AU626121B2 - Side-to-side fcc stripping apparatus with baffle-skirts having stripping gas injection ports - Google Patents

Side-to-side fcc stripping apparatus with baffle-skirts having stripping gas injection ports Download PDF

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AU626121B2
AU626121B2 AU55719/90A AU5571990A AU626121B2 AU 626121 B2 AU626121 B2 AU 626121B2 AU 55719/90 A AU55719/90 A AU 55719/90A AU 5571990 A AU5571990 A AU 5571990A AU 626121 B2 AU626121 B2 AU 626121B2
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catalyst
grid
skirt
gas
vessel
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Ismail B. Cetinkaya
Robert P. Culler
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Honeywell UOP LLC
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UOP LLC
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Description

r 1S -6 626121 Form COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA PATENTS ACT 1952-69 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(ORIGINAL)
Class Int. Class Application Number: Lodged: Complete Specification Lodged: Accepted: Priority Published: Related Art:
UOP
Name of Applicant Address of Applicant: Actual Inventor Address for Service East Algonquin States of America Road, Des Plaines, Illinois 60017, United ISMAIL B. CETINKAYA and ROBERT P. CULLER WATERMARK PATENT TRADEMARK ATTORNEYS.
LOCKED BAG NO. 5, HAWTHORN, VICTORIA 3122, AUSTRALIA Complete Specification for the invention entitled: SIDE-TO-SIDE FCC STRIPPING APPARATUS WITH BAFFLE-SKIRTS HAVING STRIPPING GAS INJECTION PORTS The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known y 1 -1- "SIDE-TO-SIDE FCC STRIPPING APPARATUS WITH BAFFLE-SKIRTS HAVING STRIPPING GAS INJECTION PORTS" FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates broadly to hydrocarbon conversion processes and apparatus. More specifically, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for stripping occluded hydrocarbons from spent catalyst in a fluidized catalytic cracking process.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Fluidized bed catalytic cracking (commonly referred to as FCC) o °°10 processes were developed during the 1940's to increase the quantity of naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons which could be obtained from crude oil. Fluidized 0o catalytic cracking processes are now in widespread commercial use in petroleum refineries to produce lighter boiling point hydrocarbons from heavier feedstocks such as atmospheric reduced crudes or vacuum gas oils. Such processes are utilized to reduce the average molecular weight of various petroleum-derived feed streams and thereby produce lighter products, which have a higher monetary value than heavy fractions. Though the feed to an FCC process is usually a petroleum-derived material, liquids derived from tar sands, oil shale or coal liquefaction may be charged to an FCC process. Today, FCC processes are also used for the cracking of 0: 20 heavy oil and reduced crudes. Although these processes are often used as reduced crude conversion, use of the term FCC in this description applies to heavy oil cracking processes as well.
Differing designs of FCC units may be seen in the articles at page 102 of the May 15, 1972 edition and at page 65 of the October 8, 1973 edition of "The Oil Gas Journal".
Other examples of FCC processes can be found in U.S. Patents 4,364,905 (Fahrig et al); 4,051,013 (Strother); 3,894,932 (Owen); and 4,419,221 (Castagnos, Jr.
et al) and the other FCC patent references discussed herein.
I4 -2- An FCC process of the most common design involves contacting a charge stock in a reaction zone with a finely divided solid catalytic material which is pneumatically conveyed through the reaction zone by a fluidizing medium. The fluidizing medium can include steam, light and vaporized feed components which are converted by contact with the catalyst. The catalyst is described as being in a fluidized state because it behaves as a fluid while it is transported by the fluidizing medium. Contact of the catalyst particles with the feed covers the catalyst with a hydrocarbonaceous material referred to as coke. Coke is a by-product of the cracking reaction and is comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and other materials present in the feed, such as sulfur. Coke blocks cracking sites on the catalyst and deactivates the catalyst. Such catalyst is generally referred to as spent catalyst. Therefore, after zone where the coke is removed from the catalyst by combustion. An oxygencontaining gas, typically air, is mixed with the catalyst in the regenerator at sufficient all 15 temperature to initiate the oxidation of the coke deposits to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Removal of coke via oxidation reactivates the catalyst which is withdrawn from the regenerator and returned to the reactor to complete the continuous operation of the FCC unit.
A majority of the hydrocarbon vapors that contact the catalyst in the reaction zone are separated from the solid particles by ballistic and/or centrifugal separation methods. However, the catalyst particles employed in an FCC process have a large surface arca, which is due to a great multitude of pores located in the 1399 particles. As a result, the catalytic materials retain occluded hydrocarbons within their pores and upon the external surface of the catalyst. Although the quantity of hydrocarbon retained on each individual catalyst particle is very small, the large amount of catalyst and the high catalyst circulation rate which is typically used in a modern FCC process results in a significant quantity of occluded hydrocarbons 0 00 being withdrawn from the reaction zone with the catalyst.
