AU463592B2 - Additive for feed - Google Patents

Description

35,549m

This invention relates to improving the acceptability

of animal feeds and ingesta by the addition of chemical material to make the feeds more attractive. The invention provides a -macanismfor obtaining increased or more efficient animal consump ion of the ingesta to which the attractant has been added, which might well be used with, for. example, cereal-based dog foods, normally unpalatable, high nutrition feeds or medicines, and rodenticides.

Flavor and odor of food products represent two of the

more important elements constituting what is generally considered

palatability and acceptance. In the case of household pets, such as dogs and cats, it is often desirable to increase the palatability of low-cost cereal-based foods for reasons of

economy, nutrition, or both. For slaughter animals, such as swine, beef cattle,

2 6 3,592

35,549 and sheep, increasing the palatability of normal feed

increases consumption and thereby decreased the feed-

ing time between birth and achievement of marketable

weight, providing operating economies to the raiser.

The amount of feed consumed to achieve an increment of

growth may also be significantly reduced, thereby

providing savings to the raiser. The amount of feed consumed per unit of growth is spoken of as food

efficiency. Increased food efficiency may or may not

be accompanied by a greater rate of growth. In either case, adoitives in accordance with this invention may

yield significantly improved food efficiency.

For high-drung animals, such as thoroughbred horses and champion pedigree dogs, situations often

arise where the animal will lose interest in his normal

feed to the detriment of his health. For all types of animals it may be necessary to orally administer medi- cines, drugs, and similar materials which may be highly

unpalatable. In the case of animal pests, such as rats, the addition of an effective attractant to a poison

will greatly enhance the utility of the pesticide.

This inventionmay increase the food efficiency

in the consumption of animals raised for slaughter.

The invention may increase the consumption

rate of animals raised for slaughter, thereby short-

ening the tire between birth and marketing.

This invention may provide an improved

mechanism for oral delivery of unpalatable but ef-

fective materials to animals.

This invention may provide an additivefor

3 463.592

35,5 4 m. feed which significantly improves acceptance of the feed

for consumption.

According to a first aspect of the present invention

there is proviied an animal feed containing an additive which

comprises, squalene, oleyl alcohol, oleic acid and lin-

oleic acid.

Further, according to a preferred embodiment of the

first aspect of the present invention there is provided an

animal feed containing an additive which comprises 28% to

by weight each of squalene, oleyl alcohol and oleic

acid, and from 10% to 16% by weight of linoleic acid, the

additive being present in the feed in an amount to increase

substantially the efficiency of food utilisation.

In one embodiment of the first aspect of the invention

the additive is made up of approximately 29% by weight

squalene, approximately 29% by weight oleyl alcohol, appro-

ximately 29% by weight oleic acid, and approximately 13% by

weight linoleic acid.

Further, according to a second aspect of the present

invention there is provided a process for feeding animals

comprising the step of feeding an animal with food contain-

ing an additive comprising squalene, oleyl.alcohol, oleic

acid and linoleic acid.

Further according to a third aspect of the present

invention there is provided a process of feeding swine com-

prising the step of feeding ingestible materials contain-

ing an additive to swine, s id. additive comprising a

material selected from the group consisting of squalene

and oleyl alcohol. The additive preferably comprises

squalene or oleyl alcohol contained in an arm.unt of

approximately 0.2% by weight of the weight of said

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35,549 n

ingestible materials.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there

is provided an animal feed containing an additive which comprises

a material selected from the group consisting of squalene and

mixtures of squalene and oleyl alcohol, the amount of squalene

being.in the amount of from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight

based upon the total weight of the feed.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided an animal feed containing an additive which comprises

squalene and oleyl alcohol.

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549 n

to It has been discovered that the addition individually ordinary feed of squalene or oleyl alcohol

or in combination greatly enhances the palatability

of the resulting feed. The addition of both squalene

and oleyl alcohol, along with oleic acid and linoleic

each in significant amounts, yields not just the acid, the addition of the improvement which would come from but instead two independently active ingredients, improvement. Sig- yields a-much greater, synergistic of foods can nificant improvement in animal acceptance as 0.21 by weight of be obtained by adding as little weight of the food. the additive based upon the total 1o is effective, The addition of larger amounts up to advantage over the use but generally yields no overall of 0.2% by weight. Quite large amounts could be used, would not be desirable but use of such amounts generally

for economic reasons. which might be No prior activities are known interest with regard considered pertinent or of direct containing squalene and to the synergistic combination laboratory tests, oleyl alcohol. In prior scientific, to rats, in addition squalene has been fed individually as a separate supplement to a conventional diet, both

and mixed with the diet. In one case, the amount of by weicht. Similarly, squalene fed was as low as 0.25 was fed as a supnlement in other experiments oleyl alcohol fed separately and not to rats, the cleyl alcohol being

mixed with the food. These tests were for the pvrpose

6 463.592

35,549 n/ of studying the physiological effects of the additives

upon parts of the body. In no sense was the accept-

ability of the food a factor, either express or necessar-

ily inherent. The test animals were fed for a limited

time, and then killed and studied for such factors as

amount of residue in the liver.

