AU618156B2 - Emulsion explosive - Google Patents
Emulsion explosive Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU618156B2 AU618156B2 AU46744/89A AU4674489A AU618156B2 AU 618156 B2 AU618156 B2 AU 618156B2 AU 46744/89 A AU46744/89 A AU 46744/89A AU 4674489 A AU4674489 A AU 4674489A AU 618156 B2 AU618156 B2 AU 618156B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- process according
- range
- blend
- emulsifiers
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims description 57
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title claims description 35
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- -1 sorbitan ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007762 w/o emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical group FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N (2r,3r,4r,5s)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol;(z)-octadec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960005078 sorbitan sesquioleate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- HFVMEOPYDLEHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-fluorophenyl)-phenylmethanol Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(F)C=1C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 HFVMEOPYDLEHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile Chemical compound ClCC1=NC=CC=C1C#N FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethylenetriamine Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N Sorbitan trioleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004147 Sorbitan trioleate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IJCWFDPJFXGQBN-RYNSOKOISA-N [(2R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-octadecanoyloxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-octadecanoyloxyethyl] octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC IJCWFDPJFXGQBN-RYNSOKOISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940100515 sorbitan Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019337 sorbitan trioleate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960000391 sorbitan trioleate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001589 sorbitan tristearate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011078 sorbitan tristearate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960004129 sorbitan tristearate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005652 polyisobutylene succinic anhydride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 2
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTXXTMOWISPQSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4,4-trifluorobutan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(F)(F)F BTXXTMOWISPQSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQACOLQNOUYJCE-FYZZASKESA-N Abietic acid Natural products CC(C)C1=CC2=CC[C@]3(C)[C@](C)(CCC[C@@]3(C)C(=O)O)[C@H]2CC1 BQACOLQNOUYJCE-FYZZASKESA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical class [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous acid Chemical compound ON=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001482237 Pica Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001334 alicyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007824 aliphatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001963 alkali metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001964 alkaline earth metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KHPLPBHMTCTCHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium chlorate Chemical compound N.OCl(=O)=O KHPLPBHMTCTCHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010685 fatty oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940013317 fish oils Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XKLJHFLUAHKGGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrous amide Chemical class ON=N XKLJHFLUAHKGGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N polynoxylin Chemical compound O=C.NC(N)=O ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012260 resinous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Chemical compound C1N(S2(=O)=O)CN3S(=O)(=O)N1CN2C3 AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
- C06B47/145—Water in oil emulsion type explosives in which a carbonaceous fuel forms the continuous phase
Description
PATENTS ACT '(952-1973 P/00/011 AUS 1420 arm COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(ORIGINAL)
FOR OFFICE USE Class: Int. Cl: Application Number: Lodged: Complete Specification-Lodged: Accepted: Puhl'ished: Priority: Related Art: 0: S.~ TO BE COMPLETED BY APPLICANT **.Name of Applicant: ICI AUSTRALIA OPERATIONS PROPRIETARY LIMITED Address of Applicant: 1 Nicholson Street, Melbourne 3001, Victoria Australia *'Actual inventor: 0 0 0 Address for Service: *SS*SS 0 0 Vladimir SUJANSKY, Andrew BATES and Michael YABSLEY Industrial Property Section ICI Australia Operations Proprietary Limited 1 Nicholson Street, P.O. Box 4311 Melbourne 3001, Victoria Australl a Complete Specification for the invention entitled: "EMULSION EXPLOSIVE" The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me:-* 'Note: Tho doscription is to bo typed In double spacing, pica typca face, in an area not exceeding 250 mm in depth and 160 mrm in width, on tough white paper of good quality and it is to bo inserted Inside this form.
1 1710O/76-L C.J.TIONit'sONCnrnnlolWCaIh Governmnt Printer, Ca~nberra 1 The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of emulsion explosives, in particular to a process for the preparation of emulsion explosives at high production rates.
5 It will be understood that the term "water-in-oil emulsion explosive" encompasses o water-in-oil emulsions which comprise a discontinuous aqueous phase and a continuous, water-immiscible oil phase. The discontinuous aqueous phase comprises an aqueous oxidizer solution and the continuous water-immiscible oil phase comprises a water-immiscible organic fuel.