0 0, Therefore, it is common practice to remove, or strip, occluded hydrocarbons from spent catalyst prior to passing it into the regeneration zone. It is important to remove occluded hydrocarbons from the spent catalyst for process and economic reasons. Firsfthoccluded hydrocarbons that entered the regenerator increase its carbon-burning load and can result in excessive regenerator temperatures. Stripping hydrocarbons from the catalyst also allows recovery of the rV -3hydrocarbons as products. Avoiding the unnecessary burning of hydrocarbons is especially important during the processing of heavy (relatively high molecular weight) feedstocks, since processing these feedstocks increases the deposition of coke on the catalyst during the reaction (in comparison to the coking rate with light feedstocks) and raises the combustion load in the regeneration zone. Higher combustion loads lead to higher temperatures which at some point may damage the catalyst or exceed the metallurgical design limits of the regeneration apparatus.
The most common method of stripping the catalyst passes a stripping gas, usually steam, through a downwardly flowing stream of catalyst, countercurrent to its direction of flow. Such steam stripping operations, with varying degrees of efficiency, remove the hydrocarbon vapors which are entrained with the catalyst and hydrocarbons which are adsorbed on the catalyst.
o0 Stripping of hydrocarbon vapors from the catalyst requires only contact of the catalyst with a stripping medium. This contact may be accomplished in a simple c 15 open vessel as demonstrated by U.S. Patent 4,481,103.
i In the past, the efficiency of catalyst stripping has been increased by using 4 44 a series of baffles in a stripping apparatus to cascade the catalyst from side to side as o: it moves down the stripping apparatus. Moving the catalyst horizontally increases contact between it and the stripping medium. Increasing the contact between the stripping medium and catalyst removes more hydrocarbons from the catalyst.
As shown by U.S. Patent 2,440,625, the use of angled guides for S increasing contact between the stripping medium and catalyst has been known since 1944. In these arrangements, the catalyst is given a labyrinthine path through a series of baffles located at different levels. Catalyst and gas contact is increased by oo 25 this arrangement that leaves no open vertical path of significant cross-section through the stripping apparatus. Further examples of similar stripping devices for FCC units are shown in U.S. Patents 2,440,620; 2,612,438; 3,894,932; 4,414,100; and o 4,364,905. These references show the typical stripper arrangement having a stripper vessel, a series of baffles in the form of frusto-conical sections that direct the catalyst inward onto a baffle in a series of centrally located conical or frusto conical baffles that divert the catalyst outward onto the outer baffles. The stripping medium enters from below the lower baffle in the series and continues rising upward from the bottom of one baffle to the bottom of the next succeeding baffle. Variations in the baffles include the addition of skirts about the trailing edge of the baffle as depicted S-4in U.S. Patent 2,994,659 and the use of multiple linear baffle sections at different baffle levels as demonstrated by Figure 3 of U.S. Patent 4,500,423. A variation in introducing the stripping medium is shown in U.S. Patent 2,541,801 where a quantity of fluidizing gas is admitted at a number of discrete locations.
In another form of gas-solid contact apparatus, presented in U.S. Patent 2,460,151 (Sinclair), it has been shown that upward flowing reactants or vapors can be collected underneath a series of troughs and vented out the sides of the troughs through a series of louvers. However, this apparatus will not function in the manner of the previously described stripping devices since its arrangement provides a checkerboard pattern of open vertical passages through all trough levels. The '151 patent also attaches no particular importance to the design or provision of the louvers in the sides of the troughs.
In order to achieve good stripping of the catalyst and the increased o S product yield and enhanced regenerator operation associated therewith, relatively S 15 larg, amounts of stripping medium have been required. For the most common °stripping medium, steam, the average requirement throughout the industry is well above 1.5 kg of steam per 1000 kg of catalyst for through catalyst stripping. The costs associated with this addition of fluidizing mediam are significant. In the case of steam, the costs include capital expenses and utility expenses associated with supplying the steam and removing the resulting water via downstream separation facilities. Therefore, any reduction in the amount ofiteam required to achieve good ocatalyst stripping will yield substantial economic benrfits to the FCC process.
It has now been discovered that good catlyst stripping can be achieved using conventional FCC stripping methods and devies with up to one-half or less of 25 the stripping medium that was formerly used. These results are achieved by modifying the stripper grids in accordance with this ivention.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE BIVENTION This invention is an FCC stripper that at each grid level redistributes the fluidizing medium to increase its penetration acrosthe downward flowing catalyst 3 0 stream. A carefully sized and spaced pattern of hrles at the bottom of each grid injects the fluidizing medium into and across the descending column of catalyst particles. Injection of the fluidizing medium fotes it to contact more catalyst particles so that the fluidizing medium more effectively removes hydrocarbons from the catalyst. The more efficient stripping will reduce the required stripping gas for a constant level of hydrocarbon removal or increase the hydrocarbon removal for a constant level of stripping medium addition. Those skilled in the art can appreciate that the former will save utilities and facilities while the latter will provide more product and enhance regeneration operation.
