Fermograph using of the dough, and the total amount (ml) of the carbon dioxide gas generated at 30 0 C for 2 hours was shown. The 14 refrigeration resistance was calculated by the following equation.

Refrigeration resistance Fermentability (ml) after refrigeration Fermentability (ml) before refrigeration x 100 The results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Fermentability Fermentability St n before after Refrigeration refrigeration refrigeration resistance (ml) (ml) YST 114.6 40.0 34.9 RZT-3 108.9 99.7 91.6 The specific volume of the obtained loaf of bread was measured by a rape seed displacement method. Further, appearance and crumb grain were observed. The results are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Strain Specific volume Evaluation (cm 3 Appearance Crumb grain YST 3.19 x x RZT-3 4.79 O O Note: Evaluation standard S: good x poor 15 Example 2: A butter roll was obtained according to the following dough composition and by the following method.

Dough composition: (parts by weight) Strong flour Soft flour Sugar Salt 1.8 Salt-free butter Skim milk 3 Whole egg 8 Yeast food (Pandia C-500) 0.1 Yeast cells 3 (RZT-3 strain or YST strain) Water 54 Method: Mixing [low speed (100 rpm) 10 minutes medium speed (190 rpm) 5 minutes high speed (290 rpm) 30 seconds Kneading temperature (26 0

C)

Dividing Benching (room temperature, 15 minutes) Molding (molder) Storing (5 0 C, 1, 4 and 7 days) Proofing (36 0 C, 85%RH, 40 minutes) 16 Baking (210 0 C, 12 minutes) In accordance with Example 1, the fermentability and the specific volume were measured, the refrigeration resistance was calculated, and the appearance and the crumb grain were observed. The results are shown in Tables 4 and Table 4 Fermentability (ml) Refrigeration Strain Before resistance refrige- 1st day 4th day 7th day (after 7 days) ration YST 130.7 134.8 105.0 33.8 25.6 RZT-3 121.4 133.8 112.6 104.8 86.3 Table Strain Specific volume (cm 3 Evaluation after 7 days 1st day 4th day 7th day Appearance Crumb grain YST 4.38 4.09 2.86 x x RZT-3 4.98 4.67 3.87 O Example 3: A Danish pastry was obtained according to the following dough composition and by the following method (retarding method).

17 Dough composition: Strong flour Soft flour Sugar Salt Shortening Whole egg Yeast food (Pandia C-500) Yeast cells (RZT-3 strain or YST strain) Water Folding butter Method: (parts by weight) 1.2 6 0.1 6 Mixing [low speed (100 rpm) 3 minutes medium speed (190 rpm) 8 minutes high speed (290 rpm)] 1 minute Kneading temperature (22 0

C)

Dividing (l,000g x 2) Retarding (-20 0 C, 30 minutes) Rolling-in [folding into three layers, twice (folding butter: 50% per the wheat flour)] Retarding (5 0 C, 60 minutes) Rolling (folding into three layers, once, rolling at 4 mm) 18 Dividing and molding rolled shape (for fermograph, Storing (5 0 C, 1, 4 and 7 days) Proofing (350C, 75%RH, 70 minutes) Baking (2000C, 12 minutes) The dough was divided, molded and then directly baked without being stored, or the dough was divided, molded, stored in a refrigerator of 5 0 C for 1, 4 and 7 days, and then baked.

In accordance with Example 1, the fermentability and the specific volume were measured, the refrigeration resistance was calculated, and the appearance and the crumb grain were observed. The results are shown in Tables 6 and 7.

Table 6 Fermentability (ml) Refrigeration Strain Before resistance refrige- 1st day 4th day 7th day *'af t e r 7 days) ration 6 YST 207.3 208.8 135.5 61.7 30.1 RZT-3 204.2 200.2 161.1 161.9 82.3 19 Table 7 Evaluation Immediately 1st day 4th day 7th day Strain ap- crumb ap- crumb ap- crumb ap- crumb pear- grain pear- grain pear- grain pear- grain ance ance ance ance YST 0 0 x x x x RZT-3 0 0 Note: Evaluation O good fair poor Example 4: A butter roll was obtained according to the following dough composition and by the following method.

20 Dough composition: (i rts by weight) Strong flour Soft flour Sugar Salt 1.8 Salt-free butter Skim milk 3 Whole egg 8 Yeast food (Pandia C-500) 0.1 Yeast cells (RZT-3 strain or YST strain) Water 54 Method: The raw materials of the above-mentioned dough composition were mixed at low speed (100 rpm) for minutes, at medium speed (190 rpm) for 5 minutes and at high speed (290 rpm) for 30 seconds. The kneading temperature was 26 0

C.

