AU644754B2 - A granular filler for use in a process for the surface enhancement of articles of reinforced plastics material - Google Patents

Description

-1i- 6'tk44 754

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act 1990 FCC_ INTERNATIONAL L- mIrre 0 MiE WZGGIS T12-aP=aM

ORIGINAL

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT 0 0040 4 *0 09 4 9 *0 4* 9* 49 4.

V e 4. 6 4* 4 *4 0 999..4 0 *499 4 4**0 Invention Title: A GRANULAR FILLER FOR USE IN A PROCESS FOR THE SURFACE ENHANCEMENT OF ARTICLES OF REINFORCED PLASTICS MATERIAL The following statement is a full description of this invention including the best method of performing it known to us:- -la- This invention relates to a granular filler which can be used in process for the surface enhancement of articles of fibre reinforced plastics material.

The formation of a particulate surface coating has especial advantages in terms of sheet handling when used with sheet materials of the kind disclosed in United States Patent No. 4 734 321. Because each particle is directly or indirectly bound individually to the sheet surface, it interferes neither with the flexibility of the sheet, nor i0 significantly with its permeability. As a result, the sheet can be reeled and also pre-heated prior to moulding by the !transmission of hot air through the sheet, for example as described in European Patent Application No. 85.300033 (Publication No. 0 148 762).

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15 Such particulate coatings also have advantages for use with other forms of fibre reinforced plastics sheet.

Thus, the use of a mineral filler in the surfacing layer has been found to increase the viscosity of the plastic content of the sheet at the surface so as to resist surface strike through by the reinforcing fibre. The use of particulate plastics materials in the surfacing layer produces a surface enrichment of the plastic content with a similar result.

The particulate surface layer may be applied by a number of techniques. Thus for example an aqueous coating of a dispersion of the particulate material may be applied in a conventional manner on an aqueous coater.

Alternatively, a surfactant may be added and the dispersion turbulated to form a foam, the foam then being applied as a coating as described in UK Patent No. 1 039 540 or United .4.>;tr -2- States Patent No. 4 263 344.

Still again, the particulate material may be applied as a dry powder by various techniques, provided that process conditions are such as to ensure that the powder bonds to the sheet.

An aqueous dispersion may be applied at a consistency in water of 0.5 to 30% (Wt/Wt) or 5 to 300 grammes per litre of water. For a typical production rate of 7 metres per minute of sheet to be coated, the coating would be applied 10 at a rate of 0.8 to 500 litres per minute per metre of sheet width.

A foamed coating may be applied at a rate of between 50 to 500 grammes per square metre, with the consistency in foam being 0.5 to 10% (Wt/Wt) or 5 to 100 grammes per litre of water. For an air content of 67% this is equivalent to 1.6 to 33 grammes per litre of foam.

The sheet is coated at a typical production rate of metres per minute, with the flow rate range for the foam being from 8 to 4000 litres per minute per metre width of the sheet.

"Dry powders may be applied at a rate of between S and 500 grammes per square metre at a typical production rate of 7 square metres per minute.

In a known process for making glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic sheet material a mixture of chopped glass fibres, polypropylene powder and an inorganic filler, such as kaolin, calcium carbonate, talc, mica, titanium dioxide or alumina trihydrate, is dispersed in water containing a surfactant (which may be anionic or nonionic), using a high -3speed mixer, to form a stable foam of relatively low solids content. This foam is spread uniformly over the surface of a travelling wire mesh, such as that conventionally used in a Fourdrinier paper making machine, and the aqueous phase is withdrawn through the wire mesh by gravity and suction. The mat of solid materials thus formed on the upper surface of the wire mesh is then dried at a temperature of about 100'C.

The resultant dried mat, usually after being cut into pieces of suitable size and stacked to form a multi-layer sheet i0 material, is pressed between steel plates at a temperature of about 200 0 C and then allowed to cool in the press to form a sheet-like component, such as a car body panel.

Alternatively, the stacks of cut pieces may be heated to about 200 0 C by means of a current of hot air or by infra red 15 radiation and subsequently allowed to c9ol in a press at about 60 0 C to form the sheet-like material.

In addition to the glass fibres, polypropylene and inorganic filler it is often necessary to include in the starting mixture for the glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic material a small amount, normally up to about 4% by weight of the total solid material, of carbon black. (Carbon black o .is the term used widely to describe a range of fine carbon products which may be made by partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons in the vapour phase. The 25 ultimate colloidal units of carbon black may occur as aggregates, which are fused assemblies of particles.