In one embodiment, this invention is a stripping apparatus for an FCC unit that removes occluded hydrocarbons from particulate catalyst by contact with a stripping gas. The stripping apparatus includes a vertically oriented elongated vessel that has a transverse cross-section open to catalyst flow and that admits catalyst at the top and discharges catalyst at the bottom. Two or more grids located in the vessel provide a baffle system. The grids have a horizontally projecting oooo surface for moving the catalyst from side to side as it travels down the vessel. The horizontal projection of each grid is less than the transverse cross-section of the 015 vessel. Together the horizontal projection of the grids substantially covers the entire transverse cross-section. Stripping gas is added below the lowermost grid and contacts the catalyst as it rises. Gas collection spaces, formed by the underneath 0 side of each grid and one or more sidewalis, collects the upfl owing stripping gas.
The sidewalls attached to each grid includes at least one skirt that separates the gas collection space from the downward flowing catalyst. Each skirt contains two or more sets of gas injection apertures or ports arranged in uniforr -laced ohorizontal rows of apertures. The apertures in each set are sized to pr-- a gas o jet that injects and distributes the stripping gas from the gas collection space into the 00 0 downward flowing stream of catalyst. Each aperture set has a different size opening 25 to vary the injection jet length and distribute the stripping gas over the entire width 00 of the downward flowing catalyst stream.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 0 Figure 1 schematically depicts an elevation view of an FCC process reaction and separation vessel whose lower portion is a stripping vessel or stripping section. Vessel internals are shown by dotted lines. Two partial sections are shown as cutaway portions.
I :"i T L i Figure 2 is a vertical section of a portion of the stripping section of Figure j1.
Figure 3 is a plan view of the stripper of Figure 2 taken at section 3-3.
Figure 4 is an enlarged view of one of the grid members of Figure 2.
Figures 5 and 7 are sectional elevations of stripping devices having alternate baffle configurations.
Figures 6 and 8 are corresponding sectional views of the stripping devices shown in Figures 5 and 7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Looking first at a more complete description of the FCC process, the typical feed to an FCC unit is a gas oil such as a light or vacuum gas oil. Other petroleum-derived feed streams to an FCC unit may comprise a diesel boiling range 4 4 mixture of hydrocarbons or heavier hydrocarbons such as reduced crude oils. It is preferred that the feed stream consist of a mixture of hydrocarbons having boiling •'15 points, as determined by the appropriate ASTM test method, above about 232 0
C
S, and more preferably above about 288 0 C. It is becoming customary to refer to FCC type units which are processing heavier feedstocks, such as atmospheric reduced crudes, as RCC (residual crude cracking) units, or resid cracking units.
An FCC process unit comprises a reaction zone and a catalyst regeneration zone. In the reaction zone, a feed stream is contacted with a finely divided fluidized catalyst maintained at an elevated temperature and at a moderate positive pressure. Contacting of feed and catalyst may take place in a relatively large fluidized bed of catalyst. However, the reaction zones employed in modern FCC units are usually comprised of a vertical conduit, or riser, as the main reaction site, with the effluent of the conduit emptying into a large volume process vessel, which may be referred to as a separation vessel. The residence time of catalyst and hydrocarbons in the riser needed for substantial completion of the cracking reactions is only a few seconds. The flowing vapor/catalyst stream leaving the riser may pass from the riser to a solids-vapor separation device located within the separation vessel or may enter the separation vessel directly without passing through an intermediate separation apparatus. When no intermediate apparatus is provided, much of the catalyst drops out of the flowing vapor/catalyst stream as the r-l i' g i-i
I
t u i ii I i d stream leaves the riser and enters the separation vessel. One or more additional solids-vapor separation devices, almost invariably a cyclone separator, is normally located within and at the top of the large sepa'ation vessel. The products of the reaction are separated from a portion of catalyst which is still carried by the vapor stream by means of the cyclone or cyclones and the vapor is vented from the cyclone and separation zone. The spent catalyst falls downward to a lower location within the separation vessel. The stripper may comprise a lower part of the reaction zone (or separation vessel) or spent catalyst may be passed to a stripper separate from the reaction riser and separation vessel. Catalyst is transferred to a separate regeneration zone after it passes through the stripping apparatus.
The rate of conversion of the feedstock within the reaction zone is controlled by regulation of the temperature, activity of the catalyst, and quantity of the catalyst catalyst/oil ratio) maintained within the reaction zone. The most common method of regulating the temperature in the reaction zone is by regulating i5 the rate of circulation of catalyst from the regeneration zone to the reaction zone, which simultaneously changes the catalyst/oil ratio. That is, if it is desired to 5t increase the conversion rate within the reaction zone, the rate of flow of catalyst from the regeneration zone to the reaction zone is increased. This results in more catalyst being present in the reaction zone for the same volume of oil charged thereto. Since the temperature within the regeneration zone under normal operations is considerably higher than the temperature within the reaction zone, an o increase in the rate of circulation of catalyst from the regeneration zone to the reaction zone results in an increase in the reaction zone temperature.
The chemical composition and structure of the feed to an FCC unit will S 25 affect the amount of coke deposited upon the catalyst in the reaction zone.
