AU611323B2

AU611323B2 - Improvements in engines for use with gaseous fuels

Info

Publication number: AU611323B2
Application number: AU41354/89A
Authority: AU
Inventors: John Robert McRae Bennett
Original assignee: COHERENT AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY
Current assignee: COHERENT AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY PTY Ltd
Priority date: 1986-05-21
Filing date: 1989-09-15
Publication date: 1991-06-06
Anticipated expiration: 2007-05-21
Also published as: AU4135489A

Description

lodgo THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.

V bF-epneu r.LyILILi -1-Registered Patent AttorneyII Registered Patent Attorney

IU.

Edwd. Watrs Sons, hiMelbourne.

1 6 11, 2 FORM COMMONWEALTH OF Patents Act

AUSTRALIA

1952 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION (Original) Class Int. Class Application Number: Lodged: Complete Specification Lodged: Accepted: Published: Priority: Related Art: w Name of Applicant: COHERENT AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY PTY. LTD.

I I Address of Applicant: Castlemaine, Cnr. Scotts Avenue and McGarth Street, Victoria 3450, Australia Actual Inventor: JOHN ROBERT MCRAE BENNETT Address for Service: WATERMARK PATENT TRADEMARK ATTORNEYS, QUEEN STREET, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 3000 Complete Specification for the invention entitled: IMPROVEMENTS IN ENGINES FOR USE WITH GASEOUS FUELS The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us.

I f of the said (Name of inventor Signature To: THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.

WATERMARK PATENT TRADEMARK ATTORNEYS r 2 IMPROVEMENTS IN ENGINES FOR USE WITH GASEOUS FUELS The invention concerns means by which piston internal combustion engines, in particular those made for diesel fuel operation, may be converted to operate upon gaseous fuels using a spark ignition system. The present application is a divisional application from copending application No. 75131/87.

Gaseous fuels have been used in the piston internal combustion engine in a minof way from the earliest days of its development. Until the Oil Shock of 1973, liquid fuels were, except in times of war, in ample supply at a relatively low price. Where gaseous fuels were employed, they were either a readily-available by-product of an industrial oo 15 process such as sewer gas, or an alternative fuel available o. o0 in a remote location such as producer gas used in mining o0 00 operations.

C Considerable experimentation has been undertaken oo.o 0 0 into the use of gaseous fuels in the piston internal 00.. 20 combustion engine and their use is well-known in the art.

Generally speaking, however, the lower cost of gaseous fuels has not proved sufficiently attractive to enable them to supplant the more conveniently-handled and stored liquid oaoo o0. 0 fuels. As a result of the substantial increase in the price o0 00 25 of petroleum products since 1973, this has now changed.

0 00 The price increase has stimulated considerable 0 00 e° experimentation into the use of alternative fuels. Those most freely available for automotive use, and which have attracted considerable interest from the road transport 0 0 30 industry, are natural gas and the group of fuels known generally as liquefied petroleum gas. The principal con- C stituent of natural gas is methane and the most suitable for automotive use of the liquefied petroleum gas group is propane.

Both gasoline and diesel-powered engines are currently being converted to operate on gaseous fuels.

However, it is widely accepted that, because of the lower 3 calorific value of the gaseous fuel, the converted engine will suffer a decrement in power output. The principal cause of this power decrement is the fact that the gaseous fuel constitutes some ten percent by volume of the total charge inducted into the engine. In contrast, the atomised fuel droplets carried in the inducted airstream of a conventionally-carburetted gasoline-powered engine constitute, by volume, only a very small percentage of the total charge volume. The displacement of charge air by the gaseous fuel reduces the amount of oxygen available for combustion and thus, by reducing the amount of fuel which can be burned, reduces the power output of the engine. The provision of a co-called free-flow exhaust system may compensate for the power loss in a minor way by improving volumetric efficiency.

