AU623363B2 - Modular space framed earthquake resistant structure - Google Patents

Description

PCT

OPI DATE 14/06/89 AOJP DATE 20/07/89 APPLN. ID 28094 89 PCT NUMBER PCT/US88/04033 INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (51) International Patent Classification 4 (11) International Publication Number: WO 89/ 04902 E04H 9/02 Al (43) International blcationD: lie 1 (l(01.06.89) (21) International Application Number: PCT/US88/04033 (74) Agent: iCGO b, Kirk, 6750 Hillcrest Plaza Drive, Suite 204, Dallas, TX 75230 (US).

(22) International Filing Date: 14 November 1988 (14.11.88) (81) Designated States: AT (European patent), AU, BE (Eu- (31) Priority Application Numbers: 124,832 ropean patent), CH (European patent), DE (Euro- 197,818 pean patent), FR (European patent), GB (European patent), IT (European patent), JP, KR, LU (European (32) Priority Dates: 24 November 1987 (24.11.87) patent), NL (European patent), SE (European pa- 23 May 1988 (23.05.88) tent), SU, US, US.

(33) Priority Country: US Published With international search report.

Parent Applications or Grants Before the expiration of the time limit for amending the (63) Related by Continuation claims and to be republished in the event of the receipt US 124,832 (CIP) of amendments.

Filed on 24 November 1987 (24.11.87) US 197,818 (CIP) Filed on 23 May 1988 (23.05.88) (71)(72) Applicant and Inventor: HUANG, Yen, T. [US/US]; 9405 Pinewood Dr., Dallas, TX 75243 (US).

(54) Title: MODULAR SPACE FRAMED EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE (57) Abstract A modular space framed structure (40, 50) is constructed using uniform components to provide the desired geometry of the modular structure. Rigid Y-shaped joints (10) having three branches (12, 14, 16) are interconnected to form the structure. The interconnection of first and second branches (12, 14) of adjacent devices (10) defines horizoftal frames at each level in the structure and the interconnection of aligned ones of the third branches (16) of adjacent devices (10) defines the vertical legs of structure WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -1- Description Modular Soace Framed Earthquake Resistant Structure Technical Field The present invention relates generally to modular space framed structures and in particular to a modular space framed support structure for enhancing the earthquake resistance of the construction being supported.

Background Art Constructions, such as buildings, offshore platforms and the like, typically include a substructure, such as a foundation, support beams or the like, to support the superstructure of the construction. In b u ild i n g construction structural frames can support loadings acting in unison with the foundation system. In the case of an offshore platform, the support structure, which is typically comprised of vertical support members embedded in the ocean bottom, is substantially completely disposed below the ocean surface for supporting the platform superstructure above the water level.

According to prior practice the support structure for an offshore platform is typically comprised of vertical support members "jack up" platform) which are embedded at one end at respective first ends thereof in the ocean bottom with concrete anchoring blocks or the like and respective second ends which are in contact with the platform superstructure to maintain the superstructure above the water line. Laterally extending cross-members are typically used to provide structural rigidity for the support structure. The support structure typically has a rectangular cross-section so that the width of the support structure is substantially the same from top to bottom along the support structure.

One problem associated with such rectangular support structures is that the stability of the support structures diminishes as a function of the vertical depth thereof for a given width of the support structure. The stability WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -2problem is particularly significant if the offshore platform is located in an area of high earthquake probability. The horizontal movement of the seabed caused by an earthquake will produce an overturning moment on the platform. The magnitude of the overturning moment is directly proportional to the force of the earthquake and the height of the platform above the seabed the depth of the water) and is indirectly proportional to the horizontal width or diameter, as the case may be, of the support structure. In deep water, the width of the support structure must be substantially increased, which not only complicates the construction process, but also substantially increases the cost thereof.

Another problem associated with a rectangular frame structure is the diminished horizontal force resistive capability because of the square corners and the turbulent air flow around the corners of the structure. These limitations apply irrespective of whether the structure is located onshore or offshore.

U. S. Patent No. 4,288,947 discloses modular Y-shape.d members for frame construction. U. S. Patent No. 3,995,897 discloses a coupling device for interconnecting pipe or other tubular construction members. U. S. Patent Nos.

1,090,312; 2,959,256; 2,982,379; 3,347,000; 3,407,559; 3,999,351; and 4,480,414 and French Patent No. 2 306 318 teach various types of frame constructions.

Disclosure of the Invention In one aspect of the invention a modular structure having a plurality of horizontal space framed levels is comprised of a plurality of discrete sets of modular construction devices corresponding to the number of levels in the structure. The construction devices of each discrete set have first, second and third tubular members of substantially equal length which are interconnected to define a rigid Y-shape with respective obtuse space angles between each pair of tubular members. First connector means is provided for interconnecting the corresponding first and second tubular members of the devices of each WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -3discrete set so that the first and second tubular members of the devices of each set define a polygonal frame at a corresponding level of the structure. Second connector means is provided for interconnecting aligned ones of the third tubular members at successive levels in the structure. The third tubular members are oriented at a predetermined acute angle with respect to respective vertical axes which are perpendicular to the corresponding polygonal frames so that the interconnection of the aligned third tubular members defines corresponding inclined legs of the structure.