Normally, the higher the molecular weight, Conradson carbon, heptane insolubles, and carbon/hydrogen ratio of the feedstock, the higher will be the coke level on the d" spent catalyst. Also, high levels of combined nitrogen, such as found in shale- Ld derived oils, will increase the coke level on spent catalyst. Processing of heavier feedstocks, such as deasphalted oils or atmospheric bottoms from a crude oil fractionation unit (commonly referred to as reduced crude) results in an increase in some or all of these fact6rs and therefore causes an increase in the coke level on spent catalyst. As used herein, the term "spent catalyst" is intended to indicate catalyst employed in the reaction zone which is being transferred to the -8regeneration zone for the removal of coke deposits. The term is not intended to be indicative of a total lack of catalytic activity by the catalyst particles. The term "spent catalyst" is intended to have the same meaning as the term "used catalyst".
The reaction zone, which is normally referred to as a "riser" due to the widespread use of a vertical tubular conduit, is maintained at high temperature conditions which generally include a temperature above about 427 0 C. Preferably, the reaction zone is maintained at cracking conditions which include a temperature of from about 482 0 C to about 593 0 C and a pressure of from about 69 to 517 kPa (ga) but preferably less than about 276 kPa The catalyst/oil ratio, based on the weight of catalyst and feed hydrocarbons entering the bottom of the riser, may range up to 20:1 but is preferably between about 4:1 and about 10:1. Hydrogen is not normally added to the riser, although hydrogen addition is known in the art. On o occasion, steam may be passed into the riser. The average residence time of catalyst in the riser is preferably less than about 5 seconds. The type of catalyst employed in the process may be chosen from a variety of commercially available catalysts. A Scatalyst comprising a zeolitic base material is preferred, but the older style amorphous catalyst can be used if desired. Further information on the operation of 0 FCC reaction zones may be obtained from U.S. Patents 4,541,922 and 4,541,923 and the patents cited above.
In an FCC process, catalyst is continuously circulated from the reaction zone to the regeneration zone and then again to the reaction zone. The catalyst o°3 therefore acts as a vehicle for the transfer of heat from zone to zone as well as Co, providing the necessary catalytic activity. Catalyst which is being withdrawn from the regeneration zone is referred to as "regenerated" catalyst. As previously S,2 5 described, the catalyst charged to the regeneration zone is brought into contact with an oxygen-containing gas such as air or oxygen-enriched air under conditions which result in combustion of the coke. This results in an increase in the temperature of o the catalyst and the generation of a large amount of hot gas which is removed from o *I the regeneration zone as a gas stream referred to as a flue gas stream. The regeneration zone is normally operated at a temperature of from about 593 0 C to about 788 0 C. Additional information on the operation of FCC reaction and regeneration zones may lbeobtained from U.S. Patents 4,431,749; 4,419,221 (cited above); and 4,220,623.
-9- The catalyst regeneration zone is preferably operated at a pressure of from about 34 to 517 kPa The spent catalyst being charged to the regeneration zone may contain from about 0.2 to about 5 wt.% coke. This coke is predominantly comprised of carbon and can contain from about 5 to 15 wt.% hydrogen, as well as sulfur and other elements. The oxidation of coke will produce the common combustion products: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water. As known to those skilled in the art, the regeneration zone may take several configurations, with regeneration being performed in one or more stages. Further variety is possible due to the fact that regeneration may be accomplished with the fluidized catalyst being present as either a dilute phase or a dense phase within the regeneration zone. The term "dilute phase" is intended to indicate a catalyst/gas mixture having a density of less than 320 kg/m 3 In a similar manner, the term "dense phase" is intended to mean that the catalyst/gas mixture has a density equal to or more than 320 kg/m3 Representative dilute phase operating conditions often include a catalyst/gas mixture having a density of about 16 to 160 kg/ 3 The further description of this invention is presented with reference to the drawings. These depict particular embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the generally broad scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.
Figure 1 depicts one type of reaction zone which may be used to carry out 4 an FCC process. The reaction zone is comprised of riser 5, separation vessel 1, and Sa stripper 2 (or stripping vessel Stripper vessel 2 is attached to the bottom portion of separation vessel 1 and riser 5 extends through the center of the stripper and into S the separation vessel. Catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors flow upward in riser reference number 7 denotes the interior of riser 5. The points where catalyst and hydrocarbon vapor are introduced into riser 5 are not shown. The fluidized mixture Sa flows out of riser 5 and most of the catalyst separates from the gas stream in cyclone 4 4 13. This catalyst falls to the lower region of separation vessel 1 above the stripper section. Reference number 10 denotes the level of catalyst in the lower region.
Vapor and some catalyst exit from the top of cyclone 13 and, along with the vapor from the stripper, enter cyclone 11. Fines, that is, small catalyst particles, which are entrained in the vapor stream are separated out in cyclone 11 and fall in a downward direction. The vapor stream comprising hydrocarbon products leaves cyclone 11 by means of pipeline 12. The hydrocarbon products in pipeline 12 are ir w ii passed to appropriate product recovery facilities (not shown), which are normally Scomprised of a fractionation column referred to as the main column and other separatory equipment normally referred to as a gas concentration unit. There are numerous configurations for the vapor-solids separation equipment located inside separation vessel 1 other than the two cyclones shown in Figure 1.