0 O0 S S *0 9o0o0 i_ -2- In Australian Patent Application No. 40006/85 there is disclosed compositions comprising electrical conductivity modifiers. These compositions provide emulsion explosives with excellent storage characteristics. Particularly useful conductivity modifiers are those which also function as emulsifying agents. Condensation products of poly[alk(en)yllsuccinic acid and anhydride have proven to be extremely effective in providing emulsion explosives with excellent storage stability.
Further condensation products of polyEalk(en)yl]succinic acid and anhydride have been disclosed in our co-pending Australian Applications Nos. AU-A-29932/89 and AU-A-29933/89.
The use of condensation products of poly[alk(en)yllsuccinic acid and derivatives is also disclosed in Australian Patent Applications, numbers AU-B-37556/85, AU-A-60817/86, AU-A-67382/87, AU-A-68559/87, AU-A-83316/87 and US 4,784,706.
While such condensation products provide emulsion explosives with excellent storage stability it is often necessary to impart relatively high amounts of shear in order to form an S 25 acceptable emulsion.
By an acceptable emulsion we mean an emulsion which is stable for at least sufficient time in order that the so-formed emulsion can be further stabilized by a refining process. It is preferred however that no refining step be necessary.
Possible methods for providing the necessary shear at high products rates include increasing the shear rate of the emulsifying equipment or 35 increasing the volume of the emulsifying equipment or both. The application of these methods is 4 3 limited by a number of practical constraints.
Increasing the shear rate leads to a more razardous process. Any blockage which halts the flow through the emulsifying equipment will subject a portion of emulsion explosive to high shear for an extended period. This introduces the possibility of the emulsion explosive being made detonable by the action of a high shear rate emulsifying process.
Increasing the volume of the emulsifying equipment increases the power output required to provide the necessary shear rate. In practical terms, the maximum power available is determined by economics as well as by technology.
Practical constraints determine that there is maintained a shear rate in the range of from 2500 to -1 3800 sec Shear rate may be calculated from the following relationship: shear equipment x circumference of rate speed rotor tip x rotor-stator clearance 9.
9 9,.
9.99 9999 .9 9 9 99 9 9*99 9 9999 c -1 Shear rate is measured in seconds equipment speed in rpm, circumference of rotor tip in cm/rev and rotor-stator clearance in cm.
Thus, production rates are limited by 25 necessity of providing residence times in which the mixture is subjected to shear sufficient for the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion explosive.
The residence time may be determined by the following relationship: 30 residence volume of time emulsifying equipment x emulsion density emulsion production rate I i 1PI*lr~-- -4- Residence time is measured in seconds, volume of emulsion equipment in litres, emulsion density in kg/litre and emulsion production rate in kg/second.
In general, when preparing water-in-oil emulsion explosives containing conductivity modifiers, residence times greater than 40 or seconds are typically required.
We have now found a process for preparing a water-in-oil emulsion explosive which allows the emulsions to be prepared at exceptionally high rates. Surprisingly, by using a blend of emulsifiers, we are able to form such emulsions under conditions and at rates which hitherto either had not enabled the formation of such emulsions or which made the formation thereof impractical.
Accordingly we provide a process for the preparation of a water-in-oil emulsion explosive wherein said emulsion explosive comprises an aqueous oxidizer solution, a water-immiscible organic fuel and a water-in-oil emulsifier wherein said emulsifier is a blend of emulsifiers comprising a sorbitan ester and a condensation product of a polyEalk(en)yllsuccinic acid or anhydride wherein said process comprises the 25 steps of combining the aqueous oxidizer solution with the water-immiscible organic fuel in the presence of the blend of emulsifiers and subjecting the resulting combination to shear at a shear rate, as hereinabove defined, in the range of from 2500 to -1 3800 sec wherein the residence time, as hereinabove defined, is in the range of 0.5 to seconds.
I ~I -P~ The present invention allows the emulsions herein described to be formed with exceptionally low residence times. Thus high production rates are possible. Residence times of between 1 and seconds are preferred as they allow high production rates in currently used equipment without resorting to unacceptably high shear rates. Even more useful are the residence times below 7 seconds.