Typically, carbon blacks may have particle diameters up to 500 nanometers. Most carbon blacks have an elemental carbon composition greater than The carbon black is introduced not only to render the final sheet material black in colour, as is often required in commerce, but also to provide a screening effect against the harmful action of ultraviolet radiation on the material. However, when carbon black is introduced into the starting mixture problems are experienced because of the well known difficulties of handling fine carbon black powder without creating a cloud of black particles which settle out over a wide area. This problem is especially severe when dry carbon black is mixed with a dry thermoplastic material. The retention of the fibre carbon black in the mat during the forming operation on the wire mesh has also been found to be poor, and it is generally found that the carbon black is unevenly dispersed in the final dried and pressed material, with the result that the sheet material has a veined or mottled appearance with dark areas having a high concentration of carbon black alternating with areas which are light in colour and almost translucent.

•eli ~It is also often advantageous to include in the starting mixture for the glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic material from 0.1% to 10% by weight, based on the weight of inorganic filler, of an antioxidant.

A granuiar filler according to the present invention for incorporating in a composition for use in coating the 20 surface of a glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic material, comprises a particulate inorganic material, from 0.1% to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the inorganic material, of fine carbon black, and sufficient of a natural or synthetic latex composition to provide from 1% to 25 10% by weight of elastomer solids, based on the weight of the inorgan material, and wherein the granules have diameters in the range of 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm.

A composition, for use in coating the surface of a glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic material may thus comprise an aqueous suspension of a polypropylene powder, a granular filler according to the invention, a foaming agent, and natural or synthetic latex solids additional to that present in the granular filler.

The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings which show how the invention can be applied and in which Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of a permeable fibre reinforced plastics sheet material having a particulate surface layer; Figure 2 is a sectional elevation of the sheet of Figure 1 after consolidation under heat and pressure; 10 Figure 3 is a sectional elevation of another permeable fibre reinforced plastic sheet; Figure 4 is a sectional elevation of the sheet of Figure 3 after consolidation under heat and pressure; Figure 5 is a diagrammatic representation of the sequence of operations in one process for :manufacturing a fibre reinforced plastics material and in which a particulate surface layer may be applied; S Figures 6 to 9 are four semi-diagrammatical sectional elevations showing four different kinds of apparatus for forming permeable fibre reinforced plastic sheet material; Figures 10 to 12 are semi-diagrammatic views showing various techniques for distribution of dry particles, on a web of sheet material; Figure 13 is a diagrammatic illustration of continuous laminating process for producing fibre reinforced plastics sheets.

Referring first to Figure i, this shows a permeable sheet material comprised of a substrate 2 made according to the process described in United States Patent No. 4 734 321, to which a particulate surface layer 3 has been bonded.

When cooled after subjection to heat and pressure, in a chill moulding process, a consolidated sheet or moulding 4 is formed as shown in Figure 2, the moulding 4 having a fibre reinforced base layer 5 and an unreinforced surface layer 6, the layers 5 and 6 being derived respectively from i *the layers 2 and 3 in Figure i.

.4 0* 4* .4 4• If desired, the substrate 2 may alternatively be formed by dry laying a mixture of reinforcing fibres and thermoplastics material generally as described in United States Patent No. 3 328 383, the disclosure whereof is incorporated herein by reference, a particulate layer then being applied to the resulting substrate prior to heat 20 fusion into' a permeable structure.

*4 Referring now to Figure 3, this shows a sheet structure comprising two glass fibre mats 7 between which a layer 8 of a thermoplastics material has been extruded so as S to bond them together. A surfacing layer 9 of particulate material is also bonded to one of the glass fibre mats.

Figure 4 shows the construction of Figure 3 when cooled after subjection to heat and pressure in a chill moulding process. The thermoplastic layer 8 has filled the interstices in the glass fibre mats 7 to form an integrated base structure 10, a continuous surface layer 11 being simultaneously formed from the particulate layer 9.

-7- The character of the particulate layers 3 and 9 in Figures 1 and 3 can vary in dependence upon the character of the substrate to which they are being applied and the end result required in the moulded article. Thus,particles of a mineral filler mixed with a sufficient quantity of binder to adhere them to the surface of the substrate may be appropriate in some cases. During the moulding process, the filler acts to increase the viscosity of the thermoplastic near the surface of the base layer and resist the strike i0 through of fibres. Alternatively, particles of thermoplastic may be used, which, when melted, have the effect of enriching the surface portions of the laminate with thermoplastic and preventing the strike through of 0S*.

fibres. Again, thermoplastic coated mineral particles may 15 be used alone or in combination with thermoplastic particles to form the surface layer. Suitable particulate materials are disclosed in International (PCT) Publication No. WO 88/00608 and in United Kingdom Patent Application No.