This invention applies in particular to pet

foods, rodenticides, domestic farm animal feeds, such

as those for swine and beef cattle, and animal drugs

and medicines. Feed for such animals includes proteins

from meat, fish, and vegetable sources, carbohydrates

and fiber from cereals and grains, and nutritional

supplements in the form of vitamins and minerals. The

additives of this invention do not adversely affect any

of these ingredients and are compatible with them. The additives of this invention are applied to

the feeds most advantageously on the surface of the food

particles. The additives may be added in the last step

of manufacture or may be added after manufacture and prior to serving by direct mixing or aerosol spray.

The additives may be encapsulated in water soluble or frangible capsules which are then incorporated into

the feed. The feed would then be wetted or mixed as

reouired to free the additive prior to feeding. Any

other procedure to provide distribution of the additive

throughout the feed would be within the scope of this

invention. EXAJPTE .I

Two groups of dogs were fed beginning at

weeks of age to test this invention. The dogs .were

846 592

35,5 49 n Fea.le mu-Pies. They had previously been on a diet

cortai:in;- cilk, water, and a little commercial dog

At the beginning of the food additive test the

does h-.d never been .on dry food. The dogs were housed individually in steel

cages with wired floor. Water was constantly supplied.

The basic ingestible materials supplied were from a

commercially available, dry dog meal with contents and

ingredients as follows:

G A-A1TEETD ATAIYSIS

Crude Protein not less than 23%

Crude Fat not less than 7% Crude Fiber not more than

Ash not more than

Moisture not more than VITAJ-TINS AND IlI'NRALS

Not Less Than:

Vitamin A 3000 USP units per lb.

Vitamin D2 1000 USP units per lb.

Niacin 18.0 mg. per lb. D-Pantothenic Acid 4.0 ng. per lb. Thiamine 2.0 mg. per lb. Riboflavin 2.0 mg. per lb. Pyridoxine 2.0 mg. per lb. Calcium (Ca)

Phosphorus 0.8% Iron (Fe) 0.01% Copper (Cu) 0.00066%

TG IEFTS oDiny

Hominy Feed, Soybean Meal, ',heat Middlings, Meat

463,5 92

35,549 ni

and Bone Heal, Wheat Red Dog, Animal Fat pre-

served with BEA, Iodized Salt Fish-ieal, Zinc Oxide, Riboflavin Supplenent, U. S.

Certified Food Color, Vitamin B 1 2 Supplement,

Vitamin A Supplement, Vitamin D 2 Supplement, Vitamin E Supplement.

One group of the dogs was fed the meal to

which was added, by spraying, 0.2% of a fluid additive

of the following composition: squalene 30% by

weight, oleyl alcohol 30% by weight, oleic acid

by weight, and linoleic acid 10% by weight.

The contents were mixed thoroughly by shaking in a

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3554 97

deep stainless steel pan. (Exampole II details tests of this combi-

nation as a feed additive for swine. The amounts used are a few

percentage points different, but this small difference occurred due

to circumstances of the tests, and any additive mixture in approxi-

mately the proportions of that of Example I or that of Example II

would be expected to produce substantially the same results.) The dogs were offered food in quantities well beyond their

eating capacity. They were fed at 8:00 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. During

the first two weeks of such feeding they were offered food for minutes and during the subsequent two weeks for 25-30 minutes.

New food was supplied for each feeding. The two groups were treat-

ed identically in all pertinent respects except only one group of

dogs received the food with the additive.

The specific data and the results are as follows:

DOG SEX AGE, LITTER WEIGHT FOOD GAIN FOOD/ DAYS AT START CONSUMED (GRAMS) GAIN (GRAMS)

With Additive:

1 F 56 1 2755 7462 2465 3.03

2 F 66 3 2575 5491 1180 4.65

3 411 60 2 2160 5031- 1490 3.38

4 M 66 3 3010 7669 2100 3.65

F 66 3 2775 6608 1685 3.92

Total 32261 8920 3.62

Withiout Additive:

A F 56 1 2410 6483 2070. 3.13

B F 56 1 3455 6888 1525 4.52

C M 60 2 2055 4918 1385 3.55-

D F 66 3 2560 5730 1290 4.44

35,549 n-

E H 77 4 2385 5166 1325 3.90

Total 29185 7595 3.84

Food Consumption: 32261 1.1054; 10.54% better with additive. 29185

Weight Gain: 8920 1.1745; 17.45% better with additive. 7595

Percent Food Savings (Food Efficiency):* 3.84-3.62x100 6.6% 3.62

EXAMPLE II

Yorkshire pigs at six weeks old were randomly selected from

two litters and matched. Six pigs were from one litter and two

were from the other. These were divided into one control group

of three from one litter and one from the other, and one test

group, consisting of the remaining animals. The control group animals were fed a normal, balanced diet,

while the test group animals were fed essentially identically ex-

cept that the synergistic additive was added in the amount of 0.2%

by weight of the entire feed. The conventional feed was as

follows: 70% by weight Indian corn maize) with the other

major constituent being edible oil (linseed, cottonseed, etc.),

with minerals and vitamins in the small amounts normally found

in conventional feeds. The additive used in this test was as

follows: squalene 28% by weight, oleyl alcohol 28% by weight,

oleic acid 28% by weight, and linoleic acid 16% by weight.

(Example I details tests of this combination as a feed additive for dogs. The amounts used are a few percentage points differe-

nt, but this small difference occurred due to circumstances of

the tests, and any additive mixture in approximately the propor-

11. 463.592

35,5 49 /71

tions of that of Egample I or that of Example II would be expected

to product subs.tantially the same results.)

The additive in the amount of 0.2% by weight of the total to

be fed was dissolved in one of the oil components of the diet

and then dispersed into the feed. Batches of feed were made up once a week in this manner. Two pigs were placed in 8 ft. x 8 ft.

pens so that four pens were in use to accommodate all pigs. The animals were given free choice feeding the food was present at all times). They were fed for 58 days and weighed at intervals. A clear trend was established for increased weight gain in rela-

tion to the amount of feed consumed by those pigs consuming the feed with the additive. (Apparently, on the ninth or sixteenth day of the test 100 pounds of feed without the adidtive was intro-

duced to the test group. This was less than 10% of the total feed and would not impair the basic validity of the results obtained.)

The specific data and the results are as follows:

SWINE WEIGHT WEIGHT WEIGHT WEIGHT GAIN 58 AVERAGE 1st DAY 14th 30th 58th DAYS DAILY GAIN OF-TEST DAY OF DAY OF DAY OF (lbs.) (lbs.) (lbs.) TEST TEST TEST (lbs.) (lbs.)

With Additive:

1 66 90 119 159 93 1.60 2 51 76 ill 175 124 2.14 3 42 66 99 147 105 1.81 4 37 56 83 139 102 1.76 I 28 620 Without Additive: A 71 93 125 171 100 1.72 B 44 67 96 152 108 1.86 C 42 66 96 146 104 1.79

12 46~92

5 49 1

D 38 60 89 147 109 1.88 195 286 406 616 421

Total Feed Consumed: Group with additive 1090 lbs.

Group without additive 1250 lbs.

Feed/Gain: Group with additive 1090/424 2.57

Group without additive 1250/421 2.97

Weight Gain: 424 1.007; 0.7% better with additive. 421

Percent Food Savings (Food Efficiency): 2.97-2.57 x 100 =13.5% 2.97 x 100 =13.5% better with additive.

EXAMPLE III

A number of pigs randomly selected from three different

litters of average starting weight of 40 lbs were fed in the manner

of Example II using several individual compounds as additives. The

test feeding was conducted for 38 days. The conventional feed

used was the same as used in Example II. A number of tests were

conducted with each test group containing two pigs. One control

group received no additive. Positive results were obtained as

follows: oleyl alcohol individually and squalene individually in-

creased the rate of gain 3.5% and 9.4% respectively and also in-

creased the food savings 3.1% and 6.2% respectively. The tests

on those two compounds were conducted with the amount of additive

at 0.2% by weight of the total feed. Individual compounds found

by this experiment not to have substantial, overall effectiveness

as a food additive to increase gain or food efficiency were:

triolein, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid.

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35,549

II SCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES AND SUMMATION as described in Examples The synergisitc additive generally tQ a cereal-based dog food I and II was added at 0.2% by weight That induced the dog to eat that had been rejected by a dog.

the food. additives of Examples I The four ingredients used in the in various combinations of and II have been tested as additives is depressed, even twos and threes. In some cases the activity In no case was a to a level less than that of the control.

14 463592

35,549 nt combination greatly more active than that of an in-

dividually active ingredient, except, of course, for

the combination used in Examples I and II, where

greatly increased activity is noted. It should be clear that this invention has great

potentialities in the field of nutrition and feeding

of domestic animals. A domestic animal may be defined

for these purposes as one which is normally tame and

which is fed in captivity with diets calculated to in-

prove and maintain the health and physical condition of the animal. These domestic animals include house

pets, such as dogs and cats, and most animals raised for slaughter such as pigs, beef cattle, and sheep.