The blend of emulsifiers is preferably present in the range 0.2 to 10% by weight of the resultant combination. Typically up to 5% may be used, however higher proportions of the blend of emulsifiers may be used and may serve as a supplemental fuel for the composition, but in general it is not necessary to add more than 5% by weight of the blend of emulsifiers to achieve the desired effect. Stable emulsions can be formed using relatively low levels of the blend of emulsifiers and for reasons of economy it is preferable to keep the amount to the minimum required to achieve the desired effect. More preferably the level of the blend of emulsifiers used is in the range from 1.0 to 3.0% by weight of th- resultant composition, and most preferably in the range of from 1.4 to 2%.
25 The term "condensation product of poly[alk(en)yllsuccinic acid or anhydride" encompasses said condensation products, salts of said condensation products and mixtures or combinations thereof.
In the poly[alk(en)yllsuccinic acid and/or anhydride preferably thi poly[alk(en)yl3 moiety incorporates a backbone sequence in the range of from 10 to 500 lirked atoms which may be carbon atoms, or predominantly carbon atoms interrupted by 35 heteroatoms suc-i as oxygen or nitrogen.
0@*4 ~LBI i -6- A particularly preferred polyalkenyl moiety is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain derived, for example, from a polymer of a mono-olefin, the polymer chain containing in the range of from 40 to 500 carbon atoms. Examples of polyolefines include those derived from C 2 to C 6 olefines such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isoprene and particularly isobutene.
It is preferred that said condensation product is a condensation product of poly[alk(en)yllsuccinic acid and/or anhydride with an amine. Preferably the amine is selected from the group consisting of ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, ethanolamine, primary amines such as those disclosed in Australian Patent Application No.
AU-A-29933/89 and amines disclosed in Australian Patent Application No. AU-A-29932/89.
The sorbitan ester is preferably selected from the group consisting of sorbitan mono-oleate, sorbitan sesqui-oleate, sorbitan tri-oleate sorbitan mono-tallate, sorbitan tri-stearate and mixtures thereof. More preferably the sorbitan ester is selected from the group consisting of sorbitan mono-oleate, sorbitan sesqui-oleate, sorbitan 25 mono-tallate and mixtures thereof.
~It is preferred that the blend of emulsifiers consists of a sorbitan ester and a condensation 60*0 product of poly[alk(en)yllsuccinic acid or anhyd, de. However, it is possible that other components may be present. It is preferred that the sorbitan ester be present in the range of from 1 to S. 20% by weight of the blend of emulsifiers, more preferably in the range of 2 to 15% and most i preferably in the range of 5 to n f 7 The present invention is particularly useful when emulsion explosives prepared in accordance with the present process are blended with ammonium nitrate particles. The term ammonium nitrate particles refers to ammonium nitrate in the form of prills or prills coated with fuel oil (commonly knwon as "ANFO"), for example, ammonium nitrate particles coated with fuel oil to the extent of from 2 to 15% w/w of prills.
It is preferred that such a composition will be mixed in the ratio of emulsion component to ammonium nitrate particles in the range of from 95:5 to 20:80, preferably 70:30 to 20:80.
Suitable oxygen-releasing salts for use in the aqueous oxidiser solution component of the water-in-oil emulsion explosive include the alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrates, chlorates and perchlorates, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chlorate, ammonium perchlorate and mixtures thereof. The preferred oxygen-releasing salts include ammonium nitrate.
Typically, the oxygen-releasing salt component of the emulsion compositions comprises 40 from 45 to 95% and preferably from 60 to 90% by v 25 weight of the water-in-oil emulsion component.
Typically, the amount of water employed in ,tw the compositions is in the range of from 1 to 30% by weight of the emulsion component. Preferably the amount employed is from 5 to 25%, and more preferably from 6 to 20%, by weight of the *s* emulsion component.
I UI ~0 S 4 0 u~ i -8 The water-immiscible organ'c fuel of the water-in-oil emulsion explosive comprises the continuous "oil" phase of the water-in-oil emulsion explosive and acts as a fuel. Suitable organic fuels include aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic compounds and mixtures thereof which are in the liquid state at the formulation temperature.
Suitable organic fuels may be chosen from fuel oil, diesel oil, distillate, kerosene, naphtha, paraffin oils, benzene, toluene, xylenes asphaltic materials, polymeric oils such as the low molecular weight polymers of olefins, animal oils, fish oils, and other mineral, hydrocarbon or fatty oils, and mixtures thereof. Preferred organic fuels are the 13 liquid hydrocarbons generally referred to as petroleum distillates such as gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils and paraffin oils.