Diesel-powered engines are currently being o converted to gaseous fuel operation in two ways. In the first method, the diesel operating principle is retained in S an engine, gaseous fuel being fed into the induction system o 20 at an increasing rate as an increase in engine power is required. Diesel fuel flow is held to a minimum of approximately fifteen percent of normal, to ensure adequate injector cooling. Gaseous fuel flow is controlled simply by o valves mechanically linked to the throttle, or by a more complex micro processor-controlled system. The basic shortcoming of this supplementary fuel system is the fact o that the complicated, expensive and fuel quality-sensitive diesel fuel system must be retained and further complicated by the requirement for an additional fuel storage, supply and metering system. Although this arrangement fails to realise the energy potential of the fuel, fuel cost savings have been sufficient to make conversion attractive.

A more effective conversion of diesel-powered engines is achieved by the complete replacement of the diesel fuel system with a gaseous fuel system and the provision of a spark ignition system. In some cases, the camshaft is modified or replaced and the compression ratio vr~-_~i 4 of the engine is altered to suit the octane rating of the new fuel.

Although both of the diesel engine conversion methods outlined have been employed in automotive engines, they have been most successfully applied to engines employed in stationary, sustained-load type operations such as water pumping, well-head natural gas pumping and power generation.

This is because of difficulties in creating converted engines with torque characteristics which will accommodate the rapid changes in R.P.M. and load demanded of engines in automotive applications. In most cases, converted engines also suffer from reduced power output as a result of the previously-described displacement of charge air by the gaseous fuel. In some cases, this effect is mitigated by oC 15 the employment of turbo-charging. Engines adapted to o o0 gaseous fuel operation by an original equipment manufacturer 0 00 0 are usually priced at a considerable premium over the 0 unconverted engines.

o 0 o Notwithstanding the power losses suffered by o 0 20 converted engines, the fuel cost savings achieved have been 0 00,0 sufficiently attractive to create a market for converted engines or the means by which they may be converted.

The present invention aims to provide means for and a method of converting an existing diesel engine to allow o oo 0. 0 25 that engine to operate on gaseous fuels with reasonable 00 efficiency using a spark ignition system.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a 0 method of installing spark plugs in a diesel internal combustion engine during conversion of the diesel internal combustion engine to a spark ignited internal combustion 0 o engine using gaseous fuel, said diesel internal combustion S engine including a cylinder block, a cylinder head 0~000~ co'J c cooperable with said cylinder block, a rocker box cooperable with said cylinder head and a diesel fuel injector for each cylinder of the cylinder block originally intended to inject diesel fuel into said cylinder, said method comprising: removing each said diesel fuel injector and replacing said injector with a spark plug adaptor sleeve with a spark plug operably secured therein such that the spark plug communicates with the cylinder from which the respective injector has been removed; (ii) fixing a plurality of extension sleeves to said rocker box each said extension sleeve having an inner end cooperable with an outer end of a respective one of said spark plug adaptor sleeves; and (iii) providing seal means cooperable between the inner ends of the extension sleeves and the outer ends of the spark plug adaptor sleeves when said rocker box is fixed on said cylinder head.

In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a spark ignited internal Scombustion engine converted from a diesel internal combustion engine having a cylinder block, a cylinder head ,e C cooperable with said cylinder block, a rocker box/cooperable with said cylinder head, and a diesel fuel injector fixing o space for each cylinder of the cylinder block, said spark ignited internal combustion engine comprising: a spark plug adaptor sleeve located in each said diesel fuel injector fixing space with a spark plug operably secured in each said spark plug adaptor sleeve such that the spark plugs communicate with a respective one of said cylinders; (ii) a plurality of extension sleeves secured to said rove rocker boxlsuch that an inner end of each said extension sleeve is cooperable with an outer end of a respective one of said spark plug adaptor sleeves; and (iii) seal means cooperable between the inner ends of said extension sleeves and the outer ends of said spark plug adaptor sleeves.