2 179 7665 A. The particulate material added as a surface 20 layer may also include particulate antioxidant material.

Referring now to Figure 5, this shows a sequence of operations for manufacturing a fibre reinforced plastics moulding. As will be subsequently explained, the particulate surfacing layer can be applied at various points in this sequence.

Figure 5 shows a Fourdrinier wire 12 on which a flexible and permeable open sheet-like structure is formed from reinforcing fibres and particulate plastics material, generally as described in United States Patent No. 4 734 321 This sheet structure is passed through a heater/dryer 13 as described in this patent and is then treated in one of three different ways. It may be consolidated in a double belt press 14, again as described in United States Patent No.

-8- 4 734 321. Alternatively, the permeable sheet may be preheated in a heater 15 and then consolidated and re-expanded in a nip roller system 16 of the kind described in European Patent Application No. 87306602 (Publication No.

0 255 316). This system produces a rigid but permeable sheet. As a second alternative, the permeable sheet material produced on the Fourdrinier wire 12 may be reeled as shown at 17 for further use without any intermediate treatment.

It will be seen that the alternative processes proposed will result in an impermeable consolidated sheet, an impermeable semi-expanded sheet or a permeable flexible (reeled) sheet. By the use of a guillotine 18 these three forms of material may be converted into sheets as shown at 19.

The sheets 19 are then fed sequentially through a re-heater 20 prior to chill moulding in a mould 21 so as to form a fibre reinforced plastics moulding 22. The type of pre-heater 20 used will depend upon the nature of the sheets being heated. For impermeable sheets, the use of infra red heating is appropriate, but where the sheets are permeable, flat bed or rotary through air heaters may be used.

Microwave heating may also be used for all forms of sheet.

A surface layer of particulate material may be applied at various positions in the sequence of operations above described, the optimum position would depend upon both the nature of the particulate material being applied and of the sheet to which it is being applied.

Figure 6 shows a Fourdrinier wire 30 having a multiple flow box 3i associated therewith. The flow box 31 feeds a mixture of foamed fibres and particulate plastics material onto the wire 30 through a section 32 and a foamed particulate material onto the upper surface of the web thus laid down through a second section 33. The base and surface layers 34 and 35 thus formed are simultaneously drained through the wire.

Figure 7 shows a configuration similar to that of Figure 6. In this case however separate flow boxes 36 and 37 are provided for laying down respectively the base and surface layer from foamed dispersions.

1 0 Figure 8 shows a configuration for use in applying a surface layer from an aqueous dispersion. Here, the base sheet 34 is laid down from a foamed dispersion through a flow box 36 and the surface layer is applied from an aqueous Sdispersion by a curtain coater 37.

4 *S Figure 9 shows a configuration in which the layers 34 and 35 are laid down from a multiple layer head box of the kind sold by KMW or by Beloit under the trade name "Converflo". The base layer 34 is laid down from a foamed S. stock fed through the lower slide 38 of the head box and the 20 surface layer of particulate material is laid down from the upper slide 39 of the head box.

,•iro a Figure 10 shows a system which is usable at the S entrance to the dryer or the pre-heater shown in Figure The system comp.ises a loss-in-weight screw or belt feeder 40 which may be of the kind sold by K-Tron Soder AG of Switzerland. The screw feeder supplies particulate material to a shaker tray 41 which in turn deposits the material-on a distribution shute 42 from which it falls onto the web 43.

Subsequent heating in the dryer or heater causes the particulate material to bond to the web.

Figure 11 shows a similar system in which materials such as thermoplastic fibres 45 are deposited by a vibratory loss in weight feeder 46 onto a shute 47, similar to the shute 42 and thence onto the web 48. Again, the fibres are bonded to the web during passage through the dyer or heater.

The systems disclosed in Figure 10 and 11 may also be used at the exits to the dryer or heater provided that the temperature of the emerging base material is sufficient to cause the particulate material to fuse thereto.

10 Figure 12 shows a system for applying particulate material to a porous web within a dryer or heater. Air from *9*9 a fan 50 is circulated through a ducking cir-uit 51 w'ich includes a heating bank 52 and a heating chamber 53 through which the web 54 passes. A screw feeder 55 feeds particulate material 56 into the heating chamber above the web, the material being distributed across the web by air turbulence and simultaneously bonded thereto to form a 9.

surface layer 57.