In one embodiment each polygonal frame is comprised of a plurality of horizontal legs of equal length and the length of each tubular member of the construction devices in a particular set is equal to one-half the length of one leg of the corresponding polygonal frame defined by that particular set of construction devices. In another embodiment the first connector means is comprised of a plurality of first sleeve members, each of which has a central bore for receiving respective ends of the first tubular member of a first construction device and the second tubular member of a second construction device adjacent to the first device, to interconnect the corresponding first and second tubular members of the first and second devices to define one horizontal frame member of the corresponding polygonal frame. In yet another embodiment the second connecting means is comprised of a plurality of second sleeve members, each of which has a central bore for receiving the facing ends of an aligned pair of third tubular members to define the inclined legs of the structure. In the preferred embodiment the first, second and third tubular members of each construction de-ice are interconnected to form a rigid Y-shape with respective space angles of 1080, 1080 and 1080 between each pair of tubular members in a particular construction device.

In another aspect of the invention a modular construction device is comprised of first, second and third WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -4beams which are interconnected to define a rigid Y-shaped joint with respective space angles between each pair of beams, The first and second beams are adapted to define respective portions of respective first and second horizontal frame members at a particular level in a multilevel space framed structure. The third beam is oriented to define a corresponding portion of a vertical leg of the structure interconnecting that particular level with an adjacent level. The first and second beams intersect the third beam at a selected position between the first and second opposite ends of the third beam. The first and second beams are notched adjacent to their respective intersections with the third beam for receiving a portion of the third beam within the notch so that at least a portion of the third beam projects from the notch in each direction along the major axis of the third beam. In the pre.ferred embodiment. the first, second and third beams are comprised of respective first, second and third C-channel beams, each of which has a base member and a pair of lip flanges projecting from the base member.

In yet another aspect of the invention a plurality of modular construction devices comprised of first, second and third beams, as described above, are interconnected to define a multi-level structure. Each level in the structure is comprised of a discrete set of modular construction devices. First connector means is provided for interconnecting the corresponding first and second beams of the construction devices of each set so that the first and second beams define a polygonal frame at a corresponding level in the structure. Second connector means is provided for interconnecting aligned ones of the third beams at successive levels in the structure to define the corresponding vertical legs of the structure. A plurality of these multi-level structures may be positioned so that selected portions of the polygonal frame at each level of each structure are substantially in abutting relationship with corresponding portions of the polygonal frames of respective adjacent structures. Furthermore, i; i WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 selected ones of the third beams of each structure are substantially in abutting relationship with corresponding ones of selected third beams of adjacent structures at respective corners of the adjacent structures. The abutting third beams are joined together to define corresponding vertical legs of the building construction.

In still another aspect of the invention a modular structure having a plurality of horizontal space framed levels is comprised of a plurality of modular construction devices, each of which has first, second and third tubular members of substantially equal length which are interconnected to define a rigid Y-shape with respective obtuse space angles between each pair of tubular members.

First connector means is provided for interconnecting the corresponding first and second tubular members of adjacent construction devices at a corresponding level in the structure so that the interconnection of the first and second tubular members of adjacent construction devices defines a polygonal frame at the corresponding level of the structure. Second connector means is provided for interconnecting aligned ones of the third tubular members at successive levels in the structure. The third tubular members are oriented at a predetermined acute angle with respect to respective vertical axes which are perpendicular to the corresponding polygonal frames so that the interconnection of the aligned third tubular members defines corresponding inclined legs of the structure.

In one embodiment the first connector means is comprised of a plurality of first sleeve members, each of which has a central bore for receiving respective ends of the first tubular member of a first construction device and a second tubular member of a second construction device adjacent to the first construction device to interconnect the corresponding first and second tubular members of the first and second devices to define a horizontal frame member of the polygonal frame. The plurality of sleeve members are preferably comprised of a plurality of discrete sets of sleeve members corresponding to the number of WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -6levels in the structure. All of the sleeve members of the same set are disposed at the same level in the structure.

Because the length of each horizontal frame member increases at each successively lower level in the structure, the sleeve members disposed at the lowermost level will have the greatest length, while the sleeve members disposed at the uppermost level will have the smallest length. The length of each sleeve member is preferably sufficient to connect the aligned first and second tubular members of adjacent construction devices at the respective points of contraflexure along the corresponding horizontal frame member.

Brief Description of the Drawings FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of a modular construction device according to the present invention; FIGURE 2 is a top plan view of a modular space framed structure according to the present invention; FIGURE 3 is a top plan view of a particular level in the modular space framed structure; FIGURES 4A and 4B are respective sectional and end views of a sleeve member used to interconnect aligned tubular members at a particular level in the modular space framed structure; FIGURE 5 is a perspective view of the interconnection of the corresponding tubular members at successive levels to define the vertical legs of the structure in accordance with the present invention; FIGURE 6 is an elevational view illustrating the interconnection of the correspondin'g tubular members at successive levels to define the vertical legs of the structure in accordance with the present invention; FIGURES 7A and 7B are respective sectional and end views of a sleeve member used to interconnect the corresponding tubular members at successive levels in the structure to define the vertical legs of the structure in accordance with the present invention; FIGURE 8 is a perspective view of a modular space framed structure in accordance with the present invention; i_,i i i WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -7and FIGURE 9 is an elevational view of an earthquake resistant structure for supporting an offshore platform in accordance with the present invention.