According to the disclosure of the parent application No. 75131/87, cylinder head arrangements may be either 6 built into an engine design or provided as a replacement cylinder head for conversion of an existing engine to operation with gaseous fuels. In this respect the present invention also provides a novel push rod assembly means enabling a push rod means to be comprised of a number of parts where a direct in line push rod extending from the cam shaft straight to the appropriate rocker member is not possible. In accordance with this aspect the present invention comprises a push rod assembly having at least two parts separated by a sliding connector, each said push rod part having one end in pivotal engagement with said sliding connector on opposed sides thereof and the sliding connector having an outer surface adapted to slide within a fore in 0 C the engine cylinder head upon said push rod means being S 15 moved by the associated cam shaft.

According to a further aspect of the present a i invention there is provided an improved arrangement in a reciprocating internal combustion engine having a cylinder block with a plurality of cylinders located therein, each having a piston and connecting rod means reciprocable within a said cylinder to drive a crank shaft, said engine further 0000 0 including a cylinder head with a plurality of combustion 0 00 o 0 chambers each of which is adapted to register with one of said cylinders, the improvement comprising intake passage 000 o 0 0. 0 S 7means extending at acute angles to the cylinder axis through the cylinder head to said combustion chambers and exhaust passage means leading from each combustion chamber and exiting through a side wall of the cylinder head, and valve means controlling flow through said intake and exhaust passage means. Conveniently two intake passages and one exhaust passage is provided for each combustion chamber.

According to a particularly preferred aspect of the present invention there is proposed a novel form of exhaust manifold which provides both an effective and inexpensive replacement manifold in a conversion operation. According 0 00 j oooo to this aspect an exhaust stub member is fixed to the 9 cylinder head coaxial with each of the exhaust passages with 00 0o intermediate exhaust pipes inserted into each stub member 15 and leading to a common collector member which directs the C00 0 00 000 exhaust gases to a common discharge pipe. The individual 000 0o00 intermediate exhaust pipes may simply be press fitted into the exhaust stub members or may be clamped thereto.

According to a preferred arrangement of the present c 20 invention described in more detail hereinafter, a cylinder 0 o head is provided which embodies one exhaust valve 0 0 0 o controlling the flow of exhaust gases through one exhaust 4 0 port and two inlet valves controlling the flow of fuel-air o€ 0 0 mixture through two inlet ports.

Said exhaust port is made short, turning through 3 approximately sixty degrees before exiting the side of the \said cylinder head casting through a threaded bore. Except 000000 o00 where a fairing enclosing the end of the valve guide intrudes into it, the said exhaust port is preferably made more or less square in cross sectional shape.

Said inlet ports are made with a more or less square cross sectional shape and descend steeply through the said cylinder head from an inlet manifold attachment face positioned on one side of the cylinder head casting and made normal to the axes of the upper parts of the said inlet ports.

I- 8- The heads of the said valves are located in part-spherical recesses in the said cylinder head casting lower deck, the more or less triangular flat suriaces between the said recesses forming squish surfaces. Carried in the lower part of the bores through which the pushrods pass are sliders retained by circlips inserted into grooves beneath them. The usual single pushrod for each rocker is replaced by two pushrods, one extending from the cam follower to the said slider and one extending from the slider to the rocker.

SThe said two inlet valves for each cylinder are operated by a single bifurcated inlet valve rocker carried on a separate inlet valve rocker shaft, said rocker being provided with conventional lash adjustment means. Said exhaust valve is operated by the combined action of two rockers, hereinafter referred to as primary and secondary exhaust valve rockers. The pushrod for the said exhaust valve operates the said primary exhaust valve rocker which is carried on a separate exhaust valve rocker shaft.

S 20 Fixed to the free end of the said primary exhaust 7 valve rocker is a roller which coacts with a recess in the upper surface of the said secondary exhaust valve rocker.