Spent catalyst moves downwardly from the lower region of separation vessel 1 into stripping vessel 2. Stripping vessel 2 is oriented in a principally vertical direction so that gravity flow will move the catalyst through the stripper vessel. The elongated shape provides vertical length to detain catalyst in the stripping vessel for a desired period of time. The outer wall of riser 5 and the interior of vessel 2 form an annular area through which the catalyst flows in a stream denoted by reference number 8. This annular area w'hich is open to catalyst flow is more generally referred to as the transverse cross-sectional area. Catalyst is removed from the bottom of stripper 2 by conduit 4, which provides means for withdrawing catalyst particles, and passed to the regeneration zone (not shown) for removal of coke.
Figure 1 depicts a series of baffles located in the annular space. The baffles are made of grid members 18, 20, and 14 and a skirt 19, 21, and 15 attached to each grid. The term "grid" is commonly used in the industry and therefore "grid" or "grid member" is used herein. The term "grid" or "grid member" refers to means for diverting catalyst flow in a side-to-side manner as it flows downward under the influence of gravity in a stripper. A grid may be one of a variety of geometric forms.
The drawings show various forms of grids. For example, grid 14 extends completely around the stripper in a horizontal manner and is attached to the inner surface of the stripper around the entire perimeter of the stripper. Grid 20 extends completely around the stripper and is attached to the outer surface of the riser along the entire perimeter of the riser. All of grids 18, 20, and 14 have frusto-conical shapes that extend downwardly into the annular area. The three grid members depicted in Figure 1 each have a skirt attached to the grid member (19, 21, and 15) which is attached to the lowermost edge of the grid and extends downward. The skirts are formed to match the curve at the lower edge of the grid to which it is attached. For example, each skirt in Figures 1 and 2 is cylindrical in form. As shown in Figure 3, each grid projects horizorntlly across the annular area.
Figure 3 depicts stripper 2 and shows riser 5 concentric with the shell of stripper 2. Reference number 7 denotes the interior of riser 5. The Figure 3 section i -11is taken so that skirt 15 is shown. The dotted lines depict the position of skirt 24.
Note that the diameter of skirt 24, and the other skirts attached to the grids associated with riser 5, is slightly less than that of skirt 15, and the other skirts attached to the grids associated with the outside wall, thus allowing the assembly consisting of riser 5 and the grid members and skirts associated with riser 5 to be removed in an upward direction.
Obviously, the horizontally projected area of each grid must fall far short of covering the entire annular area to permit catalyst flow. The total horizontal projection of any individual grid will usually equal 40 to 80 percent of the transverse cross-section. Collectively, the horizontal projection of the grids will substantially cover the transverse cross-sectional area. By substantially covering the annular a transverse cross sectional area, the grids increase contact between the catalyst and stripping gas. This grid arrangement forces the catalyst to move from side-to-side and eliminates any unobstructed vertical flow path for the catalyst or stripping gas.
15 The arrangement of the grids is described as substantially covering the flow path in S recognition of a common form of stripper construction wherein the inner grids 27 are attached to the riser 5 before insertion of the riser into the stripper. To permit later insertion of the riser and inner grid assembly into the stripper, the outside diameter of the inner grids is made slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the outer grids. This leaves an open annular space between the grids, shown in a Figure 3 between skirts 15 and 24. Figure 3 exaggerates this space which is usually on the order of 2.5 to 5.0 cm. Since the stripping vessel usually has an overall minimum diameter of 1.5 meters, the direct flow area associated with this spacing is insignificant.
Figures 1 and 2 depict a space devoid of densely packed catalyst underneath the grid members. This space is denoted as 9, 22, 23, and 29 for grids 27, 14, and 26, respectively. The spaces are gas collection spaces that, in a manner hereafter described, collect upflowing stripping gas. Gas collection spaces 23 and 29 are formed by the underside of the grid and a pair of sidewalls consistirg, of the skirt on one side and the vessel wall on the other side. Gas collection spaees 9 and 22 are formed by the underside of the grid and a pair of sidewalls including the vessel skirt and the outside of riser Grid member 14 may be used as an example of a portion of grids that also includes grids 18 and 26. These may be denoted outer grids. It extends 3600 -12around the stripper and is attached to the inside of the wall of the stripper vessel in a sealable manner so that gas and catalyst cannot pass between the upper edge of grid member 14 and the inner wall of the stripper. Reference number 28 of Figures 2 and 4 shows the point of attachment; since Figure 4 is a sectional view, attachment is continuous or 3600 around the perimeter of the stripper vessel. Grid member 27 may be used as an example of the portion of the grids that also includes grid These may be denoted inner grids. It is attached to the outside of riser 5 and extends 3600 around riser 5. Skirts 19, 21, 15, 24, and 25 are shown in Figures 1 and 2. It should be noted that the total number of grids depicted in Figures 1 and 2 has been arbitrarily chosen and fewer or more grid members may be required in a given application.