FIGURE 10 is a perspective view of a modular space framed structure in accordance with the present invention having a hexagonal lateral cross section; FIGURE 11 is a perspective view showing the interconnection of a plurality of the structures shown in FIGURE FIGURES 12a and 12b are perspective views of an alternative embodiment of a modular construction device according to the present invention; FIGURES 12c and 12 d are respective top and bottom plan views of corresponding branches of the modular construction devices which are connected to define a common vertical leg of abutting structures.

FIGURE 13 is a perspective view of the structure depicted in FIGURE 11 with an inflatable self-supporting dome roof connected thereto; FIGURE 14 is a top plan view of the structure depicted in FIGURE 13; FIGURE 15 is a top plan view of a modular-space framed structure with a substantially rectangular roof connected thereto; FIGURE 16 is an elevational view of an adapter for connecting the rectangular roof to the structure shown in FIGURE FIGURES 17a and 17b are perspective views of a wrap around sleeve used to connect abutting tubular branches comprising the frame members in a multi-structure building construction; FIGURE 18 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a modular construction device according to the present invention; FIGURE 19 is a sectional view of an alternate embodiment of a sleeve member used to interconnect the aligned tubular members at a particular level in the WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -8modular space framed structure; and FIGURE 20 is a top plan view of an alternate embodiment of a modular space framed structure according to the present invention.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention In the description which follows, like parts are marked throughout the specification and drawings, respectively. The drawings are not necessarily to scale and in some instance proportions have been exaggerated in order to more clearly depict certain features of the invention.

Referring to FIGURE 1, a modular construction device is comprised of first, second and third tubular branches 12, 14 and 16 of equal length, which are interconnected to define a rigid Y-shaped joint with respective obtuse space angles between each pair of tubular branches. The ends of each tubular branch are tapered for being inserted into a connector device, as will be described in greater detail.

hereinafter. A circumferential groove 15 is disposed adjacent to the end- of each branch for mating with a complementary member in the connector device. Ears 17 are positioned between each of the branches for allowing bracing members or the like to be connected to construction device 10, os will be described in greater detail with reference to Figure 8. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGURE 1, the three space angles may vary from 900 to 1200.

For example purposes, it will be assumed that the three space angles are each 1080 with reference to Figures 1-9.

Referring also to FIGURE 3, a plurality of construction devices 10 are interconnected by a corresponding plurality of sleeve members 18 to define a pentagonal-shaped horizontal frame 20. In FIGURE 3, five construction devices 10 are connected at the respective five corners A, B, C, D, and E of pentagonal frame 20 so that the corresponding third tubular branch 16 of each device 10 depends outwardly and downwardly from the plane defined by frame 20 and the corresponding first and second tubular branches 12 and 14 are interconnected to define -i WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -9corresponding members of frame 20. For example, first tubular branch 12E of the particular device 10 disposed at corner E of frame 20 is aligned with the corresponding second tubular branch 14D of'the particular device 10 which is disposed at corner D of frame 20. Each sleeve member 18 has a central bore extending therethrough for receiving respective facing ends of each pair of aligned tubular branches, as best illustrated in FIGURE 4A. Each sleevu member 18 connects the corresponding first tubular branch 12 of one device 10 with the corresponding second tubular branch 14 of an adjacent device 10 to define pentagonal frame 20. Each member of frame 20 has a length approximately twice that of the length of each tubular branch.

Referring also to FIGURES 4A and 4B, the ends of each tubular branch 12 and 14 are tapered for being received within the central bore of the corresponding sleeve member 18. Disposed adjacent to the end of each tubular branch 12, 14 is a groove (see FIGURE 1) which extends circumferentially around the corresponding tubular branch 12, 14 for engaging a corresponding male member 22 in the bore of sleeve member 18 for locking the corresponding tubular branches 12, 14 in respective predetermined fixed positions within sleeve member 18. In an alternate embodiment male members may be disposed on branches 12, 14 and 16 in lieu of female grooves 15 for mating with corresponding female grooves within the bore of a corresponding sleeve member 18. A central hole 24 is left open to accommodate the passage of pre-stressing wire cables. A rigid diaphragm 26 of sleeve member 18 is sandwiched between the respective facing ends of aligned first and second tubular branches 12 and 14. The locking engagement between the corresponding female groove and male notch 22 is described in greater detail in United States Patent No. 4,288,947, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Referring to FIGURES 5 and 6, the corresponding third tubular branches 16 are interconnected by means of a i I WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 corresponding plurality of sleeve members 28 to define a substantially vertical leg. Each sleeve member 28 is preferably integrally formed on a corresponding construction device 10 so that a portion of each sleeve member 28 extends beyond the intersection of first, second and third tubular branches 12, 14 and 16 of the corresponding device 10, as best shown in FIGURE 6.