The obtained dough was divided (50g), then benched at room temperature for 15 minutes, and molded.

After the molding was completed, the dough was packed in a sealed container (filled with a carbon dioxide gas), and immediately stored in a refrigerator of for from 1 to 5 weeks.

After the storage, the dough was subjected to 21 proofing at 360C for 30 minutes, and baked at 2100C for 12 minutes.

The specific volume of the obtained butter roll is shown in Table 8.

Table 8 Storage period (weeks) Strain Just after baking 2 3 baking YST 4.72 2.86 2.30 2.25 2.11 RZT-3 4.82 4.22 3.88 3.69 3.32

Claims (4)

1. 2. A dough which contains Saccharomyces cerevisiae RZT-3 (FERM BP- 3871) exhibiting cold-sensitive fermentation.
2. 3. Saccharor nyces cerevisiae RZT-3 (FERM BP-3 871).
3. 4. A process as defined in claim 1 and substantially as herein described with reference to the Examples, A dough as defined in claim 2 and substantially as herein described with 1o reference to the Examples.
4. 6. jBicad when made by the process of claim 1 or 4. Dated 27 january, 1998 Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., L-td Patent Attorneys for the Applicant/Nomninated Person 15 SPRUSON FERGUSON C C C C, C t Ca.. C C .C C C C C C C.. C I. IN:jLIBFF,'0279:SAK 23 ABSTRACT This invention relates to a process for making bread characterized in that a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces which exhibits cold-sensitive fermentation is added to a dough. i- INTERNATIONAL SEARCH REPORT International application No. PCT/JP93/01091 A. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECT MATTER Int. Cl 5 A21D8/04 According to International Patent Classification (IPC) or to both national classification and IPC B. FIELDS SEARCHED Minimum documentation searched (classification system followed by classification symbols) Int. Cl5 A21D8/04, C12N1/18 Documentation arched other than minimum documentation to the extent that such documents are included in the fields searched Electronic data base consulted during the international search (name of data base and, where practicable, search terms used) C. DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT Cater.are- Ci ztion of document, with indication, v.jere appropriate, of the relevant passages Relevant to claim No. X JP, A, 5-76348 (SocietA des Produits 1, 2 Nestle March 30, 1993 (30. 03. 931, EP, A, 487878 Further documents are listed in the continuation of Box C. See patent fan-ily annex. S Special categories of cited documents: later document published after the international filing dateorpriority date and not in conflict with the application but cited i understand document defining the general state of the art which is not considered theory underlying the invention to be of particular relevance earlier document but published on orafter the international filing date document of particular reluvan, the claimed invention cannot be considered novel or cannot be considered to involve an inventive document which may throw doubts on priority claim(s) or which is step when the document is taken alone cited to establish the publication date of another citation or other special reason (as specified) document of particular relevance; the claimed invention cannot be document referring to an oral disclosure, use, exhibition or other considered to involve an inventive step when the document is means combinedwith oneormore othersuch documents,such combination means being obvious to a person skilled in the art document published prio to the international filing date but later than ben obou to se n te the priority date claimed document member of the same patent family Date of the actual completion of the international search October 21, 1993 (21. 10. 93) Date of mailing of the -nternat.jnal search report November 9, 1993 (09. 11. 93) Name .nd mailing address of the ISA/ Japanese Patent Office Facsimile No. Fors AcT-SA/210 (second sheet) (uly 1992) Forci 2'CT';ISA/210 (scod sheet) (uly 1992) Authorized officer Telephone No. IMMMQW' PCT/JP 9 3 0 109 1 A. RMN-s; ftf0MM.43 t I PC) Int. Cz" A 2 1D8 04 B. ~t~ftf FR;M zJ',R~4 (IIM 0 PC)) I nt. CZL A21D8./04,(J12N1/18 X JP A, 5- 7 63 48(YV Y jF jFizfe'A 12 3 0. 3A. 1 9 93 (30. 0 3. 93) EP, A, 4 87 87 8 rEl GMMW C El RltZ' alhl W:Zke6-W ;Trftj®7DtiD-C(Vj<, r AU 3P l:^ALctt UOB 1:1tBto 2 1. 10. 9309119 4 B 9 1 6 2 0 *EM* N( i:S/JP) goL-q1 0 0 3MW F M i[ Tf 4 !t 3 TEV303-3 01N 4 aAP C11 'IS A/0231 2-1l9I 2 IF3749