One end of the said secondary rocker is provided with a roller which bears upon the head of the stem of the said exhaust valve, the other being supported by a fulcrum, the position of which is slideably adjustable by means of a fulcrum adjustment rod extending out through the side wall of the said cylinder head casting.

The position of the said fulcrum, and thus the lift of the said exhaust valve is adjusted by extending inwards or retracting the said rod by means of a suitable operating mechanism.

The head of the said sliding fulcrum is provided with rollers which permit it to move freely. Lash of the said exhaust valve is adjusted by repositioning the outer stop of the said fulcrum adjustment rod. The said adjustable fulcrum is supported upon a sliding wedge member I i __lj 9which is supported upon an inclined plane by rollers.

The position of said wedge member is slideably adjustable by means of a wedge member adjustment rod extending out through the side wall of the said cylinder head casting.

Provision is made to momentarily crack the said exhaust valve off its seat as the piston approaches top dead centre on the compression stroke to generate a compression braking effect during overrun operation. Said cracking of the said exhaust valve is achieved by momentarily extending inward the said wedge member adjustment rod at an 00 appropriate timing. Said momentary inward extension of the ooo said wedge member adjustment rod is achieved by means of a o% oosmall ram operated by a flow of compressed air controlled by S 15 a solenoid valve, or by electro-hydraulic means.

a 0 o00oo In an alternative embodiment, said wedge member and 0 0 o0o its adjustment rod are deleted and the outer, free end of the said secondary exhaust valve rocker is momentarily raised at an alpropriate timing by means of a rotating cam.

Said cam is fixed to an auxiliary camshaft driven from the 000.0 engine crankshaft at half crankshaft speed, of driven by a 0 0 0oo suitable electrically-operated stepper motor.

S00 The area above each cylinder head is enclosed by a rocker box in the end walls of which are supported one end of each of the said rocker shafts. The outer end of the said inlet valve rocker shaft is supported wholly in a bore 0: in the end wall of the said rocker box. The outer end of 0 the said exhaust valve rocker shaft, the axis of which is 0: coincident with the rocker box to cylinder head parting face, is supported in a bore half in said rocker box and half in said cylinder head.

Said rocker box is made with a medial web normal to the axes of the said rocker shafts, to the underside of which is bolted a rocker shaft mounting block in a bore in which is supported the inner end of the said exhaust valve rocker shaft. The said inlet valve rocker shaft is made such that its axis is coincident with the said medial web to f 10 said mounting block parting face and is captured in a bore positioned half in each. The bore in the said mounting block accommodating the end of the said exhaust valve rocker shaft is opened with a saw cut in such a way that the pressure of one of the said bolts fixing the said mounting block to the said medial web acts to clamp the end of the said exhaust valve rocker shaft in its said bore.

Another of the said bolts by which the said mounting block is fixed passes through the end of the said inlet valve rocker shaft and the bore in which it is accommodated. The top of the said rocker box is closed by a suitable cover, said cover being provided with suitable 0o0 removable plugs giving access to the rocker lash adjustment 0000 oo means. Screwed into the said threaded bores in the side of 0 15 the said cylinder head casting are exhaust stubs into which 00 0 0 C S° individual cylinder exhaust pipes are inserted.

The outer ends of a plurality of the said exhaust oo0o00 0°00 pipes are inserted into a plurality of stubs in one or more collector members which are adapted to direct the exhaust gases into main exhaust pipes or a turbo-charger casing.

Said collector members are fixed to the engine structure, 0000 effectively capturing the said individual cylinder exhaust o 0 pipes.

In an alternative embodiment, complementary exhaust 0000 °o 25 pipes and stubs are provided with coacting locking lugs by which said exhaust pipes are secured. Inlet manifolds comprise a plurality of long tubular runners of circular 0 13 o cross sectional shape, the ends of which terminate in 0 flanges fixed to the inlet manifold mounting face on the side of the said cylinder head casting.