Typically, the water-immiscible organic phase of the emulsion explosive component comprises from 2 to 15% by weight and preferably 3 to 10% by weight of the emulsions component of the composition.
If desired, other, optional fuel materials, hereinafter referred to as secondary fuels, may be incorporated into the emulsions. Examples of such 9oo secondary fuels include finely divided solids, and water-miscible organic liquids which can be used to partially replace water as a solvent for the oxygen-releasing salts or to extend the aqueous solvent for the oxygen-releasing salts.
30 Examples of solid secondary fuels include finely divided materials such as: sulfur; aluminium; •0 carbonaceous materials such as gilsonite, comminuted to 0 coke or charcoal, carbon black, resin acids such as abietic acid, sugars such as glucose or dextrose and 0 o 35 other vegetable products such as starch, nut meal, 0grain meal and wood pulp; and mixtures thereof.
999 999 iP -9- Examples of water-miscible organic liquids include alcohols such as methanol, glycols such as ethylene glycol, amides such as formamide and amines such as methylamine.
Typically, the optional secondary fuel component of the emulsion comprises from 0 to 30% by weight of the emulsion composition.
The emulsion explosive compositions for use in the process of the present invention may additionally comprise a discontinuous gaseous component.
The methods of incorporating a gaseous component and the enhanced sensitivity of emulsion explosive compositions comprising such gaseous components have been previously reported.
Typically, where used the said gaseous component will be present in an amount required to reduce the density of the composition to which the range 0.8 to 1.4 gm/cc.
The gaseous component may, for example, be incorporated into the composition of the present invention as fine gas bubbles dispersed through the composition, a: hollow particles which are often referred to as microballoons or microspheres, as 25 porous particles, or mixtures thereof.
A discontinuous phase of fine bubbles may be incorporated into the compositions of the present invention by mechanical agitation, injection or bubbling the gas through the composition, or by chemical generation of gas in situ.
Suitable chemicals for the in situ generation of gas bubbles include peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide, nitrites, such as sodium nitrite, nitrosoamines, such as N,N'-dinitrosopentamethylene- 35 tetramine, alkali metal borohydrides, such as sodium borohydride, and carbonates, such as sodium carbonate. Preferred chemicals for the in situ te *e
S
*5
S**
S
1 1- 11 10 generation of gas bubbles are nitrous acid and its salts which decompose under conditions of acid pH to produce gas bubbles. Catalytic agents such as thiocyanate or thiourea may he used to accelerate t decomposition of a nitrite gassing agent.
Suitable small hollow particles include small hollow microspheres of glass or resinous materials, such as phenol-formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde. Suitable porous materials include expanded minerals, such as perlite.
Where used, the gaseous agent is preferably added during cooling, after preparation of the emulsion, and typically comprises 0.05 to 50% by volume of the total emulsion explosive composition at ambient temperature and pressure. More preferably, where used, the gaseous component is pr.sent in the range 10 to 30% by volume of the emulsion explosive composition and preferably the bubble size of the occluded gas is below 200 um, more preferably at least 50% of the gas component will be in the form of bubbles or microspheres of to 90 um internal diameter.
In the present process, the blend of emulsifiers may be incorporated into the mixture of o. 25 aqueous oxidizer solution and water-immiscible or organic fuel independently or in an admixture of the blend of emulsifiers and anyone or more or combination of the aqueous oxidizer solution, the water-immiscible organic fuel or other component of 30 the emulsion. It is preferred that the blend of emulsifiers be incorporated by way of an admixture with the water-immiscible organic fuel.
S
oo* to ~L-.za~r 11 In a preferred embodiment, there is provided a process for the preparation of c:,,lsion explosives comprising the steps of: a) dissolving the oxygen-releasing salt in water at a temperature above the fudge point of the salt solution, preferably at a temperature in the range of from C to 1100C, to give an aqueous salt solution; b) combining the aqueous oxidizer solution with the water-immiscible organic fuel in the presence of the blend of emulsifiers and subjecting the resulting combination to shear at a shear rate, as hereinabove defined, in the range of from 2500 to -1 3800 sec 1 wherein the residence time, as hereinabove defined, is in the range of to 30 seconds;and c) optionally incorporating into the thus formed emulsion any particulate ammonium nitrate, any secondary fuels or gaseous components.