".As sh-wn in Figure 13, a double belt laminating 20 machine is employed to produce a continuous sheet 72 which is composed of a resin and fibre glass mat. In the process depicted fibre glass mats 71 and 71' are fed between two ".laminating belts 73 and 74. Molten resin 75 is fed between the mats 71 and 71' from an adjustable slot 76 located along the length of an extrusion die 77. Particulate material 78 is also distributed across the surface of the mat 71' by a powder feeder system 79, which may be of the kind shown in Figure 10 above.

Belt 74 as it passes around the roller 81 is preheated by a heater 83 prior to its engagement with the heating, press roll 85. Similarly, belt 73 is pre-heated by -11heater 86 prior to its engagement with press roll 85. The heating, press roll is equipped with heaters 88. Pressure is applied to the laminate 72 by applying tension to the belts 73 and 74. Tension applied to the belts 73 and 74 results in the application of radial forces on the resin mat composite. The radial forces and the resulting pressures assist in saturating the mats 71 and 71' with resin when coupled with the heat applied as the tension is applied.

Roll 94 applies tension to belt 73 and roll 95 applies io tension to belt 74. The material as a compact sheet of resin and fibre glass resulting from the passage of the materials around the press roll 85 is then passed to a cooling roll 90 between the belts 73 and 74 and during its passage over this roll is partially cooled but not 15 completely solidified. The roll 90 is equipped with a cooler 91 to reduce the temperature of the belts and the resin. The sheet after leaving roll 90 in between the belts 73 and 74 is then passed through another elongated cooling :zone 92 to further reduce the temperature of the belts 73 20 and 74 to further cool and solidify the mats and resin into sheet 72. Belt 73 is then reflexed over roll 93 for return to the tension roll 94 and belt 74 is returned iver roller 95 to the roll 81 with the product 72 being removed at the point where belts 73 and 74 separate.

25 The particulate material 78 may be eitn.-t a mineral, a thermoplastic, a thermosetting plastic or aL antioxidant or mixtures or compounds of such materials. When embodied in the sheet product it has the effect, for the reasons stated above, of preventing fibre strike through at the surface.

A granular filler according to the present invention for incorporating in a composition for use in coating the surface of a glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic material, -12comprises a particulate inorganic material, from 0.1% to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the inorganic material, of fine carbon black, d sufficient of a natural or synthetic latex composition to provide from 1% to 10% by weight of elastomer solids, based on the weight of the inorgan material, and wherein the granules have diameters in the range of 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm.

A composition, for use in coating the surface of a glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic material can comprises an aqueous suspension of a polypropylene powder, a granular filler as set out above, and a foaming agent.

Advantageously, the composition also includes natural or synthetic latex solids additional to that present in the granular filler.

a. The size of the granules which make up the filler is important because it is necessary for the granules to be relatively fine if the inorganic material, latex solids and carbon black constituting the granules are to be substantially uniformly dispersed in the surface layer of 20 the glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic material. Also, if S the granules are relatively fine there is less likelihood of the carbon black being in an aggregated state and a more intense and more uniform black pigmentation is therefore obtained.

The filler granules may also contain from 0.1% to by weight, based on the weight of the inorganic material, of an antioxidant for the polypropylene. The antioxidant may conveniently be of the non-staining hindered phenol type.

The particulate inorganic material may be a kaolinitic clay kaolin or ball clay), a calcined kaolinitic clay, a calcium carbonate, a silicate of -13aluminium and calcium the natural calcium silicate known as wollastonite), bauxite, talc, mica, alumina trihydrate, silica, carbonates and hydroxides of magnesia natural hydrotalcite), dolomite the natural double carbonate of calcium and magnesium), calcium sulphate gypsum) and titanium dioxide. The inorganic material may be natural or synthetic and, in particular, both natural and synthetic forms of calcium carbonate, silicates of aluminium and calcium, silica, carbonates and hydroxide of magnesium, alumina trihydrate, calcium sulphate and titanium dioxide are within the scope of this invention. Where the material is synthetic it may be precipitated (as with calcium carbonate, silica and titanium dioxide). More generally, it has been found that the inorganic materials 15 which are most suitable for use in the invention are those which may be regarded as white inorganic materials. (It is to be noted in this connection that the term "white" used in relation to "inorganic material" does not mean that the mineral necessarily has a pure-white colour, but that 4.t is 20 substantially free of any strong non-white hue.) Many of the inorganic materials which may be employed in the present invention are crystalline. Preferably, the particles should be no larger than about 50 microns, and most preferably no larger than 20 microns in diameter.