In the preferred embodiment, one of the said inlet manifold runners for each cylinder terminates in a separate plenum supplied with fuel-air mixture by a suitable gas fuel carburettor (mixer). Each of the said plenums is provided with a throttle valve and provision is made to operate the engine at idle and low to medium power on the fuel-air flow from one plenum only. At medium to high power, both throttle valves are opened.

I

0. a 00 o 0 o co Co 0 0 $i ii In an alternative embodiment, all of the said inlet manifold runners are supplied with fuel-air mixture from one plenum supplied by one gas mixer, said flow being controlled by a single throttle valve. A conversion device is also provided which is inserted in place of the diesel fuel injector and forms a convenient spark plug housing.

A means of providing an enlarged tappet contact surface at the end of the exhaust valve is also provided.

The nature of the present invention will be more readily understood by the following description given in relation to the accompanying drawings illustrating the just described preferred arrangement. In the drawings:- Figure I is a transverse cross-sectional view of the cylinder head showing the arrangement of the exhaust 15 valve actuating rockers; Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the arrangement of the pushrod slider in the cylinder head; Figure 3 is a transverse sectional view of the rocker box and lid along the axis BB in Figure 4; Figure 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of the rocker box along the axis AA in Figure 3 showing the arrangement of the rocker shafts and rockers within the rocker box; Figures 5 and 6 show two alternative arrangements of the inlet manifold runners; Figures 7, 8 and 9 show details of the arrangement of the exhaust system; Figure 10 shows a means of mounting a spark plug in a cylinder in a housing replacing the diesel injector; Figure 11 in section and figure 12 in plan show a valve spring retaining collar which provides a larger bearing surface for the tappet roller.

With reference to Figure 1, a replacement cylinder head is provided which embodies one exhaust valve 2 controlling the flow of exhaust gases through one exhaust port 3, and two inlet valves (not shown) controlling the flow of fuel-air mixture through two inlet ports 5. Said p P1 12exhaust port is made short, turning through approximately sixty degrees before exiting the side of the said cylinder head casting through a threaded bore (depicted as 43 in Figure 7).

Except where fairing 44 enclosing the end of valve guide 68 intrudes into it, the said exhaust port is made more or less square in cross-sectional shape. Said inlet ports are also made more or less square in cross-sectional shape and descend steeply through the said cylinder head from inlet manifold attachment face 7 positioned on one side of the said cylinder head casting and made normal to the axes of the upper parts of the said inlet ports.

The heads of the said valves are located in oo part-spherical recesses 8 and 9 in the lower face of the 15 said cylinder head, the flat, more or less triangular areas o 00 o o 0 0 of cylinder head face between them forming squish surfaces.

00 0 00 0 With further reference to Figure 2, carried in the 0 lower part of bore 27 in the said cylinder head through oo which pushrod 24 passes is slider 25 retained by circlip 28 0000 ooo 20 inserted into a groove beneath it. The usual single pushrod for each rocker is replaced by upper pushrod 24 extending from the said slider to the exhaust valve rocker and lower pushrod 23 extending from the cam follower to the said 00, slider, said arrangement permitting adaption of original pushrod location to relocated components in the said replacement cylinder head. Bores 26 are provided in the said slider to permit draining of oil from the rocker box via the said pushrod bore.

0o With reference to Figure 4 the said two inlet 0. 00 o 30 valves for each cylinder are operated by single bifurcated S inlet valve rocker 13 carried on separate inlet valve rocker shaft 12, said rocker being provided with conventional lash adji-!stment means.

With reference to Figures 1 and 4 the said exhaust valve is operated by the combined action of two rockers, hereinafter referred to as primary exhaust valve rocker 11 and secondary exhaust valve rocker 16. Exhaust valve j i A (ii) fixing a plurality of extension sleeves to said rocker box each said extension sleeve having an inner end cooperable with an outer end of a respective one of said spark plug adaptor sleeves; /2 13 pushrod 24 operates the said primary exhaust valve rocker which is carried upon separate exhaust valve rocker shaft Fixed to the free end of the said primary exhaust-valve -ocker is roller 14 which coacts with recess 15 in the upper surface of the said secondary exhaust valve rocker.