9.
o 9 9** 99.*9 e oooor ooo o SI 12 The invention is now illustrated by, but in no way limited to, the following example.
Exa p e A water-in-oil emulsion explosive was prepared in continuous process. The composition of the emulsion was as follows: Ammonium nitrate 73.9 Water 18.5 Paraffin Oil 6.4 1:1 molar condensate of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride and ethanolamine Sorbitan Mono-oleate 0.2 Ammonium nitrate was dissolved in water to form an oxirdizer solution. The sorbitan mono-oleate and the 1:1 rolar condensate of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride and ethanolamine were added to the paraffin oil. The aqueous oxidizer solution and the *fe" thus prepared paraffin oil mixture were continuously combined in an emulsifying unit wherein the resultant combination was subjected to a shear rate -1 25 of 3100 sec The emulsifying unit had a volume of 12 litres. The so-produced emulsion had a density of 1.30 kg/litre. The residence time provided was seconds. The production rate therefore was 2.4 kg/second (or 144 kg/min).
We found it possible to identify the S satisactory emulsion as having an apparent viscosity (measured using a Brookfield RVT Viscoieter, #7 spindle at 50 rpm) of greater than 3000 cps.
Claims (13)
1. A process for the preparation of a water-in-oil emulsion explosive wherein said emulsion explosive comprises an aqueous oxidizer solution, a water-immiscible organic fuel and a water-in-oil emulsifier wherein said emulsifier is a blend of emulsifiers comprising a sorbitan ester and a condensation product of a polyCalk(en)yl]succinic acid or anhydride wherein said process comprises tne steps of combining the aqueous oxidizer solution with the water-immiscible organic fuel in the presence of the blend of emulsifiers and subjecting the resulting combination to shear at a shear rate, as hereinabove defined, in the range of from 2500 to -1 3800 sec wherein the residence time, .s hereinabove defined, is in the range of 0.5 to seconds.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the residence time, as hereinabove defined, is in the range of 1 to 10 seconds.
3. A process according to either claims 1 or 2 wherein the residence time, as hereinabove defined, is below 7 seconds.
4. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the blend of emulsifiers comprises in the range of from 0.2 to 10% by weight of the emulsion explosive. 0c *099 0* 0 0 *0 0 0 00 0 0 00 *0*@00 0 0 I C _I 14 A process according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the blend of emulsifiers comprises in the range of from 1.0 to 3.0% by weight of the emulsion explosive.
6. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the blend of emulsifiers comprises in the range of from 1.4 to 2.0% by weight of the emulsion explosive.
7. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the polyalkenyl moiety of the poly[alk(en)yllsuccinic acid and/or anhydride is a polymer chain of from 40 to 500 carbon atoms.
8. A process according to any one of c'aims 1 to 7 wherein said polymer chain is derived from one or more olefins selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isoprene and isobutene.
9. A process according to any one of claims 1 S**to 8 wherein said polymer chain is derived from .ooo isobutene. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein the condensation product is a condensation product of poly[alk(en)yllsuccinic acid and/or anhydride with an amine. .1 1. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein said amine is selected from the group consisting of ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine and ethanolamine. o• *o I IS-- ~a~ 15 A process according to any one of claims 1 to 11 wherein said sorbitan ester is selected from the group consisting of sorbitan mono-oleate, sorbitan sesqui-oleate, sorbitan tri-oleate sorbitan mono-tallate, sorbitan tri-stearate and mixtures thereof.
13. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein said sorbitan ester is selected from the group consisting of sorbitan mono-oleate, sorbitan sesqui-oleate, sorbitan mono-tallate and mixtures thereof.
14. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 13 wherein said sorbitan ester comprises in the range of from 1 to 20% by weight of the blend of emulsifiers. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 14 wherein said sorbitan ester comprises in the range of from 2 to 15% by weig, t of the blend of emulsifiers,
16. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 15 wherein said sorbitan ester comprises in the range of from 5 to 10% by weight of the blend of emulsifiers.
17. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 16 wherein ammonium nitrate particles are blended into the emulsion explosive. g 1Lqplp 16
18. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 17 wherein said ammonium nitrate particles are prilled ammonium nitrate coated with fuel oil to the extent of from 2 to 15% w/w of prills. 19 A process according to either claims 17 or 18 wherein the ratio of emulsion component to ammonium nitrate particles in the range of from 95:5 to 20:80. A process according to any one of claims 17 to 18 wherein the ratio of emulsion component to ammonium nitrate particles in the range of from 70:30 20:80. 21 A process according to any one of claims 1 to 20 comprising the steps of: a) dissolving the oxygen-releasing salt in water at a temperature above the fudge point of the salt solution, preferably at a temperature in the range of from 25 C to 110 C, to give an aqueous salt solution; b) combining the aqueous oxidizer solution with the water-immiscible organic fuel in the presence of the blend of emulsifiers and subjecting the resulting combination to shear at a shear rate, as hereinabove defined, in the range of from 2500 to 0 I 3800 sec wherein the residence time, as hereinabove defined, is in the range of 0.5 to 30 seconds;and c) optionally incorporating into the thus formed emulsion any particulate ammonium nitrate, any secondary fuels or gaseous components. -17- te A method of preparing emulsion explosives substantially as hereinabove defined with reference to the example. ICI AUSTRALIA OPERATIONS PROPRIETARY LIMITED BY ITS DULY AUTHORIS D OFFICER Dated this day of 2 le-1989. MLA P 14 .1 6 0 4": .3.3 4 .3.4 404459 4~ 4 4 I-"C 18 ABSTRACT A process for the preparation of a water-in-oil emulsion explosive wherein said emulsion explosive comprises an aqueous oxidizer solution, a water-immiscible organic fuel and a water-in-oil emulsifier wherein said emulsifier is a blend of emulsifiers comprising a scrbitan ester and a condensation product of a polyEalk(en)yllsuccinic acid or anhydride wherein said proc.ess comprises the steps of combining the aqueous oxidizer solution with the water-immiscible organic fuel in the presence of the blend of emulsifiers and subjecting the resulting combination to shear at a shear rate -1 in the range of from 2500 to 3800 sec wherein the residence time, as hereinabove defined, is in the range of 0.5 to 30 seconds. The present process enables emulsions to be formed under conditions and at rates which hitherto had not enabled the formation of such emulsions or which made the formation thereof impractical. S o 0*S rJ* i i *U*Dr~
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPJ2012 | 1988-12-16 | ||
| AUPJ201288 | 1988-12-16 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU4674489A AU4674489A (en) | 1990-06-21 |
| AU618156B2 true AU618156B2 (en) | 1991-12-12 |
Family
ID=3773593
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU46744/89A Ceased AU618156B2 (en) | 1988-12-16 | 1989-12-14 | Emulsion explosive |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU618156B2 (en) |
| MW (1) | MW6789A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA899524B (en) |
| ZM (1) | ZM5389A1 (en) |
| ZW (1) | ZW17089A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0994087A2 (en) * | 1998-10-16 | 2000-04-19 | Clariant GmbH | Explosives containing modified copolymers made from polyisobutylene and maleic anhydride as emulsifier |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0134107A1 (en) * | 1983-08-01 | 1985-03-13 | Nippon Oil And Fats Company, Limited | Method of producing a water-in-oil emulsion explosive |
-
1989
- 1989-12-13 ZA ZA899524A patent/ZA899524B/en unknown
- 1989-12-14 AU AU46744/89A patent/AU618156B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-12-14 ZM ZM53/89A patent/ZM5389A1/en unknown
- 1989-12-15 MW MW67/89A patent/MW6789A1/en unknown
- 1989-12-18 ZW ZW170/89A patent/ZW17089A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0134107A1 (en) * | 1983-08-01 | 1985-03-13 | Nippon Oil And Fats Company, Limited | Method of producing a water-in-oil emulsion explosive |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0994087A2 (en) * | 1998-10-16 | 2000-04-19 | Clariant GmbH | Explosives containing modified copolymers made from polyisobutylene and maleic anhydride as emulsifier |
| EP0994087A3 (en) * | 1998-10-16 | 2002-08-14 | Clariant GmbH | Explosives containing modified copolymers made from polyisobutylene and maleic anhydride as emulsifier |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZM5389A1 (en) | 1990-07-27 |
| MW6789A1 (en) | 1990-08-08 |
| ZA899524B (en) | 1990-11-28 |
| AU4674489A (en) | 1990-06-21 |
| ZW17089A1 (en) | 1990-10-24 |
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