Referring to FIGURES 7A and 7B, sleeve member 28 includes a centrally disposed saddle 30, which defines two chambers 32A and 32B within sleeve member 28 for receiving the corresponding first and second tubular branches 12 and 14 within sleeve member 28. Sleeve member 28 further includes a central diaphragm 34 for being sandwiched between the corresponding third tubular branch 16 of an adjacent construction device 10 and saddle 30. The locking engagement described above with reference to FIGURES 4A and 4B is also used to receive third tubular branch 16 within the corresponding sleeve member 28.

Referring to FIGURES 2 and 8, a modular space framed structure 40 in the shape of a truncated pyramid is formed by interconnecting a plurality of construction devices Construction devices 10 are divided into N number of discrete sets of construction devices 10 corresponding to N number of levels in structure 40. In FIGURES 2 and 8, structure 40 is shown with four levels, with each level being comprised of a discrete pentagonal frame 20. The vertical legs of structure 40 are inclined at a predetermined acute angle with respect to respective vertical axes which are perpendicular to the respective horizontal planes defined by the respective pentagonal frames to enhance the stability and earthquake resistance of structure 40. The pentagonal frame at the uppermost level of structure 40 has the smallest area among the frames and each successively lower pentagonal frame has a corresponding greater area. The inclined legs are defined by the interconnection of aligned third tubular branches 16 at each successive level in structure Tubular branches 12, 14 and 16 of each device 10 in 14 WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -11each discrete set have substantially the same length. For example, if the length of each tubular branch 12, 14 and 16 in the uppermost level is L, the length of each tubular branch 12, 14 and 16 at each level in structure 40 is equal to approximately 1 3 0 9 x L, where N is an integer representing the particular level in structure 40 counting in succession from the uppermost level to the lowermost level of structure 40. Therefore, the length of each tubular branch 12, 14 and 16 increases by approximately 30.9% between each successive level in structure 40 from the top to the bottom thereof. Similarly, the diameter D' (which is measured as shown in FIGURE 3) increases by approximately 30.9% between each successive level from top to bottom in structure 40. It can be determined mathematically that the diameter D' of each pent.agonal f!rame is equal to approximately 3.0777 multiplied by the length of each tubular branch 12, 14 and 16 3.0777 x 1.

3 0 9 x L) at that particular level in structure Thus, the diameter D' of the lowermost level N=4) in structure 40 is approximately 6.9031 L as compared to the diameter D' of the uppermost level N=1) of structure which is approximately 3.0777 L.

Structure 40 can be reinforced by applying bracing members 41 between pentagonal frames, as shown in FIGURE 8, particularly in areas where seismic, ice, current, wave and wind forces acting on the structure become critical.

Panels may also be used to span the spaces between the pentagonal frames. The tubular branches and sleeve members have central openings for receiving pre-stressing cables 44 therethrough, as shown in FIGURE 6, to achieve structural rigidity. A filler material, such as concrete, can be poured into the tubular branches to further reinforce the structure.

The modular space framed structure 40 according to the present invention is particularly well-suited for marine operations where support structures must be built under adverse conditions. Referring to FIGURE 9, structure can be used as a submerged structure to support a work 3 i WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -12platform superstructure 42. Structure 40 can be partially assembled on shore and transported to and erected at the installation site or alternatively structure 40 can be assembled on site using modular devices The earthquake resistance force of a structure can be expressed as Ph/Db, where P is the lateral force exerted on the structure by the earthquake, h is the height of the structure and Db is the diameter of the base level of the structure. The natural pyramidal shape of the structure accordi'g to the present invention lowers the center of gravity of the structure and substantially reduces the required earthquake resistance force of the structure by increasing the diameter of the base level thereof. For example, a substantially rectangular structure having the same diameter from top to bottom of approximately 3.0777 L will require an earthquake resistance force- of approximately Ph/3.0777L. On the other hand, a pyramidal structure according to the present invention having six levels with th- same diameter D' at the uppermost level as the aforementioned rectangular structure will require an earthquake resistance force of approximately Ph/15.4833L.

Thus, the earthquake resistance force is approximately onefifth of the conventional rectangular structure with substantially the same diameter D' at the top level in the structure.

The pentagonal frames comprising each level of the structure provide an optimum balance between the horizontal force resistive capability of a circular frame structure and the ease of construction of a rectangular frame structure. Another advantage of the modular space frame structure according to the present invention is the rigidity of the corners at each level in the structure provided by rigid modular construction devices. The aligned branches of the modular construction devices can be quickly and conveniently interconnected as compared to conventional pin or bolt connections. The construction devices can be manufactured to uniform specifications in a factory with rigid quality control, thereby reducing the I WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -13amount of work necessary in the field.