One end of the said secondary exhaust valve rocker is provided with roller 17 which bears upon the end of the stem of exhaust valve 2, the other being supported by fulcrum 18, the position of which is slideably adjustable by means of fulcrum adjustment rod 19, extending out through the side wall of the said cylinder head casting.

Said fulcrum adjustment rod is provided with a means of articulation (not shown) inside the side wall of the said cylinder head casting. The position of the said O 15 fulcrum and thus the resultant lift o' the said exhaust 0 0 S.valve is adjusted by extending inward or retracting outward o 0 the said fulcrum adjustment rod by means of a suitable o 0 operating mechanism.

The head of the said sliding fulcrum is provided o 20 with roller which permit it to move freely, said rollers bearing separately against the underside of the said secondary exhaust valve rocker and the upper surface of wedge member 21 beneath it, The said primary exhaust valve rocker is provided with conventional lash adjustment means.

25 The said adjustable fulcrum is supported upon wedge member o. 21 which is supported upon inclined plane 20 by suitable o 0 rollers (not shown) permitting it to move freely.

In an alternative embodiment, said rollers are replaced by two rows of balls (not shown) carried in 30 complementary grooves in the mating faces of the saiu wedge member and the said inclined plane. The position of the said wedge member is slideably adjustable by means of wedge member adjustment rod 22 extending out through the side wall of the said cylinder head casting.

Provision is made to momentarily crack the said exhaust valve off its seat as the piston approaches top dead centre on the compression stroke, to generate a compression

I,

r !i ii i I M_ -0 11 W M- A 14 braking effect during overrun operation. Said cracking of the said exhaust valve is achieved by momentarily extending inward the said wedge member adjustment rod at an appropriate timing. Said momentary inward extension of the said wedge member adjustment rod serves to lift the said adjustable fulcrum and thus the outer end of the said secondary exhaust valve rocker, thereby depressing the said exhaust valve.

Actuation of the said wedge member adjustment rod is achieved by means of a srall ram (not shown) operated by a flow of compressed air and controlled by a solenoid valve, or by electro-hydraulic means.

In an alternative embodiment, said wedge member and o o its adjustment rod are deleted and the said compression braking effect is achieved by raising the outer, free end of the said secondary exhaust valve rocker momentarily at an appropriate timing by means of a rotating cam bearing upon its underside.

Said cam is fixed to an auxiliary camshaft driven from the engine crankshaft at half crankshaft speed, or driven by a suitable electrically-operated stepper motor.

With further reference to Figures 3 and 4, the area above each cylinder head is enclosed by rocker box 29, in bores in 0 the end walls of which are supported one end of each of the two said rocker shafts. The outer end of the said inlet valve rocker shaft is supported wholly in a bore in the end wall of the said rocker box.

The outer end of the said exhaust valve rocker P shaft, the axis of which is coincident with the cylinder a 30 head to rocker box parting face, is supported in a bore half in the said rocker box and half in the said cylinder head.

Said rocker box is made with a medial web 33 normal to the axes of the said rocker shafts, to the lower edge of which is bolted rocker shaft mounting block 30, in a bore in which i is supported the inner end of the said exhaust valve rocker shaft. The said inlet valve rocker shaft is made such that its axis is coincident with the said medial web to said including the best method of performing it known to us.

mounting block parting face and is captured'in a bore positioned half in each. The bore in the mounting block accommodating the inner end of the said exhaust valve rocker shaft is opened with saw cut 34, bolt 31 fixing the sa-id rocker shaft mounting block to the said rocker box medial web serving to clamp the end of the said shaft in the said bore.