*eL 25 The filler granules are preferably prepared in the form of hollow microspheres and can most suitably be produced by spray drying an aqueous suspension. Most preferably the suspension is dewatered in a spray dryer of the fountain nozzle type, as this type of spray dryer enables good control to be coated over the size of the microspheres produced in the desired size range of 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm. A suitable aqueous suspension may be prepared by dispersing together in water, which preferably contains a dispersing agent, the inorganic material, carbon black, a -14latex composition and, optionally, an antioxidant.

A preferred process for preparing the filler granules comprises the following steps a) fine carbon black is mixed with water containing a dispersing agent to form a suspension, preferably containing from about 5% to about 25% by weight of carbon black; b) a suspension, preferably containing from 50% to on a dry weight basis, of a white inorganic material and a dispersing agent for the inorganic material, is mixed with the carbon black suspension formed in step a) in proportions such that the quantity of carbon black is preferably in the range of from 0.1% to on a dry weight basis, based on the weight of the 15 inorganic material; c) there is mixed with the inorganic material/carbon black suspension formed in step b) sufficient of a natural or synthetic latex composition to provide from 1% to 10% by weight of latex solids, based on 20 the weight of the inorganic material; and, a d) the mixed suspension formed in step c) is spray dried to form hollow microspheres of substantially dry material having diameters in the range of from 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm.

In step a) the dispersing agent may be, for example, a water-soluble salt of poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid) or a copolymer containing from 10% to 80% by weight of acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile monomer units and from to 20% by weight of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid monomer units. The number average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is preferably not more than about 10,000. The amount of the dispersing agent used is preferably in the range of from 0.1% to 5% by weight, based on the weight of dry carbon black.

In step b) the dispersing agent for the inorganic material is advantageously a water-soluble salt of poly(acrylic acid) or poly(methacrylic acid) having a number o0 average molecular weight of not more than 10,000.

Preferably, the dispersing agent used for the inorganic oo material is the same as that used for the carbon black. The amount of the dispersing agent used is preferably in the range of from 0.05%. to 0.5% by weight, based on the weight .4 S. 15 of the dry inorganic material. The inorganic material does 4 not require any chemical pretreatment other than dispersion with a dispersing agent, *4 In step c) the latex may be one of a natural rubber, or of a natural rubber which has been substituted with 20 functional groups, or of a synthetic rubber such as a styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Other suitable lattices include those formed from acrylic copolymers (either elastomeric or non-elastomeric, although elastomeric is preferred) and non-elastomeric materials such as poly(vinyl 25 acetate) and copolymers of vinyl acetate.

The acrylic copolymer may be a copolymer of a lower alkyl ester of acrylic acid with a lower alkyl ester of methacrylic acid. Particularly preferred are copolymers of ethyl acrylate and methy methacrylate. Also suitable are copolymers of one or other or both of a lower alkyl ester or acrylic acid and a lower alkyl ester of methacrylic acid with a further monomer chosen from vinyl acetate, styrene, -16acrylonitrile and mixtures thereof. The alkyl chains of the lower alkyl esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid preferably have from one to four carbon atoms.

The copolymers of vinyl acetate may be those formed by copolymerising vinyl acetate with a copolymerising monomer chosen from a lower alkyl ester of acrylic acid, a lower alkyl ester of methacrylic acid, styrene, acrylonitrile and mixtures thereof.

The latex composition, which is a stabilised 10 suspension of polymer particles in water, typically contains about 40% to 60% by weight of solids. The latex may be stabilised with the aid of a surfactant or a water-soluble colloid, although a surfactant would normally be employed as it usually gives a latex of lower viscosity.

The mixed suspension formed in step c) may also contain an antioxidant, suitably of the non-staining hindered phenol type. Conventionally, such an antioxidant is mixed with water to form a suspension containing from about 40% by weight to about 60% by weight of the dry 20 antioxidant, and the suspension mixed with the suspension formed in step c) in proportions such as to provide from 0.1% to 10% by weight of the dry antioxidant based on the weight of the dry inorganic material.

In step d) the inlet temperature of the spray dryer is preferably less than 400°C, and most preferably less than 350°C, in order to avoid thermal degradation of the elastomer material or combustion of the carbon black.