An added advantage of the rigid Y-shape construction devices lies in the minimization of underwater welded construction. It is well known that in off-shore platform construction, field welding creates problems of Localized Brittle Zone (LBZ) and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) which contribute to many structural failures and loss of the expensive off-shore platforms. A similar advantage applies to on-shore constructions.

Referring to FIGURE 10, a modular space framed structure 50 is comprised of vertical legs and hexagonal space frames at each level in structure 50 to achieve a vertical walled tower structure 50. Structure 50 is constructed in substantially the same manner as described above with reference to FIGURES 1-9, except that the tubular branches of the modular construction devices are disposed at respective space angles of 1200, 900, and 900 to define a tower with a hexagonal lateral cross section and vertical legs instead of the 1080, 1080 and 1080 space angles described above with reference to FIGURE 8.

Structure 50 is well-suited for onshore tower construction.

Referring to FIGURE 11, a plurality of vertical walled towers 50 can be interconnected to define a honeycombshaped structure 60 by connecting individual towers along their abutting frame members with cable or the like, to substantially enhance the earthquake resistance of the entire structure 60. A wrap around sleeve 61, as shown in FIGURES 17a and 17b, may be placed around the abutting tubular branches of adjoining towers 50 to interconnect the adjoining towers 50 and also to connect the tubular branches of ealh tower end to end to form the individual members of each hexagonal frame. Wrap around sleeve 61 may be used in lieu of cylindrical sleeve member 18, described above with reference to FIGURES 1-9. The wrap around sleeve is preferably tightened by steel bands 63 around the outside of the sleeve 61. Sleeve 61 may include female grooves 61A for mating with complementary male members on the abutting tubular branches around which sleeve 61 is

IL

WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -14wrapped, or alternatively, male notches 61B for mating with complementary female members on the abutting tubular branches.

Referring to FIGURES 12a and 12b, a modular construction device 62, comprised of three C-channel beams 64, 66 and 68, may be used in lieu of device 10 with its tubular branches 12, 14 and 16 to form each tower 50 and structure 60. Beams 64, 66 and 68 are of substantially equal length and are interconnected to define a rigid Yshaped joint with respective space angles therebetween. In the embodiment illustrated, the space angle between first and second beams 64 and 66 is 1200 and the respective space angles between third beam 68 and each of first and second beams 64 and 66 are approximately 90 0 Beams 64, 66 and 68 may be manufactured as an integral unit or, alternatively, first and second beams 64 and 66 may be integrally formed with a notch cut out at the intersection between the two beams to allow the two beams to fit over third beam 68 and be attached thereto by welding or the like. First and second beams 64 and 66 are attached to third beam 68 at a position between respective opposite ends of third beam 68 so that respective portions of third beam 68 project from the notched area in both directions along the axis of third beam 68. First and second beams 64 and 66 may be disposed with their respective channels facing inwardly, as in FIGURE 12a, or facing outwardly, as in FIGURE 12b. In this manner first and second beams 64 and 66 define respective portions of the horizontal frame members at the corresponding level in the structure and third beam 68 defines a portion of a corresponding vertical leg of the structure.

Another aspect of the invention is illustrated in FIGURES 12c and 12d. Honeycomb structure 60 may have common vertical legs between adjacent towers 50. A common vertical leg is formed by interconnecting a plurality of leg members 67 end to end. Each leg member 67 is comprised of three beams 68, which are preferably welded together along their respective adjacent lip flanges to define three ui.uLni1snes as a tunction of the vertical depth thereof for a given width of the support structure. The stability WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 attachment faces 68A, 68B and 68C on leg member 67, as best seen in FIGURE 12c. Three corresponding pairs of horizontal beams 64A and 66A, 64B and 66B and 64C and 66C are attached to.corresponding attachment faces 68A, 68B and 68C, respectively, with adjacent beams in abutting relationship, as best shown in FIGURE 12d to define a corresponding corner of structure 60. Welding rods 69 extend at least partially upward along the three beams 68 from the respective bottom ends of beams 68, between adjacent lip flanges. Rods 69 provide a slight separation between beams 68 so that the bottom portion (as seen in FIGURE 12d) of the three beams 68 is wider than the top portion (as seen in FIGURE 12c). This disparity in width allows the corresponding top portion of one leg member 67 to be received inside of the corresponding bottom portion of another leg member 67 to form the common vertical legs of structure 60. Leg members 67 may be secured together by welding.

Abutting pairs of beams 64 and 66 are preferably attached together and are interconnected end-to-end with other abutting beam pairs to define the horizontal frame members at each level in structure 60 by means of gusset plates (not shown) or the like, which are bolted to the respective faces of the beams. The gusset plates span the end-to-end connections between abutting beam pairs to interconnect the beam pairs between the respective corners of structure 60. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the gusset plates perform an analogous function to sleeve members 18, described above with reference to FIGURES 1-9. Structure 60 may be prestressed by passing wire cables through the enclosed channels formed by the abutting beams.