Another bolt 32 by which the said rocker shaft mounting block is fixed passes through the end of the said inlet valve rocker shaft and the said bore in which it is accommodated. The top of the said rocker box is closed by a suitable cover 37 which, in the preferred embodiment, is 0~0 made removable, said cover being provided with suitable 0000 0 removable plugs 38 and 39 giving access to the said rocker 000 0 0C lash adjustment means.

0,15 With further reference to Figures 7, 8 and 9, 0 screwed into the said threaded bores in the side of the said 000.

0 000 cylinder head casting are exhaust stubs 45 into which individual cylinder exhaust pipes 46 are inserted. The outer ends of a plurality of the said individual cylinder 00 20 exhaust pipes are inserted into a plurality of stubs in one 00 or more collector members 49 which are adapted to direct the 0 0 0 exhaust gases to exhaust pipe 50 or to the inlet casing of a 0 turbo-charger. Said collector members are fixed to the 00 engine structure, effectively capturing the said individual cylinder exhaust pipes.

In an alternative embodiment in which the said collector members are not positively located, complementary I "titpairs of the said exhaust pipes and stubs are provided with coacting locking lugs 47 and 48 by means of which the said exhaust pipes may be secured.

With further reference to Figures 5 and 6, inlet manifolds comprise a plurality of long tubular runners 40 of circular cross-sectional shape, the ends of which terminate in flanges fixed to inlet manifold mounting face 7 on the side of the said cylinder head casting. In the preferred embodiment, one of the said inlet manifold runners for each I I I R 16 cylinder terminates in a separate plenum 41 supplied with fuel-air mixture by a suitable gas fuel mixer 42.

Each of the said plenums is provided with a throttle valve and provision is made to operate the engine at idle and low to medium power on the fuel-air flow from one plenum only. At medium to high power, both throttle valves are opened. In an Llternative embodiment, all of the said inlet manifold runners are supplied with fuel-air mixture from one plenum, said flow being controlled by a 10 single throttle valve. l0 In conjunction with the said cylinder head design, said inlet manifold arrangement provides excellent torque 0 10o production from a low high power and good fuel efficiency.

SC 15 With reference to Figure 10, it is possible to operate some engines upon methane fuel without reducing the original diesel fuel compression ratios. Where this is possible and the performance decrement of a simple conversion is acceptable, it is possible to effect 20 conversion from diesel fuel operation without the need to e 20 000 o remove cylinder heads for modification to permit the oo 0installation of spark plugs.

0 00 Accordingly, spark plug adapter sleeve 51 is P0, installed in place of the orginal diesel fuel injector, said sleeve being screwed or clamped into place in the normal way. The nose of the said adapter sleeve is provided with threaded bore 55, into which is screwed spark plug 56 accommodated within bore 57. The upper end of the said adapter sleeve is provided with flange 54 which abuts complementary flange 53 on extension sleeve 52, the faces of the said flanges being sealed by ring 58. The upper end of the said extension sleeve is pressed or screwed into cover 37 of the said rocker box and sealed by sealing means 59.

35 The lengths of the two said sleeves are made such that, when the said rocker box is fixed into place, the complementary faces of flanges 53 and 54 will be firmly in contact.

17 With reference to Figures 11 and 12, some arrangements of the said primary and secondary exhaust valve rockers are such that the radial travel of roller 17 (as depicted in Figure 1) on secondary exhaust valve rocker during valve actuation exceeds the width of the head of the stem of the said exhaust valve.

Accordingly, valve spring cap 60 is provided which is wedgably attached to the head of valve stem 2 by two wedging collets 61 and 62. Said wedging collets are made to extend above the said valve spring cap and fully enclose the head of the stem of the said exhaust valve to form a flat wear-resistant face of greater width.

0 The end of the stem of the said exhaust valve is provided with circumferential grooves 65 of generally semi-circular cross-sectional shape which coact with projections 64 made on the inside faces of the said wedging collets.