D Stripping gas is added to the stripping vessel below the lowermost grid.
o o Steam is most commonly used as the stripping gas. After the stripping gas contacts he catalyst, it becomes mixed with hydrocarbon vapors that have been stripped 15 from the catalyst. The term "stripping gas" refers to the gas that is injected into the riser as well as the mixture of hydrocarbons and injected gas that is found at higher elevations in the stripper. Catalyst is shown in the left-hand portion of the annular space 8 depicted in Figure 2 and is present in the right-hand portion but is not shown in the drawing. The right-hand portion of Figure 2 shows arrows which 20 indicate the direction of flow of stripping gas out of apertures in the skirts that comprise a series of ports and through the catalyst. Figure 4 depicts grid member 26 and skirt 25 in vertical section with ring 17 omitted. Skirt 26 contains stripping gas distribution ports, denoted by reference numbers 30, 31, and 32 of Figure 4. Each skirt depicted in Figures 1 and 2 has a plurality of ports, though, for drawing convenience, they are not shown. It can be seen that catalyst flows in a side-to-side manner as it moves downward under gravitational force. The gas collection spaces 29, 22, 23, and 9 are relatively free of catalyst because it cannot flow in an upward S0 0 A 4 o direction. The angle at which catalyst falls away from the bottom of a skirt, that is, the angle at which a material will rest on a pile, is called the angle of repose. The angle of slide is a related concept. It may be defined as the minimum angle at which a material will flow from rest on an inclined surface. Each grid member is shown as having a downward slope.greater than the angle of slide. This slope prevents catalyst from piling up on the top of the grid in an inclined bank.
L-l I~ I to.
U
-13- The gas distribution ports evenly distribute stripping gas so that it contacts substantially all of the catalyst adjacent to each grid member and skirt and, therefore, all of the catalyst in the stripper. Referring again to Figure 2, stripping gas enters distributor pipe 17 by means of pipeline 3. Pipeline 3 is also shown in Figures 1 and 3. Distributor pipe 17 is shown in Figure 3. Distributor pipe 17 is in the form of a ring which extends 3600 around the stripper underneath grid member 26. The distributor is perforated in order to uniformly distribute steam in the annular space 29, which is under grid 26 and bounded by skirt 25. It is not necessary that gas distribution means comprising a ring be used; any apparatus which distributes steam in the space underneath the lowermost grid and skirt may be used.
Stripping gas (steam) flows through the ports in skirt 25; (not shown) and then through the catalyst as depicted by the arrows on the right-hand side of Figure 2.
Steam and hydrocarbon vapors stripped from the catalyst adjacent to grid 26 and kirt 25 flow into the space 22 which is underneath grid member 27 and bounded by skirt 24. The gas is then redistributed through ports in skirt 24 and flows through catalyst adjacent to skirt 24 to enter space 23 underneath grid member 14. The gas then flows through ports in skirt 15 and through the rest of the stripper. Stripping gas and hydrocarbon vapors leaving the stripping section flow through the catalyst in the bottom of vessel 1, into the free space of vessel 1, and leave vessel 1 via cyclone 20 11 in combination with the hydrocarbon products of the FCC unit.
Figures 5 and 6 depict catalyst diversion means in a cylindrical stripping 0o 0 zone. Figure 6 is a top sectional view taken as shown by the sectional arrows in Figure 5. In this case, the grid members are flat plates having a segment removed to S permit downward flow of catalyst. The plates are placed at an angle greater than the angle of slide of the catalyst. Reference number 70 depicts the cylindrical shell of the stripper. Skirts 75 and 73 are attached to grid members 76 and 74. In this embodiment of the invention, the skirts are not curved, but are in the shape of a 1 rectangle, as can be seen by the depiction of skirt 75 in Figure 6. The dotted line of Figure 6 depicts skirt 73. Stripping gas is supplied by pipeline 71 to distributor 72, from which it is distributed so that it will flow uniformnly through ports in skirt 73 (not shown). In this embodiment of the invention, distributor 72 need not be in the form of a ring; it can be seen that a straight length of pipe will suffice. Gas passes through the catalyst adjacent to skirt 73, into the space 78 under grid 76, and then through the ports of skirt 75 (not shown). In a similar manner, gas passes through the rest of the stripper before entering a separation vessel sinijar to vessel 1 of Figure 1.
Figure 7 and 8 depict another type of catalyst diversion means in a cylindrical vessel. Outer grid members, such as grid 57, are identical to the outer grid members depicted in Figures 1 and 2, such as outer grid 14. As in Figures 1 and 2, outer grid members of Figure 7 extend 3600 in a horizontal manner around stripper vessel 50. The skirts depicted in Figure 7, such as skirt 58, are identical to the skirts depicted in Figures 1 and 2 which are attached to outer grids. Also, stripping gas is delivered to the stripper by pipeline 51 and distributed by distributor ring 52 in the same manner as in Figure 2 (pipeline 3 and distributor 17). Central grid members, denoted by reference numbers 56 and 60, are disposed within stripper 50. Each central grid member is a hollow cone without a base and has a skirt, such as skirt 55, attached to its lowermost edge. Each skirt is a vertical hollow o cylinder having a small height dimension. Legs (not shown) extending from each central grid member to an outer grid member provide support for the central grids.