Referring to FIGURE 13, honeycomb structure 60 is adapted for receiving a modular inflatable dome structure of the type described and claimed in United States patent numbers 4,288,947 and 4,583,330, both of which are incorporated by reference herein. Dome structure 70 is preferably comprised of an hexagonal apex 72 with 1_ i ,1 i wo 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -16alternating hexagonal and pentagonal panels 74 and 76, respectively, connecting apex 72 with the uppermost level of structure 60. A special adapter sleeve (not shown) or the like will normally be used to effect the connection between dome structure 70 and the uppermost level of structure 60. FIGURE 14 illustrates nine different points of connection 1-9 at which inflatable dome structure 70 is attached to the corresponding frame members at the uppermost level of structure Referring to FIGURES 15 and 16, five additional tower structures 50 are added to the seven tower structures comprising honeycomb structure 60 shown in FIGURE 11 to define a twelve tower honeycomb structure 80. A substantially rectangular roof structure 82 may be used to cover honeycomb structure 80, as shown in FIGURE FIGURE 16 illustrates an adapter 84 with a plurality of sleeve members 86 projecting upwardly and downwardly therefrom for connecting roof 82 to structure 80 below.

Both dome roof 70 and rectangular roof 82 are sloped from their respective apexes to the points of connection of the respective roof structures to the building structure beneath to enhance drainage from the roof. The curvature of the roof structure and the curved corners provided by the hexagonal frames of the tower structures divert the winds acting on the structure and reduce the effects of wind forces. The interconnection between the individual tower structures along their common vertical legs and at selected positions on the abutting horizontal frame members serves to strengthen the entire structure against wind and seismic forces.

Referring to FIGURE 18, an alternate embodiment of a modular construction device 90 according to the present invention is depicted. Construction device 90 is substantially similar to modular construction device described above with reference to FIGURES 1-9, except that tubular branches 92, 94 and 96 of device 90 have male threaded ends 92a, 94a and 96a, respectively, for receiving complementary female threads disposed inside and adjacent WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -17to a first end 98a of an extension member 98. Second end 98b of extension member 98 is tapered and includes an annular member 99 for mating with complementary groove 103 inside of a sleeve member 102, as shown in FIGURE 19. In this manner, the effective length of one or more of tubular branches 92, 94 and 96 of construction device 90 can be increased as required and still maintain the modular features of construction device 90, which facilitates handling thereof and provides advantages inherent in mass production of construction devices 90. Ears 100 are disposed adjacent to the respective junctions between tubular branches 92, 94 and 96 for allowing lateral and vertical bracing members (see FIGURE 20) to be attached thereto by bolted connections.

Referring to FIGURE 19, sleeve member 102 is used to connect aligned tubular branches of adjacent construction devices 90 at a corresponding level in a tower structure.

In qn inclined tower structure, such as structure described above with reference- to FIGURES 1-9, the length of each horizontal frame member depends upon the particular level of the structure, as previously described.

Therefore, when modular construction devices 90 having substantially the same length tubular branches are used, the respective lengths of the connecting sleeve members 102 are varied depending upon their particular level in the structure, as best seen in FIGURE 20. Sleeve member 102 has a circumferential groove 103 adjacent to each end thereof for mating with the respective annular members on aligned tubular branches 92 and 94 to interconnect aligned tubular branches 92 and 94 of respective adjacent construction devices 90 at a particular level in a tower structure. The respective facing ends 92a and 94a of the tubular branches being connected may be substantially in contact within sleeve member 102 or a substantial gap may be maintained betweem the respective facing ends 92a and 94a of the aligned tubular branches, depending upon the respective lengths of the tubular branches and the length of the horizontal frame member being defined by the tubvlar i WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -18branches and the connecting sleeve member. Sleeve member 102 has a plurality of ears 104 extending therefrom for allowing lateral and vertical bracing members (see FIGURE to be attached thereto by bolt connectors or the like.

Referring to FIGURE 20, a tower structure 106 is substantially similar to structure 40 depicted in FIGURES 2 and 8, except that sleeve members 102 vary in length depending upon the particular level in tower structure 106 at which the corresponding sleeve members 102 are positioned. Tower 106 has inclined legs so that the length of each horizontal frame member 108 increases in succession from he uppermost level to the lowermost level in otructure 106. As such, the sleeve members 102 disposed at the lowermost level will have the greatest length while the sleeve members 102 disposed at the uppermost level will have the least length. Each sleeve iember 102 is preferably of sufficient length to connect aligned tubular branches approximately at points of contraflexure along the corresponding horizontal frame level. For example, the points of contraflexure may be approximately one-fourth of the length of the corresponding horizontal frame member 108 from each end of frame member 108 so that the length of the corresponding sleeve member 102 would be at least one-half of the length of the corresponding horizontal frame member 108. If the length and associated weight of horizontal frame member 108 becomes excessive, a plurality of shorter sleeve members 18, which are similar to those described in FIGURES 4A and 4B, may be used to interconnect aligned members to define the corresponding horizontal frame member 108. An extension member 109 having tapered ends configured to mate with complementary portions of adjacent sleeve members 18 spans between adjacent sleeve members 18. Bracing members 110 are connected to the respective ears 104 on sleeve members 102 and also to ears 100 on construction devices 90 to enhance the structural integrity of tower structure 106.