As an example of the magnitudes involved, roughly 100

million pigs are raised for slaughter per year in the

United St&tes of America. Feeding in accordance with

this invention would generally begin at weaning, when

the young pigs weigh about 60 lbs. The feed would be the continued for substantially the entire period until

pigs are at 200 lbs. or more. Food efficiency under of growth. present practices is about 3.0 lbs. per lb. Thus, the amount of feed involved is enormous. Similarly, with pets such as dogs or cats, the wean- additive ideally would be used at all times after of the im- ing to give the animal the full advantage proved feeding program.

When the additive is to be stored or held for may be long periods in less than ideal conditions, it desirable to add any antioxidant which is acceptable

in foods, as a preservative. ea 46 35 9 2

35,549/71. T--hi].e the invention has been described in part with detailed reference to specific examnics and tests, it will be .clear from the entire descrintion that Lfodi-

ficazions and vaxriations are fully within the scope -of the invention taught. Consequently, the following claims and the coverage af'forded from them in accord- wice with law should be considered the measure of the patent protection granted.

A463. 592

Claims (1)

1. 35,549 /71n. The claims defining the invention are as follows:-

   1 An animal feed containing an additive which

   comprises squalene, oleyl alcohol, oleic acid and linoleic acid.

   2. An animal feed containing an additive

   comprises 28% to 70% by weight each of squalene, oleyl alcohol and oleic acid, and from 10% to 16% by weight

   of linoleic acid, the additive being present in the

   feed in an amount to increase substantially the ef-

   ficiency of food utilisation.

   3. A feed as claimed in claim 1 or 2 wherein said additive is contained in an amount of approxi-

   mately 0.2% by weight based on the total weight of the

   feed.

   4. A feed as claimed in claim 1 or 2 wherein the additive is contained in an amount between 0.2%

   and 1% by weight based on the total weight of the

   feed.

   A feed as claimed in any one of claims 1

   to 4, wherein said additive is made up of arpproxi-

   mately 29% by weight squalene approximately 29%S by weight oleyl alcohol, approximately 29% by weight

   oleic acid, and approximately 13% by weight linoleic acid.

   6. A feed as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4

   wherein the additive is made up of substantially 30?0

   by weight each of squalene, oleyl alcohol and oleic

   acid and substantially 10% by weight of linoleic acid.

   7. A feed as claimed in any one of clfaims 1 to 4, wherein said additive is made up of 28% by weight

   squalene, 25% by weight oleyl alcohol 28% by weight

   17, 463,592

   35,54971 oleic acid, and 16% by weight linoleic acid. A feed as claimed in claim 1 or 2, substan-

   tially as hereinbefore described with reference to

   either of the Examples I or II.

   A process for feeding animals comprising

   the step of feeding an animal with food containing an

   adcitive comprising squalene, oleyl alcohol, oleic acid

   and linoleic acid.

   A process for feeding domestic animals com-

   prising the step of feeding an animal feed as claimed in any of claims 2 to 8 to a domestic animal. 11. A process of'feeding dogs comprising the

   step of feeding an animal feed as claimed in any one

   of claims 2 to 8, to a dog.

   12. A process of feeding swine comprising the

   step of feeding an animal feed as claimed in any

   one of claims 2 to 8, to a swine.

   13. A process for feeding animals comprising the steps of feeding an animal feed as claimed in claim

   1 or 2 to an animal, substantially as described in

   either of the Examples I and II.

   14. A process of feeding swine comprising the step of feeding ingestible materials containing an

   additive to a swine, said additive comprising a material

   selected from the group consisting of squalene and

   oleyl alcohol..

   A process as claimed in claim 14, wherein

   said additive comprises squalene.

   16. A rrocess as claim.ed in claim 14, wherein

   said additive com.:rises oleyl alcohol.

   19. a592

   35,549/71 17. A process claimed in Claim 14, 15 or 16,

   wherein said addiitive is contained in an amount of

   approximately 0.2% by weight of the weight of said

   ingestible imaterials.

   18. An animal feed containing an additive which

   comprises a material selected from the group con-

   sisting of scualene and mixtures of squalene and

   oleyl alcohol, the amount of squalcne being in the

   amount of from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight

   based upon the total weight of the feed.

   19. An animal feed containing an additive which

   comprises squalone and oleyl alcohol.

   DATED: 7th July, 1975.

   PHILLIPS OR.MONDE FITZPATRICK Attorneys for: STEVENSON J.V. GAVEN JR.

   19,. 463.592