*a 0 0 Figure 8 depicts the cylindrical shell of stripper 50 and skirt 59. The dotted line of 0 Figure 8 depicts the location of skirt 58, which is attached to grid 57. Gas from distributor 52 flows through the ports (not shown) in skirt 53 and through the catalyst (not shown) adjacent to skirt 53 and grid 54 to the space underneath grid 56 which is denoted by'reference number 61. Gas then flows through the ports (not shown) in skirt 55 up through catalyst (not shown) adjacent to skirt 55 and grid 56 and enters space underneath grid 57 denoted by reference number 63. From there, it flows through ports (not shown) in skirt 58 and into space 62 which is beneath grid 0 60 and bounded by skirt 59. Gas flows through the remainder of vessel 50 in a similar manner.
The height of a skirt and the number and size of the gas distribution ports C. 00 000 contained therein are dependent upon a number of factors, such as the geometry of 000000 the stripper, rate of catalyst throughput, operating pressure, stripping gas flow rate, etc. T'hose skilled in the art are capable of determining the required rate of flow of stripping gas for a particular unit when the present invention is not practiced. This determination is based mainly on experience with stripping apparatus, since rigorous methods of calculation ar6 not available.
The required rate of flow of stripping gas when the present invention is not practiced is the starting point for determining the parameters of the present invention. One-half of this flow is taken as the design flow rate and the ports are sized using this design rate. Those skilled in the arts of chemical engineering and hydrocarbon processing are capable of calculating pressure drops when gas is flowing through orifices and beds of particles. A trial arrangement and size, or sizes, of ports is selected. The total pressure drop across the stripper is then calculated. If this pressure drop is not satisfactory, different port characteristics are selected and the process is repeated. The skirt height is dependent primarily on the characteristics of the ports, but should be no less than 10 cm.
Figure 4 shows the dimensions of a typical grid member and skirt. The height of the skirt is 30.48 cm and there are three rows of holes at three different elevations, each row being in a horizontal plane and extending 3600 around the skirt. Providing more rows of holes increases the effectiveness of the invention by giving a more complete distribution of stripping. However, the invention only needs 0 two rows of holes to be effective. The vertical separation between each row of holes S is 7.5 cm. Each row contains 24 holes spaced 15 degrees apart so that all of the holes are evenly spaced. The holes have varying sizes-to alter the jet length created by each row of holes. As an example of gas distrif ution ports having varying sizes, each of the ports in the row containing port 30 may be 1.27 cm in diameter, those ports in the row containing port 31 may be 1.9 cm in diameter, and those ports in the row containing port 32 may be 2.54 cm in diameter. Varying the diameter in this 00*6 manner yields better coverage of the catalyst since the varying jet length distributes stripping gas over more of the catalyst stream. Referring again to both Figures 1 and 2, the lower set of arrows on the right-hand side of Figure 2 have been labeled .6 a with primed reference numbers corresponding to the holes in Figure 4. Gas flowing through the 1.27 cm port will flow a short distance in a somewhat horizontal direction before moving upward. Gas from a larger port, port 31, will flow further- in o a horizontal direction as shown by arrow 31. Gas from the largest hole wAill travel too the longest horizontal distance, as shown by the arrow labeled 32. The horizontal distance for gas flow associated with a port is dependent on the size of the port, other parameters being equal.
In addition to improving the hydrocarbon yield by removing hydrocarbons which would be burned diong with the coke, the present invention allows a lesser quantity of stripping steam to be used. For example, in a process where approximately 1.5 kg of steam is required for each 1000 kg of catalyst without 16practice of the present invention, experimentation has shown that use of 0.7 kg of steam per 1000 kg of catalyst yields satisfactory results when the present invention is utilized.
As an example of stripper dimensions, a relatively small FCC unit to which is provided 20,000 bpd (132.48 m 3 /hr) of feed may have a stripping section with a nominal diameter of 198.12 cm and a riser with a nominal diameter of 76.2 cm. Thus, the width, taken in a radial direction, of the annular space would be 60.96 cm. Referring now to Figure 2, the width of the annular space taken in a radial direction under grid 14 might be 22.86 cm while the width of an inner grid would be about 35.56 cm. It is necessary to use differing widths because it is desired to maintain the horizontal area for catalyst flow relatively constant as the catalyst S° moves from side-to-side. This can be appreciated by reference to Figures 2 and 3 where it can be seen that the catalyst flows first in the inner annulus bounded by the members bearing reference numbers 15 and 5 and then in the outer annulus bounded by the members bearing reference numbers 2 and 24.
i' It may be desired to increase the size of the ports in the skirts located in the upper portion of a stripper in order to accommodate stripped hydrocarbon vapor. Port size may be varied from the smallest in the lower end to the largest in the upper end. For example, the ports in skirt 21 of Figure 2 may be larger than the 2 0 ports in skirt 25 of Figure 2, in order to accommodate the hydrocarbon vapor that is flowing through the ports in skirt 21. It can be seen that virtually no hydrocarbon 8 vapor will flow through the ports of skirt 25 and that the amount of hydrocarbon vapor which will flow through a port increases as the height above the steam distributor increases.