Clearance is provided between the said grooves and projections such that, with the said wedging collets locked into the said valve spring cap, the said valve is permitted axial float of approximately 0.2mm.

Passing between the upper flat mating faces of the said wedging collets is oil hole 66 which is made with a oso o Pchamfered opening 67. The action of tappet roller 17 passing over the said oil hole chamfered opening causes oil to be forced into the said opening. The said oil passes down through the said clearance between the said valve stem 4 grooves and wedging collet projections, damping the axial float of the said valve.

Where an engine is to operate on a gaseous fuel with an octane rating less than that of methane, its compression ratio must be reduced. In the preferred embodiment, this is achieved by the provision of a piston with a crown shaped as a broad shallow dish surrounded by a flat annular squish surface the width of which is approximately ten to fifteen percent of the piston crown diameter.

18 Preferably, the depth of the said dish in the piston crown is made such that its cubic capacity is not less than twenty five percent of that of the total combustion chamber. The said reduction in engine compression ratio is achieved, where possible, by the removal of metal from the piston crown, or by the provision of replacement pistons.

To obtain the best torque and power from a converted engine, the diesel camshaft must be modified or replaced. Preferably, the valve phasing produced by the modified or replacement camshaft will be inlet valve opening between twenty and thirty degrees of crankshaft rotLtion before top dead centre and closing between sixty and seventy degrees after bottom dead centre; and exhaust 15 valve opening between sixty and seventy degrees of crankshaft rotation before bottom dead centre and closing between twenty and thirty degrees after top dead centre.

The exact valve phasing and cam profile providing the best result for a particular converted engine type will On only be determined by experimentation.

0 o 0o 00 0 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0o o 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 00 000 0 000 0 0 000000 0 0 i:

Claims

1. A method of installing spark plugs in a diesel internal combustion engine during conversion of the diesel internal combustion engine to a spark ignited internal combustion engine using gaseous fuel, said diesel internal combustion engine including a cylinder block, a cylinder head cooperable with said cylinder block, a rocker box cojec cooperable with said cylinder head and a diesel fuel injector for each cylinder of the cylinder block originally intended to inject diesel fuel into said cylinder, said n0, method comprising: o removing each said diesel fuel injector and 0 00 replacing said injector with a spark plug adaptor sleeve with a spark plug operably secured therein such that the spark plug communicates with the cylinder from which the respective injector has been removed; (ii) fixing a plurality of extension sleeves to said le rocker box/, each said extension sleeve having an oo 0 inner end cooperable with an outer end of a o respective one of said spark plug adaptor sleeves; and S(iii) providing seal means cooperable between the inner ends of the extension sleeves and the outer ends of the spark plug adaptor sleeves when said rocker box 0 0 is fixed on said cylinder head.

2. A spark ignited internal combustion engine converted fLom a diesel internal combustion engine having a cylinder block, a cylinder head cooperable with said cylinder block, a rocker boxjcooperable with said cylinder head, and a diesel fuel injector fixing space for each cylinder of the cylinder block, said spark ignited internal combustion engine comprising: ~j~RA Vi- ports. a spark plug adaptor sleeve located in each said diesel fuel injector fixing space with a spark plug operably secure in each said spark plug adaptor sleeve such that the spark plugs communicate with a respective one of said cylinders; (ii) a plurality of extension sleeves secured to said rocker box(such that an inner end of each said extension sleeve is cooperable with an outer end of a respective one of said spark plug adaptor sleeves; and (iii) seal means cooperable between the inner ends of oo said extension sleeves and the outer ends of said spark plug cdaptor sleeves. 0 O 0 o S 0 0 o Co DATED this 13th day of September, 1989. 0 0 0 0 COHERENT AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY PTY. LTD. oo c 0 0 0 0 C a 0 0 0 WATERMARK PATENT 0 TRADEMARK ATTORNEYS, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA. SKP:BB(6.21)