Various embodiments of the invention have been described in detail. Since it is obvious that many changes WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -19in and additions to the above-described preferred embodiment may be made without departing from the nature, spirit and scope of the invention, the invention is not to be limited to said details except as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims (22)

1. A modular structure having a plurality of horizontal space framed levels, comprising: a plurality of discrete sets of modular construction devices corresponding to the number of levels in the structure, the construction devices of each discrete set each having first, second and third tubular members of substantially equal length which are interconnected to define a rigid Y-shape with respective obtuse space angles between each pair of tubular members; first connector means for interconnecting the corresponding first and second tubular members of the construction devices of each discrete set so that the first and second tubular members of the construction devices of each discrete set define a polygonal frame at a corresponding level of the structure; and second connector means for interconnecting the aligned ones of the third tubular members at successive levels in the structure, said third tubular members being oriented at a predetermined acute angle with respect to respective vertical axes which are perpendicular to the corresponding polygonal frames so that the interconnection of the aligned third tubular members defines corresponding inclined legs of the structure, the uppermost polygonal frame having the smallest area among the polygonal frames and each successively lower polygonal frame having a correspondingly greater area to enhance the stability of the structure.

2. The structure according to Claim 1 wherein each polygonal frame is comprised of a plurality of horizontal legs of equal length and the length of each tubular member of the construction devices in a particular set is equal to one-half the length of one leg of the corresponding polygonal frame defined by that particular set of construction devices.

3. The structure according to Claim 2 wherein the first connector means is comprised of a plurality of first sleeve members, each of hich has a central bore for Y au uuw1rldL Q y 01m -ne plane defined by frame 20 and the corresponding first and second tubular branches 12 and 14 are interconnected to define WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -21- receiving respective ends of the first tubular member of a first construction device and the second tubular member of a second construction device adjacent to the first construction device, to interconnect the corresponding first and second tubular members of the first and second devices to define one leg of the corresponding polygonal frame.

4. The structure according to Claim 3 wherein said second connecting means is comprised of a plurality of second sleeve members, each of which has a central bore for receiving the facing ends of an aligned pair of third tubular members to define the inclined legs of the structure.

The structure according to Claim 4 wherein each of said second sleeve members is integrally formed on a corresponding one of said construction devices so that said second sleeve member extends beyond the intersection of the corresponding first, second and third tubular members of the corresponding device, the major axis of the second sleeve member being substantially aligned with the major axis of the corresponding third tubular member for receiving the third tubular member of an adjacent construction device which is in alignment with the corresponding third tubular member.

6. A modular structure having N-number of horizontal space framed levels, where N is an integer, comprising: N-number of discrete sets of construction devices, the construction devices of each discrete set each having first, second and third tubular members of substantially equal lengths which are interconnected to form a rigid Y-shape with respective space angles of 1080, 1080 and 1080 between each pair of tubular members, all of the construction devices in the same discrete set being disposed at the same level in the structure; first connector means for interconn cting the corresponding first and second tubular members of the construction devices at the corresponding level to define a corresponding pentagonal horizontal frame at each level, L WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -22- the respective intersections of the first and second tubular members of each construction device defining the respective corners of the corresponding pentagonal frame; and second connector means for interconnecting aligned ones of the third tubular members at successive levels in the structure, said third tubular members being oriented at a predetermined acute angle with respect to respective vertical axes which are perpendicular to the respective horizontal planes defined by the respective pentagonal frames so that the interconnection of the aligned third tubular members defines respective inclined legs of the structure.

7. The structure according to Claim 6 wherein the length of each tubular member of the construction devices of a particular discrete set is equal to approximately 1. 309 x L, where L is a predetermined reference length and N is an integer representing the particular level in the structure at which the particular discrete set is disposed, counting in succession from the uppermost level to the lowermost level of the structure.

8. The structure according to Claim 7 wherein pentagonal frame at an uppermost level in the structure has the smallest area among the frames of the structure and each successively lower pentagonal frame has a correspondingly greater area to enhance the stability of the structure.

9. A modular construction device comprising first, second and third beams which are interconnected to define a rigid Y-shaped joint with respective space angles between each pair of beams, said first and second beams being adapted to define respective portions of respective first and second horizontal frame members at a particular level in a multi-level space framed structure, said third beam for being adapted to define a corresponding portion of a leg of the structure interconnecting said particular level with an adjacent level, said first and second beams intersecting said third beam at a selected position between WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -23- first and second opposite ends of said third beam, said first and second beams being notched adjacent to their respective intersections with said third beam for receiving a portion 6f the third beam within the notch so that at least a portion of the third beam projects from the notch in each direction along a major axis of the third beam.

The device according to Claim 9 wherein said first, second and third beams are comprised of respective first, second and third C-channel beams, each of which has a base member and a pair of lip flanges projecting from the base member.

11. The device according to Claim 9 wherein said third beam is adapted for being positioned in abutting relationship with at least one corresponding third beam of another construction device to define a common leg of a building construction comprised of a plurality of multi- level structures, said abutting third beams for providing respective attachment surfaces for the corresponding first and second beams to define the respective corners of the adjacent structures.