!V

Claims (3)

1. An FCC stripping apparatus designed to remove occluded hydrocarbons from a continuously circulating stream of fluidized particulate catalyst by contact with a stripping gas, said apparatus comprising a combination of: a vessel having an elongated shape, a principally vertical orientation, a transverse cross-section open to downward catalyst flow, an uppermost end in communication with a source of catalyst particles and a lowermost end in communication with a means for withdrawing catalyst particles; a set of baffles [18, 20 and 14] located within said vessel [2] comprising at least one outer grid [18] having a frusto-conical shape and an outer diameter portion fixed to the inside of said vessel at a first locus, said outer grid extending inwardly and downwardly from said first locus to an inner diameter portion, and at least one inner grid [20] having an at least partially conical shape and an outer diameter portion at least substantially equal in size to the inner diameter of said outer grid such that together said inner grid [20] and outer grid [18] substantially cover said transverse cross-section, said inner grid [18] extending inwardly and upwardly from its outer diameter portion to a means for supporting said inner grid, with all of said inner grids and said outer grids being vertically offset in an alternating pattern to provide a side-to-side flow path for a stream of catalyst to flow down said vessel means 17] for adding stripping gas to said vessel [21 below the lowermost of said grids and means [11, 12] for withdrawing stripping gas from said uppermost end of said vessel an outer grid skirt [19] having a cylindrical shape and an uppermost I er.S of e, portion fixed to said inner diameter portion of said tergid 18], wherein said outer grid skirt outer grid and vessel form an outer gas collection space [23] having an open bottom for receiving stripping gas; an inner grid skirt [21] having a cylindrical shape and an uppermost portion fixed to said outer diameter portion of each of said inner grids [20] wherein said inner grid skirt Said inner grid [20] and said means for supporting said inner grid form an inner gas collection space and 4 7; r- -H -ls -18- at least two sets of gas injection apertures [30, 31] defined by each skirt [19, 21], each set of apertures having a uniform aperture size, a uniform spacing between apertures, and a common vertical elevation, each aperture in each set having a horizontal centerline projection and a diameter of sufficient size to produce a gas jet that extends into said flow path for a stream of catalyst and one set of apertures in said at least two sets of apertures has apertures of different size than the apertures in one other set of apertures so that the gas jet extending from at least two different sets of aperture vill have a different jet length.
2. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized in that each grid skirt defines at least three sets of apertures [30, 31 and 32] and the diameter of the largest apertures is sized to extend the gas jet at least two-thirds of the distance S across said flow path for a stream of catalyst. i 3. A stripping apparatus for an FCC unit that removes occluded o hydrocarbons from particulate catalyst by contact with a stripping gas, said os15 apparatus comprising in combination: a vessel [70] having an elongated shape, a principally vertical orientation, a transverse cross-section open to downward catalyst flow, an uppermost end in communication with a source of catalyst particles and a lowermost end in communication with a means for withdrawing catalyst particles; at least two grids [76, 74] located in and extending downwardly and inwardly from opposite vertical sides of the vessel, each grid extending inwardly over O at least about half of said transverse cross-section such that together said grids :0 substantially cover said transverse cross-section, and said grids being offset vertically to provide a side-to-side flow path for a stream of catalyst to flow downwardly through said vessel; means [71] for adding stripping gas to said vessel below the lowermost of said grids; i a vertical skirt [75, 73] attached to the bottom of each grid [76, 74], said grid, skirt, and vessel forming a gas collection space [78] underneath each grid C 30 for receiving stripping gas; and
19- at least two sets of gas injection apertures [30, 31] in each skirt 73], each set of apertures having a uniform aperture size, a uniform spacing between apertures, and a common vertical elevation, each aperture in each set having a horizontal centerline projection and a restricted size to produce a gas jet that extends into said flow path with the apertures in the lowermost aperture set on each skirt having the largest diameter so that the apertures of the lowermost aperture set will produce the longest jet length. 4. The apparatus of Claim 3 further characterized in that each skirt 73] defines at least three sets of apertures [30, 31 and 32] and the gas jet of the largest aperture extends at least two-thirds of the distance across said flow path for a stream of catalyst. o DATED this 18th day of May 1990. 01 UOP o WATERMARK PATENT TRADEMARK ATTORNEYS "THE ATRIUM" 290 BURWOOD ROAD HAWTHORN. VIC. 3122. i6 00 Sa 1
AU55719/90A 1987-11-06 1990-05-18 Side-to-side fcc stripping apparatus with baffle-skirts having stripping gas injection ports Ceased AU626121B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/101,225 US4927606A (en) 1986-05-29 1987-11-06 FCC Stripping apparatus

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4629552A (en) * 1984-07-18 1986-12-16 Mobil Oil Corporation FCC catalyst separation method
AU619267B2 (en) * 1984-07-18 1989-04-05 Mobil Oil Corporation Fcc catalyst stripping method and apparatus
AU6527490A (en) * 1989-10-10 1991-05-16 Union Oil Company Of California Hydraulic release oil tool

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4629552A (en) * 1984-07-18 1986-12-16 Mobil Oil Corporation FCC catalyst separation method
AU619267B2 (en) * 1984-07-18 1989-04-05 Mobil Oil Corporation Fcc catalyst stripping method and apparatus
AU6527490A (en) * 1989-10-10 1991-05-16 Union Oil Company Of California Hydraulic release oil tool

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