Filler granules may be incorporated into a coating composition for a glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic material by adding to water the granules and the -17polypropylene powder in proportions ranging from 5 parts by weight of granules to 95 parts by weight of polypropylene to parts by weight of granules to 5 parts by weight of polypropylene. Preferably, sufficient of a latex crnposition of one of the types described above is then added to provide from 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of latex solids per 100 parts by weight of granules and polypropylene. Finally, a foaming agent is added: this may be anionic, for example sodium dodecyl sulphonate, or nonionic. The ingredients are then vigorously mixed together to form a foam which is conveniently applied by means of a curtain coater to the glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic composition on the Fourdrinier paper making machine.

15 The invention is further illustrated by the following example.

Example 4.

A carbon black powder having an average particle diameter of 0.02 micrometer was dispersed in a quantity of 20 water so as to form a suspension containing 20% by weight of the carbon black, there being dissolved in the water 2% by weight, based on the weight of the dry carbon black, of a sodium polyacrylate dispersing agent having a number average molecular weight of 1680. The carbon black suspension was then added to a suspension containing 60% by weight of a paper filler grade kaolin clay and 0.2% by weight, based on the weight of dry kaolin, of the same dispersing agent as was used for the carbon black. The kaolin clay had a particle size distribution such that 20% by weight consisted of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter larger than 10 microns and 35% by weight consisted of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter smaller than 2 -18microns. The carbon black suspension was mixed with the kaolin suspension in proportions such that the quantity of dry carbon black was 5.6% by weight, based on the weight of dry kaolin clay.

To the kaolin/carbon black suspension thus formed there was then added, firstly, a latex containing 50% by weight of an elastomeric acrylic copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate in proportions such that the quantity of the dry elastomeric copolymer was 5.6% by weight, based on the weight of dry kaolin clay; and secondly, a suspension containing 50% by weight of a nonstaining antioxidant of the hindered phenol type in proportions such that the quantity of the dry antioxidant was 1.1% by weight, based on the weight of the dry kaolin 04 0 15 clay.

The resultant mixed suspension was spray dried in a fountain nozzle spray dryer the inlet temperature of which was 300 0 C and the nozzle settings were such that the solid components of the mixture were recovered in the form of dry 20 hollow microspheres of diameters in the range of from 0.01 to 0.1 mm.

Two coating compositions were prepared: in each case quantities of the granules and polypropylene powder was S stirred into water followed by sodium dodecyl sulphonate as a foaming agent and a quantity of poly(vinyl acetate) latex.

In each case the ingredients were vigorously mixed to produce a foam which was applied to the upper surface of a glass mat-reinforced polypropylene material on the travelling wire mesh belt of a Fourdrinier paper making machine.

-19- The two coating compositions contained, respectively, parts by weight of filler granules to 70 parts by weight of polypropylene powder and 50 parts by weight of filler granules to 50 parts by weight of polypropylene powder. In each case, after the coated glass mat reinforced thermoplastic material had been cut into pieces and the pieces stacked and pressed at 200 0 C between steel plates and allowed to cool in the press, the resultant sheet material had a smooth surface with a uniform black colour and no protruding glass fibres.

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Claims (4)

1. A granular filler, comprising a particulate inorganic material, from 0.1% to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the inorganic material, of fine carbon black, and sufficient of a natural or synthetic latex composition to provide from 1% to 10% by weight of elastomer solids, based on the weight of the inorganic material, and wherein the granules have diameters in the range of from 0.01 mm to 0.mm. 10o

2. A granular filler as claimed in claim 1 wherein the particulate inorganic material is a kaolinitic clay, a calcined kaolinitic clay, a calcium carbonate, a silicate of *aluminium and calcium, bauxite, talc, mica, alumina trihydrate, silica, a carbonate or hydroxide of magnesia, 15 dolomite, calcium sulphate, or titanium dioxide.

3. A granular filler as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the inorganic particles are no larger than microns in diameter. o

4. A granular filler as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, substantially as described in the foregoing example. Dated this 27 day of November 1992 SCc- IN TEP-mATr~cvJAL- L-imi-rea SBY: Patent Attorneys for the Applicant fb B. RICE CO. ABSTRACT A granular filler which can be used in a process for the surface enhancement of articles of fibre reinforced plastics material. The granular filler has a particulate inorganic material, a fine carbon black in an amount of 0.1% to 10% by weight based on the weight of the inorganic material, and amount of natural or synthetic latex compostion which is sufficient to provide from 1% to 10% by weight of elastomer solids based on the weight of inorganic material. Further, the granules have diameters in the range of 0.01mm and 0.1mm. C C se. C 4 Cf.'*