12. A building construction, comprising: a plurality of multi-level structures, each of which is comprised of: a plurality of sets of modular construction devices corresponding to the number of levels in the corresponding structure, the construction devices of each set having first, second and third beams of substantially equal length which are interconnected to efine a rigid Y-shape with respective space angles between each pair of beams, said first and second beams intersecting said third beam at a selected position between first and second opposite ends of said third beam; first connector means for interconnecting the corresponding first and second beams of the construction devices of each set so that the first and second beams of the construction devices of each set define a polygonal frame at a corresponding level of I 4 ~1 A I I IA wo 89/04902 -2 PCT/US88/0433 4- the corresponding structure; and second connector means for interconnecting aligned ones of the third beams at successive levels in the corresponding structure to define corresponding 5 legs of the correspondIng structure; selected portions of the polygonal frame at each level of each structure being substantially in abutting relationship with the corresponding portions of the respective polygonal frames of respective adjacent structures, selected ones of the third beams of e ,h structure being substantially in abutting relationship with corresponding ones of selected third beams of adjacent structures at respective corners of the adjacent structures, said abutting third beams being joined together to define corresponding common legs of the building construction.

13. The building construction according to Claim 12 wherein the space angle between the first and second beams of each construction device is approximately 1200 to define 20 a substantially hexagonal frame at each level of each structure and the space angles between the third beam in each of the first and second beams of each construction device are approximately 900 to define substantially vertical legs in each structure.

14. The building construction according to Claim 13 wherein each hexagonal frame at each level of each of the structures is comprised of six frame members, a particular three of the frame members of each hexagonal frame being substantially in abutting relationship with corresponding three frame members of the corresponding hexagonal frame of respective adjacent structures to define a substantially honeycomb shaped building construction.

The building construction according to Claim 12 wherein th( first connector means is comprised of a plurality of connector plates for connecting respective facing ends of the first beam of a first construction device and the second beam of a second construction device adjacent to the first construction device, to interconnect I WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 the corresponding first and second beams of the first and second devices to define a corresponding portion of the corresponding hexagonal frame, a first end of a third beam of each construction device being adapted for receiving a corresponding second end of the third beam of an adjacent construction device in mating engagement to define said second connecting means.

16. The building construction according to Claim 12 wherein said first, second and third beams are comprised of respective first, second and third C-channel beams, each of which has a base member and a pair of lip flanges projecting from the base member, said abutting third beams being joined together along at least a portion of their respective lip flanges so that the respective base members of the abutting beams provide respective attachment surfaces with corresponding first and second beams.

17. The building construction according to Claim 12 wherein said first and second beams are notched adjacent to their respective intersections with said third beam for receiving the corresponding third beam within the notch so that at least a portion of the corresponding third beam projects from the notch in each direction along the axis of the corresponding third beam.

18. The modular structure having a plurality of horizontal space framed levels, comprising: a plurality of modular construction devices, each of which has first, second and third tubular members of substantially equal length which are interconnected to define a rigid Y-shape with respective obtuse space angles between each pair of tubular members; first connector means for interconnecting corresponding first and second tubular members of adjacent construction devices at a particular level in the structure such that the interconnection of the corresponding first and second tubular members of adjacent construction devices defines a polygonal frame at a corresponding level of the structure; and second connector means for interconnecting WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -26- aligned ones of the third tubular members at successive levels in the structure, said third tubular members being oriented at a predetermined acute angle with respect to respective vertical axes which are perpendicular to the corresponding polygonal frames so that the interconnection of the aligned third tubular members defines corresponding inclined legs of the structure, the uppermost polygonal frame having the smallest area among the polygonal frames and each successively lower polygonal frame having a correspondingly greater area to enhance the stability of the structure.

19. The structure according to Claim 18 wherein the first connector means is comprised of a plurality of discrete sets of sleeve members, each of said sleeve members having a central bore for receiving respective ends of the first tubular member of a first construction device and the second tubular member of a second construction device adjacent to the first construction device, to interconnect the corresponding first and second tubular members of the first and second devices to define a horizontal frame member of the corresponding polygonal frame, said plurality of discrete sets of sleeve members corresponding to the number of levels in the structure.

The structure according to Claim 19 wherein the length of the sleeve members of each discrete set is a function of the particular level in the structure at which the particular set of sleeve members is positioned, the set of sleeve members at the lowermost level in the structure having the greatest length and the set of sleeve members at the uppermost level in the structure having the smallest length.

21. The structure according to Claim 20 wherein the length of each sleeve member is sufficient to connect aligned first and second tubular members of adjacent construction devices at or adjacent to points of contraflexure on the corresponding horizontal frame member defined by the interconnection of the aligned first and second tubular members of adjacent construction devices. WO 89/04902 PCT/US88/04033 -27-

22. The structure according to Claim 18 wherein respective first ends of the first, second and third tubular branches of each construction device are threaded for mating with complementary threads on an extension member, the interconnection of a tubular branch and an extension member for extending the effective length of the corresponding tubular branch.